TheTheNetherlanNetherlan

ds:ds:

The The “Low“Low

Country”Country”

17c: The “Dutch” 17c: The “Dutch” CenturyCentury

Political modelPolitical model

Dutch Reformed faithDutch Reformed faith

Certain level of religious Certain level of religious tolerationtoleration

Stable, thriving economyStable, thriving economy

““Golden Age” of artists and Golden Age” of artists and thinkersthinkers

Religion and everyday life Religion and everyday life were recurring themes in artwere recurring themes in art

Dutch SocietyDutch SocietyAmsterdam, RotterdamAmsterdam, Rotterdam

Granaries with enough surplus Granaries with enough surplus for one yearfor one year

Generally higher salaries than Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europein any other parts of W. Europe

Even women had higher wagesEven women had higher wages

““Protestant work ethic”Protestant work ethic”

Thrift and frugalityThrift and frugality

Highest standard of living in Highest standard of living in EuropeEurope

View of DoerdrechtView of DoerdrechtAelbert Cuyp, 1650sAelbert Cuyp, 1650s

Interior of the Oude Kerk in Interior of the Oude Kerk in AmsterdamAmsterdam - - Emmanuel De Emmanuel De

WittWitt

Interior of a Portuguese Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in AmsterdamSynagogue in Amsterdam – –

Emmanuel De WitteEmmanuel De Witte

Portrait of an Old Jewish Portrait of an Old Jewish ManMan Rembrandt, 1654Rembrandt, 1654

Beware of LuxuryBeware of Luxury – – Jan Jan SteenSteen

““Genre” Genre” PaintingPainting

Still Life with Gilt GobletStill Life with Gilt GobletWilliam Heda, 1635William Heda, 1635

““Genre” Genre” PaintingPainting

Upper-class Homes, Upper-class Homes, AmsterdamAmsterdamEarly 1600sEarly 1600s

Patrician Houses Along Patrician Houses Along the Canal in Leidenthe Canal in Leiden

The Burgher of Delft & HisThe Burgher of Delft & HisDaughterDaughter – Jan Steen – Jan Steen

The Leiden Baker & His The Leiden Baker & His WifeWife

Jan SteenJan Steen

A Young Woman with a A Young Woman with a Water JugWater Jug - - Jan VermeerJan Vermeer, ,

16621662

Girl with a Pearl EarringGirl with a Pearl EarringJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1665, 1665

The Dutch EconomyThe Dutch Economy

Exported diamonds, linens, Exported diamonds, linens, potterypottery

Not much inflationNot much inflation

Dutch land reclamation Dutch land reclamation project accelerated during project accelerated during this timethis time

Masters of the Masters of the “carrying “carrying trade”trade” (lowest shipping (lowest shipping rates in Europe)rates in Europe)

17c Dutch Global Commerce17c Dutch Global Commerce

Dutch East India Dutch East India Ship, Ship, mid-17cmid-17c

Return of the Dutch East Return of the Dutch East IndiaIndia

Fleet, 1599Fleet, 1599

Amsterdam Stock Market Amsterdam Stock Market (Bourse)(Bourse)

Emmanuel De Witte, 1653Emmanuel De Witte, 1653

Jewish refugees helped found it in Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602.1602.

Syndics of the Cloth GuildSyndics of the Cloth Guild – – Rembrandt - 1662Rembrandt - 1662

The Lace MakerThe Lace MakerNicolaes MaesNicolaes Maes

The Lace MakerThe Lace MakerJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1669-1670, 1669-1670

The Account KeeperThe Account KeeperNicolaes Maes, 1656Nicolaes Maes, 1656

A Woman Holding a A Woman Holding a BalanceBalance

Jan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1662, 1662

View of DelftView of DelftJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1660-1661, 1660-1661

DutchDutchDelftwareDelftware

English English DelftwareDelftware

Dutch East India Dutch East India Company, Company, 16021602

““Africa” Center PanelAfrica” Center PanelJan van der Heyden, 1664-66Jan van der Heyden, 1664-66

The Dutch in Japan, The Dutch in Japan, 18c18c

Dutch Ship in NagasakiDutch Ship in NagasakiLate 18cLate 18c

Dutch West Dutch West IndiaIndia

Company, Company, 16211621

NetherlanNetherlandd

AntillesAntilles

18c Delftware Tobacco 18c Delftware Tobacco JarsJars

Fort Orange Fort Orange (Albany, NY)(Albany, NY)

in New Netherlandsin New Netherlands

New Amsterdam (NYC)New Amsterdam (NYC)

Settled in 1624.Settled in 1624.

Official Flag of the of NYC NYC Official Flag of the of NYC NYC SealSeal

New Amsterdam (NYC)New Amsterdam (NYC)

Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC.NYC.

University of University of Leiden,Leiden,

15751575

By 1645, largest By 1645, largest university in university in Protestant worldProtestant world

Separation of Separation of strong provinces strong provinces hindered power of hindered power of any church to any church to control control intellectual life in intellectual life in Dutch RepublicDutch Republic

University of University of Gröningen, 1614Gröningen, 1614

Along with Along with Leiden, first Leiden, first international international universitiesuniversities

Half of students Half of students were foreignerswere foreigners

René DescartesRené Descartes

French philosopher lived in Leiden French philosopher lived in Leiden from 1628 to 1649from 1628 to 1649

Dutch Optics: Dutch Optics: The TelescopeThe Telescope

Most agree that telescope was Most agree that telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in invented by Hans Lippershey in

16081608

Astronomical Pioneer:Astronomical Pioneer:Christiaan HuygensChristiaan Huygens

Explanation of Saturn’s Explanation of Saturn’s ringsrings

Wave theory of lightWave theory of light

Anton van Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Leeuwenhoek:

The Microscope & the The Microscope & the Discovery of Micro-Discovery of Micro-

OrganismsOrganisms

Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes TulpNicolaes Tulp – – Rembrandt, Rembrandt,

16321632

Jan Vermeer and OpticsJan Vermeer and Optics

R Did Vermeer use some of Did Vermeer use some of the new discoveries in the new discoveries in optics?optics?

R Did he use lenses to project Did he use lenses to project the image of the subject the image of the subject [[camera obscuracamera obscura] onto the ] onto the canvas?canvas?

R It is argued that van It is argued that van Leeuwenhoek was model Leeuwenhoek was model for his painting, “The for his painting, “The Astronomer”Astronomer”

The AstronomerThe AstronomerJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1668, 1668

The GeographerThe GeographerJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1668-1669, 1668-1669

Girl Reading a Letter with Girl Reading a Letter with the Window Open - the Window Open -

Jan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1657, 1657

The Music LessonThe Music LessonJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1662-1665, 1662-1665

The Spanish Hapsburgs & EuropeThe Spanish Hapsburgs & Europe (1556)(1556)

Philip II consolidated Hapsburg lands at end of 16c.Philip II consolidated Hapsburg lands at end of 16c.

The Spanish Netherlands:The Spanish Netherlands:Union of Utrecht, 1579Union of Utrecht, 1579

United Provinces still recognized Spanish United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, declared their rule, but, in 1581, declared their

independenceindependence

The Netherlands (1609)The Netherlands (1609)

The Dutch FederationThe Dutch Federation

REGENTS- provincial level- held virtually all power- strong advocates of local independence

STADHOLDER- States General representative from each province- responsible for defense and order

STATES GENERAL- federal assembly- foreign affairs (war)- all issues had to be referred to local Estates

The Night WatchThe Night Watch – – Rembrandt, 1642Rembrandt, 1642

Dutch Royal Palace, Dutch Royal Palace, AmsterdamAmsterdam

1648-16651648-1665

Count William II Granting Count William II Granting PrivilegesPrivileges

Cesare van Everdingen, 1654Cesare van Everdingen, 1654

Anglo-Dutch WarsAnglo-Dutch Wars First Anglo-Dutch War: 1660-First Anglo-Dutch War: 1660-

16651665

Second Anglo-Dutch War: 1665-Second Anglo-Dutch War: 1665-16671667

Third Anglo-Dutch War: 1674-Third Anglo-Dutch War: 1674-16781678

King William III Queen Mary King William III Queen Mary IIII ascend English throne in 1689 after Glorious ascend English throne in 1689 after Glorious RevolutionRevolution

William III of England:William III of England:“Dutch William”“Dutch William”

The final “revenge” of the The final “revenge” of the Dutch?Dutch?

Credit to: Ms. Susan M. Credit to: Ms. Susan M. PojerPojer

Horace Greeley HS Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY