The Neutrino Factory The Final Frontier in Neutrino Physics? Alan Bross

The Neutrino Factory

The Final Frontier in Neutrino Physics?Alan Bross

Outline

In order to demonstrate the power of the Neutrino Factory, I will first briefly discuss the physics of neutrino oscillations

Show the Neutrino Factory Sensitivity for the neutrino oscillation parameters in comparison to other State-of-the-art facilities – “Final Frontier”

Describe the Baseline Neutrino Factory Design International Design Study for a Neutrino Factory

Outline the Technical ingredients of the Neutrino Factory Outline the R&D Program and give the proposed Timeline Beyond the Neutrino Factory?

“A Journey of a thousand miles, begins with a single step”

2Alan Bross SLAC Experimental Seminar October 20, 2009

The “Standard” Neutrino Model:

It has now been over 10 Years since the discovery of oscillations/mixing

Neutrino oscillations can be described within the following framework: Mixing between three mass eigenstates (SM) Existence of Right-handed neutrino states

100

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25221

132

23212

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eV 107.09.7

eV 107.09.7

142sin

95.02sin

055.082.02sin

m

m


3 Mixing Model

How are the unknown parameters determined?


Oscillation ProbabilityThe “Golden” Channel: e

5

Where m2

21/m231

m231L/4E {E is the energy and L the baseline (distance from

source} cos13sin212sin223

A (22GFneE)/m231 (GF, the Fermi coupling constant ne the electron

density in matter) To second order in sin213 and

e (+) or e (-)

P. Huber and W. Winter, Phys. Rev. D68, (2003)

Alan Bross SLAC Experimental Seminar October 20, 2009

Magic Baseline, Lmagic

In the previous equation if 2GFneL = 2sinA, and all but the first term disappear

This allows for a clean measurement (no dengeneries) of sin2213 and the sign of m2

31(Hierarchy) For a constant matter density, , (approximately 1/2

e- per nucleon) Lmagic [km] 32,726/ 7630 km (with in g/cm3)

Then Add a Second baseline for CP violation sensitivity


Oscillations Experiments are counting Experiments

What you have are 2 counting experiments Measuring the # evts of all neutrino flavors that you

are sensitive to as a function of neutrino energy @ 2 Ls

But, of course, you must know your source Neutrino energy spectrum Neutrino flavors in the beam

A very precise determination of the neutrino source provides the opportunity to measure the neutrino mixing parameters very precisely The detector Must be Up to the Job Must have sufficient statistics Good handle on All systematic uncertainties

How Do We Accomplish This?7

Neutrino Factory


The Neutrino Factory

Flavor content fully known “Absolute” Flux Determination is possible

Beam current, polarization, Near Detector semi & purely leptonic event rates

Tremendous control of systematic uncertainties with well designed near detector(s)

Well-understood neutrino source:

Decay Ring:

8

e

e

e

e

S. Geer, Phys. Rev. D57 (1998) 6989*


*Bross et al., NIM A332, (1993)

‘Reference’ Neutrino Factory: 1021 useful decays/yr; exposure ‘5 plus

5’ years Two baselines (7500 km & 4000 km)

50 kT magnetised iron detector (MIND) with MINOS performance – Golden Channel Detector

Backgrounds (for golden channel): Sign of mis-ID’d Charm decays

Eres ~ 0.15 * Eν

Neutrino Factory – Decay Rings

9

“Golden” Sign of observedin detector opposite to that stored in decay ring+ e n p


ISS2006ISS2006

Neutrino Factory Accelerator FacilityBaseline out of International Scoping Study

Proton Driver 4 MW, 2 ns bunch

Target, Capture, Drift (π→μ) & Phase Rotation Hg Jet 200 MHz train

Cooling 30 mm () 150 mm ( L )

Acceleration 103 MeV 25 GeV

Decay rings 7500 km L 4000 km L

Baseline is race-track design

Triangle interesting possibility (C. Prior)

10

ISS Accelerator WG report: RAL-2007-023


ISS baseline: Detectors

Two baselines: 3000 – 5000 km 7000 – 8000 km

Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector (MIND) at each location

Magnetised Emulsion Cloud Chamber at intermediate baseline for tau detection

ISS2006ISS2006

ISS2006ISS2006


“Golden Channel” What you Actually Measure

# evts/Energy Bin

12

sin2213

m231

CPV phase


International Scoping Study – Physics Reach

Sin2213 Hierarchy CP

SPL: 4MW, 1MT H2OC, 130 km BLT2HK: 4 MW, 1MT H2OC, 295 km BLWBB: 2MW, 1MT H2OC, 1300 km BL

NF: 4MW, 100KT MIND, 4000 & 7500 BLBB350: =350, 1MT H2OC, 730 km BL

ISS Physics Group Report: arXiv:0710.4947v2

3 contours shown


Beyond Filling in the Blanks

Determine parameters with precision sufficient to determine the structure of the underlying theory Explore very

large mass scale Beyond the SM

NSI Sterile Mass Varying

(MVN)

Carl Albright – arXiv:0803.4176v1


Now that I have Convinced You we Must Build a Neutrino Factory

How do we go about it?

Key Technical Ingredients ofThe Neutrino Factory

Proton Driver Primary beam on production

target Target, Capture, and Decay

Create ’s; decay into ’s Phase Rotation

Reduce E of bunch Cooling

Reduce emittance of the muons Ionization Cooling (transverse)

Acceleration Accelerate the Muons

Decay Rings Store for ~1000 turns

16

Production ofO(1021) yr


R&D Program Overview

High Power Targetry (MERIT Experiment) Ionization Cooling – (MICE (4D Cooling)) 200 (& 805) MHz RF (MuCool and Muons Inc.)

Investigate RF cavities in presence of high magnetic fields Obtain high accelerating gradients (~15MV/m) Investigate NC vacuum & Gas-Filled RF cavities

Acceleration– A cost driver for NF Linac for initial acceleration Multi-turn RLA’s FFAG’s – (EMMA Demonstration)

Decay Ring(s)

Theoretical Studies

Analytic Calculations Lattice Designs Numeric Simulations

17

Note: Almost all R&D Issuesfor a NF are currently under

theoretically and experimentally study


MERIT

Mercury Intense TargetLiquid-Hg Jet

MERITThe Experiment Reached 30TP @ 24

GeV

Experiment Completed (CERN) Jet Velocity = 20 m/s B-field = 15T Beam pulse energy = 115kJ Measured Disruption Length = 28 cm Required “Refill” time is then 28cm/20m/s = 14ms

Rep rate of 70Hz Proton beam power at that rate is 115kJ *70 = 8MW


Target Station R&D

The Target Hall Infrastructure

V. Graves, ORNL

20

T. Davonne, RAL

Proton Hg Beam Dump


Neutrino Factory Front End

High-frequency Buncher and φ-E Rotator

Drift (π→μ) “Adiabatically” bunch beam first (weak

320 to 240 MHz rf) Φ-E rotate bunches – align bunches to

~equal energies 240 to 202 MHz, 12MV/m

Cool beam 201.25MHz

10 m ~60 m

FE Target

Solenoid Drift Buncher Rotator Cooler

~35m 35 m ~80 m

p

π→μ

22

Obtains ~0.085 μ/ 8 GeV p 1.5 1021 μ/year


Muon Ionization Cooling - Fundamentals

2D Transverse Cooling

and Figure of merit: M=LRdE/ds

M2 (4D cooling) for different absorbers

23

Absorber Accelerator

Momentum loss is opposite to motion, p, p x , p y , E decrease

Momentum gain is purely longitudinal

Large emittance

Small emittance

H2 is clearly Best -Neglecting Engineering

Issues Windows, Safety


Front-End Transport System Specifications

/p within reference acceptance = 0.085 at end of cooler

Parameter Drift Buncher Rotator Cooler

Length (m) 56.4 31.5 36 75

Focusing (T)

2 2 2 2.5 (ASOL)

RF f (MHz) 360 240 240 202 201.25

RF G (MV/m)

0 15 15 16

Total RF (V) 126 360 800


Muons per Proton


Muon Ionization Cooling R&D Programs

MuCool and MICE

MuCool Component R&D and Cooling Experiment

27

MuCool Test Area201 MHz RF

Testing

42cm Be RF window

MuCoolLH2 Absorber

Body

MuCool Component testing: RF, Absorbers, Solenoids

With High-Intensity Proton Beam Uses Facility @Fermilab (MuCool Test Area –

MTA) Supports Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment

(MICE)


RF Test Program

MuCool has the primary responsibility to carry out the RF Test Program

Study the limits on Accelerating Gradient in NCRF cavities in magnetic field

Understand, in detail, the interaction of field emission currents with applied external magnetic field

Fundamental Importance to both NF and MC – RF needed in Muon capture, bunching, phase rotation Muon Cooling Acceleration

Arguably the single most critical Technical challenge for the NF & MC


The Basic Problem – B Field Effect805 MHz Studies

Data seem to follow universal curve Max stable gradient

degrades quickly with B field

Re-measured Same results

Gra

die

nt

in M

V/m

Peak Magnetic Field in T at the Window

>2X Reduction @ required field


RF R&D – 201 MHz Cavity TestTreating NCRF cavities with SCRF processes

The 201 MHz Cavity – 21 MV/m Gradient Achieved (Design – 16MV/m) Treated at TNJLAB with SCRF processes – Did Not Condition

But exhibited Gradient fall-off with applied B

30

1.4m


High-Gradient RF Operation B Field

Promising indications @ a Solution SCRF Processing techniques help

Reduce dark current More advanced techniques (Atomic-Layer-Deposition)

may do more Cavity material properties seem to be

important TiN helps

Coupled with SCRF processing may reduce FE even more

Mo, Be Coatings? Cavity bodies made from Be?

Gas-filled (H2) cavities show promise Utilize Paschen effect to stop breakdown Operation with beam critical next test

Magnetic Insulation Eliminate magnetic focusing


Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE)

http://mice.iit.edu/

Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment

33

Measure transverse (4D) Muon Ionization Cooling 10% cooling – measure to 1% (10-3)

Single-Particle Experiment Build input & output emmittance from ensemble

Tracking Spectrometer

RFCavities

FocusCoils

Magnetic

shield

LiquidHydrogenAbsorbersFiber Tracker


MICE Schedule

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LiH


Progress on MICE

Beam Line Complete First Beam 3/08 Running now

PID Installed CKOV TOF EM Cal

First Spectrometer Spring 10

Fiber Tracker

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Spectrometer Solenoid being assembled


Acceleration

R&D on Neutrino Factory Subsystems

Acceleration Systems


Develop Engineering Design Foundation

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0.6 GeV/pass

3.6 GeV

0.9 GeV

244 MeV 146 m

79 m

2 GeV/pass

264 m

12.6 GeV

Dogbone RLA - footprint

-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000 11000 16000 21000 26000 31000

z [cm]

x [cm]

1300

Tue Jun 10 21:06:52 2008 OptiM - MAIN: - D:\IDS\Arcs\Arc1.opt

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0

3-3

BE

TA_

X&

Y[m

]

DIS

P_

X&

Y[m

]

BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y

Define beamlines/lattices for all components

FFAGs EMMA


International Design Study for a Neutrino Factory (IDS-NF)

IDS-NF

Takes as starting point - International Scoping Study ν-Factory parameters ~4MW proton source producing muons, accelerate to 25

GeV, Two baselines: 2500km & 7500km IDS Goals

Specify/compute physics performance of neutrino factory Define accelerator and detector systems Compute cost and schedule

Goal to understand the cost at the 50% level Identify necessary R&D items

IDS Deliverables Interim design report (c. 2010)

Engineering designs for accelerator and detector systems Cost and schedule estimates Work plan to deliver reference design report

Report production itself Outstanding R&D required

Reference design report (c. 2012) Basis for a “request for resources” to get serious about building

a neutrino factory


Timeline - NF

Ph

ys

ics

Ph

ys

ics

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08

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09

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10

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05

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06

20

07

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15

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Neutrino Factory roadmap

MICE

ISS

International Design Study

Neutrino Factory project

ISS

International Design Study

Neutrino Factory project

Interim Design ReportInterim Design Report

Reference Design ReportReference Design Report

MERIT

EMMA

Detector and diagnostic systems developmentDetector and diagnostic systems development

AspirationalNF timelinepresented in at NuFact07


Status of IDS-NF with Respect to 13

Must Consider the case for a Neutrino Factory for the scenario where 13 is large(ish) Possibly measured before report is

delivered Fogli et al., (2009) sin2213 0.02 0.01

Low-energy Neutrino Factory: Interesting option, especially in this scenario

and as a step in a possible staging scenario, but:

Physics reach for oscillation parameters for very small 13 not as competitive as for baseline


Sin2213 > 0.01


IDS Option: 4-5 GeV ν-Factory

Fermilab to DUSEL (South Dakota) baseline -1290km

4-5 GeV muons yield appropriate L/E

Use a magnetized totally active scintillator detector

44

PotentiallyX10 increasein Sensitivity

Over Super-Beam

Geer, Mena, Pascoli Phys. ReV D 75, 093001 (2007)Bross, Ellis, Geer, Mena, Pascoli Phys. ReV D 77, 093012 (2008)

Ankenbrandt, Bogacz, Bross, Geer, Johnstone, Neuffer, PopovicFermilab-Pub-09-001-APC; Submitted to PRSTAB


e Oscillation Probability

45

Olga MenaNuFact08


Optimized E at 1300 km baseline

Alan Bross SLAC Experimental Seminar October 20, 2009 46

4.5 GeVseems

Optimal

Fine-Resolution Totally Active Segmented Detector

Simulation of a Totally Active Scintillating Detector (TASD) using Noa and Minera concepts with Geant4

3 cm

1.5 cm15 m

35 kT (total mass) 10,000 Modules (X and Y plane) Each plane contains 1000 cells Total: 10M channels

Momenta between 100 MeV/c to 15 GeV/c Magnetic field considered: 0.5 T Reconstructed position resolution ~ 4.5 mm

15 m

15

m

150 m

B = 0.5T


Detector Has to be Magnetized

Magnetized Totally Active Sampling Calorimeter 35kT

Magnets 15m X 15m long -

0.5T Times 10! Cost estimate

$140-680M Conventional SC

New Idea VLHC SC

transmission line Technically proven Might actually be

affordable


TASD Performance

Event Reconstruction Efficiency Muon charge mis-ID rate


Muons: 0.3 to 3 GeV

Non-Bend Plane Bend Plane


LAr

Active Programs in the Europe, Japan, Canada, UK and US Multiple implementation concepts being pursued Not part of the International R&D for a NF, per se.

Magnetization more difficult due toThe long drift

And gaseous detectors

Glacier


LENF - Parameter Reach



(Huber, Winter, arXiv:0706.2862)

(Tang, Winter, to appear)

L ~900 – 1300 km, E ~ 4.5 GeV good choice Baseline ~ 900 km better for 13/CPV, L~ 1300 km for MH

Other Baseline


3000 kmE now comfortablyabove threshold

Closing Remarks

The Neutrino FactoryThe Final Frontier in Neutrino

Physics? Neutrino Factory

There is a Very Compelling Physics case for a precision neutrino program

With present assumptions, the Neutrino Factory out-performs all other options. However, more is needed before concluding this is the right path What the on-going Neutrino Physics program tells us

regarding the size of 13 With our present understanding the NF looks to be Technically

Feasible IDS-NF will set the Engineering Benchmark and Cost

We believe ~2013 will be a pivotal time in HEP Neutrino Data from Reactor and Accelerator Experiments

Double Chooz Daya Bay MINOS, T2K ,NOA

LHC Physics Results (may impact sector) We will work very hard to have the RDR for a Neutrino

factory available from IDS-NF at this time If 13 is measured, then the baseline NF for the RDR will be the LENF


The Way Forward?

The Neutrino Factory may become the Final Frontier in Neutrino Physics (no other facility can do better) But it may also be the first step along the way to a

New Energy Frontier in HEP


To Be ContinuedSteve Geer

hereNovember 3rd

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all my colleagues in the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider

Collaboration and, in particular, Alex Bogacz Patrick Huber, Ken Long, Olga

Mena, Dave Neuffer, Bob Palmer, Steve Geer and Mike Zisman for their valuable

input for this talk

Thank You

BACKUP SLIDES

NF COST ESTIMATES

Target Systems 110

Decay Channel 6

Drift, Ph. Rot, Bunch 112-186

Cooling Channel 234

Pre-Acceleration 114-180

Acceleration 108-150

Storage Ring 132

Site Utilities 66-156

TOTAL (FY08 M$) 881-1151

Unloaded estimate (M$)Start from Study 2 cost estimate scaled to account for post-study 2 improvements (ranges reflect uncertainties in scaling)

ILC analysis suggest loading coeff = 2.07 for accelerator systems and 1.32 for CFS.Labor assumed 1.2 M&S

Loaded estimate = 2120 - 2670 (FY08 M$)

4 GeV NF Cost Estimate (excluding 2 MW proton source)

As presented to P5 in February 2008:

Front-end systems (including transverse cooling channel) which might be common to a MC accounts for ~50% of this cost.


LAr v. TASD


Proton Decay

P -> + 0 P -> K+

black - kaon (+)red - muon (+)green - positron blue - electron


805 MHz Imaging


201 MHz Cavity RunningSummary II (B>0)


Cavity material (“Button”) test

“Button” system in pillbox cavity designed for easy replacement of test materials

Tested so far: TiN-coated Cu & Mo, bare Mo and W

To be tested: Cu (electro-polished & unpolished), Be

Results to date indicate that TiN can improve performance at a given B field by somewhat more than 50% 16.5MV/m 26MV/m

button 0.75 radius

Molybdenum buttonsMolybdenum buttons

Be window

button holder

((1.7x1.7x field field enhancement enhancement factor on factor on button button surface)surface)


Absorber Engineering

Two LH2 absorber designs have been studied (1 tested) Handle the power load differently

66

Convection-cooled. Has internal heat exchanger

(LHe) KEK SystemUsed in MICE

Forced-Flow with external cooling loop

LiH DiskMICE


Documents

The Neutrino Factory The Final Frontier in Neutrino Physics? Alan Bross