The New The New American American RepublicRepublic

1783-18001783-1800What political faction dominated the What political faction dominated the framing of the United States framing of the United States

Constitution? Was there any departure Constitution? Was there any departure from the Articles of Confederation or from the Articles of Confederation or were the Articles and the Constitution were the Articles and the Constitution

similar documents? Finally, examine the similar documents? Finally, examine the transcendence from political factions to transcendence from political factions to

political parties.political parties.

FederalismFederalism Federalists: Federalists: Strong national government, Congress should be free from its Strong national government, Congress should be free from its

dependence on the states. Dependence was central governments fatal dependence on the states. Dependence was central governments fatal weakness.weakness.

James Madison: “voluntary compliance of the states will never fail to render James Madison: “voluntary compliance of the states will never fail to render federal measures abortive.”federal measures abortive.”

Government positions filled by men of property, education, wealth, and Government positions filled by men of property, education, wealth, and reputation. Expansive commerce and westward settlement were important reputation. Expansive commerce and westward settlement were important guarantees of a secure “republican empire.”guarantees of a secure “republican empire.”

Effective central government would have to have, at minimum, an Effective central government would have to have, at minimum, an independent source of revenues, authority to regulate the country’s trade, independent source of revenues, authority to regulate the country’s trade, form a strong standing army, and power to compel obedience to its form a strong standing army, and power to compel obedience to its legitimate commands, accompanied by careful checks against the possibility legitimate commands, accompanied by careful checks against the possibility of abuse.of abuse.

Diversity: Government made up of competing interests or “factionalism.” Diversity: Government made up of competing interests or “factionalism.” Governments position within society should be a “Governments position within society should be a “disinterested & disinterested &

dispassionatedispassionate umpire in disputes.” umpire in disputes.” Secular StateSecular State Party members: Wealthy, veterans, diplomats, Continental Congress, Party members: Wealthy, veterans, diplomats, Continental Congress,

bankers, merchants, agrarian capitalists, and manufacturers.bankers, merchants, agrarian capitalists, and manufacturers. Government’s primary responsibility is to protect property rights, which is Government’s primary responsibility is to protect property rights, which is

essential for commercial development, through the creation of a national essential for commercial development, through the creation of a national market, public credit, national currency, and the protection of contracts. market, public credit, national currency, and the protection of contracts.

Anti-Federalism/Anti-Federalism/RepublicansRepublicans

Anti-federalists: Anti-federalists: Held that a republican system required similarity of Held that a republican system required similarity of religion, manners, sentiments, and interests. They were convinced that no religion, manners, sentiments, and interests. They were convinced that no such sense of community could exist in an enlarged republic, that no one such sense of community could exist in an enlarged republic, that no one set of laws could work within such diversity.set of laws could work within such diversity.

For instance, what is right for citizens in South Carolina, would not be For instance, what is right for citizens in South Carolina, would not be right for residents in Massachusetts.right for residents in Massachusetts.

Argued that an overly centralized federal authority would strip state Argued that an overly centralized federal authority would strip state governments of their legitimate powers.governments of their legitimate powers.

Warned against the elite or the “monied interests” controlling Warned against the elite or the “monied interests” controlling government. Governments should reflect their citizenry, and rulers should government. Governments should reflect their citizenry, and rulers should be responsive to public needs.be responsive to public needs.

Every portion of free society should have representation within Every portion of free society should have representation within government. government.

Government expected to promote morality, virtue, and religion.Government expected to promote morality, virtue, and religion. Samuel Adams: Republican government required “a positive Samuel Adams: Republican government required “a positive passionpassion for for

the public good, the public interest… superior to all private passions.”the public good, the public interest… superior to all private passions.” Abhorred the idea of a standing army, preferred existing militia system.Abhorred the idea of a standing army, preferred existing militia system. Elbridge Gerry, delegate from Massachusetts, “A standing army is like an Elbridge Gerry, delegate from Massachusetts, “A standing army is like an

erect penis… an excellent assurance of domestic tranquility, but a erect penis… an excellent assurance of domestic tranquility, but a dangerous temptation to foreign adventure.”dangerous temptation to foreign adventure.”

Constitutional Convention:Constitutional Convention:May 25-September 17, May 25-September 17,

1787.1787. 55 delegates participated, representing every 55 delegates participated, representing every

state except Rhode Island.state except Rhode Island. (34) Lawyers, (7) merchants, (27) farmers, (34) Lawyers, (7) merchants, (27) farmers,

(30) public creditors, and (10) public servants, (30) public creditors, and (10) public servants, nearly all were conservative men of means.nearly all were conservative men of means.

James Madison, George Washington, James Madison, George Washington, Gouverneur Morris, George Mason, and James Gouverneur Morris, George Mason, and James Wilson. Wilson.

Central Issues of Debate: Representation, Central Issues of Debate: Representation, Federal Power, Separation of Power, Strong Federal Power, Separation of Power, Strong Executive, written Bill of Rights, and Executive, written Bill of Rights, and Bicameral Legislature.Bicameral Legislature.

RepresentationRepresentation Virginia Plan: Virginia Plan: Introduced by Governor Edmund Randolph of Introduced by Governor Edmund Randolph of

Virginia.Virginia. Bicameral legislature with Bicameral legislature with representationrepresentation in both houses in both houses

apportioned according to population. apportioned according to population. The legislature would choose the national executive and national The legislature would choose the national executive and national

judiciary, and it would have all the powers currently held by judiciary, and it would have all the powers currently held by congress plus the power to settle disputes between state congress plus the power to settle disputes between state governments. governments.

Congress would have the authority to veto state laws that Congress would have the authority to veto state laws that contradicted the laws of congress but it would not be able to tax contradicted the laws of congress but it would not be able to tax citizens or regulate interstate and international trade. citizens or regulate interstate and international trade.

New Jersey Plan: New Jersey Plan: Introduced by William Patterson of New Jersey. Introduced by William Patterson of New Jersey. Plan enabled Congress to tax domestic trade and goods, tax imports, Plan enabled Congress to tax domestic trade and goods, tax imports,

regulate commerce, and demand state requisitions of money and regulate commerce, and demand state requisitions of money and goods. goods.

Most important, each state would have one vote in a unicameral Most important, each state would have one vote in a unicameral Congress, which would guard against excessive influence of very Congress, which would guard against excessive influence of very populous states, in particular Virginia, Pennsylvania, and populous states, in particular Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts.Massachusetts.

Deadlock for 7 weeks.Deadlock for 7 weeks.

Connecticut Compromise:Connecticut Compromise:July 12, 1787.July 12, 1787.

Proposed by Rodger Sherman of Connecticut on July 12, 1787. Proposed by Rodger Sherman of Connecticut on July 12, 1787. Proposed equal state representation in the upper house (Senate) Proposed equal state representation in the upper house (Senate)

and proportional representation in the lower house (House of and proportional representation in the lower house (House of Representatives). Representatives).

Term limits: 2 years for lower house, 6 years for upper house, and Term limits: 2 years for lower house, 6 years for upper house, and 4 years for the executive. 4 years for the executive.

An electoral college comprised of all representatives and senators An electoral college comprised of all representatives and senators would choose the executive.would choose the executive.

Congress had power to levy and collect taxes, settle disputes Congress had power to levy and collect taxes, settle disputes among states, negotiate with foreign governments, and set the among states, negotiate with foreign governments, and set the standards for citizenship. Congress would only have veto power standards for citizenship. Congress would only have veto power over state law if it went against the “Supreme law of the land.” over state law if it went against the “Supreme law of the land.” Congress was also responsible for regulating inter-state Congress was also responsible for regulating inter-state commerce and frontier diplomacy.commerce and frontier diplomacy.

Slavery issue: Article 4, Section 2: Proclaimed that runaway Slavery issue: Article 4, Section 2: Proclaimed that runaway slaves must be returned to their owners.slaves must be returned to their owners.

3/5 compromise: representation in the lower house of congress 3/5 compromise: representation in the lower house of congress would be determined by each state’s free population, plus 3/5 of would be determined by each state’s free population, plus 3/5 of all other persons. all other persons.

Separation of PowerSeparation of Power Legislature counterbalanced by a forceful, separate Legislature counterbalanced by a forceful, separate

executive, and a judiciary separate from both.executive, and a judiciary separate from both. James Madison: “Genuinely independent, fully James Madison: “Genuinely independent, fully

countervailing branches.”countervailing branches.” Lower House exclusive authority over money bills.Lower House exclusive authority over money bills. President chosen by an electoral college: Election by President chosen by an electoral college: Election by

electors chosen by the people. Heart of the new American electors chosen by the people. Heart of the new American state.state.

Supreme Court: Appointed positions: for life, “apolitical.”Supreme Court: Appointed positions: for life, “apolitical.” Thomas Jefferson: “Independent tribunals of justice will Thomas Jefferson: “Independent tribunals of justice will

consider themselves in a peculiar manner the guardians of consider themselves in a peculiar manner the guardians of those rights; they will be an impenetrable bulwark against those rights; they will be an impenetrable bulwark against every assumption of power in the legislative or executive; every assumption of power in the legislative or executive; they will be naturally led to resist every encroachment they will be naturally led to resist every encroachment upon rights expressly stipulated for in the constitution.”upon rights expressly stipulated for in the constitution.”

Bill of Rights: Ratified Bill of Rights: Ratified 1791.1791.

First 10 amendments to the Constitution protected First 10 amendments to the Constitution protected individual rights and popular sovereignty, passes in individual rights and popular sovereignty, passes in June 1789. June 1789.

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, right to Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, right to bear arms, quartering, unreasonable search and bear arms, quartering, unreasonable search and seizures, double jeopardy, right to a speedy and public seizures, double jeopardy, right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury, cruel and unusual trial by an impartial jury, cruel and unusual punishment, and government lies within the people,punishment, and government lies within the people,

According to Anti-federalist’s a bill of rights would According to Anti-federalist’s a bill of rights would restrict national power and guard against abuses of restrict national power and guard against abuses of power.power.

Bill defined the powers of CongressBill defined the powers of Congress Architect James Madison.Architect James Madison. Federalist compromise to Anti-federalist concerns. Federalist compromise to Anti-federalist concerns.

U.S. Constitution: U.S. Constitution: Passed September 17, 1787.Passed September 17, 1787. Constitution is a grant of power to a Constitution is a grant of power to a

centralized nation-state.centralized nation-state. Convention agreed to substitute a Convention agreed to substitute a

complex and authoritative central complex and authoritative central government for the present, feeble, government for the present, feeble, unicameral legislature, provided by unicameral legislature, provided by the Articles of Confederation. the Articles of Confederation.

Congress ability to tax, provided for Congress ability to tax, provided for separation of power, and regulate separation of power, and regulate interstate commerce (Umpire).interstate commerce (Umpire).

The other Compromise of The other Compromise of 17871787

Northwest Ordinance & the U.S. Constitution: Centered around the issue of Northwest Ordinance & the U.S. Constitution: Centered around the issue of slavery.slavery.

James Madison: “the institution of slavery and its consequences formed the James Madison: “the institution of slavery and its consequences formed the line of discrimination” between the contending groups of states at the line of discrimination” between the contending groups of states at the Convention.Convention.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (Architect Thomas Jefferson, 1785): (Architect Thomas Jefferson, 1785): Established principles for orderly occupation of newly conquered western Established principles for orderly occupation of newly conquered western territory.territory.

Divided into 3 to 5 territories: Future states in territory, Ohio, Indiana, Divided into 3 to 5 territories: Future states in territory, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois.Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois.

Slavery was banned in all of Northwest Territories. Slavery was banned in all of Northwest Territories. Why did southern majority of the Continental Congress unanimously vote for Why did southern majority of the Continental Congress unanimously vote for

the Northwest Ordinance, despite its antislavery clause?the Northwest Ordinance, despite its antislavery clause? Ordinance only applied to territory North of the Ohio River, any region south Ordinance only applied to territory North of the Ohio River, any region south

of the Ohio, was open to slavery, including present day Tennessee and of the Ohio, was open to slavery, including present day Tennessee and Kentucky. Kentucky.

The Northwest Ordinance legislated against slavery in that part of the West The Northwest Ordinance legislated against slavery in that part of the West where it did not exist and left it alone in the Southwest were it already was.where it did not exist and left it alone in the Southwest were it already was.

Connection: Fugitive Slave Clause: Exposes one of the fundamental Connection: Fugitive Slave Clause: Exposes one of the fundamental compromises of the Constitutional Convention.compromises of the Constitutional Convention.

Both the Ordinance and Constitution were ready to compromise the concept Both the Ordinance and Constitution were ready to compromise the concept that all men are created equal.that all men are created equal.

The RepublicThe Republic The First Federal Congress: 1st Federal Congressional The First Federal Congress: 1st Federal Congressional

election was election was in November 1788, the elected took their seats for in November 1788, the elected took their seats for the first time in late spring 1789 (91 total: 8 were Anti-federalist’s.the first time in late spring 1789 (91 total: 8 were Anti-federalist’s.

Executive Office: President George Washington.Executive Office: President George Washington. Cabinet: Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State, Alexander Cabinet: Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State, Alexander

Hamilton: Treasurer, Henry Knox: Secretary of War, and Edmund Hamilton: Treasurer, Henry Knox: Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph: Head of the Justice Department or Attorney General.Randolph: Head of the Justice Department or Attorney General.

Judiciary Act of 1789: established a six justice Supreme Court, 13 Judiciary Act of 1789: established a six justice Supreme Court, 13 District Courts, and 3 Circuit Courts that would hear cases District Courts, and 3 Circuit Courts that would hear cases appealed from the States. (1st Act passed by Congress)appealed from the States. (1st Act passed by Congress)

Hamilton’s Plan: How best to pay war debt?Hamilton’s Plan: How best to pay war debt? Tariff Act of 1789: Taxed tonnage of foreign ships coming into Tariff Act of 1789: Taxed tonnage of foreign ships coming into

American ports and all imported goods, but at low enough levels to American ports and all imported goods, but at low enough levels to encourage merchants to expand business. encourage merchants to expand business.

Over the next 30 years this Act provided 90% of the Federal Over the next 30 years this Act provided 90% of the Federal Governments income. Governments income.

Consolidated Federal, State, and Foreign debt into one payment at Consolidated Federal, State, and Foreign debt into one payment at 4% interest in 1790. ($67 million total). 4% interest in 1790. ($67 million total).

Debts needed to be paid quickly and in full in order to establish the Debts needed to be paid quickly and in full in order to establish the political reputation of the United States.political reputation of the United States.

The RepublicThe Republic Bank of the United States: Created in 1791 in Bank of the United States: Created in 1791 in

Philadelphia, Pa. This bank had a 20 year charter.Philadelphia, Pa. This bank had a 20 year charter. Provided merchants with badly needed credit Provided merchants with badly needed credit

(Public Credit).(Public Credit). Established 8 branches nation-wide and further Established 8 branches nation-wide and further

inspired individual states to create their own banks.inspired individual states to create their own banks. Hamilton believed that high import taxes and Hamilton believed that high import taxes and

federal bounties for experiments in production federal bounties for experiments in production would stimulate growth. (Report on Manufacturers) would stimulate growth. (Report on Manufacturers)

Southerners slammed this report calling it a plan in Southerners slammed this report calling it a plan in favor of cities and the “money interest”. Plan failed favor of cities and the “money interest”. Plan failed to pass congress in 1791.to pass congress in 1791.

Factions to Party’sFactions to Party’s Hamiltonians (Federalist’s) vs. Democratic-Republicans (James Hamiltonians (Federalist’s) vs. Democratic-Republicans (James

Madison and Thomas Jefferson).Madison and Thomas Jefferson). Deep division on creation of national bank, where the U.S. Capitol Deep division on creation of national bank, where the U.S. Capitol

would be. Agrarian republicans vs. moneyed interests of cities. would be. Agrarian republicans vs. moneyed interests of cities. Republicans feared that the Hamiltonians were going to institute a Republicans feared that the Hamiltonians were going to institute a

monarchy (Natural vs. Artificial Aristocracy).monarchy (Natural vs. Artificial Aristocracy). Federalist’s usually represented the wealthy and deeply religious Federalist’s usually represented the wealthy and deeply religious

segment of society (Commercial farmers, merchants, and segment of society (Commercial farmers, merchants, and manufacturers.) manufacturers.)

Republicans represented the middle and lower classes and true Republicans represented the middle and lower classes and true believers in small govt. (Frontiersmen, small farmers, Artisans, believers in small govt. (Frontiersmen, small farmers, Artisans, Southern export planters).Southern export planters).

Republicans: Pursued moral improvement through agrarian culture Republicans: Pursued moral improvement through agrarian culture not urban life. not urban life.

Favored westward expansion and saw English city dwellers as wage Favored westward expansion and saw English city dwellers as wage laborers in factories and addicted to luxury consumption. laborers in factories and addicted to luxury consumption.

French Revolution of 1789: Republicans saw it as a good thing, French Revolution of 1789: Republicans saw it as a good thing, Federalist’s were outraged at the mass executions of the elite in Federalist’s were outraged at the mass executions of the elite in French society.French society.

1800 saw a peaceful transfer of power.1800 saw a peaceful transfer of power.