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The Nervous System
Introduction to the BRAIN
Mind Brain
?Question?
How are we able to determine which region(s)
of the brain perform a specific task?
Imaging the Living Brain
•CAT•fMRI•PET
Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT)
• X-ray• 2D horizontal
sections• Used to diagnose
tumours, blood clots, degenerative disease & location of strokes
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• strong magnetic field
• radiation from hydrogen molecules present in all brain tissue in different concentrations.
• Sagittal, horizontal and frontal images
Carlson (1994) p 120
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• Radioactive glucose is taken up by active cells in the brain.
• As the radioactive isotopes decay, they emit positrons which are detected by the scanner.
• I.D. areas for specific mental operations
Interpreting PET Images Highest Activity
Lowest Activity
A B
C D
SET
1
QUESTIONS
Write the answers in complete sentence in your lab book.
1.Why are 4 images shown in each set?
1.SET 1 is the control set of images. Why is it important to have a control set?
Create the following table in your notebook and fill out
Set #
Image w/greatest change
Description of Location(s)
Subjects Task Region of the Brain
2
3
4
5
6
A B
C D
SET
2
A B
C D
SET
3
A B
C D
SET
4
A B
C D
SET
5
A B
C D
SET
6
PET IMAGE TASK • SET 1- Resting
• SET 2- Listening to Music• SET 3 – Looking at picture
showing both color & pattern
• SET4 – Thinking task• SET 5- Remembering an
image for later recall• SET 6- Hopping up and
down on the right foot.
The task that the subject performed during each of the PET scan are as follows:
HAVE MS. B. CHECK YOUR TABLE
Check Your WorkSet # Image w/greatest
change Description of Location(s) Subjects Task Region of the Brain
2 b There is more red on the right side of thebrain, mainly near the center in terms offront-to-back direction. There is also redon the left side, but it is not as strong asit is on the right side.
Listening to music
Auditory cortex*Temporal Lobe
3 b The main activation is in the back of thebrain on both sides of the midline.
Looking at a picture
Primary visual cortex*Occipital Lobe
4 c The main activation is at the front of thebrain near the periphery on both sides ofthe midline.
Thinking task
Frontal cortex*Frontal Lobe
5 d The main activation is in four areas, twoon each side of the brain. Two are verynear the back of the brain, and two arefarther forward.
Remembering
Hippocampus*Temporal Lobe
6 a The main areas of activation are a spoton the left side of the brain and asmaller spot near the front of thebrain on the midline.
Hopping up and down
Motor cortex*Frontal Lobe