The New Monarchs and The New Monarchs and the Religious Wars:the Religious Wars:Spain and Philip IISpain and Philip II

United SpainUnited SpainThe marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon

and Sicily and Isabella of Castile and Sicily and Isabella of Castile united the Kingdom of Spain the united the Kingdom of Spain the 1479 after 10 years of civil war with 1479 after 10 years of civil war with nobles who opposed it.nobles who opposed it.

Worked to reduce the power of Worked to reduce the power of nobles in the court, favored the nobles in the court, favored the lesser nobility (hidalgo).lesser nobility (hidalgo).

United SpainUnited SpainMonarchy gained right to make Monarchy gained right to make

appointments of bishops.appointments of bishops.Direct supervision over the judicial Direct supervision over the judicial

systemsystemDirect collection of taxes and other Direct collection of taxes and other

revenuesrevenuesReligious zeal and the desire to drive the Religious zeal and the desire to drive the

remaining Muslims from Spain.remaining Muslims from Spain.Establishment and control of the Establishment and control of the

Inquisition.Inquisition.

United Spain – Charles VUnited Spain – Charles V Charles V (grandson of F & I) Charles V (grandson of F & I)

held the throne of Spain (and held the throne of Spain (and he overseas territories) and he overseas territories) and the throne of the HRE.the throne of the HRE.

Reoccurring crises kept Reoccurring crises kept Charles involved in the Charles involved in the politics of the HRE and away politics of the HRE and away from Spain.from Spain.

He faced financial difficulties He faced financial difficulties – only saved by New World – only saved by New World treasure.treasure.

Little changed in Spanish Little changed in Spanish administration, but the New administration, but the New World empire continued to World empire continued to expand.expand.

AbsolutismAbsolutismPolitical theory that Political theory that

believed in the believed in the “Divine Right of “Divine Right of Kings”Kings” (Monarchs (Monarchs received their authority received their authority from God).from God).

Bishop Bossuet Bishop Bossuet established this in established this in Politics Taken From the Politics Taken From the Very Words of Very Words of Scripture.Scripture.

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598)Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598)Son of Charles VSon of Charles VRuled Spanish & Ruled Spanish &

Portuguese Portuguese Empires, Empires, Netherlands and Netherlands and Southern Italy.Southern Italy.

Strongest military Strongest military power in the power in the world.world.

El EscorialEl Escorial

New royal palace/fortress (and monastery and mausoleum) in shape of grill, reflected Philip’s religious and , reflected Philip’s religious and military convictions. military convictions.

The Catholic CrusadeThe Catholic CrusadePhilip IIPhilip II fanatically seeks to reimpose fanatically seeks to reimpose

Catholicism in Europe. Catholicism in Europe. Takes on Calvinists in his Netherlands Takes on Calvinists in his Netherlands

territories.territories.Fights against Protestant England due Fights against Protestant England due

to Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutchto Elizabeth I’s support of the DutchTakes on Muslim Turks power in the Takes on Muslim Turks power in the

Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

Battle of LepantoBattle of Lepanto Encouraged by Pope Pius V, Philip used Encouraged by Pope Pius V, Philip used

combined Spanish and Italian fleets to fight combined Spanish and Italian fleets to fight the Turks.the Turks.

Spain defeated Turkish navy off coast of Spain defeated Turkish navy off coast of Greece.Greece.

Turkish navy severely weakened as result.Turkish navy severely weakened as result.

The Dutch RevoltThe Dutch Revolt Calvinist Netherlands Calvinist Netherlands

resented foreign rule by resented foreign rule by Spain (both on religious, Spain (both on religious, economic, and political economic, and political grounds).grounds).

Philip II sends the Duke of Philip II sends the Duke of Alva to suppress revolt. Alva to suppress revolt. 1567-1572 reign of terror 1567-1572 reign of terror killing thousands of rebels.killing thousands of rebels.

Struggle continued to 1609; Struggle continued to 1609; 12-year truce enacted; 12-year truce enacted; Defacto Dutch independence Defacto Dutch independence formally recognised in Peace formally recognised in Peace of Westphalia in 1648.of Westphalia in 1648.

Duke of Alva

Economic Crisis in SpainEconomic Crisis in Spain Influx of silver into Spain from the Influx of silver into Spain from the

New World caused rampant inflation; New World caused rampant inflation; when flow stopped in early 1600’s when flow stopped in early 1600’s economy suffered.economy suffered.

Philip II entangled Spain in costly Philip II entangled Spain in costly international wars.international wars.

Tax based depleted through series of Tax based depleted through series of plagues.plagues.

Revolts against SpainRevolts against Spain In the 1640s there were a series of revolts In the 1640s there were a series of revolts

in Catalonia, Portugal, Naples and Sicily.in Catalonia, Portugal, Naples and Sicily.Catalonian revolt lasted 11 yrs, thwarted Catalonian revolt lasted 11 yrs, thwarted

by infighting between peasants and by infighting between peasants and nobles.nobles.

Portuguese revolt was peaceful; gained Portuguese revolt was peaceful; gained independence in 1668.independence in 1668.

This period ended Spain as a world power.This period ended Spain as a world power.

War of Spanish War of Spanish SuccessionSuccession

Childless Hapsburg Childless Hapsburg Charles II names Charles II names Bourbon Philip of Bourbon Philip of Anjou as heir.Anjou as heir.

England, Holland England, Holland and HRE oppose and HRE oppose French acquisition French acquisition of Spain & of Spain & territories.territories.

Treaty of Utrecht (1713)Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

•War ended with Treaty of Utrecht (1713) and Treaty of Baden and Rastatt (with Hapsburgs in 1714)

•Philip of Anjou become Philip V of Spain, but he nor his successors could hold French throne.

•Hapsburgs and British gained territory, French lost New World lands.