The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-navy-vol-66-part2-2004 1/42

JUL - SEPT 2004w w w . n c t s p a c c . n « u u / ~ f i »

VOLUME 66 NO . 3 $5.45 including GST )

The Magazine of the Navy League of Australia

M odem A n th-Sh ipMissile Deface

Pt 1 Gunsi

The 1942Channel Dash

| j l

3

— --

V * _ s i V • - - . \ _

Electric Wa0m jm:

ISSN 1322

9 » I O t s W W

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


1 ss K lf n H K. «( \ M i a n d e m b a r k e d < a r r i c r V? ^Vmg F j vc K \ < i pu l l in to K rcmant le to r a f i \ e -da> por t ca l l T h is was K IT TY H AW K 's f i f t h v is i t

i . t r em an i l c J i n t h e n mi h t o r t \ - K IT IN M UV k in one of* t w o remain ing con\ent 'ona l l> powered a i rc ra f t earners in t he L' S \ av >. and is cur rcn t lv

h»«mep«'t ied m V * u k . i l ap ar . sh e r e i cn t l * . ce l eb ra t ed h er 4 » rd bir thda; . iscc Hash Traf f ic sect ion in t h i s ed i t ion to r de ta i ls ) i L ' S N i

r h e N o r w e g i a n I I \ c l a s s s u b m a n n e U T S T E I N ( K N M 3 0 2 ) o n t he s u r fa c e d u r i n g t h e N A T O e x e r c i s e Odm-On* T h r

\ o f W Q i u o s u h n u n n e a n d o t h e r n a \ a l v e s s e l s j o i n e d U S a c t i v e a n d r e s e rv e a n t i - s u b m a r i n e f o r c c v i n c l u d i n g f h e l a r g e s i ra l tk k

n u c l e a r - p o w c t c d s u b m a r i n e I S H S f c A W O L F t S S N - 2 1 ) f o r t h e CXCTCUC 1 h e g u ^ s i o " *** l)*-^—1 t k S# u Wa r l i me ex e i c i v c

h u n t M l i c d a n d N V T< ) s u b m a r i n e s i L S N l __ — -

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


I h c \ a w I .e ay u e o l ' A u s t r a l i aTHE NAVYVolume 66 No. 3

Contents

M O D E R N A S M D , P A R T I G U N S

By Dr Rog e r Tho r nh i l l Pa ge 3

T H E 1 94 2 C H A N N E L D A S H

By I a n John son Pa ge 8

T H E U N D E R W A T E R W A R IN T H E W E S T

By Vi c J e f f e r y Pa ge 25

E L E C T R I C W A R S H I P H E R A L D S

E V O L U T I O N IN W E A P O N S

T E C H N O L O G I E S

By Hun i e r C Ke e t e r Pa ge 28

RiSiilar features

F r o m t h e C r o w ' s N e s t P a g e 2

F l a sh T r a f f i c Pa ge 13

O b s e r v a t i o n s P a g e 2 4

Pr oduc t Re v i e w Pa ge 31

Le a gue Po l i c y S t a t e m e n t Pa ge 32

I h e o p i n i o n s o r i m r t i f l n t e x p r e s s e d in TH E Y- t l I a re t hos e of

t h e a u t h o r s a n d n o t n e c e s s a r i l s t h o s e o f t h e f e d e r a l C o u n c i l o f t h e

N i \ \ l e a g u e o r A u s t r a l i a , t h e K d i t o r o f TH E . V I I T , t h e R A N

o r t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n c e . I h e K d i t o r w e l c o m e s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ,

p h o t o g r a p h s a n d c o n t r i b u t i o n s a n d Mil l a s s u m e t h a i b \ m a k i n g

s u b m i s s i o n s , c o n t r i b u t o r s a g r e e t h a t a l l m a t e r i a l m a s b e u s e df r e e o f c h a r g e , e d i t ed a n d a m e n d e d a t th e K d i t o r d i s c r e t i o n .

N o p a r t o f t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n m a > b e r e p r o d u c e d w i t h o u t t h e

p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e K d i t n r .

f r o n t c o s e r : H M N Z S T E K A H A w i t h H M A S C A N B E R R A i n Ih c

b a c k g r o u n d b o t h a l a n c h o r i n J e m s B a > o n I hc N S W S o u t h C o a s t

d u r i n g Ex e r c i s e O c e a n P r o t e c t o r . ( R A N )

The NavyAll le t te rs and cont r ibut ions to :T h e O f f i c e o f T h e E d i t o rTH E NAVYNa vy Le a gue o f Aus t r a l i aGPO Box 1719

E-mail to: e d i t o r t he na vy@hol ma i l . c om

A ll S u b s c r i p t i o n a n d M e m b e r s h i p e n q u i r i e s t o :The Hon Secre tary .Navy League of Aust ra l ia . NSW Divis ionGPO Box 1719.

Adve r t i s i ng e nqu i r i e s ( on l y ) t o :

Mr J a me s R i c ka r ds0419 731 371. e -mai l : j a me s@r i c ka r ds . ne t

De a d l i ne f o r ne x t e d i t i on 5 Au gus t . 2004

F E D E R A L C O U N C I LPat r on in C h i e f : H i s Exce l l ency . The Go scm or G enera lP r e s i d e n t : G r a h a m M H a m s . R ED .Vlcc-P res idcn t i : RADM A J Rober t son . AO. DSC. RAN (Rid ) John Bi rd .CDR E H J P Adams . AM. RAN (Rtd ) CA PT H.A Josephs . AM. RAN (Rid IH o n . S e c r e t i n : R a \ C V r b o v . PC ) B o x M H. Ml Wascr lcN . V ic '1 44Te l e p h o n e ( 0 3 | 9 8 8 8 1 9 7 7 . F a x : ( 0 3 ) 9 8 8 8 1 0 8 3

N E W S O U T H W A t . E S D I V I S I O N

Pat ron : Her Exce l l ency . The Governo r o f New Sou ih Wales

Pres ide n t : R O Alber t . AO. RED. Rl )Hon . Secre t a ry El i zabe th Svkcs . GPO Box 1719 . Svdncs . NSW 2<K»I

Te l e p h o n e ( 0 2 ) 9 2 3 2 2 1 4 4 . F a x ( 0 2 ) 9 2 3 2 8 3 8 3

V I C T O R I A D I V I S I O N

Pat ron : H i s Exce l l ency . The Governo r o f V ic to r i aP r e s i d e n t : J M W i l k i n . R E D- .Hon . Secre t a rs : Ra \ Co l l . PO Box 1303 , Box Hi l l . V ic 3128Telephone : (03 ) 9884 (>237 . Fax (03 ) 9884 448 2En t a i l r g i l l l t f o p l u s n c i . c o i n . a uM e m b e r s h i p S e c r e t a r s : I C DR Tom Ki lbum MBE. RFD. \ Rl )Te l ep h o n e ( 0 3 ) 9 3 6 0 9 9 2 7 . P O B o x 1 3 0 3 B o x H il l V I C 3 1 2 8Q U E E N S L A N D D I V I S I O NPal ron : Her Exce l l encv . The Governo r o f Queens l andP r e s i d e n t : I M F r a s er . O A M

Hon . Sec re t a rs : Adr i an Boru i ck . I t ) Box I 1402 . George S t ree t Pos i Shop .B r i s b an e . Q l d 4 0 0 3 Te l e p h o n e ( 0 7 ) 3 2 6 3 1 3 1 9S t a t e B r a n c h e s :

C a i r n s : A C u n n c e n . P O B o x 1 0 0 9 . C a i m s . Q ld 4 8 7 0Te l e p h o n e ( 0 7 ) 4 0 5 4 1 1 9 5r o o n t s l l l e : I M c D o u g a l l . P O B o x 1 4 7 8 . To w n s s i l l c . Q l d 4 8 1 0Te l e p h o n e : ( 0 7 ) 4 7 7 2 4 5 8 8B u n d a b e r g : I Lo h s c. P O B o x 5 1 4 1 . B u n d a h er g W e s t . Q l d 4 6 7 0Telephone 107 )4151 221(1

S O U T H A U S T R A L I A N D I V I S I O NPat ron : Her Exce l l ency . The Governo r o f Sou ih Aus t ra l i aPres iden t : A lan Preske l l . KIT) . 15 S l eeps H i l l Dr ue . Panorama SA 5041H o n . S e c r e t a r s : M i s s J EG i l l . G P O B o x 1 5 2 9 . A d el a i d e . S A 5 0 0 1Telephone (08 ) 8272 643 5 (H i

T A S M A N I A N D I V I S I O NPal ron : H i s Exce l l ency . The Governo r o f Tasman iaPres iden t : Mrs J M Coop er . 42 Amv Road . Launccs lon . Tas 725 0

Telephone and Fax : (03 ) 6344 1531 'l i o n . S e c r e t a r s : M r K l l u r d . ' 6 S t r a h a n R o a d . La u n c e s t o n . Ta s 7 2 5 0te l epho ne (03 ) 634 4 1191

S t a l e B r a n c h e s :I aun ccs l on : Mr A l anha m. 67 l l a rdwick S t ree t . Launccs lon . Tas 7250Telephone : K13) 6344 3245t I s e rs ton e : Mr I ) Cun n ingh am. PO Box 93 . U lve iMone . Tas 7315Te l e p h o n e ( 0 3 ) 6 4 2 5 2 1 6 4l )e \ im po r t : Mr 1 ' O 'L carx . 11 Tasman P lace . Devon po r t . Tas 7310 .T e l e p h on e ( 0 3 ) 6 4 2 4 SOU

B u r n i e : M r G D a v i s . 4 0 C h c m S t r e e t . B u m i c . Ta s 7 3 2 0Te l e p h o n e ( 0 3 ) 6 4 3 1 4 0 2 3

W E S T E R N A U S T R A L I A N D I V I S I O NPat ron : H i s Exce l l ency . The Governo r o f Wes t e rn Aus t ra l i aPres ide n t : T C Vinccn lHon . Secre t a rs : Trevo r V incen t . 3 Pros ser Was . Mvaree . WA 6154Telephone (08 ) 93 .30 5129 . Mob (Ml7 933 780 . Fax (08 ) 933 0 5129 .Em a i l c h e h h i c _ r ) n l G ' p n m u s . c o m a u

F E D E R A L AD V I SO R V C O U N C I L

F Geoff ev Evans . OB F. VRD . Chai rman

Nei l Ba i rd . Cha i rm an Bai rd Pub l i ca t i onsWm Bol i t ho , AMAdmira l Michae l W Hudson . AC. RAN (Rid )Vice Admi ra l Das id Leach . AC CBF. . LVO. RAN (Rld iLach lan Pasne . CEO Aus t ra l i an Sh ipowners ' Assoc i a t i onVice Admi ra l S i r Richard Peck . KBE. CB. DSC. RAN (Rid )John St rang . Cha i rman St rang In t e rna t iona l P ly Ltd

C o r p o r a t e M e m b e r s

T h e A u s t ra l i a n S h i p o w n e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n

H a w k e r D c H a v ) l u n d L i m i t e d

C o m p u t e r S c i e n c e o f A u s t r a l i a P t y L t d

S t r a n g I n t e r n a t i o n a l P t y L t d

TH E N A V Y V O L 6 6 N O 3 I

mailto:[email protected]




8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


S i n c e t h e A S M a t t a c k s o n H M S S H E F F I E L D a n d U S S

STARK ASMD tac t ic s and technology have deve loped a t a

f as te r pace and been ca tegor ised into ha rd and sof t ki l l . Hard

ki l l denotes the ac tua l dest ruc t ion of the incoming threa t

through e i the r guns and /or missi le s . Sof t ki l l i s designed to

manipu la te the missi le ' s seeker into ma lfunc t ionin g enoug h to

produce inaccurac ies in the guidance . For example , dur ing

WW I I the a l l ie s r ea l i sed tha t the German r adio cont rol led

ant i - ship bombs /missi le s used one of 18 channe ls in the 48-

50MHz band. A power ful t r ansmission a long tha t f r equency

range would jam the s tee r ing s igna l f rom the a i r c r a f t sending

the missi le /bomb into the sea . This measure r endered the

weapon use less unt i l a counte r -measure could be found.

G U N SWhile the use of medium ca l ibr e guns for ASM D is a cost -

e f f ec t ive solut ion the problem wi th using a gun system to

dest roy in incoming ASM is tha t i t must be able to dest roy or

inf l ic t se r ious damage on a r e la t ive ly smal l , potent ia l ly

manoeuvr ing and f as t ta rge t . The main draw back of the gun

in the ASMD role i s tha t once the projec t i le has le f t the ba r r e li t cannot be inf luenced by the f i r e r . I t s accuracy i s governed

by f ac tor s such as the prec is ion of the t r acking sensor s , the

dispe r sa l pa t te rn of the gun. the t ime of f l ight , f i r ing pla t form

mot ion and wind s t r ength in-be tween the gun and the ta rge t .

The ta rge t could a lso be manoeuvr ing violent ly, such as the

'corksc rew ' manoeuv r e of the new Russian S S-N-27 Sizz le r ' .

in orde r to take advantage of the gun's l imi ta t ions . Anothe r

draw back i s the l imi ted r ange of the gun which r es t r ic t s i t to

the c lose in de fence laye r .

One of the counte r s to these problems i s to throw a

constant ly m oving r ada r cont rol led wa l l of lead ' a t the ta rge t

through gu n systems tha t have ve ry high r a tes of f i re w ith their

own de tec t ion, t r acking and ba l l i s t ic computa t ion systems.

These systems a r e known by the abbrev ia t ion C1WS (Close In

Weapon Systems) . I n the 'c lose in ' r ole the CIWS is a ve ry

cost - e f f ec t ive de fence pa r t icula r ly i f othe r systems f a i l to

nega te the incoming ASM or a r e missing in a Navy's

capabi l i ty inventory. The CIWS can a lso keep f i r ing and be

e f f ec t ive when othe r ha rd kil l ASMD syste ms cannot eng age

the thr ea t due to proximi ty and ' sa f e a rm dis tance ' l imi ta t ions .

The CIWS can a lso engage many ASM ta rge ts due to the

amount of ammuni t ion i t can employ, both on the mount and

in s tor age on ship. For example , one magaz ine of gun

ammu ni t ion for a medium ca l ibr e CIWS could po tent ia l ly

engage up to four ASMs wi th four magaz ines taking the same

space as a s ingle missi le in the ship 's s tor age compar tment . I t

should a lso be noted modern CIWS can engage low f lying

a i r c r a f t a t tempt ing to drop 'dumb bombs ' on the ship and tha t

some CIWS a re be ing modif ied to enable engagement of

sur f ace ta rge ts . The fol lowing i s a shor t desc r ipt ion of some of

the leading CIWS ava i lable today.

T h e Y l k - 1 5 P h a l a n xBy fa r the most commo n and numero us CIWS is the Mk 15

Pha lanx. Ph a lanx i s a c lo sed- loop' ( tha t i s . t racking both the

ta rge t and the s t r eam of rounds) weapon system designed to

provide the la s t laye r of ha rd ki l l de fence aga inst ASMs. The

system consis t s of a s tand-a lone mount emplying a 20mm

M6 IAI Vulcan Ca t l ing gun wi th a cyl indr ica l magaz ine and

feeding mechanis m suspend ed benea th i t and a de tec t ion and

t r acking r ada r uni t above .

The r ada r i s a pulse dopple r sensor wi th a ve r t ica l t r acking

antenna a t the f ront and a sea rch antenna a t the lop. The

system is capable of automat ica l ly sea rchin g, de tec t ing,

eva lua t ing, acqui r ing, t r acking and f i r ing on an incoming

A S M

Targe ts can be de tec ted a i 3nm (5.6km) and acqui r ed a t

2.3nm (4.3km) . F i r ing usua l ly begins a t I nm (1.85km) wi th a

maximum probable ki i l a t 460m. System reac t ion t ime i s

r epor ted to be approximate ly thr ee seconds.

Al though designed for autono mous missi le engagem ent ,

la te r ve r s ions of Pha lanx can be designa ted by othe r ship

sensor s through the command and weapon cont rol system in

the opera t ions room.

Four ve r s ions of Pha lanx have been made wi th othe r s

planned:

Block 0

This ve r s ion f ea tures a 16-bit compute r and a 980- rou nd

magaz ine . The hydraul ica l ly dr iven gun dr ive provides a r a teof f i r e of 3.000rds/min. The sea rch r ada r uses a hor izonta l

antenna s laved to a ve r t ica l gyro to compen sa te for deck

pi tching.

Block I

Base l ine 0: This mode l has a new onboard compute r and new

search r ada r antenna . New c i r cui t ry has grea t ly improved

reliability.

Base l in e I : The gun assembly in this mode l has a

pneumat ic gun dr ive which inc reases the r a te of f i r e to

T h e n e w e s t \ e r s i o n o f t h e M k - 1 5 P h a l a n x f a m i l y , ( h e B l o c k I B . T h e B l o c k

I B h a s a m u c h h i g h e r r a l e o f f i r e t h a n e a r l i e r P h a l a n x s . h a s l o n g e r b a r r e l s

f o r l o n g e r r a n g e a n d d e c r e a se d d i sp e r s i o n , a b i g g e r o n m o u n t m a g a z i n e a n d

a n F L I R/ T V t r a c k i n g u n i t t o t h e s i d e o f t h e r a d o m e . T h e T V u n i t e n a b l e s t h e

Bl o c k I B l o e n g a g e s u r f a c e t a r g e t s f r o m t h e o p e r a t o r s c o n so l e i n s i d e t h e

sh i p ' s o p e r a t i o n s r o o m . I t c a n a l so ai d i n r o u n d a c c u r a c y d u r i n g A S M

e n g a g e m e n t s . ( Ra y t h e o n )

4 V O L . 6 6 N O . 3 T H H N A V Y

4,5( )0rds/min. I t has a 1.470- round magaz ine wi th tungsten

p e n e t r a t o r s . T h e r a d a r ' s s e n s i t i v i t y h a s a l s o b e e n i m p r o v e d .

B l o c k I A

This mount ing, which ente r ed se rvice in 1996. has a 32-bi t

m i c r o p r o c e s s o r a n d A d a - l a n g u a g e s o f t w a r e t o i m p r o v e

accuracy as we l l a s having longer ba r r e ls for improved

range and accuracy.

B l o c k I B

T h i s i s a n u p g r a d e d B l o c k 1 A a n d a d d s a s u r f a c e

e n g a g e m e n t m o d e c a p a b i l i t y t o t h e a n t i - m i s s i l e r o le t h r o u g h

the a t tachment of an on-mount opt ica l di r ec tor . A High

D e f i n i t i o n T h e r m a l I m a g e r a n d v i d e o t r a c k e r i s m o u n t e d o n

t h e l e f t o f t h e r a d o m e a n d p r o v i d e s t h e e n g a g e m e n t

cont rol le r wi th a manua l acquis i t ion capabi l i ty f rom the

o p e r a t i o n s r o o m . I m p r o v e m e n t s t o t h e s o f t w a r e e n s u r e t h e

m o u n t i n g w i ll a u t o m a t i c a l l y b r e a k o f f a s u r f a c e e n g a g e m e n t

i f an a i r thr ea t appear s wi thin r ange . Tracking accuracy has

a l s o b e e n i m p r o v e d .

To r educe round dispe r s ion the gun ba r r e ls have been

l e n g t h e n e d b y 4 8 2 m m a n d e x t e n d e d m u z z l e r e s t r a i n t s a d d e dwhi le the e leva t ing mass has be . n modif i ed.

M i l l e n n i u m G D M - 0 0 8T h e G D M 0 0 8 i s a O e r l i k o n - C o n t r a v e s 3 5 m m r e v o l v e r

cannon previously known as the Mil lennium MDG-35. I t i s

intended as a CIW S using AHEA D (Advanced Hi t Ef f ic iency

And Dest ruc t ion) ammuni t ion.

T h e O e r l i k o n - Co n i r a v e s M i l l e n n i u m M f X i - 3 5 3 5 m m r e v o l v e r c a n n o n . T h i sCI W S i s b e i n g m a r k e t e d a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o o t h e r sy s t e m s su c h a s P h a l a n x

a n d G o a l k e e p e r . I t s p e r f o r m a n c e s t a t i s t i c s a g a i n s t A S M s a r c i m p r e ss i \ e .

< O e r l i k o n - Co n t r a v e s )

Oer l ikon -Contr av es and Lockheed Mar t in a r e cune nt ly in

the proccss of nava l i s ing the mount ing to marke t i t a s a

comp et i tor to the Mk-15 Pha lanx .

The ful l Mi l lennium system consis t s of a weapon di r ec t ion

system l inked to the ship 's comba t ma nagem ent system

through a loca l a r ea ne twork. The manufac ture r c la ims tha t

wi th a 25- round bur s t f rom the 35mm gun tha t a ki l l r ange

aga inst a manned a i r c r a f t a t 3.5km and aga inst a sea -

skimming ASM a t 1.5km can be achieved.

A low r adar c ross- sec t ion cupola cover s the mount wi th an

opt iona l e lec t ro-opt ica l di r ec tor on the le f t of the e leva t ing

mass conta ining te levis ion. FLIR camera and an eye- sa fe la se r .

T H F . N A V Y

The weapon can use a va r ie ty of ammuni t ion. I t s muzz le

ve loc i ty i s 1.050 m/s (AHEA D) , wi th the round having 152

3.3 gram spin- s tabi l i sed sub-pro jec t i le s . The ma nufac ture r s

c la im tha t be tween 7 and 25 rounds wi l l ensure the dest ruc t ion

of an 800m/s ta rge t a t 1.65km. or 2.1km wi th a 36- round

bur st .

S e a Z e n i t hSea Zeni th i s a four -ba r r e l led 25mm gun sys tem m ade by

Contr aves/Oer l ikon and i s named for i t s abi l i ty to bea r on

ta rge ts a t the zeni th by vi r tue of a s lewing two-axis mount ing

which i s inc l ined a t 35° to

the hor izonta l .

The Sea Zeni th tur r e t i s

2 . 5 7 m h i g h . 2 . 5 7 m w ide and

3 . 4 4 m d e e p .

T h e f o u r 2 5 m m g u n s

have a combined r a te of f i r e

of 3.400rds/min. each gun

b e i n g i n d e p e n d e n t l y f e d

f r o m a m m u n i t i o n d r u m s

mounted be low decks or by

the s ide of the gun. The

ready- to-use supply of 1.660

rounds i s suf f ic ient for 18

n o r m a l e n g a g e m e n t s o f

ASM ta rge ts . I t uses spec ia l

ammuni t ion wi th a forged

tungsten core designed to

ensure tha t a s ingle hi t w i l l

be suf f ic ient to dest roy a

missi le ta rge t by de tona t ing

i t s warhead.

Guidan ce for a Sea Zeni th mount i s provided by a separa te

ye t exc lusive f i r e cont rol r ada r l inked to a Sea Zeni th f i r e

cont rol system which usua l ly cont rols thr ee mounts .

Som e 24 Sea Zeni th systems have been sold to Turkey and

u s e d a b o a r d t h e ' Y a v u z ' ( M E K O 2 0 0 ) a n d ' B a r b a r o s '

( M o d i f i e l d M E K O 2 0 0 ) c l a s s f r i g a t e s .

A K - 6 3 0Having deve loped many of the ea r ly ASMs the Sovie t Navy

was consc ious of the i r le tha l i ty. Dur ing the la te 1950s and

ear ly 1960s Sovie t ASMD was based upon a comb ina t ion of

guns and e lec t ronic counte r measures equipment but i t wassoon r ecognised tha t a more ac t ive de fence was r equi r ed.

Like the West , the Sovie t Navy dec ided the most e f f ic ient

means of counte r ing ASMs tha t had leaked through the a i r

de fence sc r een was a r ada r - cont rol led gun wi th a high r a te of

f i re . Deve lo pmen t was author ised in July 196 3 for a Ga t l ing-

gun system known as the A-213. However , te s t ing did not

begin unt i l 1971 and i t was not unt i l 1976 tha t i t was formal ly

accepted into se rvice , w i th i t s sepa ra te r ada r i l lumina tor and

f i r e cont rol system, a s the AK-630

T h e 3 0 m m A K - 6 3 0 C I W S c o n s i s t s o f a m u l t i - b a rr e l , h i g h

volum e-of - f i r e Ga t l ing gun. a separa te f i re - cont rol r ada r and a

be low-dcck cont rol s ta t ion wi th r emote opt ica l and/or e lec t ro-

opt ica l sensor .

The mount uses a wa te r - cooled, s ix-ba r r e l led AO-18. a

Ga t l ing gun weapon wi th f ixed breechblock am' r evolving

V O L 6 6 N O . 3

T h e f o u r - b a r r e l l e d 2 5 m m S e a Z e n i t h

CI WS i s n a m e d f o r i t s a b i l i t y t o b e a r

on ta rge ts a t the /cnith by virtue of a

s l e w i n g t w o - a x i s m o u n t i n g w h i c h i s

i n c l i n e d a t 3 5 ° l o i h e h o r i z o n t a l .T h e

t o u r 2 5 m m g u n s h a v e a c o m b i n e d

ra te of fire of 3 .4()Ords/min

( O e r l i k o n - Co n t r a v e s )

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


The Russian AK-630 30mm six-barrel ^at l in^ gun CIWS. The AK-630 has

hecn superseded b> the Kortik/Kashtan bul is suit an effective and widely

use d CIW S.

b a r r e l s . T h e m a g a z i n e c o n t a i n s 2 . 0 0 0 r o u n d s o f H E - I a n d

H E - T a m m u n i t i o n . T h e A O - I S w e i g h s 2 0 5 k g a n d h a s a

c y c l i c r a l e o f f i r e o f 4 . 0 0 0 t o 5 . 0 0 0 r d s / m i n a n d a m u z z l e

v e l o c i t y o f 9 0 0 m / s . T h e g u n f i re s b u r s t s o f u p t o 4 ( H ) r o u n d s

a t a t i m e d u r i n g w h i c h b o t h t h e b a r r e l a n d t h e b r e e c h b l o c k

a r e c o o l e d .

U n l i k e P h a l a n x i h e A K - 6 3 0 f e a t u r e s a s e p a r a t e r a d a r

d i r e c t o r , t h e M R - 1 2 3 V y m p a l ( N A T O c o d e - n a m e B a s s T i l t ' I

w h i c h i s a n H - b a n d ( 6 t o 8 G H z ) s y s t e m w i t h i t s d i r e c t o r

m o u n t e d o n a p e d e s t a l a n d i t s a n t e n n a w i t h a d r u m - s h a p e d

r a d o m e e l s e w h e r e o n t h e s h i p .

S o m e 1 . 1 5 0 A K - 6 3 0 g u n m o u n t i n g s h a v e b e e n o r d e r e d o r

p r o d u c e d a n d i h e s y s t e m r e m a i n s i n p r o d u c t i o n .

K a s h t a nT h e l a n d b a s e d s e l f - p r o p e l l e d 2 S 6 M T u n g u s k a s e l f p r o p e l l e d

a n t i - a i r c r a f t s y s t e m e n t e r e d s e r v i c e w i t h t h e S o v i e t A r m y i n

1 9 8 6 a s a r e p l a c e m e n t t o t h e s u c c e s s f u l Z S U - 2 3 - 4 s e l f -

p r o p e l l e d a n t i - a i r c r a f t g u n . T h e 2 S 6 M c o n s i s t s o f t w o r a d a r -

d i r e c t e d 3 0 m m g u n s s u p p l e m e n t e d b y a n e w s h o r t - r a n g e a i r

d e f e n c e m i s s i l e s y s t e m , i h e 9 M 3 I I . w h i c h h a s b e e n g i v e n t h e

N A T O d e s i g n a t i o n S A - 1 9 ' G r i s o n ' .

T h e S o v i e t N a v y w a s q u i c k t o s e e t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e

2 S 6 M T u n g u s k a s y s t e m a s a C I W S t o r e p l a c e i h e A K - 6 3 0 .

H o w e v e r , t h e r e w o u l d n e e d t o r a d i c a l c h a n g e s l o n a v a l i s e t h e

s y s t e m . W h i l e t h e S A - 1 9 G r i s o n ' w a s r e t a i n e d , t h e n e ed f o r

h i g h e r f i re p o we r a g a i n s t i n - c o m i n g m i s s i l e s d i c t a t e d t h e

r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e o r i g i n a l s i n g l e b a r r e ll e d 3 0 m m g u n s f r o m

t h e T u n g u s k a w i th t h e A O - 1 8 G a l l i n g g u n u s e d i n t h e A K - 6 3 0 .

w h i l e t h e m o r e t a x i n g s e a e n v i r o n m e n t d i c t a t e d n e w s e n s o r s

a n d w e a p o n c o n t r o l e l e c t r o n i c s . T h e n e w s y s t e m w a s k n o w n a s

the 3M87 Kor t ik and rece ived ihe NAT O designa ti on CAD S-N-1

( C l o s e A i r D e f e n c e S y s t e m - N a v a l - 1 ) w i t h t h e m i s s i l e s y s t e m ,

n o w a n a v a l w e a p o n , d e s i g n a t e d a s t h e S A - N - I I ' G r i s o n ' .

P roduc tion of the Kor t ik ceased in 1994 but i l is s t i l l

m a r k e t e d t o d a y a s t h e K a s h t a n . T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n l o t h e

t w o m o u n t s l i e s i n t h e g u n s . T h e K o r t i k u s e s t h e A O - 1 8 G a l l i n g

g u n w h i l e K a s h t a n u s e s t h e t w o 3 0 m m s i n g l e b a r r e l g u n s u s e d

b y t h e 2 S 6 M T u n g u s k a .

T h e s y s t e m i s s e cu r e d o n a d e c k m o u n t i n g o n w h i c h i l c a n

turn 360° in a / imuth. I t is 2. 25m high and has a swept radius of

2 . 7 6 m . T h e t o t a l w e i g h t o f t h e m o u n t i n g i s 1 3 . 5 t o n n e s

T h e K o r t i k / K a s h t a n i s d e s i g n e d f o r p o i n t d e f e n c e a g a i n s t

A S M s a n d g u i d e d b o m b s t o d i s t a n c e s u p t o 4 . 5 n m i l e s ( 8 k m ) .

I t can be used by ships as small a s 400 tonnes. The system is

d e s i g n e d t o e n g a g e t a r g e t s w i t h t h e S A - N - 1 1 a t d i s t a n c e s f r o m

0 . 7 5 n m ( 1 . 5 k m ) o n w a r d s ( o u t l o 8 k m s ) a n d c a n u s e i t g u n s o n

t a r g e t s b e l o w 1 5 0 0 m d o w n l o 5 0 0 m .

A b o v e e a c h A O - 1 8 g u n i s a m o u n t i n g f o r f o u r l a u n c h

c o n t a i n e r s f o r t h e S A - N - 1 1 " G r i s o n ' m i s s i l e s . T h e S A - N - 1 1

G r i s o n ' m i s s i l e h a s 9 k g w a r h e a d c o n s i s t i n g o f a 9 m m r o d t h a t

is 6<X)mm long which sp li ts into 2 to 3 gram p ieces whe n

d e t o n a t e d b y i h e p r o x i m i t y f u z e w h i c h , i n t u r n , i s a c ti v a t e d

when the missi le is within 5m of the ta rge t . The sensor f i t

d i f f e r s f r o m 2 S 6 M w i t h t h e a r m y r a d a r r e p l a c e d b y t h e 3 R 8 7

( N A T O d e s i g n a t i o n H o t F l a s h ' ) w h i c h f e a t u r e s t w o

p a r a b o l o i d a n t e n n a s . T h e s e a r c h r a d a r , l o d e t e c t a n d t r a c k s e a -

s k i m m i n g m i s s i l e s , i s m o u n t e d i n t h e c e n t r e o f t h e m o u n t w h i l e

t h e t o t h e r i g h t t h e m i s s i l e g u i d a n c e r a d a r . T h e t r a n s m i t t e r a n d

r e c e i v e r e l e c t r o n i c s a r e m o u n t e d b e h i n d t h e a n t e n n a s . T o t h e

l e f t o f t h e c e n t r a l r a d a r a n t e n n a a r e t w o e l e c t r o - o p t i c s e n s o r s

w h i c h c o n s i s t o f a n I R t r a c k e r a n d a r e m o t e l y o p e r a t e d T V

c a m e r a .

S o m e 3 0 o f t h e s e s y s t e m s w e r e o r o d u c e d f o r t h e R u s s i a n

N a v y b u t p r o d u c t i o n h a s c e a s e d . K a s h t a n c o n t i n u e s t o b e

m a r k e t e d f o r e x p o r t a n d a t l e a s t h a l f - a - d o z e n h a v e b e e n s o l d t o

India .

G o a l k e e p e rL i k e t h e U S N t h e R o y a l N e t h e r l a n d s N a v y ( R N L N ) d r e w u p

a r e q u i r e m e n t f o r a v e r y s h o r t - r a n g e a i r d e f e n c e s y s t e m f o r i t s

s h i p s j u s t a f t e r t h e E I L A T i n c i d e n t .

F r o m 1 9 7 6 t h e D u t c h f ir m S i g n a a l b e g a n t o d e v e l o p t h e

S G E - 3 0 w h i c h c o m b i n e d a D u t c h t a r g e t a c q u i s i t i o n / t r a c k i n g

s y s t e m , a G A U - 8 / A m u l i i - b a r r e l g u n a n d a n E X - 8 3 m o u n t i n g .

A p r o t o t y p e w a s c o m p l e t e d i n 1 9 8 1 . I n 1 9 8 3 th e s y s t e m ,

n a m e d G o a l k e e p e r , w a s o r d e r e d b y t h e R N L N . T h e f o l l o w i n g

y e a r i t w a s a l s o o r d e r e d b y t h e R o y a l N a v y .

G o a l k e e p e r i s a n a u t o n o m o u s C I W S i n w h i c h t h e e n t i r e

e n g a g e m e n t s e q u e n c e f r o m s e a r c h t o d e s t r u c t i o n i s c a r r i e d o u t

a u t o m a t i c a l l y . I t c o n s i s t s o f a S e a V u l c a n 3 0 m m ( G A U - 8 / A )

g u n . a n I - b a n d s e a r c h r a d a r , a n l / K - b a n d t r a c k i n g r a d a r a n d a

T V c a m e r a .

24 THE NAVY

The Kom k CIW S It has two six-barrel gall ing guns and can also be fi l led

with eight SA-N-11 Gns»>n ASMD missi les. This image depicts a Komk

mounl with tw o guns but no missi le launchers, w hich are normally i iWHinted

above the guns.

VOL. 66 NO. 2

W i t h i n t w o s e c o n d s o f d e s i g n a t i o n t h e M e r o k a i s f a c i n g

t h e t a r g e t . T h e M e r o k a ' s t r a c k i n g r a d a r a c q u i r e s t h e t a r g e t a t a

r a n g e o f s o m e 2 . 5 n m ( 5 k m ) . T h e e l e c t r o - o p t i c a l s e n s o r i s u s e d

t o c o n f i r m t a r g e t a c q u i s i t i o n a s w e l l a s c o n f i r m i n g i t s i d e n t i t y

w h i l e b a l l i s t i c a n d i n t e r c e p t i o n p r e d i c t i o n d a t a a r e p r o c e s s e d

b y t h e c o m p u t e r . W i t h i n 2 . 5 s e c o n d s t h e w e a p o n i s r e a d y t o

e n g a g e t h e t a r g e t a t d i s t a n c e s o f b e t w e e n 5 ( X ) a n d 1 , 5 0 0 m .

The Dutch 30mm Goalkeeper CIWS. While being one of the best Western

CIWS the Goalkeeper is a heavy mounl lhat is far more intrusive into a

ship's deck and dc .ign than most other CIWS.

T h e G o a l k e e p e r ' s r e a d y t o u : : e m a g a z i n e h a s c a p a c i t y f o r

1 . 1 9 0 r o u n d s c a r r i e d i n a l i n k l e s s s y s t e m u s i n g a f e e d a n ds t o r a g e d r u m . T h e a m m u n i t i o n c a p a c i t y i s c l a i m e d l o b e

s u f f i c i e n t f o r s e v e r a l l a r g e t e n g a g e m e n t s b e f o r e r e l o a d i n g i s

n e c e s s a r y .

T h e t u r r e t i s 3 . 4 1 m h i g h a n d 5 . 2 6 m w i d e w i t h d e c k

p e n e t r a t i o n o f 2 . 8 m . T h e g u n m o u n t i n g i s 6 . 8 t ( u n l o a d e d )

w h i l e t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e b e l o w - d e c k e q u i p m e n t w e i g h s 3 . 7 5 1 .

T h i s s y s t e m h a s b e e n t e s t e d a g a i n s t m i s s i l e t a r g e t s l l y i n g a s

l o w a s 5 m . D i g i t a l f i r e c o n t r o l p r o c e s s i n g , i n c l u d i n g c u r v e d

p a t h p r e d i c t i o n , i s u s e d t o p r e d i c t t h e p o i n t o f i m p a c t w h i l e

a u t o m a t i c c a l i b r a t i o n a n d c l o s e d - l o o p c o r r e c t i o n a r c u s e d t o

c o m p e n s a t e f o r e r r o r s , i n c l u d i n g i n a c c u r a t e b a l l i s t i c d a t a .

T h e r e i s a n a u t o m a t i c k i l l a s s e s s m e n t s u b s y s t e m f o r u s e i n c a s t

o f m u l t i p l e a t t a c k s t o o p t i m i s e t h e s y s t e m ' s e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

M e r o k aT h e S p a n i s h N a v y b e g a n t o e x a m i n e t h e o p t i o n s f o r a C I W S

d u r i n g t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s a n d b y 1 9 7 5 b e g a n t o c o n s i d e r a

s y s t e m b a s e d u p o n a 2 0 m m g u n b e i n g d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e

A r m y . B y t h e e n d o f 1 9 7 5 . B a / a n h a d r e c e i v e d a c o n t r a c t f o r

t h e m o u n t a n d s y s t e m i n t e g r a t i o n a n d a p r o t o t y p e a p p e a r e d i n

1 9 7 7 .

T h e M e r o k a c o n s i s t s o f 1 2 b a r r e l s a r r a n g e d i n t w o

c o n n e c t e d r o w s a n d w i t h a c o m m o n b r e e c h b l o c k . T h e 1 2

b a r r e l s f o r m a s i n g l e u n i t w h i c h i s t r a i n e d a n d e l e v a t e d a s

w i t h a c o n v e n t i o n a l w e a p o n a n d w h o s e m e c h a n i c a l r i g i d i t y i s

a i d e d b y f o u r s t e e l b a n d s . T h e o u t e r b a n d s a r e a d j u s t a b l e t o

a l l o w t h e b a r r e l s t o b e e i t h e r c o n e d o r s p r e a d f o r g r e a t e r

e f f e c t . A m m u n i t i o n i s p r o v i d e d b y t w o b e l t f e e d s w h i c h a r c

s u p p l i e d f r o m a h y d r a u l i c a l l y p o w e r e d r o t a t i n g m a g a z i n e

w i t h a c a p a c i t y o f 7 2 0 r o u n d s .

A p u l s e D o p p l e r t r a c k i n g r a d a r i s f i t t ed o n t o p o f t h e

w e a p o n m o u n t w h i c h i s s u p p l e m e n t e d b y a l o w - l i g h t T V

c a m e r a b o r e - s i g h t e d l o t h e g u n a x i s a n d m a y b e u s e d i f t h e

t r a c k e r r a d a r i s o u t o f a c t i o n .

W h e n a n A S M t a r g e t i s d e t e c t e d b y t h e s h i p ' s a i r s e a r c h

r a d a r t h e d a t a i s p a s s e d t o t h e M e r o k a f i re c o n t r o l c o m p u t e r

w h i c h b e g i n s t r a c k i n g a n d d e s i g n a t i n g a M e r o k a g u n f o r t h e

e n g a g e m e n t .

C o n c l u s i o nA s c a n b e s e e n , g u n C I W S ' s a r e d e v e l o p i n g t o a p o i n t t h a i

r e q u i r e A S M m a n u f a c t u r e r s t o e i t h e r r e d e s i g n m i s s i l e s l o

a v o i d t h e a c c u r a t e h i g h r a t e o f f i re o f t h e m o d e r n C I W S o r

p o s s i b l y w i t h s t a n d i t s e f f e c t s . It w a s i h o u g h t f o r s o m e t i m e

t h a t 2 0 m m C I W S s w o u l d n o t b e p o w e r f u l e n o u g h t o d e s t r o y

s o m e o f t h e S o v i e t A S M s d u e l o h a r d e n i n g a n d t h e i r s p e e d .

I n d e e d , i t i s a c o n s i d e r e d b e l i e f t h a t 2 0 m m C I W S s . e v e n i f

t h e y d o d e s t r o y a n i n c o m i n g A S M . m a y n o t d o s o a t a r a n g e

t h a t p r e c l u d e s d e b r i s f r o m t h e A S M d a m a g i n g a n d p o t e n t i a l l y

m i s s i o n - k i l l i n g t h e s h i p , p a r t i c u l a r l y a s a t s e a r e p a i r s h i p s a r e

n o w v e r y r a r e i n m o d e r n n a v i e s . F o r t u n a t e l y t h i s b e l i e f h a s n o t

b e e n t e s t e d i n c o m b a t b u t s y s t e m s s u c h a s P h a l a n x a n d

M e r o k a h a v e a d d r e s s e d t h e s e c o n c e r n s b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e

a c c u r a c y , r a t e o f f i r e a n d r a n g e a t w h i c h A S M e n g a g e m e n t c a n

t a k e p l a c e .

In Part two of Modern ASMD. Dr Thornhill will examine

t missiles that are currently used for ASMD.

flThis article prsl appeared in Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter A-I'DR)

magazine a year ago but has heen amended by the author and reproduced

w ith the permission o) the Editor ofA-PDR.

The unmistakable 12 2lnnm barrels of ihe Spanish Meroka CIWS.

THE NAVY VOL. 66 NO. 225

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


The view from the bridge of the < utser PRIN Z EUGEN of the famous IW 2 transit of the English Channel in broad daylight by three ol the German Navy 's

cap i ta l sh ip s . S C H A R N H O R S T. G N EI S EN A U an d P R I N / EU G EN an d th e i r es co r ts

A t 2 2 4 5 h r s o n I I F e b r u a r y 1 9 4 2 t h e k r i e g s m a r i n e ( ( G e r m a n N a v y ) b e g a n O p e r a t i o n C e r b e r u s . T h e G e r m a n

b a t t l e c r u i s e r s S C H A R N H O R S T a n d G N E I S E N A U , a c c o m p a n i e d b > t h e h e a v v c r u i s e r P R I N Z E U G E N , s a i l e d f r o m t h e

F r e n c h p o r t o f B r e s t , in a n a t t e m p t t o t r a v e r s e t h e E n g l i s h C h a n n e l a n d r e a c h t h e r e l a t iv e s a f e t y of G e r m a n p o r t s . B y

t h e t i m e t h e t h r e e s h i p s w e r e in G e r m a n w a t e r s o n 1 2 F e b r u a r y , t h e i n f a m o u s M C h a n n e l D a s h " H a s h i s t o r y . T h e

B r i t i s h , w h o h a d a n t i c i p a t e d s u c h a m o v e i n t h e w e e k s b e f o r e , w e r e l e f t e m b a r r a s s e d b y t h e i r i n a b i l i t y t o s t o p t h e m .

A f t e r c o n d u c t i n g s u c c e s s f u l o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n

i n e a r l y 1 9 4 1 . S C H A R N H O R S T a n d G N E I S E N A U a r r i v e d at

B r e s t i n M a r c h . T h e r e t h e y w a i t e d f o r o t h e r K r i e g s m a r i n e

u n i t s t o a r r i v e f r o m G e r m a n y . T h e i n t e n t i o n w a s t o f o r m a

p o w e r f u l s u r f a c e - r a i d i n g g r o u p t h a t c o u l d a t t a c k U K b o u n d

c o n v o y s i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h U - b o a t s . F o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s t h i s

p l a n w a s d e l a y e d . I t w a s m i d M a y b e f o r e a r a i d o n a l l i e d

s h i p p i n g c o u l d b e m o u n t e d . P R I N Z E U G E N w i t h t h e

b a t t l e s h i p B I S M A R C K , s a i l e d i n t o t h e A t l a n t i c f r o m G d y n i a

t o c o n d u c t O p e r a t i o n R h i n e .

T h e R o y a l A i r F o r c e h a d b e e n b u s y d u r i n g t h i s t i m e . A f t e r

l o c a t in g S C H A R N H O R S T a n d G N E I S E N A U a t B r e st o n 2 8

M a r c h , a m a j o r a i r c a m p a i g n w a s c o n d u c t e d t o d a m a g e t h e

s h i p s . A n t i - a i r c r a f t d e f e n c e s a r o u n d B r e s t w e r e h e a v i l y r e -

i n f o r c e d b y t h e G e r m a n s . O n 6 A p r i l 1 9 4 1 . an R A F B e a u f o r t

t o r p e d o - b o m b e r f r o m 2 2 S q u a d r o n . C o a s t a l C o m m a n d ,p i l o t e d b y F l y i n g O f f i c e r K e n n e t h C a m p b e l l , m a n a g e d t o g e t

• i n t o t h e i n n e r h a r b o u r . F l y i n g a t e x t r e m e l o w l e v e l , t h r o u g h

b a d w e a t h e r a n d h e a v y a n t i - a i r c r a f t f i r e , th e y s u c c e e d e d i n

t o r p e d o i n g G N E I S E N A U b e f o r e b e i n g s h o t d o w n . A l l f o u r

c r e w w e r e k i l l e d . T h e i r e f f o r t s p u t t h e b a t t l e c r u i s e r i n t o d r y

The German battleship GNEISENAU on sea trials

d o c k f o r r e p a i r s f o r s e v e r a l m o n t h s , a n d C a m p b e l l w a s

a w a r d e d a p o s t h u m o u s V i c t o r i a C r o s s .

I n a f o u r - m o n t h p e r i o d o v e r I 8 ( X ) a i r c r a f t c o n d u c t e d

s t r i k e s a g a i n s t t h e b a t t l e c r u i s e r s . a n d a c t u a l l y s u c c e e d e d i n

i m m o b i l i s i n g t h e m , a f a c t n o t k n o w n t o t h e B r i t i s h . P R I N Z

E U G E N . h a v i n g a v o i d e d e n e m y c o n t a c t a f t e r t h e d e s t r u c t i o n

o f B I S M A R C K , a r r i v e d a t B r e s t o n I J u n e . A m a j o r F r e n c h

n a v a l b a s e . B r e s t o f f e r e d e x c e l l e n t f a c i l i t i e s f o r K r i e g s m a r i n e

s h i p s . B u t . b e c a u s e o f i t s p r o x i m i t y t o t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s , t h e

p o r t w a s e x p o s e d t o c o n s t a n t s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d a i r a t t a c k s .

T o p l a n f o r a p o s s i b l e a t t e m p t b y t h e s h i p s t o r e t u r n t o

G e r m a n w a t e r s . O p e r a t i o n F u l l e r w a s d r a w n u p o n 2 9 A p r i l

1 9 4 1 b y t h e B r i t i s h . U n t i l T I R P I T Z s a i l e d f o r t h e N o r w e g i a n

p o r t o f T r o n d h e i m i n J a n u a r y 1 9 4 2 . th e m a j o r t h r e a t r e m a i n e d

t h a t o f a r e n d e z v o u s o f t h e b a t t l e s h i p w i t h S C H A R N H O R S T .

G N E I S E N A U a n d P R I N Z E U G E N . T h e t h r e a t p o s e d b y ( h ig r o u p a t t a c k i n g A t l a n t i c c o n v o y r o u t e s t i e d u p m a n y a l l i e d

r e s o u r c e s .

B y t h e e n d o f 1 9 4 1 . t h e C o m m a n d e r i n C h i e f o f t h e

G e r m a n A r m e d F o r c e s . A d o l f H i t l e r, w a s g r o w i n g c o n c e r n e d

o f a p o s s i b l e B r i t i s h i n v a s i o n o f N o r w a y , a n d o r d e r e d

S C H A R N H O R S T . G N E I S E N A U a n d P R I N Z E U G E N b a c k

t o G e r m a n y . T h e h e a d o f t h e K r i e g s m a r i n e . G r a n d A d m i r a l

E r i c h R a e d e r . w a s o p p o s e d t o s u c h a m o v e , a n d s t i l l h o p e d t o

s e n d T I R P I T Z t o j o i n t h e s h i p s a t B r e s t

A f t e r t h e f a i l u r e o f O p e r a t i o n R h i n e . H i t l e r w a s a d a m a n t :

e i t h e r t h e s h i p s r e t u r n e d t o G e r m a n y o r t h e y w o u l d b e

d e c o m m i s s i o n e d , w i t h t h e i r c r e w s a n d g u n s m o v e d t o d e f e n d

N o r w a y . V i c e - A d m i r a l O t t o C i l i a x . t h e C o m m a n d i n g A d m i r a l

o f B a t t l e s h i p s f o r t h e K r i e g s m a r i n e . p u t f o r w a r d a p l a n c a l l e d

O p e r a t i o n C e r b e r u s t o H i t l e r i n B e r l i n o n 1 2 J a n u a ry ' 1 9 4 2 . I t

p r o p o s e d t o r e t u r n t h e s h i p s t o G e r m a n y v i a t h e E n g l i s h

C h a n n e l . V A D M C i l i a x i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e a

VOL. 66 NO. 3

m i n i m u m o f n a v a l o p e r a t i o n s b e f o r e t h e s t a r t o. " t h e o p e r a t i o n ,

s o a s n o t t o l o s e t h e e l e m e n t o f s u r p r i s e . T h e p l a n w a s t o l e a v e

B r e s t a f t e r d a r k , a g a i n s o a s t o m a i n t a i n s u r p r i s e f o r a s l o n g a s

p o s s i b l e , t r a v e r s i n g t h e n a r r o w e s t p a r t o f t h e E n g l i s h C h a n n e l ,

t h e D o v e r S t r a i t s i n d a y l i g h t .

T h e o p e r a t i o n w a s a p p r o v e d b y H i t l e r , w h o i g n o r e d t h e

w a r n i n g s o f h i s a d m i r a l s t h a t i t w o u l d e n d w i t h t h e s h i p s s u n k

i n t h e C h a n n e l . H i t l e r c o m p a r e d t h e r i s k o f r u n n i n g t h e B r i t i s h

b l o c k a d e t o an o p e r a t i o n f o r c a n c e r : t h e o p e r a t i o n m i g h t c o s t

t h e p a t i e n t ' s l i f e , b u t w i t h o u t i t h e w o u l d c e r t a i n l y d i e .

P l a n n i n g f o r C e r b e r u s i n v o l v e d a s s i s t a n c e f r o m t h e

L u f t w a f f e . G e n e r a l A d o l f G a l l a n d m a d e p l a n s f o r a t l e a st 1 6

f ighte r s to provid e a ir cov er a t any one t ime while the shi ps

w e r e i n t h e E n g l i s h C h a n n e l , w h i l e G e n e r a l M a r t i n i , i n c h a r g e

o f t h e L u f t w a f f e r a d a r e f f o r t , p l a n n e d t o j a m B r i t i s h r a d a r

s t a t i o n s d u r i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n . O n h e a r i n g t h e s e p l a n s H i t l e r

r e m a r k e d t h a t t h e a ir t h r e a t w a s e x a g g e r a t e d , a n d t h a t B r i t i s h

f o r c e s w o u l d n o t b e a b l e t o r e a c t f a s t e n o u g h t o s t o p t h e s h i p s

f r o m m a k i n g i t t o G e r m a n w a t e r s . T h e K r i e g s m a r i n e a s s i g n e d

s i x d e s t r o y e r s t o a c t a s e s c o r t s f o r t h e h e a v i e r s h i p s , a s w e l l a s

c o - o r d i n a t i n g e s c o r t d u t i e s b y G e r m a n s c h n e l l b o o t e n ( E -

B o a t s ) a l o n g th e C h a n n e l . S C H A R N H O R S T . G N E I S E N A U

a n d P R I N Z E U G E N h a d e x t r a a n t i - a i r c r a f t g u n s m o u n t e d , t h e

l a t t e r a l o n e h a d 6 4 2 0 m m g u n s a d d e d . A i r s e a r c h r a d a r s w e r e

m o u n t e d o n e a c h o f t h e m a j o r s h i p s a n d t h e y w e r e a s s i g n e d a

L u f t w a f f e o f f i c e r t o l i a i s e w i t h t h e a i r c o v e r .

B o m b e r C o m m a n d w e r e c o n s t a n t l y h a r a s s i n g t h e s h i p s

a n d b y F e b r u a r y 1 9 4 2 h a d f l o w n t h o u s a n d s o f s o r t i e s a g a i n s t

B r e s t , d r o p p i n g s o m e 3 . 5( H ) t o n s o f b o m b s , l o s i n g s o m e 1 2 7

a i r c r a f t i n t h e p r o c e s s . M e a n w h i l e R A F r e c o n n a i s s a n c e n o t e d

t h e a r r i v a l a t B r e s t in l a t e J a n u a r y o f G e r m a n e s c o r t s h i p s , a n d

R o y a l N a v y a n d R A F c o m m a n d e r s w e r e d u l y w a r n e d o n 3

F e b r u a r y t h a t a b r e a k o u t m i g h t b e p l a n n e d .

I n c o m m a n d o f d e f e n c e s i n t h e E n g l i s h C h a n n e l w a s V i c e -

A d m i r a l S i r B e r t r a m R a m s a y . H i s f o r c e s t o d e f e n d t h e S t r a i t s

o f D o v e r w e r e a f e w m o t o r t o r p e d o - b o a t s a n d g u n b o a t s .

R a m s a y a l s o m a n a g e d t o o b t a i n a f u r t h e r r e i n f o r c e m e n t o f s i x

S w o r d f i s h b i p l a n e t o r p e d o b o m b e r s f r o m 8 2 5 N a v a l A i r

S q u a d r o n . T h e s e w e r e m o v e d f r o m L e e - o n - S o l e n t t o R A F

M a n s i o n i n K e n t , t o h e l p c o n c e n t r a t e a t t a c k s i n t h e c h o k e p o i n t

o f t h e D o v e r S t r a i t s . D e s p i t e t h e i r n i g h t - b o m b i n g

c o m m i t m e n t s , l ( X ) B o m b e r C o m m a n d a i r c r a f t w e r e p l a c e d o n

s t a n d b y e a c h d a y a s a r e a c t i o n f o r c e .

H M S M A N X M A N a n d W E L S H M A N , to g e t h e r w i t h a

n u m b e r o f R A F a i r c r a f t , c o n d u c t e d i n t e n s i v e m i n e l a y i n g

o p e r a t i o n s a l o n g t h e p o s s i b l e r o u t e i n t h e C h a n n e l a n d

b e y o n d . A s t h e t h r e a t o f a b r e a k o u t i n c r e a s e d , t h e A d m i r a l t y

a r r a n g e d f o r s i x e l d e r l y d e s t r o y e r s f r o m t h e H o m e F l e e t t o b e

s t a t i o n e d a t H a r w i c n t o a c t a s 's h o r t n o t i c e ' r e i n f o r c e m e n t s .T h e s e f o r c e s w e r e a l l t h a t c o u l d b e r e l e a s e d t o V A D M

R a m s a y . T h e H o m e F l e e t w a s s t r e t c h e d i n t h e f a c e o f c o n v o y

c o m m i t m e n t s a n d t h e p o s s i b l e t h r e a t o f t h e T I R P I T Z

o p e r a t i n g i n N o r w e g i a n w a t e r s . I n a d d i t i o n , a l a r g e t r o o p

c o n v o y w a s a b o u t t o s a i l f o r t h e M i d d l e E a s t w h i c h c o u l d b e

t h r e a t e ne d b y S C H A R N H O R S T . G N E I S E N A U a n d P R I N Z

E U G E N i n t h e A t l a n t i c .

W i t h t h i s k n o w l e d g e . R a m s a y k n e w t h a t t h e H o m e F l e e t

c o u l d n o t a s s i s t i f t h e s h i p s i n B r e s t s a i l e d t o w a r d s t h e S t r a i t s

o f D o v e r . T h e a d m i r a l a n d h i s s t a f f b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e G e r m a n s

w o u l d u s e t h e c o v e r o f d a r k n e s s t o a p p r o a c h t h e S t r a i t s a n d

p a s s t h r o u g h a t d a y b r e a k . T h e p l a n t o d e a l w i t h t h i s w a s t o

c o n d u c t a c o m b i n e d a t t a c k w i t h t o r p e d o - b o a t s a n d S w o r d f i s h

a s t h e G e r m a n s p a s s e d D o v e r , w i t h t h e s i x d e s t r o y e r s f r o m

H a r w i c h j o i n i n g t h e a c t i o n s h o r t l y a f t e r . A t t h e s a m e t i m e ,

l e v e l - b o m b i n g a t t a c k s w e r e t o b e m a d e b y B o m b e r C o m m a n d

w i t h s t r i k e s b y C o a s t a l C o m m a n d t o r p e d o - b o m b e r s . R a m s a y

THE NAVY

Th e G er man b a t t lesh ip S C H A R N H O R S T

w a s c o n c e r n e d t h a t i f t h e s h i p s t o o k t h e b e s t r o u t e t h r o u g h t h e

C h a n n e l . B r i t i s h r a d a r s t a t i o n s m a y n o t d e t e c t t h e m u n t i l t h e y

w e r e n o t m u c h m o r e t h a n a n h o u r a w a y f r o m t h e D o v e r

S t r a i t s . R e c o n n a i s s a n c e f l i g h t s w e r e s t e p p e d u p a s d e c o d e d

m e s s a g e t r a f f i c w a s c o n f i r m i n g t h a t a b r e a k o u t w a s i m m i n e n t .

T h e K r i e g s m a r i n e o r d e r e d O p e r a t i o n C e r b e r u s t o b e g i r .

a f t e r a f a v o u r a b l e t i d e a n d w e a t h e r r e p o r t o n 7 F e b r u a r y . W i t h

p o o r v i s i b i l i t y i n t h e c h a n n e l , t h e b e s t n i g h t t o d e p a r t w a s

t h o u g h t t o b e 1 1 F e b r u a r y . J a m m i n g B r i t i s h c o a s t a l r a d a r b y

t h e L u f t w a f f e w o u l d n o t b e g i n u n t i l ( ) 9 0 0 h r s t h e n e x t d a y s o

a s t o n o t a r o u s e B r i t i s h f o r c e s . T h e m a j o r s h i p s , w i t h s i x

d e s t r o y e r s < Z 4 . Z 5 . Z 7 . Z I 4 . Z 2 5 a n d Z 2 9 ) p r e p a r e d t o g e l

u n d e r w a y o n t h e n i g h t o f 1 1 F e b r u a r y . T h e e n t i r e o p e r a t i o n

w a s n e a r l y h a l t e d d u e t o a r o u t i n e B o m b e r C o m m a n d r a i d o n

t h e h a r b o u r b y s i x t e e n W e l l i n g t o n b o m b e r s a t I 9 3 0 h r s . A t t h e

b e g i n n i n g o f t h e r a i d V A D M C i l i a x . e m b a r k e d o n b o a r d

S C H A R N H O R S T . c a n c e l l e d t h e o r d e r t o ge t u n d e r w a y a n d

p r e p a r e d t o c o n d u c t t h e o p e r a t i o n o n a n o t h e r n i g h t . H o w e v e r ,

a f t e r t h e r a i d ( a t 2 l ( X ) h r s ) . C i l i a x c o u n t e r m a n d e d h i s o r d e r a n d

t h e s h i p s s e t s a i l a t o n c e , c l e a r i n g t h e h a r b o u r o v e r 9 ( ) m i n u t e s

b e h i n d s c h e d u l e , a t 2 2 4 5 h r s . A t m i d n i g h t h e o r d e r e d h i s t a s k

f o r c e t o p r o c e e d u p t h e C h a n n e l , i n c r e a s i n g s p e e d t o 2 7 k n o t s .

For the Br i t ish, the key f law in the ir plans was the

a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e G e r m a n s h i p s w o u l d t i m e t h e i r r u n

t h r o u g h t h e D o v e r S t r a i t s f o r t h e h o u r s o f d a r k n e s s f o r

m a x i m u m s a f e t y . T h u s , w h e n a r e c o n n a i s s a n c e f l ig h t o n t h e

l a l e a f t e r n o o n o f 1 1 F e b r u a r y s h o w e d t h e s h i p s s t i l l i n p o r t ,

w i t h n o o b v i o u s s i g n o f i m m i n e n t d e p a r t u r e , i t w a s a s s u m e d

tha t i t was aga in too la te for them to se t out and st i l l r each the

S t r a i t s i n d a r k n e s s . T h r e e R A F H u d s o n a i r c r a f t w e r e s e n t o u t

t o c o n d u c t r o u t i n e r a d a r p a t r o l s i n t h e B r e s t a r e a t h a t n i g h t .

H o w e v e r , b a d l u c k a n d t h e f r a g i l i t y o f t h e s t i ll v e r y n e w r a d a r

t e c h n o l o g y m e a n t t h a t t h e t w o a i r c r a f t m o s t l i k e l y t o h a v e

d e t e c t e d t h e G e r m a n s h i p s s l i p p i n g o u t o f B r e s t t h a i n i g h t ,

s u f f e r e d r a d a r m a l f u n c t i o n s . S i m i l a r l y , g o o d G e r m a n l u c k

s p a r e d t h e m b e i n g s p o t t e d b y t h e s u b m a r i n e H M S S E A L I O N .

p a t r o l l i n g t h e a r e a .

D u r i n g t h e h o u r s o f d a r k n e s s t h e G e r m a n s h i p s m a d e u p

l o s t t i m e i n s m o o t h s e a s a n d b y d a w n t h e t a s k f o r c e w a s o f f

C h e r b o u r g . I t w a s t h e r e t h a t t h e L u f t w a f f e f i g h te r e s c o r t

r e n d e z v o u s e d w i t h t h e s h i p s . A l s o j o i n i n g t h e g r o u p w e r e t w o

s q u a d r o n s o f E - b o a t s a n d c o a s t a l c r a f t . U l t i m a t e l y V A D M

C i l i a x w a s i n c o m m a n d o f 3 0 s h i p s h e a d i n g f o r t h e D o v e r

S t r a i t u n d e r r a d i o s i l e n c e a t 2 7 k n o t s . B y t h e t i m e r e p o r t s

r e a c h e d t h e B r i t i s h , t h e G e r m a n f o r c e h a d s t e a m e d 3 0 0 m i l e s

u n d e t e c t e d .

W h i l e t h e t a s k f o r c e h e a d e d c a s t a t s u n r i s e , a p a i r o f

S p i t f i r e s f r o m R A F H a w k i n g e . p a t r o l l i n g t h e F r e n c h c o a s t

n o t e d u n u s u a l a c t i v i t y b y l i g h t n a v a l f o r c e s . B y t h i s t i m e

w e a t h e r w a s p o o r , a n d d e t e r i o r a t i n g , w i t h s n o w o n t h e g r o u n d .

VOL. 66 NO. 3

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


very heavy and low c loud of f e r ing a t best poor vis ibi l i ty. From

OKOOhrs r epor ts a r r ived about inc reased Luf twaf f e ac t ivi ty

over the Channe l but they were dismissed as s tandard

opera t ions by the RAF At 0920. the Germans began e f for ts to

jam the Br i t i sh r ada r s a long the South Coast . G iven this

unusua l behaviour , a second pa i r of Spi t f i r e s was sent to

invest iga te the coast be tween Boulogne and Fecamp a t 1020.

By 1045 the r ada r s ta t ion a t Hast ings had r epor ted to VADM

Ramsay tha t a group of ships was loca ted 27 mi les away a t

Cape Gr iz Ne / and heading east A l though the r ada r s ta t ion

could not ident i fy indiv idua l uni t s , i t was c lea r f rom the s igna l

tha t the re were la rge ships in the group.

With this informat ion Ramsay placed both the RAF and

six Swordf ish biplane torpedo bomber s of 825 Nava l Air

Squadron a t RAF Mansion, i .n a le r t . On r e turning f rom

Fecamp, the second pa i r of Spi t f i r e s r epor ted spot t ing a

convoy' of up to 30 vesse ls , but the re was no ment ion of

S C H A R N H O R S T . G N E I S E N A U o r P R I N Z E U G E N i n t h e

repor t tha t r eached Ramsay a t I l 05h r s S t r ic t radi i ) s i lence

meant tha t i t was only a f te r the Spi t f i r e s had landed tha t they

could r epor t tha t one of the convoy was a possible capi ta l ship.

T he ( i e rm a n c ru i s e r P R INZ E UGE N P R IS / E UGE N s u rv ive d ihe wa r

r r l a t i ve ly uns c a the d de s p i t e num e rous e nc oun te rs w i th t he e ne m y

B e fo re Ope ra t i on C e rbe rus s he ha d a c c om pa n ie d t he doom e d ba t t l e s h ip

B IS M A R C K dur ing he r l i r s t a nd on ly s o r t i e i n to i he A t l a n t ic S he a l s o

s u rv ive d the c ha nne l da s h a nd wa s on ly s unk a f t e r i he wa r by t he l ' S

du r ing nu t l c a r we a pons t r i a l s i n t he P a c i f i c

At the same t ime , two senior R A F o f f i c e r s . G r o u p C a p t a i n

Beamish, commanding the RAF sta t ion a t Kenley. w i th Wing

Com man der Boy d had taken of f in the i r Spi t f i r e s on a comba t

a i r pa t rol over the channe l in the hope of picking up a s t r ay

Hun' Whi le in pur sui t of a coupl e of Germ an f ighte rs they

suddenly found themse lves over the unmistakable shapes of

the German ba t t lec ruise r s . a t I 042hr s . Running into heavy

ant i - a i r c r a f t f i r e f rom the ta sk force and r ea l i s ing wha t they

had seen. Beamish and Boyd broke of f and r e turned to base ,

be ing chased pa r t of the way by German f ighte r s . The two

pi lots had to wa i t unt i l a f te r they had landed, a t 1109. to r epor t

the i r amaz ing encounte r . VADM Ramsay was not i f ied shor t ly

a f te r , and Opera t ion Ful le r f ina l ly began.By 1120hr s the German ta sk force was running a t r educed

speed as they proceeded thro ugh a minef ie ld , but by I I 40hr s

they were c lea r and were working back up to 27 knots .

A t 1 1 3 0 . L i e u t e n a n t C o m m a n d e r E u g e n e E s m o n d e .

commanding the s ix Swordf ish of the F lee t Air Arm a t RAF

Mansion, r ece ived an orde r to mount an a t tack as soon as

possible . I t was r ecognised lha l these s low and vulne rable

a i r c r a f t would need s igni f icant f ighte r e scor t to survive ,

espec ia l ly a s Esmonde 's pi lots were inexper ienced. Three

f ighte r squadrons f rom RAF Biggin Hi l l and two f rom R *.F

H o r n c h u r c h w e r e o r d e r e d t o a c c o m p a n y t h e a n t i q u a t e d

biplanes . The Biggin Hi l l a i r c r a f t were to de fend aga inst the

now very la rge Luf twaf f e f ighte r e scor t cover ing the ships .

Thos e f rom Hornchurch were to accomp any the torpedo

bomber s in a low leve l a t tack, dr awing ant i - a i r c r a f t f i r e and

st r a f ing the ships . However , the Hornchurch f ighte r cont rol le r

te lephon ed Esmo nde to warn him tha t his squadrons s imply

24

A S word f i s h b ip l a ne t o rpe do bom be r l i ke t hos e o l X25 Na va l A i r S qua d ron

based oul of RAl- Mans ion whic h look off. with only a fifth of the lighter

c ove r t ha t wa s o r ig ina l ly p l a nne d , l o a t t a c k t he Ge rm a n l i c e t t ra ns i t i ng t he

l-.nglish Chan nel None of ihe s i* would return

could not r each the r endezvous by the a l lot ted t ime . The

t iming was a lso except iona l ly t ight for the nea re r Biggin Hi l l

uni t s . But Esmonde f ea red tha t even a shor t de lay might take

the German ships out of r each.

As soon as the f i r s t ten Spi t f i r e s f rom 72 Squadron

appeared overhead a t Mansion a t 1228. he se t of f wi th hisSword f ish. w i th only one- f i f th of his planned escor t . The RAF

Sta t ion Commander a l Mansion sa id of Esmonde : "He knew

what he was going into. Bui n was his duty. H is f ace was tense

and whi te . I l was the f ace of a man a l r eady dead. I t shoc ked

me as nothing has eve r done s ince ."

At 1218hr s the Dover gLn ba t te r ie s opened f i r e on the ta sk

force , but f a i led to score a hi t . Shor t ly a f te r , e ight Motor

Torpedo Boa ts f rom Dover and Ramsga te a t tempted to a t tack

the ta sk force , but the heav y sc r een of E-boa ts sur roundin g the

ba t t lec ruise r s forced them to f i r e the i r torpedoes a t ext r eme

range , a l l missed.

( ie rman f ighte r a t tacks aga inst the Swordf ish began only

ten mi les out f rom the Engl ish coast . The Spi t f i r e s engaged,

but found i t impossible to keep t r ack of the i r opponents and

the slow m ov ing, low fly ing Swordf is h. The othe r two Bigg in

Hi l l squadrons a r r ived to engage German f ighte r s in the

genera l a r ea . One Spi t f i r e was lost and two Messe r schmit t s

were thought to have been dest royed.

By I245hr s the s ix Swordf ish had pressed on a lone , under

heavy f ighte r a t tack and then, a s the ba t t lec ruise r s came into

sight , intense ant i - a i r c r a f t f i r e . The ta rge ts were in l ine -ahead

f o r m a t i o n , w i t h P R I N Z E U G E N l e a d i n g S C H A R N H O R S T

a n d G N E I S E N A U w i t h d e s t r o y e r s a n d E - B o a t s d e p l o y e d o n

each f lank. Esmonde led his squadron s t r a ight towards the

enemy but the odds were overwhe lming. The f ew escor t ing

Spi t f i r e s could not hold of f the German s. With the lower por twing of Esm ond e 's biplane shot away, he somehow manag ed

to keep fly ing unt i l he was eventua l ly shot do wn and ki l led

T o the fa r r i gh t o f t h i s pho tog ra ph the de s t roye r R IC HAR D B E IT Z E N c a n

he s e e n In > hc wa ke o f t he de s t roye r i he S C HA R NH OR S T f o l lowe d by the

GNE I S E NAU . T he s m a l l e r ve s s e l s in t he pho tog ra ph we re t he re t o he lp

protect the larger units

T HE NAVYOL . 66 NO. 2

w i th his two c r ewm en, jus t be for e he got in torpedo r ange . Th e

two Swordf ish wi th him managed to drop the i r torpedoes

before be ing shot down: f ive of ihe i r s ix c r ew survived. The

second sec t ion of thr ee Swordf ish was a lso shot down, w ith

the loss of a l l nine men aboard. The i r e f fo r t s were in va in, w ith

no torpedoes hi t t ing the i r ta rge ts . Esmonde was awardcJ a

posthumous Vic tor ia Cross , and the othe r seventeen men were

a lso decora ted.

As the German ships passed Ramsga te the wea the r in the

Channe l wor sened, the only othe r ava i lable torpedo-bomber s

to conduc t an a i r s t r ike were the Beaufor ts of 217 squadron.

Coasta l Command. Pa r t of the squadron was in Cornwal l , but

seven had been rushed to Thorn ey I s land, nea r Por tsmou th.

Over the cour se of the a f te rnoon f ive Beaufor ts a t tacked the

task force wi thout success . One was shot down by f ighte rs .

Other Beaufor ts and Hudsons of Coasta l Command a t tempted

a t tacks la te in the a f te rnoon on the ta sk force , w ith the lo ss of

four a i r c r a f t and no damage to the ships .

S C H A R N H O R S T w a s d a m a g e d b y a s e a m i n e a t I 4 3 l h r s

dur ing an a t tack by 217 Squadron and had come to a ha l t .

VADM Ci l iax moved his Hag to the dest royer Z.29 as he

b e l i e v e d t h a t S C H A R N H O R S T w o u l d h a v e t o b e l o w e d t o a

Dutch por t . By the l ime the Admira l ' s s ta f f was onboard thetask force had sa i led over the hor izon and Z.29 r aced to ca tch

up. Shor t ly a f te r , news came through tha t the damage to

S C H A R N H O R S T w a s s l i g h t , a nd t h e b a t t l e c ru i s e r w a s a g a i n

underway . By I7tk»hr s Z.29 was deve loping engine p roblems.

An AA she l l had exploded premature ly and f r ac tured a pipe .

Repa i r s had to be ca r r ied out . but the t ime de lay was too much

for Ci l iax. Once aga in, the Admira l and h is s ta f f t ransfe r r ed,

this t ime to the dest roy e r 7.1.

S C HA R NH OR S T a nd P R INZ E UGE N in t he E ng l i s h C ha nne l D e s p i t e Ihe

m a s s ive e f fon a nd p r io r p l a nn ing . S C HAR NHOR S T . GNE IS E NAU. P R INZ

E UGE N a nd the i r e s c o r t f l o t i l l a o f de s t roye rs , m ine s we e pe rs a nd E -B oa t s

slipped away in to the safety of the night The fail ure to s ink the three ships

wa s re po r t e d i n Ihe B r i t i s h p re s s a s a hum i l i a t i ng fa i l u re

Meanwhi le , the s ix e lde r ly Roya l Navy dest royer s had

sa i led f rom Harw ich and were proceed ing south a lo ng the East

Coast , comin g under severa l a i r a t tacks . A squadron of RAF

Whir lw ind f ighte r s was sent out in an a t tempt t o ward of f the

Luf tw af fe , but was bounced and lost f our a i r c r a f t . HMS

WALPOLE deve loped engine t rouble and had to r e t i r e . The

othe r f ive made r ada r contac t a t 1517. and r an in under heavy

f i r e . They were r epea tedly s t r addled, and HMS

WORCESTER was se t on f i r e . The dest royer s f i r ed torpedoes,

but once aga in the r ange proved too grea t for accuracy.

However , a l l the dest royer s survived and r e t i r ed to Harwich.

Bomber Command joined the f r ay a t the same l ime ,

launching no le ss than 242 a i r c r a f t in thr ee waves. V is ibi l i ty

was by now appa l l ing, down to 1000-2000 ya rds in heavy

T HE NAVY

S C H AR N HOR S T dur ing Ope ra t i on C e rbe rus H ie ba t t l e s h ip wa s da m a ge d

by a s e a m ine a t I43 lh rs du r ing a n a t t a c k by 217 S qua dron B e a u fo r t

bom be rs a nd ha d c om e to a ha ll T he Ge rm a n A dm i ra l i n c ha rge o f t he

ope ra t i on . VADM C i l i a x . t he n ha d to m ove h i s f l a g l o t he de s t roye r / 29 a s

he be l i e ve d lha t S C HAR NHOR S T wou ld ha ve t o be t owe d lo a Du tc h po r t

r a in, and the ve ry low c loud base meant tha t bombs could not

be dropped f rom suf f ic ient a l t i tude to have a chance of

pene t r a t ing a rmour . Thi r ty-nine bomber s were able to a t tack

the German ships or the i r e scor ts , but 188 could not f ind them ,

and 15 were shot down. F ighte r Com man d a lso sent up a tola

of 398 f ighte r s : 102 s t r a f ed German pa t rol boa ts in the a r ea ,

and c la ime d 16 enemy a i r c r a f t shot dow n, for the loss of 17

R A F f i g h t e r s .

D e s p i t e t h e s e m a s s i v e e f f o r t s . S C H A R N H O R S T .

G N E I S E N A U a n d P R I N Z E U G E N s l i p p e d a w a y i n t o t h e

sa fe ly of the nighi . Whi le ihe massed a i rpower f a i led to

damage the thr ee c ruise r s , mines la id in the previous week

(wi th inte l l igence gleaned by code breaker s) caused damage .

At I955hr s GNEISENAU t r iggered a magne t ic mine of t the

coast of Hol land causing minor damage , then a t 2l34hr s

S C H A R N H O R S T h i t a s e c o n d m i n e . T h e d a m a g e w a s

modera te , and the ba t t lec ruise r was s topped for more than an

hour be fore oncc mo re ge t t ing underway. She sa i led a t a

r educed speed towards Wilhe lmshavcn. wi th pa r t of the ship

f l o o d e d w i th 1000 tons of seawate r . By midnig ht , the ships of

Opera t ion Cerberus were e i the r sa f e ly in a German por t or in

German wa te r s . Ci l iax 's da r ing plan had succeeded.

For the Br i t i sh the f a i lur e to s ink the thr ee c ruise r s was

regarded as a humil ia t ing f a i lur e . The Times leader on 14

February compla ined: "Vice -Admira l Ci l iax has succeededwhere the Duke of Medina Sidonia f a i led. . . Nothing more

mor t i fying to the pr ide of sea power has happened in Home

Wate r s s incc the 17th century."

The Br i t i sh f a i led to consid e r tha t the Kr iegsmar ine would

sa i l ( he i r capi ta l ships in ihe E ngl ish Ch anne l du r ing day l ight ,

and many be l ieved tha t they would not sa i l in such poor

wea the r condi t ions . S imi la r thoughts would be in the German

H i g h C o m m a n d ' s m i n d s w h e n t h e A l l ie s l a n d e d i n N o r m a n d y .

But pe rhaps the f a i r e s t judgement came f rom a senior German

o f f i c e r . G e n e r a l - A d m i r a l S a a l w a c h t e r : " O u r a c h i e v e m e n t

should not disguise the f ac t tha t the danger s were s t i l l

ext r emely high. We have wi thout quest ion been blessed by

conside rable good for tune , even when one conside r s the ful l

s igni f icance of our ini t ia t ive , use of surpr ise , good planning,

s t rong f ighte r cover and s t r ic t secur i ty. I would i ' l so cons ide r

tha t the high r i sks of such an opera t ion do not a l te r wi th

h i n d s i g h t . "

L A

VOL. 66NO.225

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


F o r H i t l e r , th i s w a s a n o t h e r v i n d i c a t i o n . O n c e a g a i n h e h a d

s h o w n t h a t h e k n e w b e t t e r t h a n h i s H i g h C o m m a n d . I n

b a c k i n g O p e r a t i o n C e r b e r u s h e a r g u e d t h a t t h e B r i t i s h w o u l d

n e v e r b e a b l e t o r e a c t f a s t e n o u g h a n d h e w a s a b s o l u t e l y

c o r r e c t : t h e s h i p s g o t t h r o u g h .

O p e r a t i o n C e r b e r u s w a s a t a c t i c a l v i c t o r y f o r t h e

K r t e g s m a r i n e . H o w e v e r , t h e c a p i t a l s h i p s w e r e n o w w e l l a w a y

f r o m A l l i e d c o n v o y s a n d a C o m m a n d o r a i d a f e w w e e k s l a t e r

o n S a i n t N a z a i r e . w h i c h d e s t r o y e d t h e d r y - d o c k t h e r e , h e l p e d

e n s u r e t h a t l a r g e G e r m a n s h i p s n e v e r a g a i n o p e r a t e d f r o m t h e

W e s t e r n F r e n c h p o r t . U l t i m a t e l y t h e U - B o a t s b e c a m e t h e

f r o n t l i n e u n i t s t o g o a f t e r t h e c o n v o y s .

T h e o p e r a t i o n w a s c o n s i d e r e d a s t r a t e g i c v i c t o r y f o r t h e

A l l i e s , a s i t f r e e d u p s h i p s a n d a i r c r a f t f o r o t h e r d u t i e s . I l w a s

a l s o t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e e n d f o r t h e K r i e g s m a r i n e ' s h e a v y

s u r f a c e u n i t s . A f t e r t h e f a i l u r e of O p e r a t i o n R a i n b o w : a n

C on tin tied from page 23

A I'SN S 3 Viking on final The t 'S N's MM S-3 Vikings arc already Marling lo he withdrawn from I'SN service wiih two squadrons already consigned tothe An/ona honey aid All S-3s wil l he withdrawn by Ironically ihe S-3 is one of ihe most versat i le aircraft in ihe I 'SN 's arsenal II can perform i ts

main roie of ASW as well as anti shipping missions wiih Harpoon missi les, land at tack with conventional bombs. TV guided Mavencks and using thenew SLAM ER miss i le II is also the t 'SN's only shipbom e air-lo-air refueller until the F/A-IH E/F enters service in larger numbers I I 'SN I

I

P„ r>gr~ • " 7

• *P„ r>gr~ • " 7

• *

- - . . ^ ^

f

— dl

•Sp e ed Fer r ie s -c o m • V mn nil LOGNE-DOVER r r

' _ : - _ - -

INC AT Hull (>15. SpecdOne. in the colours of her new owner SpeedFe mics. S peedOne fast catamaran service commenced on 19 May acro ss the EnglishChannel between Dover L'K and Boulogne in France: offering a low c«»st best value fe m service lo the beautiful ci ty of Boulogne after a break of many years.The K6 metre high speed catamaran buil t by Incat in Austral ia crosses the Dover Strai t in 50 minutes making five return 'nps each day in a year- round servicefor a new operating company SpeedFcm es. SpeedOne lakes the number of Incat buil t high speed catamarans operat ing on ihe E nglish Channel to len. with al lihe fast femes operating out of the w orld's busiest port (Dover being Incal vessels - impressive numbers in that ten of the eleven cross-channel fast craft were

halt by one Austral ian shipbuilder. Incat M any readers of THE V-ll ) wil l know SpeedOne as the former HMAS JERVIS BAY. (INCAT)

a t t e m p t b y t h e c r u i s e r s H I P P E R a n d L U T Z O W t o i n t e r c e p t

a n d d e s t r o y A r c t i c C o n v o y J W - 5 1 B i n t h e B a r e n t s S e a o n 3 1

D e c e m b e r 1 9 4 2 . H i t l e r d e m a n d e d t h a t t h e h e a v y s h i p s o f t h e

K r i e g s m a r i n e b e p a i d o f f a n d s c r a p p e d . W h e n G r a n d A d m i r a l

R a e d e r f o u n d o u t t h a t h e c o u l d n ' t c h a n g e H i t l e r s m i n d , h e

r e s i g n e d a s C o m m a n d e r i n C h i e f o f t h e G e r m a n N a v y . H i s

r e pl a ce m en t . A d m i r a l D o n i t z m a n a g e d t o c o n v i n c e H i t l e r to

k e e p S C H A R N H O R S T a n d T I R P I T / .

A s t o t h e f a t e o f t h e t h r e e m a i n p l a y e r s : S C H A R N H O R S T

m e t h e r e n d d u r i n g t h e b a t t l e o f N o r t h C a p e o n B o x i n g D a y

1 9 4 3 w h e r e s h e w a s s u n k b y t h e b a t t l e s h i p H M S D U K E O F

Y O R K . R A F b o m b e r s d a m a g e d G N E I S E N A U i n M a r c h 1 9 4 2

a n d a t t e m p t s t o r e p a i r h e r w e r e u l t i m a t e l y a b a n d o n e d . P R I N Z

E U G E N s u r v i v e d t h e w a r a n d b e c a m e a w a r p r i z e f o r t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s . S h e w a s s u n k d u r i n g a t o m i c t e s t s a t B i k i n i A t o l l

in 1946.

VOL 66 NO. 3 THE NAVY

F l a s h T r a f f i cDecommissioning dates

for Fremantles

T h e C h i e f o f N a v y . V A D M C h r i s

R i t c h i e . h a s a p p r o v e d t h e

d e c o m m i s s i o n i n g s c h e d u l e o f

A u s t r a l i a ' s F r e m a n t l e C l a s s P a t r o l

B o a t s .

T h e f i r s t b o a t t o g o w i l l b e H M A S

W A R R N A M B O O L . w h o w i l l b e g i n h e r

P a y i n g O f f A v a i l a b i l i t y o n A u g u s t 2 4

a n d t he l a s t. H M A S G L A D S T O N E , w i l l

remain in se rvice unti l 2(X)7.

In an All Ship - All Shore signa l .

V A D M R i t c h i e s a i d t h e r e l e a s e o f d a t e s

h a d b e e n m a d e t o a l l o w a n o r d e r l y

t r a n s i t i o n t o t h e n e w A n n i d a l e b o a t s a n d

t o k e e p t h e r e m a i n i n g F r e m a n t l e s

o p e r a t i o n a l d u r i n g t h e c h a n g e - o v e r .

" T h e F r e m a n t l e C l a s s P a t r o l B o a t s

h a v e s e r v e d t h e n a t i o n i n c o m m e n d a b l e

f a s h i o n s i n c e 1 9 7 9 . " C N s a i d .

" W h i l s t t h i s s i g n a l s a s a d f a r e w e l l t o

t h e F C P B . i t h e r a l d s a b r i g h t a n d

e x c i t i n g f u t u r e f o r t h e P a l r o l B o a t

G r o u p . "

W A R R N A M B CX )L a n d W H Y A L L A .

t h e s e c o n d d u e t o d e c o m m i s s i o n , w i l l b e

c a n n ' b a l i s e d o f a l l i t e m s r e q u i r e d l o

k e e p t h e r e m a i n i n g 1 3 b o a t s i n g ix » d

o p e r a t i o n a l o r d e r , b u t i h e f u t u r e o f t h e

13 is ye t to be resolved.

C o m m a n d e r o f t h e F r e m a n t l e C l a s s

P a t r o l B o a t s F o r c e E l e m e n t G r o u p .

C A P T P e t e r M a r s h a l l , s a i d h i s f l o t i l l a

h a d b e e n a t t h e f o r e f r o n t o f e n f o r c i n g

g o v e r n m e n t p o l i c y o n i l l e g a l

i m m i g r a t i o n , c i v i l s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d

f i s h e r i e s p r o t e c t i o n .

" T h e y h a v e d o n e a n o u t s t a n d i n g

j o b . " C A P T M a r s h a l l s a i d .

" T h e P a t r o l B o a t s a i l o r s a r e a n

e x c e p t i o n a l b u n c h .

" T h e y a r e h i g h l y p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d

a b l e i n a p r e t t y t o u g h e n v i r o n m e n t . " h e

sa id.

" I n t h e s h o r t t i m e I h a v e b e e n w i t h

t h e m , t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l i s m , q u a l i t y ,

d e d i c a t i o n a n d c a p a c i t y h a v e i m p r e s s e d

m e g r e a t l y . "

H e a l s o p r a i s e d t h e s u p p o r t i n g

o r g a n i sa t i o n s . H M A S C A I R N S .

H M A S C O O N A W A R R A a n d F I M A S

D A R W I N a n d C A I R N S .

" T h e y ' r e v e r y , v e r y s k i l f u l , e f f i c i e n t

a n d h e l p f u l . " C A P T M a r s h a l l s a i d

H M A S W A R R N A M B O O L s f in al

c a p t a i n . L C ' D R J o h n N a v i n . s a i d i t w a s

w ii h m i x e d f e e l i n g s t h a i h e a n d h i s c r e w

a p p r o a c h e d h e r d e c o m m i s s i o n i n g .

" I ' v e b e e n o n b o a r d t h e ' B o o l j u s t

f o r f o u r m o n t h s , b u t i n t h a i s h o r t t i m e

it ' s been obvious tha t the c rew is ve ry

p r o u d o f t h e i r s h i p .

C A P T M a r s h a l l s a i d t h e p h a s i n g i n

o f t h e A n n i d a l e C l a s s w o u l d h e r a l d a n

inc rea se in ava ilabil i ty to 3(MX) sea da ys

for the pa trol boa t f lee t , with a surge

c a p a c i t y o f a f u r t h e r 6 ( H) d a y s i f

r e q u i r e d .

" A l t h o u g h t h e r e w i l l b e o n l y 1 2

boa t s instead of 15. the FEG w il l have a

t o t a l o f 1 8 c r e w s , e n l a r g i n g o u r

c a p a b i l i t i e s . " h e s a i d .

" T h e y w i l l h a v e a m u c h b e l t e r g u n .

t w o l a r g e r R H I B > w i l l g i v e a n i n c r e a s e

i n b o a r d i n g a b i l i t y a n d t h e i r h a b i t a b i l i l y

wil l be fa r . f a r super ior .

" A n y s a i l o r c a n t e ll y o u t h e

F r e m a n t l e s h a v e t h e w o r s t

a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f a n y s h i p s i n t h e

F l e e t . " h e s a i d , " i n t h e A r m i d a l e s . a l l

t h e s a i l o r s w i l l b e a c c o m m o d a t e d i n

f o u r - b e r t h c a b i n s . . . a n d t h a i w i l l a l l o w

f e m a l e s a i l o r s o n b o a r d . t o o . i n s t e a d o f

j u s t f e m a l e o f f i c e r s . "

D e c o m m i s s i o n i n g d a t e s :

• W A R R N A M B C K M . A u g u s t 2 4 . 2 ( X) 4

• W H Y A L L A N o v e m b e r I . 2 (X W

• CF. SSN OCK May 2. 2<X)5

• Dl BB O May 2. 2(X>5

• L A U N C F . S T O N A u g u s t 2 9 . 2 ( X) 5

• HI N'BL'RY Aug ust 29. 2(X>5

• G E E L O N G S e p t e m b e r 2 6 . 2 <X )5

• W O L L O N G O N G O c t o b e r 2 <X )5

• F R E M A N T L E J a n u a r y 2 . 2 (X > 6

• G E R A L D T O N J a n u a n 3 0 . 2 (X ) 6

• B E N D I G O A p r i l 2 4 . 2 ( X )6

• G A W L E R M a y 2 2 . 2 ( X )6

• T O W N S V I L L E S e p t e m b e r 4 . 2 (X )6

• I P S W I C H O c t o b e r 2. 2 ( X) 6

• G L A D S T O N E J an u a r y 15 . 2 0 0 7

By LEUT Aaron Matzkows,

NAM SEW S

MANOORA gets f ive

month overhaul

O n e o f t h e R A N ' s " c a n d o " s h i p s .

H M A S M A N O O R A h a s e n t e re d t h e

C a p t a i n C o o k G r a v i n g D o c k i n S y d n e y

for a fivc-month-long refi t.

I t is the f ir s t ma jor re f i t for the 8.450

t o n n e w a r s h i p s i n c e F o r g a c s / N e w c a s t l e

c o n v e r t e d h e r f r o m a " h o r n e d " N e w p o r t

C l a s s t r a n s p o r t ( f o rm e r l y U S S

F A I R F A X C O U N T Y ) t o t h e v e r s a t il e

a m p h i b i o u s t r a n s p o r t t h a t s h e i s t o d a y .

M A N O O R A a n d s i s t e r 1 P A

K A N I M B L A ( f o r m e r l y t h e U S S

S A G I N A W ) w e r e b o u g h t f r o m th e U S

a n d c o m m i s s i o n e d i n t o t h e R A N i n

1 9 9 4 . A D I L t d w o n t h e m u l t i - m i l l i o n

d o l l a r c o n t r a c t t o c a r r y o u t t h e c u r r e n t

re f i t .

O n A p r i l 5 . a l i c e t o f D M S t u g s

g u i d e d t h e w a r s h i p f r o m F l e e t B a s e E a s t

t o t h e s o u t h e r n s e c t i o n o f t h e g r a v i n g

d o c k . A c a i s s o n w a s l o w e r e d a n d

w a t e r p u m p e d f r o m i h e d o c k l e a v i n g

M A N O O R A h i g h a n d d r y o n a s e t o f

p r c - p o s i t i o n c d c o n c r e t e a n d t i m b e r

p i l l o w s .

" I t is a f ive -month- long re f i t . " he r

C O . C M D R M a r t i n B r o o k e r s a i d .

" I t is the f ir s t ma jo r re f i t s ince s he

w a s m o d e r n i s e d .

" S h e s h o u l d e m e r g e f r o m t h e d o c k a t

t h e e n d o f J u n e w i t h t h e w o r k d u e t o b e

c o m p l e t e d i n S e p t e m b e r .

" S e a t r i a l s a r e s c h e d u l e d l o

c o m m e n c e i n O c t o b e r . " h e s a i d .

H e s a i d o n e o f t h e m a j o r p r o j e c t s o f

the re f i t was the insta l la t ion of a new

e l e c t r i c a l s w i t c h b o a r d a n d a s s o c i a t e d

c a b l i n g .

H e a l s o s a i d t h e s h i p ' s c o m p a n y

w o u l d b e r e d u c e d a l l o w i n g s o m e

m e m b e r s t o t a k e l e a v e o r d o c o u r s e s t o

e n h a n c e t h e i r c a r e e r s .

D o c k s i d e o f f i c e s w o u l d b e u s e d b y t h e

s h i p s c o m p a n y w h i l e A D I w o r k e r s a n d

the ir contrac tors ca r r ied out the ir ta sks.

M A N O O R A w i l l r e m a i n " i n

c o m m i s s i o n . "

By Ciruham Davis. NAVY NEWS

RN 800 Squadron

decommissions

A q u a r t e r o f a c e n t u r y o f N a v a l a v i a t i o nh a s b e e n c o n s i g n e d t o t h e h i s t o r y b o o k s

in style with the disbanding of ihe f ir s t

o f t h e R N ' s t w o F A - 2 S e a H a r r i e r

s q u a d r o n s .

I n t h e s k i e s a b o v e D e v o n a n d

C o r n w a l l . 8 (X ) N a v a l A i r S q u a d r o n ' s

C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r C d r P a u l S t o n e

t o o k u p h i s j u m p j e t f o r a l m o s t t h e l a s t

t ime .

N o t a n y o l d H a r r i e r , b u t o n e

s p e c i a l l y p a i n t e d i n 8 ( ) 0 ' s f a m o u s r e d

l i v e r y , c o m p l e t e w i t h s q u a d r o n b a d g e

t o c o m m e m o r a t e t h e S q u a d r o n ' s

d e c o m m i s s i o n i n g a f t e r 2 4 y e a r s o f

s e r v i c e b y t h e S e a H a r r i e r i n i t s t w o

g u i s e s , t h e F A - 2 a n d F R S - 1 - t h e l a t t e r

la st f lew in 1995.

THE NAVY VOl.. 66 NO 3 13

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


C d r S t o n e s a i d h i s Y e o v i l t o n - b a s e d

s q u a d r o n w a s d i s b a n d i n g o n a h i g h

n o t e .

"Th e la si yea r of MX) as a Sea

H a r r i e r s q u a d r o n h a s b e e n a m o n g s t i t s

b u s i e s t y e t . " h e s a i d .

" 2 0 0 3 s a w t h e s q u a d r o n d e t a c h e d l o

M a l a y s i a , t h e U S A a n d e m b a r k e d u p o n

I N V I N C I B L E a n d A R K R O Y A L .

" D u r i n g t h i s t i m e w e ' v e f l ow n w i t h

F r e n c h s u p e r s o n i c M i r a g e b o m b e r s

a g a i n s t S p a n i s h F - I 8 s a n d a l o n g s i d e

M a l a y s i a n M i G - 2 9 . A u s t r a l i a n F / A - 1 8

a n d S i n g a p o r e a n F - I 6 s . "

O f t h e s q u a d r o n ' s j e t s , s e v e n a r e

g o i n g t o o t h e r u n i t s , b u t t w o w i l l b e

s c r a p p e d .

X00 Naval Air Squadron's Commanding Officer

Cdr Paul Stone in his special ly painted MM)Squadron famous red l ivery, complete w ith

squadron badge to commem orate the Squadron's

decommiss ioning afte r 24 years of serv ice by the

Sea Harrier

B u t t h i s i s n o t t h e e n d o f 8 0 0 N A S -

m o t t o N u n q u a m n o n p a r a t u s . o r ' n e v e r

u n p r e p a r e d ' - a s i t w i l l s t a n d u p a g a i n

o n A p r i l I . 2 0 0 6 a t R A F C o t t e s m o r e a s

a R o y a l N a v y G R - 9 s q u a d r o n , o p e r a t i n g

t h e u p g r a d e d b o m b e r v a r i a n t o f t h e

Har r ie r .

N e i t h e r i s t h i s t h e e n d o f t h e F A - 2

j u s t y e t . T h e S e a H a r r i e r w i l l c o n t i n u e t o

s e r v e t h e F l e e t A i r A r m u n t i l 8 9 9 N A S .

t h e t r a i n i n g u n i t , a n d f r o n t - l i n e s i s t e r

s q u a d r o n 8 0 1 N A S p a y o f f i n M a r c h

2 0 0 5 a n d 2 0 0 6 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

T h e S e a H a r r i e r i s b e i n g r e t i r e d a s

t h e F l e e t A i r A r m a n d R A F p r e p a r e f o r

t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e n e w J o i n t S t r i k e

F i g h t e r , a n d t h e c o n v e r s i o n t o t h e

c o m m o n u p g r a d e d H a r r i e r i s a m a j o r

s t e p i n t h e p r o c e s s .

F r o m t h e e a r l y d a y s o f t h e S t r a t e g i c

D e f e n c e R e v i e w i n 1 9 9 8 i t w a s

r e c o g n i s e d t h a t c l o s e r l i n k s b e t w e e n t h e

F l e e t A i r A r m a n d t h e R A F w o u l d p a y

d i v i d e n d s i n t h e f u t u r e - b u t t h a t

i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e t w o H a r r i e r t y p e s w a s

n o t f e a s i b l e .

A l t h o u g h t h e y s h a r e a n a m e , l e s s

t h a n t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e a i r f r a m e a n d

a v i o n i c s a r c c o m m o n , a n d t h e S e a

H a r r i e r , w h i c h h a s a l e s s p o w e r f u l

e n g i n e t h a n t h e R A F v e r s i o n , c o u l d n o t

b e a d a p t e d t o t a k e t h e n e w M k 1 0 7 j e t

w h i c h p o w e r s t h e u p r a t e d G R - 9 .

8 0 0 N A S - w h i c h w i t h s i s t e r u n i t s

8 0 1 a n d 8 2 4 N A S i s t h e o l d e s t o f N a v a l

A i r S q u a d r o n s - h a s s e r v e d t h e F l e e t A i r

A r m o n a n d o f f s i n c e 1 9 3 3 ,

d i s t i n g u i s h i n g i t s e l f i n t h e N o r w e g i a n

c a m p a i g n . M a l t a c o n v o y s a n d a t t a c k s

o n B I S M A R C K a n u T I R P I T Z .

P o s t - w a r i t s a w a c t i o n o v e r K o r e a ,

f l yi n g m o r e t h a n 3 5 0 c o m b a t s o r t i e s

w i t h o u t l o s i n g a s i n g l e m a n o r a i r c r a f t ,

and in the Sue / , c r is is , and la te r f lew

B u c c a n e e r s b e f o r e b e i n g d i s b a n d e d i n

1972.

I t w a s r e f o r m e d w i t h i n a d e c a d e t o

bec ome the f ir s t FAA unit to oper a te the

S e a H a r r i e r , w h i c h i t d i d w i t h a p l o m b

d u r i n g t h e F a l k l a n d s C o n f l i c t f r o m

H M S H E R M E S , d e s t r o y i n g 1 3A r g e n t i n e a i r c r a f t .

I n i t s l i f e t i m e t h e s q u a d r o n h a s

a c h i e v e d s o m e n o t a b l e m a r i t i m e

avia t ion f ir s ts , inc lu ding be in g the f ir s t

t o f l y j e t a i r c r a f t ( t h e S u p e r m a r i n e

A t t a c k e r ) a n d t h e f i r st h i g h - a l t i t u d e

i n t e r c e p t o r s q u a d r o n , a s w e l l a s t h e f i rs t

t o b e e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e G r u m m a n

H e l l c a t .

F r o m t h e f i r s t d a y s o f t h e H a w k e r

N i m r o d a n d H a w k e r O s p r e y t o t h e F A - 2

S e a H a r r i e r t h e s q u a d r o n h a s f l o w n 1 5

d i f f e r e n t a i r c r a f t t y p e s i n o p e r a t i o n s

a r o u n d t h e w o r l d , f r o m S c a n d i n a v i a t o

B u r m a d u r i n g t h e w a r . a n d j u s t a s

w i d e l y i n t i m e s o f p e a c e .

Trawler's big catch

A D a n i s h t r a w l e r m a d e a s u r p r i s e c a t c h

l a s t M a y w h e n i t f o u n d a G e r m a n

s u b m a r i n e i n i t s n e t o f t ' t h e c o a s t o f

n o r t h e r n D e n m a r k .

T h e t r a w l e r Marie Helene w a s

f i sh i ng i n t h e S k a g e r r a k w a t e r s b e t w e e n

N o r w a y a n d D e n m a r k , a b o u t 2 0

n a u t i c a l m i l e s o f f t h e D a n i s h p o r t o f

H i r t s h a l s . w h e n i t m a d e i t s u n u s u a l

c a t c h .

T h e G e r m a n s u b m a r i n e w a s

p a r t i c i p a t i n g in N A T O m a n o e u v r e s

w h e n i t g o t c a u g h t i n t h e t r a w l e r ' s n e t s ,

f o r c i n g i t t o r i s e t o t h e s u r f a c e , m u c h t o

the shock of the Danis h f ishermen o n

b o a r d .

" T h e c r e w o f t h e t r a w l e r w a s n e v e r

i n d a n g e r , t h e y w e r e m o r e s c a r e d t h a n

a n y t h i n g e l s e . " D a n i s h s e a r e s c u e

o f f i c i a l s t o l d n e w s s o u r c e s .

" B u t t h e t r a w l e r ' s n e t s w e r e n o t a b l e

t o w i t h s t a n d ( t h e w e i g h t o f ) t h i s

e x t r a o r d i n a r y c a t c h . " a s e a r e s c u e d u t y

o f f i c e r s a i d . W h i l e i t t o o k h o u r s f o r

r e s c u e t e a m s t o r e m o v e t h e s u b m a r i n e

f r o m t h e t r a w l e r ' s n e t s , t h e D a n e s

p l a y e d t h e i n c i d e n t d o w n .

" E x c e p t f o r a d a m a g e d t r a w l e r , i t

w a s r a t h e r u n d r a m a t i c . " A l e x J e n s e n , a

D a n i s h N a v y s p o k e s m a n s a i u .

This is not the f ir s t t ime a Danish

f ishing boa t has had a c los e shave with a

s u b m a r i n e i n t h e r e g i o n . I n M a r c h 1 9 8 4 .

three f ishermen were ki l led when the ir

t r a w l e r w a s p u l l e d t o t h e b o t t o m b y a

G e r m a n s u b m a r i n e c a u g h t u p i n i t s n e t s .

RONAL D RE AGAN

launches last Tomcat

A n F - 1 4 T o m c a t f r o m C a r r i e r A i r W i n g

( C V W ) 8 ' s F i g h t e r S q u a d r o n ( V F ) 2 1 3

B l a c k L i o n s , h o m c p o r t c d o u t o f N a v a l

A i r S t a t i o n O c e a n a . V a . . l a u n c h e d f r o m

U S S R O N A L D R E A G A N ( C V N - 7 6 ) .

May 10. in wha t was the f ina l Tomca t t o

l e a v e t h e d e c k o f t h e s h i p .

W i t h a t r a n s i t d a t e t o i t s n e w

h o m e p o r t l o c a t i o n i n S a n D i e g o

s c h e d u l e d f o r la t e M a y . R O N A L D

R E A G A N w i l l b e s u p p o r t i n g W e s t

C o a s t s q u a d r o n s , w h i c h d o n o t i n c l u d e

t h e F - 1 4 T o m c a t .

" J u s t li k e R O N A L D R E A G A N h a s

a lot of innov a tio ns and is the f ir s t s tep

t o f u t u r e c a r r i e r s l i k e C V N - 2 1 . o u r

l a u n c h i n g o f t h e f i n a l T o m c a t m a r k s t h e

t r a n s i t i o n t h e N a v y i s m a k i n g t o F / A - 1 8

a i r w i n g s a n d e v e n t u a l l y t h e J o i n t S t r i k e

F i g h t e r . " s a i d C a p t . D r e w B r u g a l .

R O N A L D R E A G A N ' s e x ec u t i v e

o f f i c e r .

B r u g a l s t a r t e d f l y i n g T o m c a t s i n

1 9 8 4 . D e s p i t e h i s p e r s o n a l h i s t o r y w i t h

t h e a i r c r a f t , h e i s n o t d i s a p p o i n t e d t o s e e

i t b e i n g t r a n s i t i o n e d o u t o f t h e N a v y .

" I ' m n o t s a d . " s a i d B r u g a l . " H a v i n g

g o n e f r o m f l y i ng F - 4 s t o th e T o m c a t a n d

s e e i n g t h e b e n e f i t o f g e t t i n g i n t o n e w

t e c h n o l o g y . I v i e w t h e n e w t r a n s i t i o n a s

a p o s i t i v e s t e p p i n g s t o n e t o t h e n e x t

l e v e l . "

A f t e r t h e T o m c a t l a u n c h e d o f f t h e

deck , a ll hands wer e invited to the f l ight

deck to wa tc h i t ma ke one f inal f lyby.

W i t h a t i p o f t h e w i n g , t h e F - 1 4 s h o t b y

R O N A L D R E A G A N o n i t s w a y b a c k t o

O c e a n a .

" B e i n g p a r t o f a h i s t o r i c m o m e n t i s

a n e x p e r i e n c e I ' l l n e v e r f o r g e t . " s a i d

A i r m a n R a n d a l l P u g h . a m e m b e r o f a i r

d e p a r t m e n t . " V e r y f e w p e o p l e w i l l h a v e

t h e h o n o u r o f s a y i n g t h e y s a w t h e l a s t

T o m c a t f l y o f f t h e N a v y ' s n e w e s t

14 VOI. 66 NO. 3 THE NAVY

a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r , a n d I ' l l r e m e m b e r i t t h e

rest of my ca ree r . "

Scorpene submarines

attracting interest

T h e A r m e d F o r c e s o f T h a i l a n d a r e s a i d

t o b e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e S c o r p e n e c l a s s

s u b m a r i n e c u r r e n t l y u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n

i n t h e I z a r n a v a l f a c t o r y i n C a r t a g e n a .

S p a i n .

A d e l e g a t i o n f r o m t h e T h a i

G o v e r n m e n t r e c e n t l y v i s i t e d t h e

f a c i l i t i e s I z a r i n C a r t a g e n a a s w e l l a s t h e

S u b m a r i n e B a s e t h a t t h e S p a n i s h N a v y

has in this c i ty.

A t . m e h a s n o t b e e n s e t f o r p o s s i b l e

s u b m a r i n e a c q u i s i t i o n b y t h e T h a i ' s b u t

i t h a s b e e n k n o w n f o r s o m e t i m e o f t h e i r

i n t e r e s t i n s u b m a r i n e s . T h e S c o r p e n e

c l a s s i s c u r r e n t l y o n o r d e r f o r M a l a y s i a .

Boeing delivers 7,000th

Harpoon

B o e i n g o f f i c i a l s d e l i v e r e d t h e 7 . 0 0 0 t h

H a r p o o n m i s s i l e t o t h e E g y p t i a n N a v y

a t t h e B o e i n g f a c i l i t y i n S t . C h a r l e s .

M o . , r e c e n t l y . D u r i n g a h a n d o v e r

c e r e m o n y , b o t h B o e i n g a n d U . S . N a v y

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s c o n g r a t u l a t e d t h e a l l i e d

N a v a l s e r v i c e a n d t h a n k e d t h e m f o r

t h e i r s u p p o r t a n d f r i e n d s h i p f o r m o r e

t h a n 3 0 y e a r s .

" H a r p o o n i s u s e d b y 2 7 n a t i o n s ,

i n c l u d i n g t h e U . S . . a n d i s N a v a l

S y s t e m s C o m m a n d ' s l a r g e s t

i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o g r a m f o r t h e l a s t t w o

y e a r s . " s a id C a p t a i n D a v i d D u n a w a y .

P M A 2 0 1 P r o g r a m M a n a g e r f o r t h e

N a v y . " T h e t i m e l e s s d e s i g n o f t h e

H a r p o o n i s e v i d e n t t h r o u g h i t s

s u c c e s s f u l h i s t o r y a n d v i a b l e

p e r f o r m a n c e i n t h e f i e ld o v e r t h e p a s t 3 0

y e a r s . "" S i n c e 1 9 7 8 . t h e U . S . a n d E g y p t i a n

m i l i t a r i e s h a v e t r a i n e d t o g e t h e r o n l a n d ,

i n t h e a i r a n d a t s e a . " s a i d J o h n L o c k a r d ,

S e n i o r V i c e P r e s i d e n t a n d G e n e r a l

M a n a g e r o f B o e i n g N a v a l S y s t e m s .

" B o e i n g h a s b e e n a p a r t o f t h a t , h a v i n g

s u p p l i e d t h e E g y p t i a n m i l i t a r y w i t h

p r o d u c t s s u c h a s t h e A p a c h e . C h i n o o k ,

a n d H a r p o o n , a s w e l l a s p r o v i d i n g

s u p p o r t f o r m o d e r n i s a t i o n a n d u p g r a d e s

p r o g r a m s o v e r t h e y e a r s . J o i t ' s o n l y

f i tt i ng t h a t t o d a y w e c o m e t o g e t h e r t o

d e l i v e r t h e 7 . 0 0 0 t h H a r p o o n M i s s i l e t o

o u r c u s t o m e r a n d a l l y . "

T h e H a r p o o n B l o c k I I m i s s i l e ,

w h i c h w a s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e E g y p t i a n

THE NAVY

N a v y , i n c o r p o r a t e s k e y g u i d a n c e

t e c h n o l o g i e s f r o m t w o o t h e r B o e i n g

w e a p o n s p r o g r a m s - t h e l o w - c o s t ,

i n e r t i a l m e a s u r i n g u n i t f r o m t h e J o i n t

D i r e c t A t t a c k M u n i t i o n s ( J D A M ) ; a n d

t h e s o f t w a r e , m i s s i o n c o m p u t e r ,

i n t e g r a t e d G P S / l n e r t i a l N a v i g a t i o n

S y s t e m , a n d G P S a n t e n n a a n d r e c e i v e r

f r o m t h e S t a n d o f f L a n d A t t a c k M i s s i l e

E x p a n d e d - R e s p o n s e ( S L A M - E R ) .

A u s t r a l i a i s d u e t o r e c e i v e t h e

H a r p o o n B l r x k I I i n t h e n e x t f e w y e a r s

f o r t h e A n z a c f r i g a t e s .

SM-3 Block 1A for

Japan

O n 5 M a y 2 0 0 4 . t h e U S D e f e n s e

S e c u r i t y C o o p e r a t i o n A g e n c y n o t i f i e d

C o n g r e s s o f a p o s s i b l e F o r e i g n M i l i t a r y

S a l e t o J a p a n o f S M - 3 B l o c k I A

S t a n d a r d M i s s i l e s a s w e l l a s a s s o c i a t e d

e q u i p m e n t a n d s e r v i c e s .

T h e G o v e r n m e n t o f J a p a n h a s

r e q u e s t e d a p o s s i b l e s a l e o f n i n e S M - 3

B l o c k I A S t a n d a r d m i s s i l e s w i t h M K -

2 1 M o d 2 c a n i s t e r s . B a l l i s t i c M i s s i l e

D e f e n s e ( B M D ) u p g r a d e s t o o n e

A E G I S W e a p o n S y s t e m . A E G I S B M D

V e r t i c a l L a u n c h S y s t e m O R D A L T s .

c o n t a i n e r s , s p a r e a n d r e p a i r p a r t s ,

s u p p l y s u p p o r t . U . S . G o v e r n m e n t a n d

c o n t r a c t o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e a n d

o t h e r r e l a t e d e l e m e n t s o f l o g i s t i c s

s u p p o r t . T h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t i s $ 7 2 5

m i l l i o n .

J a p a n i s o n e o f t h e m a j o r p o l i t i c a l

a n d e c o n o m i c p o w e r s i n E a s t A s i a a n d

t h e W e s t e r n P a c i f i c a n d a k e y a l l y o f t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s i n e n s u r i n g t h e p e a c e a n d

stabil i ty of tha t r egion. I t is vi ta l to the

U . S . n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t t o a s s i s t J a p a n t o

d e v e l o p a n d m a i n t a i n a s t r o n g a n d r e a d y

s e l f - d e f e n s e c a p a b i l i t y , w h i c h w i l l

c o n t r i b u t e t o a n a c c e p t a b l e m i l i t a r yb a l a n c e i n t h e a r e a . T h i s p r o p o s e d s a l e

i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e s e U . S . o b j e c t i v e s

a n d w i t h t h e I 9 6 0 T r e a t y o f M u t u a l

C o o p e r a t i o n a n d S e c u r i t y .

J a p a n w i l l u s e t h e S t a n d a r d m i s s i l e s

t o u p d a t e o l d e r o r l e s s r e l i a b l e m i s s i l e s

c u r r e n t l y i n t h e J a p a n M a r i t i m e S e l f

D e f e n s e F o r c e ( J M S D F ) f l e e t . T h e

A E G I S W e a p o n S y s t e m a n d S t a n d a r d

m i s s i l e s w i l l b e u s e d o n J M S D F s h i p s .

T h e p u r c h a s e r , w h o a l r e a d y h a s m i s s i l e s

i n i t s i n v e n t o r y , w i l l h a v e n o d i f f i c u l t y

a b s o r b i n g t h e s e a d d i t i o n a l m i s s i l e s .

T h e p r o p o s e d s a l e o f t h i s e q u i p m e n t

a n d s u p p o r t w i l l n o t a f f e c t t h e b a s i c

m i l i t a r y b a l a n c e i n t h e r e g i o n .

VOL. 66 NO. 3

T h e p r i n c i p a l c o n t r a c t o r s w i l l b e :

L o c k h e e d M a r t i n N a v a l E l e c t r o n i c s a n d

S u r v e i l l a n c e S y s t e m s o f M o o r c s t o w n .

N e w J e r s e y : R a y t h e o n C o m p a n y o f

A n d o v e r . M a s s a c h u s e t t s : a n d R a y t h e o n

C o m p a n y i n T u c s o n . A r i z o n a . T h e r e a r e

n o k n o w n o f f s e t a g r e e m e n t s p r o p o s e d i n

c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s p o t e n t i a l s a l e .

An anti-ball isl ic missi le SM-3 launches from ihe

Mk-41 launcher of a US Navy cruiser. Japan is

set to become Ihe first foreign customer of (he

anti-ball ist ic missi le capabil i ty found in IheSM-3 missi le.

I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s p r o p o s e d

s a l e w i l l n o t r e q u i r e t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f

a n y a d d i t i o n a l U . S . G o v e r n m e n t o r

c o n t r a c t o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o J a p a n .

T h e r e w i l l b e n o a d v e r s e i m p a c t o n

U . S . d e f e n s e r e a d i n e s s a s a r e s u l t o f t h i s

p r o p o s e d s a l e .

L a w r e q u i r e s t h i s n o t i c e o f a

p o t e n t i a l s a l e : i t d o e s n o t m e a n t h a t t h e

s a l e h a s b e e n c o n c l u d e d .

Lockheed Martin

demonstrates Aegis

open architecture

L o c k h e e d M a r t i n s u c c e s s f u l l y m i g r a t e d

t w o k e y e l e m e n t s o f t h e A e g i s W e a p o n

S y s t e m t o a n o p e n a r c h i t e c t u r e

e n v i r o n m e n t , a m o v e t h a t w i l l

s i g n i f i c a n t l y e n h a n c e t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s

a n d s e r v i c e l i f e o f t h e U . S . N a v y ' s

p r e m i e r s u r f a c e c o m b a t s y s t e m w h i l e

a l s o r e d u c i n g i t s c o s t . T h e A e g i s c o m b a t

s y s t e m i s t o b e u s e d b y t h e R A N ' s n e w

S E A 4 0 0 0 a i r w a r f a r e d e s t r o y e r s w h e n

15

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


t h e y a r e i n t r o d u c e d i n t o R A N s e r v i c e i n

2 0 1 3 .

" T h e L o c k h e e d M a r t i n O p e n

A r c h i t e c t u r e t e a m i s m a k i n g i m p r e s s i v e

p r o g r e s s . " s a i d C a p t . R i c h a r d T .

R u s h t o n . t h e N a v y ' s c h i e f f o r t h e

N e t w o r k S y s t e m s & I n t e g r a t i o n

d i r e c t o r a t e . " T h e t e a m ' s i n n o v a t i v e

e n g i n e e r i n g a p p r o a c h a n d c o m m i t m e n t

t o o p e n a r c h i t e c t u r e i n d i c a t e s w e a r e o n

t r a c k f o r o u r u p g r a d e t i m e l i n e . "

O p e n a r c h i t e c t u r e s y s t e m s e x p l o i t

c o m m e r c i a l c o m p u t i n g t e c h n o l o g y ,

a l l o w i n g t h e N a v y t o i n s t a l l s o f t w a r e

a n d o t h e r t e c h n o l o g y u p g r a d e s f a s t e r

a n d m o r e c o s t e f f e c t i v e l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e

l i f e o f a s h i p , a i r c ra f t o r s u b m a r i n e

The f ir s t s tep, to be compl e ted n ext

y e a r , w i l l u p g r a d e t h e r a d a r c o n t r o l

a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d c o m p u t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t

f o r a l l S P Y - 1 r a d a r s y s t e m s , b e g i n n i n gw i t h S P Y - 1 B / D . I n p a r a l l e l , t h e A e g i s

w e a p o n c o n t r o l a n d d i s p l a y s y s t e m a r e

a l s o b e i n g a r c h i t e c t e d t o o p e r a t e i n a n

o p e n c o m p u t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t .

USN's future w arfare

strategy

N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n C o r p o r a t i o n a n d t h e

U . S . N a v y h a v e a d v a n c e d , w i t h a r e c e n t

e x e r c i s e , t h e s e r v i c e ' s w a r f i g h t i n g g o a l

o f i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g s e n s o r s , m a n n e d a n d

u n m a n n e d a i r c r a f t , s h i p s a n d o f f e n s i v e

w e a p o n p l a t f o r m s i n r e a l t i m e t o l o c a t e

and str ike ta rge ts .

I n a d e m o n s t r a t i o n h e l d o n A p r i l 1 4

t h i s y e a r , e n g i n e e r s f r o m t h e N a v a l A i r

S y s t e m s C o m m a n d a n d N o r t h r o p

G r u m m a n ' s I n t e g r a t e d S y s t e m s s e c t o r

u s e d a N a v y E - 2 C H a w k e y e b a t t l e

m a n a g e m e n t a i r c r a f t t o i n t e g r a t e a n d

d i r e c t a p r e c i s i o n s t r i k e m i s s i o n u s i n g

i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d o v e r a n e t w o r k b y

a N a v y R Q - 8 F i r e S c o u t u n m a n n e da e r i a l v e h i c l e ( U A V ) . a s i m u l a t e d

a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r o p e r a t i o n s c o n t r o l c e n t r e ,

a n d a n F / A - 1 8 s t r i k e a i r c r a f t .

N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n ' s A d v a n c e d

I n f o r m a t i o n A r c h i t e c t u r e ( A I A ) .

a n In t e r n e t - l i k e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s

a r c h i t e c t u r e o f i n - t h e a t r e . p l a t f o r m -

b a s e d s e r v e r s , p r o v i d e d t h e d a t a s t o r a g e

a n d s h a r i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s t h a t e n a b l e d t h i s

f i rs t -t i me c o m m u n i c a t i o n a m o n g m a n n e d

a n d u n m a n n e d N a v y a i r b o r n e s y s t e m s .

" T h e N a v y / N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n t e a m

c r e a t e d a n o n - p r o p r i e t a r y , o p e n -

a r c h i t e c t u r e n e t w o r k f o r t h i s

d e m o n s t r a t i o n u s i n g c o m m e r c i a l - o f f -

t h e - s h e l f e q u i p m e n t - a n d w e d i d i t

3w i t h o u t w r i t i n g a s i n g l e l i n e o f s o f t w a r e

c o d e , " s a i d T i m P a r r e l I . V i c e P r e s i d e n t

a n d l e a d e r o f N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n ' s

a i r b o r n e e a r l y w a r n i n g i n t e g r a t e d

p r o d u c t t e a m . " T h e n e t w o r k , w h i c h

i n c l u d e d t h e c o m p a n y ' s A I A s e r v e r a n d

r e l a t e d s o f t w a r e , w a s u p a n d r u n n i n g i n

l e s s t h a n a w e e k , a t e s t a m e n t t o t h e j o i n t

t e a m ' s a b i l i ty t o p r o v i d e i n n o v a t i v e ,

c o s t - e f f e c t i v e s o l u t i o n s f o r c o m p l e x

F O R C E n e t r e q u i r e m e n t s . "

F O R C E n e t i s t h e n e t w o r k o f s y s t e m s

t h a t t h e U S N a v y e n v i s i o n s w i l l

i n t e g r a t e i t s S e a P o w e r 2 1 o p e r a t i o n a l

c o n c e p t . F O R C E n e t s p a n s a n d i n t e g r a t e s

e v e r y t h i n g t h e N a v y m u s t d o - f r o m

u n d e r s e a t o s p a c e o p e r a t i o n s , f r o m

p r o c u r i n g p a r t s a n d s y s t e m s t o p a y r o l l

a n d h o u s i n g - t o c a r r y o u t i t s m i s s i o n .

I n t h e c o m m a n d a n d c o n t r o l

e x e r c i s e , t h e E - 2 C a i r c r a f t d i r e c t e d t h eF i r e S c o u t v e r t i c a l t a k e o f f a n d l a n d i n g

t a c t i c a l U A V t o s e a r c h f o r a s u s p e c t e d

t a r g e t w i t h i n a s p e c i f i e d a r e a . T h e U A V

c a p t u r e d a n d s t o r e d r e a l - t i m e v i d e o

i m a g e r y o f t h e t a r g e t a r e a s o n b o a r d i t s

A I A s e r v e r . T h e E - 2 C t h e n d o w n l o a d e d

t h i s d i g i t a l i m a g e r y f r o m F i r e S c o u t a n d

s e n t i t o v e r a w i d e b a n d n e t w o r k t o a

s o f t w a r e - s i m u l a t e d a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r

o p e r a t i o n s c e n t r e i n N e w p o r t N e w s . V a . .

a n d g r o u n d s t a t i o n s i n B c t h p a g c . N . Y . .

a n d A r l i n g t o n . V a .

O p e r a t o r s i n b o t h t h e c a r r i e r

o p e r a t i o n s c e n t r e a n d t h e E - 2 C H a w k e y e

u s e d s p e c i a l i s e d t a r g e t i n g s o f t w a r e t o

d e t e r m i n e p r e c i s e t a r g e t c o o r d i n a t e s , t h e n

p o s t e d t h e m t o a W e b s it e . T h e H a w k e y e

c r e w u s e d t h e d a t a f r o m t h a t W e b s i t e t o

d i r e c t a n o r b i t i n g F / A - 1 8 H o r n e t a i r c r a f t

t o s i m u l a t e a n a t t a c k o n t h e t a r g e t .

" T h i s c o n c e p t d e m o n s t r a t i o n p r o v e s

t h a t a n i n n o v a t i v e t e a m a r m e d w i t h

a v a i l a b l e t e c h n o l o g y c a n c r e a t e a d i g i t a l

k i l l c h a i n c a p a b l e o f r e d u c i n g s t r i k e

t i m e l i n e s f r o m h o u r s t o a f e w m i n u t e s . "s a i d C a p t . R o b e r t L a B e l l e . N A V A I R E -

2 / C - 2 p r o g r a m m a n a g e r . " T h e N a v y w i l l

u s e t h i s c o n c e p t t o d e v e l o p p r o p o s e d

c a p a b i l i t i e s t h a t c o u l d b e f u r t h e r

e v a l u a t e d u n d e r i t s S e a T ri a l i n i t i a t i v e s . "

T h e t e a m f o r t h i s b a t t l e m a n a g e m e n t

c o m m a n d a n d c o n t ro l d e m o n s t r a t i o n

c o m p r i s e d e l e m e n t s o f t h e N a v a l A i r

S y s t e m s C o m m a n d ' s P M A - 2 3 1 ( E - 2 C ) .

P M A - 2 6 3 ( F i r e S c o u t ) , a n d P M A - 2 6 5

( F / A - 1 8 ) p r o g r a m o f f i c e s , i t s V X - 2 0 t e s t

s q u a d r o n , a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m

N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n ' s I n t e g r a t e d

S y s t e m s a n d N e w p o r t N e w s s e c t o r s .

T h e H a w k e y e a n d H o r n e t a i r c r a f t

f l e w o u t o f N a v a l A i r S t a t i o n P a t u x e n t

VOL. 66 NO. 4

R i v e r . M d . T h e F i r e S c o u t o p e r a t e d f r o m

W e b s t e r F i e l d . M d . T h e V i r g i n i a

A d v a n c e d S h i p b u i l d i n g a n d C a r r i e r

I n t e g r a t i o n C e n t e r ( V A S C I C ) s i m u l a t e d

a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r i s l o c a t e d i n N e w p o r t

N e w s . V a . A j o i n t e f f o r t o f t h e

C o m m o n w e a l t h o f V i r g i n i a , t h e C i t y o f

N e w p o r t N e w s a n d N o r t h r o p

G r u m m a n ' s N e w p o r t N e w s s e c t o r .

V A S C I C i s a " p r o v i n g g r o u n d " f o r

a d v a n c e d s h i p b u i l d i n g a n d o p e r a t i o n s

t e c h n o l o g i e s .

T h e g r o u n d s t a t i o n s i n B e t h p a g e a n d

A r l i n g t o n a r e p a r t o f t h e N o r t h r o p

G r u m m a n n a t i o n w i d e C y b e r W a r f a r e

I n t e g r a t i o n N e t w o r k ( C W I N ) . a

s y n t h e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g e n v i r o n m e n t t h a t

l i n k s f o u r c o m p a n y s i t e s l i n K e d to o n e

a n o t h e r a n d c u s t o m e r s i t e s a r o u n d t h e

c o u n t r y . C W I N w a s c r e a t e d t o d e s i g n

s y s t e m s a n d " s y * c m s - o f - s y s t e m s " a n de v a l u a t e t h e m w i t h i n r e a l - t i m e , f u l l -

s p e c t r u m b a t t l e f i e l d , h o m e l a n d s e c u r i t y

a n d o t h e r s c e n a r i o s .

T h e A p r i l 1 4 t e s t d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t

C W I N c a n r e c e i v e d a t a f r o m s h i p s ,

p l a n e s a n d o t h e r p l a t f o r m s , s e n s o r s ,

w e a p o n s a n d b a t t l e m a n a g e m e n t

c o m m a n d a n d c o n t r o l c e n t r e s a n y w h e r e

i n t h e w o r l d , o r f r o m i n t e r n a l l y

g e n e r a t e d , h i g h - f i d e l i t y m o d e l s , t o

c r e a t e r e a l - w o r l d e n v i r o n m e n t s .

T h e N o r t h r o p - G r u m m a n p r o p o s e d

A d v a n c e d I n f o r m a t i o n A r c h i t e c t u r e

s t o r e s i m a g e r y a n d o t h e r c r i t i c a l

b a t t l e f i e l d i n f o r m a t i o n i n a n e t w o r k

o f h i g h - c a p a c i t y s e r v e r s l o c a t e d o n

i n - t h e a t r e a i r b o r n e i n t e l l i g e n c e ,

s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d r e c o n n a i s s a n c e , a n d

b a t t l e m a n a g e m e n t p l a t f o r m s . I t a l l o w s

' b a n d w i d t h c h a l l e n g e d ' t a c t i c a l u s e r s t o

d o w n l o a d m i s s i o n c r i t i c a l d a t a o n

d e m a n d d i r e c t l y f r o m p l a t f o r m s s u c h a s

t h e U . S . A i r F o r c e ' s E - 8 C J o i n t

S u r v e i l l a n c e T a r g e t A t t a c k R a d a r

S y s t e m ( J o i n t S T A R S ) , t h e R Q - 4 G l o b a lH a w k a e r i a l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e s y s t e m o r

t h e N a v y ' s R Q - 8 F i r e S c o u t t a c t i c a l

U A V .

A I A p r o v i d e s a f a s t e r , s i m p l e r

a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e e x p e n s i v e , b a n d w i d t h -

i n t e n s i v e p r o c e s s u s e d i n r e c e n t f o r e i g n

c o n f l i c t s to d o w n l o a d G l o b a l H a w k

i m a g e d a t a t o g r o u n d s t a t i o n s b a s e d i n

t h e U . S . . a n a l y s e i t . t h e n p u s h i t b a c k

i n t o t h e a t r e o n d e m a n d . T o d a t e , t h e

c o m p a n y h a s v a l i d a t e d t h e c o n c e p t i n

s c e n a r i o s i n v o l v i n g e x c h a n g e s b e t w e e n

G l o b a l H a w k ; J o i n t S T A R S a n d g r o u n d

u s e r s ; a n d e x c h a n g e s b e t w e e n a G l o b a l

H a w k s u r r o g a t e : a F i r e S c o u t s u r r o g a t e

a n d g r o u n d u s e r s .

THF: NAVY

V-22 completes icing

trials

O s p r e y N o . 2 4 r e t u r n e d t o t h e U S N a v a l

A i r S t a t i o n P a t u x e n t R i v e r o n t h e

a f t e r n o o n o f A p r i l 2 9 a f t e r s p e n d i n g s i x

m o n t h s c o n d u c t i n g a i r c r a f t i c i n g t e s t s

f r o m t h e C a n a d i a n F o r c e s B a s e

S h e a r w a t e r n e a r H a l i f a x . N o v a S c o t i a .

D u r i n g t h e d e t a c h m e n t . O s p r e y N o . 2 4

l o g g e d 6 7 h o u r s . 3 7 o f w h i c h w e r e i n

a c t u a l i c i n g c o n d i t i o n s .

T h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f i c e o n ( l i g h t

c o n t r o l s u r f a c e s h a s a l w a y s b e e n a

p o t e n t i a l h a z a r d t o a v i a t o r s . T h e r a p i d

b u i l d u p o f i c e o n w i n g s c a n

d r a m a t i c a l l y c h a n g e a n a i r c r a f t ' s f l i g h t

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i n e x t r e m e c a s e s

r e n d e r i n g i t u n a b l e t o f l y . G e n e r a l l y ,

pi lots don' t f ly in ice . Because of the

n a t u r e o f t h e V - 2 2 ' s m i s s i o n - r a p i d l yg e t t i n g . r o m b a t t r o o p s a n d s u p p l i e s

w h e r e t h e y a r e n e e d e d - O s p r e y c r e w s

m a y n o t a l w a y s h a v e t h e l u x u r y o f

a v o i d i n g b a d w e a t h e r . A s a r e s u l t , t h e

O s p r e y h a s a r e q u i r e m e n t f o r a r o b u s t

a n d c a p a b l e i c e d e t e c t i o n a n d a n t i - i c e

s y s t e m .

" T h e p r o t o t y p e i c i n g s y s t e m w o r k e d

b e t t e r t h a n e x p e c t e d . " s a i d M a j . F r a n k

C o n w a y . U S M C . w h o . a l o n g w i t h C h i e f

C o r p o r a t e T e s t P i l o t T o m M a c d o n a l d ,

f lew a l l of the ic ing te st f l ights. " Oth er

t h a n t w e a k i n g t h e a l g o r i t h m s t h a t

c o n t r o l w h e n t h e w i n g b o o t s i n f l a t e t o

r e m o v e i c e a n d a t w h a t t e m p e r a t u r e h e a t

i s s e n t o u t t o t h e p r o p - r o t o r s , t h e r e w a s

v e r y l i t t l e r e d e s i g n i n g o f t h e s y s t e m

d o n e w h i l e w e w e r e i n H a l i f a x . " M a j .

C o n w a y n o t e d t h a t t h e o n l y m a j o r

c o n f i g u r a t i o n c h a n g e e n g i n e e r s a r e

i n v e s t i g a t i n g i s w h e r e t o m o v e t h e i c i n g

d e t e c t i o n p r o b e t o p r o v i d e t h e t i m e l i e s t

f e e d b a c k t o t h e p i l o t s .

" T h e d e t a c h m e n t w a s e x t r e m e l y

s u c c e s s f u l . " s a i d D o n B y r n e , w h o

a l t e r n a t e d I n t e g r a t e d T e s t T e a m R i g h t

T e s t D i r e c t o r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w i t h t h e

I T T ' s P a u l G a m b a c o r t a . " W e c l e a r e d a l l

t e m p e r a t u r e a n d l i q u i d w a t e r c o n t e n t

r a n g e s , s o n o w w e ' r e a b l e t o f l y f o r

e x t e n d e d p e r i o d s o f t i m e i n a l l w e a t h e r

c o n d i t i o n s . "

ARMIDAL E o n the

way

P r o d u c t i o n h a s c o m m e n c e d f o r t h e

R A N ' s A r m i d a l e C l a s s p a t r o l b o a t s

w h i c h w i l l f o r m t h e f r o n t l i n e o f d e f e n c e

f o r A u s t r a l i a ' s m a r i t i m e b o u n d a r i e s . T o

THF. NAVY

b e b u i l t i n W e s t e r n A u s t r a l i a o v e r a 4 2

m o n t h p e r i o d , t h e 1 2 v e s s e l f l e e t w i l l a c t

a s t h e p r i n c i p a l m a r i t i m e p a t r o l a n d

r e s p o n s e e l e m e n t o f A u s t r a l i a ' s

N a t i o n a l C i v i l S u r v e i l l a n c e P r o g r a m .

P r o j e c t p a r t n e r s A u s t a l S h i p s a n d

D e f e n c e M a r i t i m e S e r v i c e s ( D M S ) h e l d

a c e r e m o n y r e c e n t l y a t t e n d e d b y

S e n a t o r D a v i d J o h n s t o n . S e n a t o r f o r

W e s t e r n A u s t r a l i a , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

M i n i s t e r f o r D e f e n c e , k e y p e r s o n n e l

f r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n c e a n d

D e f e n c e M a t e r i e l O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d

P a t r o l B o a t G r o u p C o m m a n d e r C a p t a i n

P e t e r M a r s h a l l , t o m a r k t h e s t a r t o f

p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e f i r s t s h i p i n t h e c l a s s .

H M A S A R M I D A L E .

A u s t r a l i a n c i t i e s a n d t o w n s w i t h

c l o s e l i n k s t o R A N h i s t o r y w i l l l e n d

t h e i r n a m e s t o t h e fl e et w i t h H M A S

A R M I D A L E t o b e l a u n c h e d in J a n u a r ya n d d e l i v e r e d i n A p r i l 2 0 0 5 . T h e s e c o n d

a n d t h i r d A r m i d a l e C l a s s v e s s e l s w i l l

f o l l o w s i x m o n t h s l a t e r .

M r J o h n R o t h w c l l . E x e c u t i v e

C h a i r m a n o f A u s t a l S h i p s w h i c h

d e s i g n e d a n d w i l l b u i l d t h e v e s s e l s , s a i d

m u c h r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n o l o g y h a d b e e n

i n v e s t e d i n t o t h e p r o j e c t . " T h e

p r o t e c t i o n o f A u s t r a l i a n w a t e r s w i l l

b e n e f i t f r o m t h e s u p e r i o r p e r f o r m a n c e

o f t h e R o y a l A u s t r a l i a n N a v y ' s

A r m i d a l e C l a s s p a t r o l b o a t f l e e t , w h i c h

r e p r e s e n t s t h e l a r g e s t d e f e n c e c o n t r a c t

e v e r a w a r d e d i n W e s t e r n A u s t r a l i a . " h e

s a i d .

T h e f l e e t , w i t h a t o t a l c o n t r a c t

v a l u e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 5 5 0 m i l l i o n ,

w i l l p r i m a r i l y c a r r y o u t

s u r v e i l l a n c e , i n t e r c e p t i o n , i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,

a p p r e h e n s i o n a n d t h e e s c o r t t o p o r t o f

ves se ls susp ec ted of i l lega l f isher ies,

q u a r a n t i n e , c u s t o m s o r i m m i g r a t i o n

o f f e n c e s .

M r R o s s B r e w e r . C h a i r m a n o f D M S

w h i c h w a s t h e s u c c e s s f u l t e n d e r e r a n dw i l l m a n a g e p r o j e c t r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d

p r o v i d e i n - s e r v i c e s u p p o r t t o t h e v e s s e l s

t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r o p e r a t i o n a l l i v e s ,

p r a i s e d t h e f e a t u r e s o f t h e A r m i d a l e

C l a s s f l e e t . " T h e v e s s e l s w i l l p r o v i d e

t h e R A N w i t h g r e a t e r s p e e d , c o m f o r t

a n d s e a k e e p i n g a n d r e d u c e d t h r o u g h -

l i f e c o s t s w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e

F r e m a n t l e C l a s s v e s s e l s t h e y a r e

r e p l a c i n g . T h e D M S - A u s t a l S h i p s t e a m

i s f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e s c h e d u l e f o r t h e t i m e l y

d e l i v e r y o f v e s s e l s a n d w e l o o k f o r w a r d

t o s e e i n g t h e e n t i r e f l e e t i n o p e r a t i o n . "

h e s a i d .

B a s e d i n t h e p o r t s o f D a r w i n a n d

C a i r n s , t h e A r m i d a l e C l a s s f l e e t w i l l

VOL. 66 NO. 4

o p e r a t e t o t h e l i m i t s o f A u s t r a l i a ' s

e x c l u s i v e e c o n o m i c z o n e . T h e v e s s e l s

a r e d e s i g n e d f o r o p e r a t i o n i n t h e t r o p i c a l

s e a a n d w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s o f

A u s t r a l i a ' s n o r t h e r n w a t e r s a s w e l l a s

t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n , s u c h a s t h e S o u t h

T a s m a n R i s e F i s h e r y w h i c h l i e s s o m e

3 0 0 n a u t i c a l m i l e s s o u t h o f T a s m a n i a

( 4 8 ° S ) . T h e v e s s e l s w i l l a l s o b e c a p a b l c

o f d e p l o y m e n t t o C h r i s t m a s a n d C o c o s

I s l a n d s a n d t o o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n t h e

r e g i o n f o r o c c a s i o n a l e x e r c i s e s a n d

c o o p e r a t i v e o p e r a t i o n s .

BALLARAT del ivered

to RAN

T h e R A N h a s t a k e n d e l i v e r y o f t h e

e i g h t h A n z a c - c l a s s f r i g a t e . N U S H I P

B A L L A R A T . d u r i n g a c e r e m o n y i n

W i l l i a m s t o w n . M e l b o u r n e , o n A p r i l 3 0 .

W i t h t h e S h i p ' s C o m p a n y i n

a t t e n d a n c e . T e n i x M a n a g i n g D i r e c t o r

P a u l S a l t e r i h a n d e d o v e r t h e v e s s e l t o

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l . M a j o r S u r f a c e S h i p s .

C o m m o d o r e K e i t h M a l p r e s s a n d

C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r o f B A L L A R A T .

C o m m a n d e r D a v i d H u n t e r .

B u i l t b y T e n i x D e f e n c e P t y L t d a t

t h e W i l l i a m t o w n s h i p y a r d , t h e s h i p

f e a t u r e s s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t w e a p o n r y a n d

a r a n g e o f c a p a b i l i t y e n h a n c e m e n t s

u n i q u e t o A u s t r a l i a . T h e 1 7 - y e a r f i xe d

p r i c e c o n t r a c t i s w o r t h o v e r S A 7 b i l l i o n

a n d i s t h e l a r g e s t a n d a r g u a b l y m o s t

s u c c e s s f u l d e f e n c e p r o j e c t e v e r a w a r d e d

i n A u s t r a l i a .

I t i s p r o v i d i n g l o n g - t e r m b e n e f i t s f o r

t h e e c o n o m i e s o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e

T a s m a n i n v o l v i n g a b o u t 1 3 0 0

c o m p a n i e s w i t h 7 3 p e r c e n t l o c a l

i n d u s t r y c o n t e n t a n d p r o v i d i n g 8 . 0 0 0

l o c a l j o b s .

T h e k e e l o f B A L L A R A T w a s l a i d o n

4 A u g u s t 2 0 0 0 a n d s h e w a s l a u n c h e d o n2 5 M a y 2 0 0 2 . T h e s h i p i s s c h e d u l e d t o

b e c o m m i s s i o n e d i n t o t h e R A N i n m i d

2 0 0 4 .

B A L L A R A T i s t h e s e c o n d R A N

s h i p t o b e a r t h e n a m e a f t e r t h e c i t y o f

B a l l a r a t . i t f o l l o w s t h e f i r st H M A S

B A L L A R A T . w h i c h w a s l a u n c h e d i n

D e c e m b e r 1 9 4 0 a s o n e o f 6 0

M i n e s w e e p i n g C o r v e t t e s . I t s e r v e d w i t h

d i s t i n c t i o n d u r i n g W W I I a n d i s k n o w n

f o r r e s c u i n g F l y i n g O f f i c e r J . G . G o r t o n

R A A F . w h o l a t e r b e c a m e P r i m e

M i n i s t e r o f A u s t r a l i a .

T h e 1 0 t h a n d f in a l A n z a c c l a s s s h i p

( P E R T H ) i s s c h e d u l e d t o b e d e l i v e r e d

b y m i d 2 0 0 6 .

31

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


'mill i

SPY-3 active

T h e U . S . N a v y ' s f i r s t s h i p b o a r d a c t i v e

p h a s e d a r r a y m u l t i f u n c t i o n r a d a r .

A N / S P Y - 3 . s u c c e s s f u l ly a c h i e v e d a

s i g n i f i c a n t p e r f o r m a n c e m i l e s t o n e

r e c e n t l y d u r i n g t e s t i n g a t t h e U S N a v y ' s

L a n d B a s e d T e s t S i t e a t W a l l o p s I s l a n d .

Va.

T h e R a y t h e o n - d e s i g n e d r a d a r

p e r f o r m e d p r e c i s i o n t r a c k o f a l o w

a l t i t u d e B Q M - 7 4 t e s t d r o n e d u r i n g

m u l t i p l e i n b o u n d a n d o u t b o u n d f l i g h t s .

T h e S P Y - 3 i s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d a s p a r t o f

t h e D D ( X ) p r o g r a m , h e a d e d b y

N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n S h i p S y s t e m s .

T h e S P Y - 3 i s a n a c t i v e p h a s e d a r r a y

X - b a n d r a d a r d e s i g n e d t o m e e t a l l

h o r i z o n s e a r c h a n d f i r e c o n t r o l

requ ireme nts for the 21st centu ry f lee t.

T h e m u l t i f u n c t i o n r a d a r c o m b i n e s t h e

f u n c t i o n s p r o v i d e d b y m o r e t h a n f i v e

s e p a r a t e r a d a r s c u r r e n t l y a b o a r d N a v y

c o m b a t a n t s h i p s . S P Y - 3 s u p p o r t s n e w

s h i p - d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r r e d u c e d

r a d a r c r o s s - s e c t i o n . s i g n i f i c a n t l y

r e d u c e d m a n n i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n d

t o t a l o w n e r s h i p c o s t r e d u c t i o n . T h e

S P Y - 3 r a d a r i s b e i n g d e s i g n e d f o r t h e

D D ( X ) c l a s s o f s u r f a c e c o m b a t a n t s , t h e

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r C V N -

2 1 . an d t h e U S N a v y ' s n e x t - g e n e r a t i o n

a m p h i b i o u s w a r f a r e s h i p s . R a y t h e o n

s e r v e s a s t h e e l e c t r o n i c a n d w e a p o n s

s y s t e m s i n t e g r a t o r f o r D D ( X ) a s a

s u b c o n t r a c t o r t o N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n

S h i p S y s t e m s .

D e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e S P Y - 3 b e g a n i n

1 9 9 9 a n d w a s d e l i v e r e d t o t h e N a v y ' s

test s i te in ea r ly 2(X)3 for i ts two-year

t e s t i n g p r o g r a m . W o r k w a s p e r f o r m e d a t

R a y t h e o n ' s I n t e g r a t e d A i r D e f e n c e

C e n t r e i n A n d o v e r . M a s s . . i t s

S u r v e i l l a n c e a n d S e n s o r s C e n t r e i n

S u d b u r y . M a s s . . a n d i t s I n t e g r a t e d

D e f e n c e S y s t e m s H e a d q u a r t e r s i n

T e w k s b u r y . M a s s .

RN MK 8 receiving

long-range rounds

B r i t i s h w a r s h i p s w i l l b e a b l e t o f i r e

m o r e p o w e r f u l s h e l l s a t t a r g e t s o n l a n d

a t m u c h l o n g e r r a n g e s , f o l l o w i n g t h e

e n t r y i n t o s e r v i c e o f i m p r o v e d

a m m u n i t i o n .

T h e n e w s h e l l w a s s p e c i a l l y

d e s i g n e d f o r b o m b a r d m e n t o f t a r g e t s i n

s u p p o r t o f t r o o p s o n s h o r e a n d c a n r a n g e

u p t o 2 7 k i l o m e t r e s - a n i m p r o v e m e n t

o f s o m e s i x k i l o m e t r e s o r m o r e t h a n o n e

q u a r t e r o n t h e s h e l l it s u c c e e d s i n

s e r v i c e .

H M S R I C H M O N D , a T y p e 2 3

f r iga te , wil l be the f ir s t warshi p to ca r ry

t h e n e w a m m u n i t i o n . A t o t a l o f 2 6 s h i p s

e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e M a r k 8 g u n . a n d t h e

n e w T y p e 4 5 D e s t r o y e r s , d u e t o e n t e r

se rvice la te r this decade , and wil l use

t h e n e w i m p r o v e d a m m u n i t i o n .

U K D e f e n c e P r o c u r e m e n t M i n i s t e r

L o r d B a c h s a i d :

" E x t e n d i n g t h e r a n g e o f o u r

w a r s h i p ' s m a i n g u n s w i t h t h e s e n e w a n d

m o r e e f f e c t i v e s h e l l s w i l l g r e a t l y

i n c r e a s e t h e R o y a l N a v y ' s a b i l i t y l o

e n g a g e l a n d t a r g e t s i n s u p p o r t o f o u r

t r o o p s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , i l w i l l r e d u c e

e x p o s u r e o f o u r s h i p s l o h o s t i l e f i r e .

T h i s i n v e s t m e n t c o n f i r m s t h e

c o n t i n u i n g i m p o r t a n c e o f n a v a l g u n f i r e

s u p p o r t a nd c o m p l e m e n t s M o D

e x p e n d i t u r e o n u p g r a d i n g a n d u p d a t i n g

the 4.5 inch gun i tse lf . "

The Brit ish Mk-H (iun on a RN Type 23 class

Ingatc patroll ing the Persian Gulf. The Mk-8 gun

will he equipped to fire new longer range

ammunit ion hcing ahle to rtcach out to 27

kilometres an improvement of some si*kilometres or more than one quarter on the shell

i t succeeds in service.

T h e ll m i l l i o n c o n t r a c t f o r

d e v e l o p m e n t a n d i n i t i a l m a n u f a c t u r e o f

t h e I m p r o v e d A m m u n i t i o n w a s p l a c e d

w i t h B A E S y s t e m s . R O D e f e n c e i n J u n e

1 9 9 7 a n d s u s t a i n e d 3 1 j o b s i n B i r t l e y

( N o r t h u m b e r l a n d ) a n d G l a s c o e d

( M o n m o u t h s h i r e ) .

T h e 4 . 5 - I n c h M a r k I m p r o v e d

A m m u n i t i o n r o u n d i s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h

b o t h t h e 4 . 5 - I n c h M o d 0 a n d M o d I G u n

s y s t e m s .

S h i p s t o b e e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e

a m m u n i t i o n i n c l u d e T y p e 4 2 B a t c h I I

and I I I Destroy ers. Type 22 Ba tch I I I

F r i g a t e s a n d a l l T y p e 2 3 F r i g a t e s .

T h e I m p r o v e d A m m u n i t i o n w i l l

r e p l a c e t h e e x i s t i n g 4 . 5 - I n c h M a r k 8

G u n a m m u n i t i o n t h a t e n t e r e d s e r v i c e i n

1 9 7 3 . H i g h E x p l o s i v e r o u n d s a n d

Prac tic e rounds (with an ine r t f i l ling)

w i l l b e d e l i v e r e d t o M o D i n t h e n e x t

f i v e y e a r s , w i t h a n n u a l " t o p u p " b u y s t o

f o l l o w o n i n t o t h e t h i r d d e c a d e o f t h i s

c e n t u r y .

USS KITTY HAWK

turns 43

U S S K I T T Y H A W K ( C V - 6 3 ) . c u r r e n t l y

t h e U S N a v y ' s o n l y p e r m a n e n t l y

f o r w a r d - d e p l o y e d a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r , t u r n e d

4 3 y e a r s o l d A p r i l 2 9 . w i t h a n u n d e r w a y

c a K e - c u t t i n g c e r e m o n y t o c e l e b r a t e t h e

b e g i n n i n g o f a n o t h e r y e a r i n t h e l i f e o f

A m e r i c a ' s o l d e s t a c t i v e N a v y s h i p .

" U S S K I T T Y H A W K h a s n o w

s e r v e d u n d e r n i n e p r e s i d e n t s . " s a i d

C a p t . T h o m a s P a r k e r . K I T T Y H A W K ' s

c o m m a n d i n g o f f i c e r , a s h e c u t t h e s h i p ' s

b i r t h d a y c a k e i n t h e a f t m e s s d e c k s .

" C o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t e d o n i t w h e n

E i s e n h o w e r w a s p r e s i d e n t a n d

c o n c l u d e d w h e n K e n n e d y w a s

p r e s i d e n t . "

P a r k e r a l s o p o i n t e d o u t t h a t K I T T Y

H A W K h a s h a d 32 c o m m a n d i n g

o f f i c e r s , i n c l u d i n g h i m s e l f a n d h a d

c o n d u c t e d 3 7 3 . 1 5 7 s u c c e s s f u l a i r c r a f t

t r a p s a t t h e t i m e o f t h e c e r e m o n y .

"The ship is l ike a f ine wine ; i t

d o e s n ' t g e t o l d e r , i t g e t s b e t t e r . " h e s a i d .

S t a n d i n g a l o n g s i d e P a r k e r a s h e c u t

t h e c a k e w e r e 1 0 K I T T Y H A W K S a i l o r s

w h o s h a r e d t h e s a m e b i r t h d a y a s t h e

s h i p . A p r i l 2 9 . s o m e o f w h o m s a i d t h e y

f e l t g r e a t p r i d e a t b e i n g h o n o r e d g u e s t s

a t t h e c e r e m o n y .

U S S K I T T Y H A W K w a s

c o m m i s s i o n e d a t t h e P h i l a d e l p h i a N a v a l

Shipy a rd Apr i l 29. 19 61. I t is the seco nd

U . S . N a v y s h i p n a m e d a f t e r t h e t o w n

n e a r w h i c h O r v i l l e a n d W i l b u r W r i g h t

f lew the f ir s t-ever succe ssf ul ,

c o n t r o l l e d , p o w e r e d a i r c r a f t D e c . 1 7 .

1 9 0 3 . U S S K I T T Y H A W K ' S o r i g i n a l

h o m e p o r t w a s S a n D i e g o .

S i n c e t h e n . U S S K I T T Y H A W K h a s

p a r t i c i p a t e d i n o p e r a t i o n s a r o u n d

i n t e r n a t i o n a l h o t s p o t s . s u c h a s V i e t n a m .

K o r e a , t h e P e r s i a n G u l f , t h e B a l k a n s .

A f g h a n i s t a n a n d m o s t r e c e n t l y , t h e w a r

in I raq.

U S S K I T T Y H A W K t o o k o v e r t h e

m a n t l e o f b e i n g A m e r i c a ' s o n l y

p e r m a n e n t l y f o r w a r d - d e p l o y e d a i r c r a f t

c a r r i e r i n 1 9 9 8 f r o m U S S

I N D E P E N D E N C E ( C V - 6 2 ) . w h i c h w a s

d e c o m m i s s i o n e d t h a t y e a r . A l s o i n 1 9 9 8 .

U S S K I T T Y H A W K j o i n e d w i t h C a r r i e r

A i r W i n g ( C V W ) 5 a n d a r r i v e d a t i t s

n e w o p e r a t i n g l o c a t i o n o f Y o k o s u k a .

J a p a n .

56VOL. 66 NO. 4 THF: NAVY

A f t e r r e t u r n i n g M a y 6 f r o m s e r v i c e

i n O p e r a t i o n I r a q i F r e e d o m . K I T T Y

H A W K e n t e r e d a n e x t e n s i v e

m a i n t e n a n c e a n d d r y d o c k p e r i o d t h a t

c o n c l u d e d O c t . 1 7 . T h e s h i p s o o n

r e s u m e d i t s r o l e c r u i s i n g t h e w e s t e r n

P a c i f i c O c e a n a n d i s c u r r e n t l y

c o n d u c t i n g o p e r a t i o n s d u r i n g i t s S p r i n g

2 0 0 4 u n d e r w a y p e r i o d .

Nuke submariners put

ashore

E l e v e n B r i t i s h s a i l o r s w e r e a l l o w e d t o

l e a v e a n u c l e a r s u b m a r i n e a f t e r t h e y

e x p r e s s e d f e a r s o v e r i t s s a f e t y . T h e

c r e w m e n o n H M S T R A F A L G A R r a i s e d

t h e i r c o n c e r n s w i t h t h e c o m m a n d i n g

o f f i c e r w h o a g r e e d l o l e t t h e m o f f t h e

b o a t . A U K M o D s p o k e s m a n d e n i e d a n ys u g g e s t i o n s o f a m u t i n y ' o n b o a r d a n d

s a i d n o i n d i v i d u a l r e f u s e d t o s a i l w i t h

t h e s u b m a r i n e . T h e i n c i d e n t l o o k p l a c e

b e f o r e t h e s u b m a r i n e w a s d u e t o b e g i n

o p e r a t i o n a l t e s t s f o l l o w i n g m i n o r

r e p a i r s a t t h e F a s l a n e n u c l e a r b a s e , i n

S c o t l a n d .

H M S T R A F A L G A R h a s b e e n ou t o f

se rvice since i t r an aground of f the I sle

o f S k y e . o f f S c o t l a n d , i n N o v e m b e r

2 0 0 2 . T h r e e s a i l o r s w e r e i n j u r e d i n t h e

i n c i d e n t , w h i c h c a u s e d f i ve m i l l i o n

p o u n d s w o r t h o f d a m a g e .

A t e m p o r a r y r e p l a c e m e n t c r e w

j o i n e d t h e o t h e r 1 0 9 m e m b e r s l a s t w e e k

a f t e r t h e 1 1 m e n s p o k e o f t h e i r s a f e t y

f e a r s l as t F r i d a y t o c o m m a n d i n g o f f i c e r

M a r k W i l l i a m s w h o a g r e e d l o r e l e a s e

t h e m f r o m d u t y .

N o d i s c i p l i n a r y m e a s u r e s a r e

c u r r e n t l y b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d a g a i n s t t h e

1 1 m e n . t h e M o D a d d e d .

A c o u r t m a r t i a l h e a r i n g l a s t m o n t h

r e p r i m a n d e d C o m m a n d e r R o b e r t F a n c y

a n d C o m m a n d e r I a n M c G h i e . b o t h 3 9 .

f o r t h e i r p a r t i n c a u s i n g H M S

T R A F A L G A R t o g r o u n d o n t he s e a b e d

w h i l e o n a t r a i n i n g m i s s i o n .

T h e t w o p l e a d e d g u i l t y t o a c h a r g e

o f n e g l i g e n c e c a u s i n g t h e g r o u n d i n g o f

t h e s u b m a r i n e o n N o v e m b e r 6 . 2 0 0 2 .

First fuel cell sub for

export launched at

H D W

U n d e r t h e n a m e P A P A N I K O L I S . t h e

f i rs t f u e l c e l l s u b m a r i n e f o r » x p o r t

w a s l a u n c h e d f r o m H o w a l d t s w e r k e -

D e u t s c h e W e r f t A G ( H D W ) i n K i e l .

THF. NAVY

T h e s u b m a r i n e . w i t h t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n n u m b e r 3 6 1 . i s a 2 1 4 C l a s s

s u b m a r i n e a n d h a s b e e n b u i l t f o r t h e

G r e e k N a v y .

T h e H D W g r o u p i s b u i l d i n g a t o t a l

o f f o u r o f t h e s e s u b m a r i n e s f o r t h e

Gree k Navy . Of these , the f ir s t vesse l is

b e i n g b u i l t i n K i e l a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t

v e s s e l s w i l l b e b u i l t a t t h e H D W

s u b s i d i a r y c o m p a n y H e l l e n i c S h i p y a r d s

i n G r e e c e . T h e s u b m a r i n e s a r e

s c h e d u l e d f o r d e l i v e r y b e t w e e n 2 0 0 5

a n d 2 0 1 0 .

T h e 2 1 4 C l a s s o f s u b m a r i n e s i s

b a s e d o n I h e s u c c e s s f u l c o n s t r u c t i o n

p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e 2 0 9 C l a s s s u b m a r i n e ,

of w h i c h H D W h a v e b u i l t m o r e t h a n 6 0

s i n c e I 9 6 0 . It w a s i m p r o v e d b y

i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e i n n o v a t i o n s o f t h e

2 I 2 A C l a s s s u b m a r i n e , p r i n c i p a l l y t h eu n i q u e a i r - i n d e p e n d e n t f u e l c e l l

p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m . T h i s p r o v i d e s

e x t r e m e l y i n c r e a s e d u n d e r w a t e r

e n d u r a n c e . T h e m i n i m i s e d a c o u s t i c ,

t h e r m a l a n d m a g n e t i c s i g n a t u r e s o f t h e

s u b m a r i n e p r o v i d e a n u n b e a t a b l e d e g r e e

o f u n d e t e c t a b i l i t y . I n c r e a s e d d i v i n g

d e p t h a n d o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y p r o v i d e

n e w o p e r a t i o n a l a d v a n t a g e s .

PAPANIKOLIS. the firs 214-class air-independent

fuel cel l propulsion submarine buil t for export

hcing launched from Howaldlswerke-Deutsche

Werft AG (HDW) in Kiel for the Hellenic Navy.

T h e v e s s e l , w i t h a d i s p l a c e m e n t o f

1.7(H) tons , is 65 me tres lon g and ism a n n e d b y a c r e w o f 2 7 . T h e p r o p u l s i o n

i s p r o v i d e d b y a S i e m e n s P e r m a s y n

e n g i n e , w h i c h d r a w s i t s p o w e r s u p p l y

e i t h e r f r o m t h e f u e l c e l l s o r f r o m

b a t t e r i e s t h a t a r e f e d b y a d i e s e l

g e n e r a t o r . I t s a r m a m e n t c o n s i s t s o f e i g h t

t o r p e d o l u b e s . T h e v e s s e l h a s a n

i n t e g r a t e d s o n a r a n d w e a p o n s c o n t r o l

s y s t e m f o r n a v i g a t i o n a n d f o r

d e p l o y m e n t i n a c t i v e m i l i t a r y

o p e r a t i o n s . T h e p r i n c i p a l t a s k s o f t h e

v e s s e l a r e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e , i n t e r c e p t i o n

a n d s u r v e i l l a n c e . I t i s a l s o c a p a b l e o f

b e i n g d e p l o y e d a g a i n s t s u r f a c e v e s s e l s

a n d s u b m a r i n e s , f o r c o v e r t o p e r a t i o n s

a n d f o r m i n e l a y i n g .

VOL. 66 NO. 3

T h e G r e e k N a v y w a s t h e f i rs t f o r e i g n

N a v y t o o r d e r f u e l c e l l s u b m a r i n e s f r o m

H D W . i n F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 0 . I t w a s a l s o t h e

f ir st fore ig n Navy to order 209 c lass

s u b m a r i n e s f o r e x p o r t f r o m H D W i n

1 9 6 7 . I t n o w p o s s e s s e s e i g h t o f t h e s e

v e s s e l s . T h r e e o f t h e s e a r e s c h e d u l e d t o

b e r e f i t t e d a t H e l l e n i c S h i p y a r d s w i t h a

f u e l ce l l p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m .

E v a n g e l i a V a s s i l i k i . w h o l a u n c h e d

t h e v e s s e l , i s a s t u d e n t a n d a d e s c e n d a n t

o f t h e G r e e k f r e e d o m f i g h t e r D i m i t r i o s

P a p a n i k o l i s . w h o . a s t h e v e r y y o u n g

capta in of a t iny vesse l , in the Greek

W a r o f I n d e p e n d e n c e a g a i n s t t h e T u r k s

i n 1 8 2 1 . d e s t r o y e d a T u r k i s h b a t t l e s h i p

t e n t i m e s t h e s i z e o f h i s o w n v e s s e l .

German shipyards to

build Portuguese subsO n 2 1 A p r i l 2 0 0 4 i n L i s b o n , t h e G e n t i a n

S u b m a r i n e C o n s o r t i u m G S C s i g n e d a

c o n t r a c t f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d d e l i v e r y

o f t w o 2 0 9 P N C l a s s s u b m a r i n e s a n d a n

option for a third vesse l . The c l ient is the

P o r t u g u e s e G o v e r n m e n t .

T h e c o n t r a c t o r i s a c o n s o r t i u m

c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e t w o s h i p y a r d s

H o w a l d t s w e r k e - D c u t s c h c W e r f t A G .

K i e l ( H D W ) . N o r d s e c w e r k e G m b H .

E m d e n ( N S W E ) a n d F e r r o s t a a l A G .

E s s e n ( F S ) .

T h e s i z e o f t h e o r d e r a m o u n t s t o

a b o u t 8 0 0 m i l l i o n E U R O s .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n

c o n t r a c t , a c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o u n t e r t r a d e

p a c k a g c w a s a l s o a g r e e d i n a n o f f s e t

c o n t r a c t .

T h e 2 0 9 P N C l a s s s u b m a r i n e s a r e

s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d t o m e e t t h e

r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e P o r t u g u e s e N a v y

a n d r e p r e s e n t s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t s u b m a r i n e

t e c h n o l o g y . T h e v e s s e l s , w h i c h a r c s o m e

6 5 m e t r e s i n l e n g t h , h a v e a d i s p l a c e m e n tof 1,7(X) tons and a re equi ppe d with an

a t m o s p h e r i c a i r - i n d e p e n d e n t , f u e l c e l l -

b a s e d p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m . D e l i v e r y o f t h e

v e s s e l s i s s c h e d u l e d t o t a k e p l a c e i n

2 0 0 9 a n d 2 0 1 0 .

I n o b t a i n i n g t h i s c o n t r a c t , t h e

G e r m a n s h i p b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y i s o n c e

a g a i n d e m o n s t r a t i n g i t s p o s i t i o n a s

m a r k e t l e a d e r i n n o n - n u c l e a r s u b m a r i n e

c o n s t r u c t i o n .

UK purchases

enhanced Tomahawks

T h e U K M i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e h a s

r e a c h e d a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e U n i t e d

1

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


c l a s s w i l l a l s o c a r r y m o r e l o g i s t i c a l

s u p p o r t c a p a b i l i t y a n d b e b e l t e r

e q u i p p e d t o s u p p o r t h u m a n i t a r i a n a n d

d i s a s t e r r e l i e f o p e r a t i o n s t h a n t h e s h i p s

they wil l r eplace .

T h e c o n t r a c t f o r t w o v e s s e l s w a s

p l a c e d w i t h B A H S y s t e m s i n N o v e m b e r

2 0 0 1 a n d s t e e l c u t t i n g b e g a n t h e

f o l l o w i n g m o n t h .

US warships may

resume refuelling at

AdenU S w a r s h i p s m i g h t r e s u m e r e f u e l l i n g a t

t h e s o u t h e r n Y e m e n H a r b o u r t h i s y e a r ,

a f t e r m o r e t h a n t h r e e y e a r s o f

s u s p e n s i o n f o l l o w i n g t h e b o m b i n g o f

U S S C O L E .

" W e h o p e U S s h i p s w o u l d r e s u m es t o p p i n g h e r e t h i s y e a r . " B r i g . G e n .

M a s t i n R o b e s o n o f t h e U S - l e d a n t i - t e r r o r

task force told repor te r s in Aden in Apr i l .

H e m a d e t h e c o m m e n t s a t a

c e r e m o n y t o l a u n c h s e v e n p a t r o l b o a t s

s u p p l i e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o

Y e m e n ' s c o a s t g u a r d . T h e U S o f f i c i a l

w o u l d n o t g i v e a n e x a c t d a t e .

A s m a l l e x p l o s i v e s - l a d e n b o a t , l e d

b y t w o s u i c i d e b o m b e r s , a s i t w a s

r e f u e l l i n g i n t h e A d e n o n O c t . 1 2 . 2 0 0 0

r a m m e d C O L E . S e v e n t e e n U S s a i l o r s

were ki l led in the a t tack.

Y e m e n i o f f i c i a l s s a i d l a st w e e k t h a t

s i x s u s p e c t e d a c c o m p l i c e s i n t h e s u i c i d e

b o m b a t t a c k w o u l d g o o n t r i a l t h i s

w e e k . T h e y s a i d t h e f i r s t g r o u p o f

s p e c i a l i s e d p a t r o l b o a t s i n a u g u r a t e d

y e s t e r d a y w a s p a r t o f a p l a n t o

c o m m i s s i o n a t l e a s t 5 0 b o a t s t o h e l p

s e c u r e t h e c o u n t r y ' s 2 . 0 0 0 k m c o a s t l i n e

o n t h e R e d S e a a n d A r a b i a n S e a .

Naval activity in WAI A p r i l 2 0 0 4 s a w t h e F r e n c h s h i p s F N S

L A T O U C H E - T R E V I L L E ( D - 6 4 6 ) a n d

F N S C O M M A N D A N T B I R O T ( F -7 9 6 )

a r r i v i n g a t F r e m a n t l e f o r a s i x - d a y v i s i t .

2 4 4 o f f i c e r s a n d c r e w o p e r a t e t h e

L A T O U C H E - T R E V I L L E . th e l a s t o f

t h e G E O R G E S L E Y G U E S ( F - 7 0 ) c l a s s

d e s t r o y e r s , c o m m i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 9 0 . T h e

s h i p i s a r m e d w i t h t h e E x o c e t S S M a n d

t h e C r o t a l e S A M s y s t e m a s w e l l a s a

1 0 0 m m g u n . D e p l o y e d w i t h t h e s h i p

w a s a W G - 1 3 L y n x a n t i s u b m a r i n e / a n t i -

s h i p h e l i c o p t e r .

T h e C O M M A N D A N T B I R O T is

o n e o f t h e D ' e s t i e n n e D ' o r v e s ( A - 6 9 )

c l a s s f r i g a t e s . C o m m i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 8 4 .

22

t h e s h i p i s m a n n e d b y 9 0 o f f i c e r s a n d

c r e w , a n d a l s o c a r r i e s E x o c e t . a l o n g

w i t h t h e S i m b a d S A M s y s t e m t h a t f i re s

M i s t r a l S A M s .

B o t h s h i p s w e r e o n t h e h o m e w a r d

leg of a c ruise tha t saw them visi t

s e v e r a l A s i a n c o u n t r i e s . I n M a r c h b o t h

s h i p s c o n d u c t e d e x e r c i s e s w i t h t h e

C h i n e s e N a v y ( P L A - N ) i n t h e T a i w a n

S t r a i t s w i t h t h e b l e s s i n g o f t h e F r e n c h

G o v e r n m e n t . A f t e r t h e ir s t o p i n W A

b o t h s h i p s r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r h o m e p o r t o f

B r e s t v i a t h e S u e / C a n a l .

A f t e r c o n d u c t i n g s e v e r a l e x e r c i s e *

o f f t h e W e s t e r n A u s t r a l i a n c o a s t ,

i n c l u d i n g u s e o f t h e L a n c e l i n b o m b i n g

r a n g e a n d e x e r c i s i n g w i t h H M A S

D E C H A I N E U X ( S S G - 7 5 ) . e l e m e n t s o f

t h e K I T T Y H * W K C a r r i e r S t r i k e G r o u p

a r r i v e d a t F r e m a n t l e o n 2 2 A p r i l . T h e

e a r n e r U S S K I T T Y H A W K ( C V - 6 3 )

w i t h C a r r i e r A i r W i n g F i v e ( N F ) . a l o n g

w i t h th e c r u i s e r U S S V I N C E N N E S

( C G - 4 9 ) . a n d t h e s u p p l> s h i p U S N S

Y U K O N ( T - A O - 2 0 2 ) d o c k e d a t V i c t o r i a

Q u a y w h i l e t h e a m m u n i t i o n s h i p U S N S

F L I N T ( T - A E - 3 2 ) a n c h o r e d i n G a g e

R o a d s u n d e r t i g h t s e c u r i t y .

K I T T Y H A W K i s t h e o l d e s t s h i p i n

t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a v y a n d i s

h o m e p o r t e d i n J a p a n . O n b o a r d w e r e

V F A - 1 0 2 D i a m o n d b a c k s ' , w h o h a d t h e

f ir s t F / A - I 8 E S u p e r H o r n e t s q u a d r o n

d e p l o y e d o v e r s e a s a s p a r t o f C a r r i e r A i r

W i n g F i v e .

V I N C E N N E S w a s o n h e r l a s t v i s it

t o A u s t r a l i a p r i o r t o h e r c h a n g i n g

h o m e p o r t s f r o m J a p a n t o S a n D i e g o t h i s

y e a r b e f o r e h e r d e c o m m i s s i o n i n g i n

2 0 0 5 .

D u r i n g t h e o f f i c i a l r e c e p t i o n o n

b o a r d K I T T Y H A W K o n t h e n i g h t o f 2 2

A p r i l . 8 0 0 g u e s t s w e r e t o l d b y R e a r

A d m i r a l J a m e s K e l l y . C o m m a n d e r o f

t h e c a r r i e r s t r i k e g r o u p , t h a t t h e U S N

a p p r e c i a t e d t h e w a r m r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t

t h e y h a d w i t h A u s t r a l i a , a y l h o p e d t h a t

i t w o u l d c o n t i n u e l o n g a f t e r t h e i r

d e p a r t u r e .

M a n y s a i l o r s v i e w e d t h e m a n y

A N Z A C D a y D a w n S e r v i c e s h e l d

a r o u n d P e r t h , w h i l e o n e h u n d r e d s a i l o r s

f r o m V I N C E N N E S m a r c h e d i n P e r t h 's

A N Z A C D a y p a r a d e s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s N a v y .

T h e c a r r i e r s t r i k e g r o u p l e f t

F r e m a n t l e o n 2 7 A p r i l h e a d i n g f o r m o r e

e x e r c i s e s o f f t h e i s l a n d o f G u a m , b e f o r e

r e t u r n i n g b a c k t o J a p a n .

By Ian Johnson

V O L. 6 6 N O . 3

Naval shipbuilding

announcement

D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r R o b e r t H i l l a n d

F i n a n c e M i n i s t e r N i c k M i n c h i n h a v e

a n n o u n c e d a s e r i e s o f d e c i s i o n s r e l a t i n g

t o t h e f u t u r e o f t h e n a v a l s h i p b u i l d i n g

a n d r e p a i r ( N S R ) s e c t o r .

T h e k e y d e c i s i o n s , w h i c h f l o w f r o m

t h e G o v e r n m e n t ' s c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f

c o m m e r c i a l a d v i c e p r o v i d e d b y

i n d e p e n d e n t e x p e r t M r J o h n W y l i e o f

C a r n e g i e . W y l i e & C o m p a n y , a r e a s

f o l l o w s :

G i v e n t h e s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n N S R

s e c t o r e x p e n d i t u r e r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e

D e f e n c e C a p a b i l i t y R e v i e w . a

c o m p e t i t i v e m o d e l i s t h e p r e f e r r e d

a p p r o a c h f o r c o n t r a c t i n g i n t h e N S R

s e c t o r w i t h i n t e r v e n t i o n b y G o v e r n m e n t

o n l y i n e x c e p t i o n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s .

T h e S 4 . 5 - S 6 b i l l i o n A i r W a r f a r e

D e s t r o y e r s ( A W D ) b u i l d c o n t r a c t w i l l

b e b r o u g h t f o r w a r d a n d l e t b e f o r e t h e

S I . 5 - S 2 b i l l i o n a m p h i b i o u s v e s s e l s

c o n t r a c t w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g t h e i n -

s e r v i c e d a t e s f o r t h e s e p r o j e c t s s e t o u t i n

t h e D e f e n c e C a p a b i l i t y P l a n .

l l i s p l a n n e d t h a t t e n d e r s f o r t h e

A W D b u i l d w i l l b e i s s u e d l a t e r t h i s y e a r

w i t h a p r e f e r r e d t e n d e r e r t o b e

i d e n t i f i e d b y e a r l y 2 0 0 5 . I t i s p l a n n e d

t h a t t e n d e r s f o r t h e A m p h i b i o u s v e s s e l s

b u i l d w i l l b e i s s u e d i n e a r l y 2 0 0 5 w i t h a

p r e f e r r e d t e n d e r e r t o b e i d e n t i f i e d b y

l a t e 2 0 0 5 .

T e n d e r e r s f o r t h e A W D c o n t r a c t w i l l

b e a s k e d t o b i d o n t h e b a s i s o f a n

a l l i a n c e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e

C o m m o n w e a l t h . A n a l l i a n c e c o n t r a c t

w i l l r e f l e c t a l l o f t h e k e y c o m m e r c i a l

p r i n c i p l e s t h a t w i l l g o v e r n t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p a n d w i l l r e l y o n p r o v i d i n g

i n c e n t i v e s t o t h e p a r t i e s t o m i n i m i s e

c o s t s . M r W y l i e w i l l a s s i s t D e f e n c e i nt h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e d e t a i l e d t e r m s o f

t h e a l l i a n c e r e l a t i o n s h i p .

T h e s a l e o f t h e A u s t r a l i a n

S u b m a r i n e C o r p o r a t i o n ( A S C ) w i l l b e

d e f e r r e d u n t i l a f t e r t h e A W D a n d

A m p h i b i o u s v e s s e l s a r c in c o n t r a c t t o

a l l o w s h i p b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y - i n c l u d i n g

t h e A S C - t o f o c u s o n t e n d e r i n g f o r

t h e s e p r o j e c t s . A s a r e s u l t , i t i s u n l i k e l y

t h a t A S C w i l l b e s o l d u n t i l 2 0 0 6 .

W h i l e A S C w i l l b e p e r m i t t e d t o

t e n d e r f o r m a j o r n a v a l s h i p b u i l d i n g

c o n t r a c t s , i t m u s t d o s o o n a n a r m s

l e n g t h b a s i s f r o m G o v e r n m e n t . T o

e n s u r e t h i s o c c u r s . A S C w i l l b e

e s t a b l i s h e d a s a G o v e r n m e n t B u s i n e s s

THF. NAVY

E n t e r p r i s e u n d e r t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h

A u t h o r i t i e s a n d C o m ( & n i e s A c t . w h i c h

w i l l r e q u i r e t h e c o m p a n y t o o p e r a t e

e f f i c i e n t l y , e a r n a t l e a st a c o m m e r c i a l

r a t e o f r e t u r n a n d o b s e r v e a m o r e

s t a n d a r d i s e d a n d t r a n s p a r e n t r e p o r t i n g

f r a m e w o r k . S t r i c t p r o c e d u r e s g o v e r n i n g

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n A S C . D e f e n c e

a n d F i n a n c e w i l l a l s o b e p u t i n p l a c e .

T h e s e d e c i s i o n s m a r k t h e

c o m m e n c e m e n t o f w h a t is p e r h a p s t h e

m o s t c h a l l e n g i n g n a v a l c o n s t r u c t i o n

p r o g r a m i n A u s t r a l i a n h i s t o r y .

T h e t e n d e r s f o r t h e n a v a l

s h i p b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t s w i l l b e

c o n d u c t e d t h r o u g h c o m p e t i t i v e

p r o c e s s e s i n a f a i r a n d o p e n m a n n e r a n d

i t i s t h e G o v e r n m e n t ' s s t a t e d p r e f e r e n c e

t h a t t h e y b e b u i l t i n A u s t r a l i a .

W i t h a n e s t i m a t e d S 6 - S 8 b i l l i o n t o

b e s p e n t o n t h e b u i l d o f A W D s a n dA m p h i b i o u s v e s s e l s a l o n e , t h e s e

p r o j e c t s w i l l p r o v i d e m a s s i v e

o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r A u s t r a l i a n i n d u s t r y t o

p a r t i c i p a t e a t b o t h t h e p r i m e a n d

s u b c o n t r a c t o r l e v e l , c r e a t e n e w

A u s t r a l i a n j o b s a n d s k i l l s ; a n d

s t r e n g t h e n A u s t r a l i a ' s s t r a t e g i c

i n d u s t r i a l b a s e .

T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t a l l o f

A u s t r a l i a ' s n a v a l s h i p b u i l d i n g

c a p a b i l i t y w i l l b e f u l l y u t i l i s e d i n t h e

d e l i v e r y o f t h e s e p r o j e c t s .

New tanker to replace

W E S T R A L I A

T h e N a v y h a s p u r c h a s e d a $ 5 0 m i l l i o n

c o m m e r c i a l t a n k e r t h a t w i l l b e

r e c o n f i g u r e d a n d u s e d t o r e p l a c e i t ' s

a g e i n g c u r r e n t a u x i l i a r y o i l e r . H M A S

W E S T R A L I A .

T h e s h i p , c u r r e n t l y n a m e d D E L O S .

i s a b r a n d n e w d o u b l e h u l l e d ,

e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s u s t a i n a b l e o i l t a n k e r .I t w a s b u i l t i n t h e R e p u b l i c o f K o r e a b y

t h e H y u n d a i M i p o D o c k y a r d C o m p a n y

a s p a r t o f a f o u r - s h i p b u i l d p r o g r a m f o r

t h e G r e e k s h i p p i n g c o m p a n y T s a k o s

E n e r g y N a v i g a t i o n .

" A t 1 7 6 m e t r e s l o n g a n d 3 7 . 0 0 0

t o n n e s d e a d w e i g h t , t h e s h i p i s s i m i l a r i n

s i z e t o W E S T R A L I A . " s a i d M i n i s t e r f o r

D e f e n c e S e n a t o r H i l l .

" I t w i l l b e m o d i f i e d s o t h a t i t h a s t h e

l a t e s t t e c h n o l o g y a n d e q u i p m e n t

c a p a b l e o f r e f u e l l i n g a r a n g e o f N a v y

v e s s e l s , i n c l u d i n g t h e A N Z A C a n d

G u i d e d M i s s i l e f r i g a t e s a n d t h e n e w A i r

W a r f a r e D e s t r o y e r s t h a t w i l l e n t e r i n t o

s e r / i c e f r o m 2 0 1 3 . "

THE NAVY

T h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o t h e s h i p w i l l b e

u n d e r t a k e n i n A u s t r a l i a - c r e a t i n g n e w

j o b s a n d c o n s o l i d a t i n g t h e h i g h - t e c h a n d

s p e c i a l i s e d s k i l l s o f o u r n a v a l

s h i p b u i l d i n g a n d r e p a i r s e c t o r . T h e w o r k

w i l l i n c l u d e f i t t i n g u n d e r w a y

r e p l e n i s h m e n t e q u i p m e n t , i n c l u s i o n o f

n a v a l c o m m a n d . c o n t r o l a n d

c o m m u n i c a t i o n s s y s t e m s , f a c i l i t i e s f o r

h e l i c o p t e r o p e r a t i o n s a n d

a c c o m m o d a t i o n u p g r a d e s . I t i s a

t e s t a m e n t t o t h e s k i l l s a n d e x p e r i e n c e o f

A u s t r a l i a n i n d u s t r y t h a t t h i s d e s i g n a n d

m o d i f i c a t i o n p r o d u c t i o n w o r k w i l l b e

d o n e h e r e .

S e n a t o r H i l l s a i d t h e s h i p w a s

se lec t ed f rom a f ie ld of 11 ships on the

c o m m e r c i a l m a r k e t t h a t w e r e e v a l u a t e d

i n a c o m p e t i t i v e p r o c e s s . I n c h o o s i n g

t h e v e s s e l . D e f e n c e c o n s u l t e d w i t h

T e e k a y S h i p p i n g A u s t r a l i a , w h o p r o v i d eo n g o i n g t e c h n i c a l a n d c o m m e r c i a l

a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e s u p p o r t o f N a v y ' s i n -

s e r v i c e a u x i l i a r y s h i p s .

S u b j e c t t o f i n a l c h e c k s . A u s t r a l i a

w i l l t a k e d e l i v e r y o f t h e s h i p i n J u l y .

F o l l o w i n g d e l i v e r y . s e p a r a t e

c o m p e t i t i v e c o n t r a c t s w i l l b e l e t f o r t h e

d e s i g n a n d t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s h i p .

T e n d e r s f o r t h e d e s i g n a n d l o g i s t i c s

s u p p o r t p a c k a g e w i l l b e i s s u e d s h o r t l y

w i t h a p r e f e r r e d d e s i g n e r t o b e

c o n t r a c t e d l a t e r t h i s y e a r . T e n d e r s f o r a

r e p a i r e r / b u i l d e r t o m o d i f y t h e s h i p w i l l

b e i s s u e d e a r l y n e x t y e a r w i t h a

p r e f e r r e d r e p a i r / b u i l d e r t o b e s e l e c t e d

b y m i d 2 0 0 5 . D e f e n c e i s o n t r a ck t o

d e l i v e r t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o i l e r c a p a b i l i t y

i n 2 0 0 6 i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i n -

s e r v i c e d a t e s e t o u t i n t h e D e f e n c e

C a p a b i l i t y P l a n .

S e n a t o r H i l l s a i d t h e d e c i s i o n t o

a c q u i r e t h e b a s e s h i p b u i l t u p o n r e c e n t

d e c i s i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f

t h e n e w A i r W a r f a r e D e s t r o y e r s a n d

a m p h i b i o u s s h i p s .

Milestone for RAN's

E SSM

T h e R A N h a s a c c e p t e d ' O p e r a t i o n a l

R e l e a s e ' o f i t s t h r e e A N Z A C c l a s s

f r i g a t e s a s e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e E v o l v e d

S e a S p a r r o w M i s s i l e ( E S S M ) s y s t e m .

T h i s i m p o r t a n t m i l e s t o n e

a c k n o w l e d g e s t h e s h i p s * a b i l i t y t o

a c h i e v e d e f i n e d o p e r a t i o n a l o u t c o m e s

l a i d d o w n i n t h e D e f e n c e P r e p a r e d n e s s

d o c u m e n t a t i o n .

M i n i s t e r f o r D e f e n c e S e n a t o r H i l l

s a i d t h a t t h e N a v y w a s n o w c o n f i d e n t i n

VOL. 66 NO 3

t h e a b i l i ty o f H M A S W A R R A M U N G A .

S T U A R T a n d P A R R A M A T T A t o

u n d e r t a k e o p e r a t i o n a l e m p l o y m e n t

e q u i p p e d w i t h t h i s n e w s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t

w e a p o n r y .

T h e C h i e f o f N a v y . V i c e A d m i r a l

C h r i s R i t c h i e , a g r e e d t o t h e

O p e r a t i o n a l R e l e a s e , r e c o g n i s i n g t h a t

t h e s h i p s a r e n o w p r o v i d i n g a n

i m p o r t a n t n a t i o n a l d e f e n c e c a p a b i l i t y

a n d f o l l o w i n g o u t s t a n d i n g r e s u l t s i n

e x e r c i s e s a n d r e a l w o r l d s c e n a r i o s a n d

i n t e n s i v e t e s t i n g a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e

n e w s y s t e m .

"Au stra l ia is the f ir s t of the 10

n a t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n d e v e l o p i n g t h e

E S S M s y s t e m t o f o r m a l l y r e a c h

o p e r a t i o n a l r e l e a s e o f t h e w e a p o n . "

S e n a t o r H i l l s a i d .

T h e s h i p s ' m a i n l i n e o f d e f e n c e i sn o w t h e i r E S S M s y s t e m . T h e m i s s i l e i s

s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d t o d e f e a t a n t i - s h i p

m i s s i l e t h r e a t s a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y

s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e s t h e a b i l i t y o f

t h e s e t h r e e s h i p s t o d e f e n d t h e m s e l v e s .

T h e E S S M w a s p r o c u r e d u n d e r

P r o j e c t S E A 1 4 2 8 . a $ 6 6 0 M i l l i o n

p r o j e c t w h i c h d e l i v e r e d t h e f i r st m i s s i l e s

i n J a n u a r y 2 0 0 3 . T h e r e m a i n i n g f i v e

A N Z A C f r i g a t e s a r c b e i n g s i m i l a r l y

f i t t e d w i t h t h e m i s s i l e s y s t e m s u n d e r

t h i s p r o g r a m . "

T h e O p e r a t i o n a l R e l e a s e s t a t u s d o c s

n o t a b s o l v e c o n t r a c t o r s f r o m

r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t o a d d r e s s t h o s e a s p e c t s

t h a t s t i l l r e q u i r e r e s o l u t i o n .

Navy Heritage Centre

for Sydney

M o r e t h a n 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 i t e m s r e p r e s e n t i n g a

c e n t u r y o f A u s t r a l i a ' s N a v a l h e r i t a g e

w i l l b e d i s p l a y e d i n a n e w R o y a l

A u s t r a l i a n N a v y H e r i t a g e C e n t r e o n

S y d n e y H a r b o u r .

T h e c e n t r e w i l l b e b u i l t i n t h e p u b l i c

a c c e s s a r e a a t t h e n o r t h e r n e n d o f

G a r d e n I s l a n d a t a c o s t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y

S 5 m i l l i o n . W o r k i s e x p e c t e d t o b e g i n i n

J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 .

I t wil l consist of :

• T w o c o n v e r t e d h e r i t a g e - l i s t e d

b u i l d i n g s u s e d f o r m e r l y a s a g u n -

m o u n t i n g w o r k s h o p a n d a b o a t

s h e d :

• A l a n d s c a p e d a r e a f o r l a r g e e x t e r n a l

d i s p l a y s : a n d

• A c a f c a n d c o n f e r e n c e f a c i l it y .

Continued page 12

23

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


ObservationsBy Geoffrey Evans

C O A S T A L S H I P P I N G - D O E S T H EL O C A L I N D U S T R Y H A V E A F U T U R E ?

A Research Paper published in May by ihe Austral ian

Par l iamentary Library "Coastal sh ipp ing overv iew" (No 12

2003-04) has once again inv ited at ten t ion to the struggle for

v iab i l i ty by Aus tral ia 's sh ipp ing industry : What , i f any . ef fect

the paper wil l have on the represen tat ives of the people who

si t in the nearby leg isla t ive chambers remains to be seen .

Numerous ar t ic les have been published in THE NAVY

noting the local industry 's p rob lems and stressing the need for

a heal thy Austral ian sh ipp ing industry i f ever the country was

to take i ts p lace among the wor ld 's sign if ican t t rad ing nat ions.

The Par l iamentary Library 's research paper on coastal

sh ipp ing is. as the t i t le implies, conf ined to sh ips operat ing

around the Austral ian coast and does no t ven ture in to the

larger area of overseas sh ipp ing : never theless there are some

common issues such as manning ci»sts. sh ip standards, safety

and most impor tan t ly , po l ic ies o f the gov eminent-of - the-day .

The research paper is basical ly a sta tement o f facts and

while po in t ing ou t apparen t anomalies in some curren t

f inancial ar rangements and suggest ing a bet ter way of do ing

t h i n g s , d o c s n o t m a k e f i r m r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ; i t d o e s

however , con tain in an appendix a summary of the key

proposals o f the September 2003 Review of Austral ian

Shipping ( IRAS) car r ied ou t by Peter Morr is and John Sharp .

Transpor t Min isters in Labor and Coali t ion governments

respect ively . Matters deal t with by the paper include:

• coastal sh ipp ing as a componen t o f the nat ional t ranspor t

task .

• sh ipp ing industry reforms

• o ther reforms (por t and water f ron t)

• the Nav igat ion Act and cabotage

• Comm onweal th government po lic ies

• defence

As a car r ier o f heavy and/or bu lky cargo - i ron ore .

bauxite , steel , petro leum products e tc - coastal sh ipp ing p lays

a vital part in the national transport task. The local industry

however , has much to contend with , no t least chal lenges to

cabotage (a po licy used in Austral ia and many overseas

countr ies to l imit access to their coastal t rade to nat ional

operators) , h igher and more expensive manning standards

than many foreign-owned sh ip operators, ageing sh ips and

polic ies changing with changes of government.

In the last 20 or so years most governm ents have at tempted

to reform the sh ipp ing industry and the water f ron t:

• the Crawfo rd Repor t in 1981

• the Mar i t ime Industry Development Comm ittee

• the Shipping Reform Task Force in 1988 and

• the Shipping Industry Reform Author i ty in 1989 as the

overseeing body

The proposals emanating f rom the var ious inquir ies were

general ly adopted and resu l ted in a more ef f ic ien t sh ipp ing

2 4 V O L.

industry . Other reforms in por ts and on the water f ron t ,

especial ly since the la te 90s and implemented by Federal

and Stale governments, have resu l ted in an improved

industr ia l re la t ions c l imate and greater ef f ic iency in cargo

handling .

The ou tlook chang- . J again when the presen t government

took of f ice in 1996 and competi t ion beca me a majo r factor in

the industr ia l wor ld . A sh ipp ing Re form Group w as

estab l ished in that year and a Reform Working Group in 1998

and for a t ime even the cabotage provisions of the nav igat ion

act appeared to be under th reat : th is d id no t eventuate bu t

subsequently pro tect ion for local coastal sh ip operators was

weakened by an increased issue of sing le and continu ing

voyage permits, a l lowing foreign-owned and crewed vessels

to operate around the Austral ian coast .

Rather surpr ising was the "governments" public ly sla ted

"Austral ia is a sh ipper nat ion no t a sh ipp ing nat ion" po licy ,

almost as though i t was no t possib le to be bo th . Many nat ions

includ ing Austral ia 's t rad ing par tners Br i ta in . Japan and the

United States are t raders and sh ip owners. Apar t f rom

liberal ising the permit system a consequence of government

policy has been withdrawal o f f iscal suppor t fo r the Austral ian

sh ipp ing industry .

Accord ing to the research paper no t a l l the proposals o f the

Reform Working Group have been made public : A notab le

improvement however , was the in troduction in 1998 of

company em ployment for ra t ings, rep lacing the roster system

(industry employment) and enabling bet ter condit ions for

seafarers.

The paper l ists a number of the chal lenges facing the

Austral ian coastal sh ipp ing industry includ ing increasing

competi t ion f rom rai l in some segments and a possib le

shor tage of sk i l led seafa rers. On the o ther hand the

government 's re luctance to abolish the cabotage provisions of

the Navigat ion Act "wii l con tain the pressure f rom the issue of

permits" . I t no tes " the quali ty , re l iab i l i ty and safety of

Austral ian f lagged vessels arc h igh by wor ld standards, as arc

the sk i l ls o f Austral ian seafarers" and that "sh ipp ing has

environmental benef i ts in terms of energy consumption".

A brief reference is made to the Austra lian (me rcha nt) fleet

possib ly ha v ing a ro le in fu ture defenc e and nat ional

emergency operat ions as i t d id in East Timor . Given the small

number of sh ips on the Austral ian reg ister and the special ised

nature of task and type, i t seems to the wr i ter i t wil l be

necessary for the sh ips to continue in their task of t ranspor t ing

essen tia l mater ia ls and for the Navy to be ab le to p ro tect the

sh ips ra ther than use them for naval purposes.

Final ly , the governm ent 's response to the key proposals

contained in the aforementioned Independent Review of

Austral ian Shipping , commissio ned by the Austral ian Ship-

owners' Associat ion , wil l be awaited with in terest by al l

concerned: However , the industry has heard that i t ought no t

hold its breath await ing a response.

s n o . 3 t h e n a v y

The Underwater War in the West

WA correspondent Vic Jeffery takes a look at n subject that is sure to raise a few eyebrows and 'Letter* to the Editor*.

Submarine act iv ity off WA during World War II .

By Vic Jeffery. OAM

One of the oddit ies o f Wor ld War I I was the seeming absence

of enemy act iv i ty on Austral ia 's West Coast apar t o ther than

t h e H M A S SY D N E Y - H SK K O R M O R A N b a t t l e i n 1 9 4 1 .

The stra teg ical ly p laced and bust l ing Por t o f Fremantle in

Western Austral ia o f ten descr ibed , as "Austral ia 's Western

Gateway" was a most v i ta l l ink to the Ind ian Ocean . Coupled

with the State 's nearness to Japanese-occupied South East

Asia , this make s it all the more remarkable.

Other lhan the bombing of Broome. Wyndham. Por t

Hedland and Exmouth . a long with the shel l ing of Por t

Gregory . Western Austral ia was v ir tual ly unscathed .

The Por t o f Frcmanilc was perpetual ly crammed dur ingthe war years with merchant and naval vessels and i ts ou ter

harbour . Gage Roads, was a busy anchorage as sh ips took on

bunkers o r waited for ber ths.

Fremantle a lso had the d ist inct ion of being the largest

All ied submar ine base in the Southern Hemisphere dur ing the

war with the f i r st US Navy and Royal Nether lands Navy

submar ines ar r iv ing in ear ly 1942 . From 1944 Royal Navy

submar ines a lso commencing operat ions and by December

that year there were more than 50 al l ied submar ines operat ing

f rom (he bust l ing por t .

Between September 2 . 1939 and December 7 . 1941 there

vere 15 un identif ied submar ine reports around the Aus tral ia

coast . The break-up was Western Austral ia - f ive. Queensland

- four . New Sou th Wales - two. with Victor ia . South Austral ia .

Tasmania and the Nor thern Terr i to ry , a l l one each .

Enemy submar ine act iv i ty on Austral ia 's East Coast is well

documented . But on the West Coast o ther than several a t tacks

ear ly in the war by Japanese submar ines, the shel l ing of Por t

Gregory in 1943 and the 1945 sink ing of an Amer ican Liber ty

sh ip by a German U-boat , there is p recious l i t t le knowledge of

Axis act iv i t ies.

I t is seemingly no secret that in ear ly 1942 Japanese

submar ines charged their bat ter ies under the cover o f darknessin Jur ien Bay . which iron ical ly had been the designated

anchorage for the UN heavy cru iser IBUKI f rom where i t

sai led to jo in the Anzac Convo y in 1914 .

There is fu r ther ev idence of Japanese submar iners land ing

at var ious locat ions around our vast shorel ine, o f ten with no

other in ten t ion o ther than f ind ing f resh water .

Then there were the two-seater l igh t Imper ial Japanese

Navy reconnaissance Yokosuka Glen f loatp lanes, which made

a number of f l igh ts over Per th in 1942 . The aircraf t a lmost

cer ta in ly would have been f rom offshore Japanese subm ar ines

with 11 large I JN submar ines being f loatp lane equipped at the

outbreak of war .

The sigh ting of a Japanese submar ine running on the

surface by Army gunners based on Rottnest I sland of f

Fremantle seems a reasonably we ll-known war t ime inciden t .

THE NAVY

Th e J ap an ese m id g e t su b mar in e H A - I V b each ed o n th e eas te r n sh o r e o f

Oahu afte r ihc allack on Pearl Harbor | | is believed in some quarters that

th e J ap an ese mt iu n lcd an u n su cces s f u l mid g e t su b mar in e a l lack o n

F r eman t le

Another was a Catholic p r iest who repor ted seeing a

submar ine of fsh ore near Broome af ter Abor ig ines f rom the

Beagle Bay mission drew h is a t ten t ion to the matter .

There is o f course the sto ry cla iming that Japanese midget

submar ines unsuccessfu l ly a t tempted to mount an at tack on

Fremantle in 1942 . A strong story with a good deal o f people

claiming i t happened , bu t there is no documentary ev idence to

suppor t the c la im.

I t is t rue that the Imper ial Japanese Navy d id t ra in th ree

f lo ti l las o f midget subm ar ines for str ikes against the a l l iedpor ts o f Sydney . Diego Saitrez and Singapore. The f ir st two

occurred and as Singapore fe l l qu icker than expected , the th ird

was no t required . I f i t was d iver ted to Fremantle . then nobody

se e m s t o k n o w ?

I have never been to tal ly comfor tab le with what is

general ly known about th is sub ject and have heard many

stor ies o f strange act iv i t ies ar id landings on our western s hores

dur ing those dark days.

Despite o f f ic ia l den ials a t the t ime, a member of General

Gordon Bennett 's cod ing staf f d id conf irm ear l ier repor ts f rom

former serv ice personnel that the "paper exercise" of a

p lanned Japanese invasion of Austral ia in March 1942 was

very real . I t seems there was to be a d iversionary at tack on

Darwin w hilst the main invasion force was to land on Per t h 's

Scarborough Beach .

2SOL hft NO 1

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


Repor ts f rom severa l Rot tnest -based gunner s speak of the

Novem ber 1941 night in which a blacked-out un ident i f ied

merchant ship was " sprung" in Gage Roads of f Fremant le .

He ld in the gla r e of ba t te ry sea rchl ights , the 6- inch guns of the

mainland Swanbourne Ba t te ry coupled wi th the 9.2- inch guns

of the Ol ive r Hi l l Ba t te ry and the 6- inch guns of Bickley

Bat te ry, a l so loca ted on Rot tnest I s land were t r a ined on the

v e s s e l .

A number of former Army per sonn e l have r e layed this

s tory to me over the yea r s , inc luding r e t i r ed WA Elec tora l

Of f ice Commissio ner . Mr Doug Coa tes . who was the gun

a imer on one of ihe 6- inch guns of Bickley Ba t te ry . He has

never forgot ten the night , be ing focused on the myste ry ship

for hour s and r eca l l ing i t was the f i r s t t ime the high explosive

she l l s had been brought up. this was no exerc ise . From a

se lec t ion of unident i f ied photos of the ship Mr Coa tes

desc r ibed, he wi thout hesi ta t ion picked out a shot of the

KORMORAS

Searchl ights , r ota ted by the va r ious ba t te r ie s l i t the ship

and then were doused in case i t turned out to be an a l l ied

merchan tman. Ev entua l ly the ship vanished in the da rk and

could not be r e - loca ted. Many ex-Army per sonne l s t i l l be l ieve

they could have saved HMAS SY DNE Y i f they had been

given pe rmission to f i r e on lha t night . Who knows?

There a r e more c la ims of submar ine ac t ivi ty of f Aust r a l ia ' s

West Coast than a r e l i s ted he re , but they cannot be ve r i f ied

and the re fore have not been inc luded in the fol lowing

chronology of events r e la t ing to ma inly Japanese submar ines

in weste rn wa te r s . Here i s a chronologica l l i s t :

• 4 Novem ber . 1941 - Unident i f ied a i r c r a f t were r epor ted

l iving i ive r Gera ldton

• 7 November . 1941 - A s imi la r r epor t c la imed unident i f ied

a i r c r a f t were r epor ted Hying over RAAF Base Pea rce .

Postwar r e sea rch suggests they were Japanese f loa tplan es

launched f rom sub mar ines kn own to be of f shore a t tha i

t ime .

• 5 January. 1942 - The te lepr inte r in the S igna l Dis t r ibut ion

Of f ice on the f i r s t f loor of the Dist r ic t Nava l of f ice in

Fremant le r ece ived and began to pr intout a s igna l f rom the

8160 ton Ne the r lands genera l ca rgo ship Ml TAMMBAR

"SSSS 1830 - 10920 - TAMMBAR she l l ing " The a t tack

was ca r r ied out 40 naut ica l mi les south of Tj i la t jap bv the

Japanese submar ine 1-156.

11 February. I °42 - A t 0505 Weste rn Standard Time the

fol lowing was r ecorded in the log of the South West Area

C o m m a n d H e a d q u a r t e r s i n F r e m a n t l e : " F r o m N a v y -

Repor t c rossing No. 2 loop ve ry good r eading and no

s u r f a c e c o u l d h a v e m a d e s a m e . W i n g C o m m a n d e r

McLean not i f ied and orde red an ant i - submar ine pa t rol

and a sea rch."

1 7 F e b r u a r y 1 9 4 2 T h e I m p e r i a l J a p a n e s e N a v y

subm ar ines 1-2 and 1-3 com men ced pa t ro ls of f the West

Aust r a l ian coast .

27 February 1942 In a morn ing a t tack in r a iny

condi t ions and poor vis ibi l i ty, the Japanese submar ine 1-3

a l legedly f i r ed a torpedo a l a merchant ship depar t ing

F r e m a n t l e w hich for tuna te ly missed . The ship would hav e

been the Burns Phi lp MARl.A. which depar ted a t 0705 or

the Blue Funne l Line 's DEI C ALIOS w hich sa i led one

hour later.

1 March 1942 - The smal l 1172- ton Dutch ca rgo ship

PARIGI w a s lorpedtx 'd and sunk by 1-2 of f Fremant le . The

ship was r epor ted missing one month la te r .

2 March 1942 - For the nexl severa l days the Japanese

s u b m a r i n e 1 - 3 m o n i t o r e d t h e s h i p p i n g m o v e m e n t s o f

vesse ls a r r iving and depar t ing Fremant le . Posi t ioned of f

the Pe r th coasta l suburb of Cot te s loe to the nor th of the

Por t of Fremant le 's inne r ha rbour to moni tor shipping

m o v e m e n t s , t h e s u b m a r i n e s u b m e r g e d d u r i n g d a y l i g h t

hour s and sur f aced a t night .

2-3 March 1942 - The 8988- ton passenger /genera l ca rgo

ship SS NARBADA s igna l led RAAF Base Pea rce r epea ted

t o C e n t r a l W a r R o o m i n M e l b o u r n e " C a r g o s h i p

\ARB A DA be ing a t tacked by submar ine , posi t ion 31

degrees 33S 114.11 degrees E. Hudson (bomber ) a i r c r a f t

to loea te and a t tack submar ine" . This posi t ion was 90

naut ica l mi les WNW of Fremant le .

3 March 1942- 0200 - S igna l led RAAF Pearce wi th

messag e r epea ted lo Cent r a l War Rtxmi . messag e

rece ived f rom NARBADA b e g i n s " S h e l l e d b y s u b m a r i n e ,

r e t u r n e d f i r e , s u b m a r i n e s u b m e r g e d , p o s s i b l y h i t .

p r t x e e d i n g o n v o y a g e " T h e s u b m a r i n e i n v o l v e d w a s t h e

Japanese 1-3.

3 March 1942 - A torpedo and gu nf i r e a t tack saw the

Japanes e submar ine I I s ink ihe 8806- io n Dutch s team er

SIANTAR severa l hundred mi les NW of Shark Bay.

T h e Ja p a n e se su b m a r i n e 1 - 3 o n i h e su r f a c e T h e 1 - 3 w a s < >n e o f t h e f i r s t l o n g r a n g e c r u i se r t y p e su b m a r i n e s b o i l l b y t h e Ja p a n e se b a se d o n G e r m a n d e s i g n s

T h e 1 - 3 m o u n t e d t w o 5 5 - i n c h g u n s , t h e l a r g es t m o u n t e d b y a n y Ja p a n e se su b m a r i n e , a n d w a s a f r e q u e n t v i s i t o r t o WA .

V O L 6 6 N O . 3 T H E N A V Y

T h e Ja p a n e se s u b m a r i n e 1 - 6 5 (l a t e r k n o w n a s t h e 1 - 1 6 5 ) i n 1 4 3 2 1 - 1 6 5 c o n d u c t e d p a t r o l s a l o n g t h e WA c o a s t d u r i n g W o r l d Wa r I I .

6 March 1942 - The Japanese subma r ine 1-3 was pa t rol l ing

of f Shark Bay.

11 March . 1942 - The New Zea land Sh ipping Co. 87 19

ton r e f r ige ra ted and genera l ca rgo vesse l TONGAR/RO

r epor ted a Japan ese submar i ne gunf i r e a t tack (wi th no

hi ts) a t 1105 to the Applec ross Wire less S ta t ion in Pe r th:

" In posi t ion 33 degrees 48S. 113 degrees 20E - Be ing

chased by submar ine heading Nor th East , speed 13/14

knots .

F i v e RN su b m a r i n e s a l o n g s i d e a t F r e m a n t l e d u r i n g t h e c l o s i n g s t a g e s o f

WW || (via Vic Jc lTcry l

» Augus t . 1942 - The Aust r a l ian inte r s ta te passeng er l ine r

KATOOMBA was chased and she l led by a Japanese

submar ine for 36 hour s a f te r be ing inte r cepted a t 1910.

300 naut ica l mi les ESE of Esperance in the Southe rn

CXean be fore managing to draw away f rom the aggressor .The Japanese submar ine was the 1-32.

1 2 8 J a n u a r y 1 9 4 3 - T h e J a p a n e s e s u b m a r i n e I - 1 6 5

bombarded the smal l coasta l tow n of Por t Gregory , loca ted

nor th of Gera ldton. w i ih no casua l t ie s .

• 3 1 J a n u a r y 1 9 4 3 - U S m e r c h a n t s h i p AMERICAN

BUILDER r epor ted s ight ing a pe r iscope 260 naut ica l mi les

NW of Fremant le .

7 February. 1943 - The US Navy seaplane tender USS

HERON was a t tacked by an unident i f ied submar ine 190

naut ica l mi les f rom Gera ldton on a bea r ing of 332

degrees .

2 3 M a r c h 1 9 4 3 - T h e p a t r o l li n g c o r v e t t e H M A S

HORSHAM acqui r ed a s t rong asdic contac t nea r the

ent r ance to Fremant le Harbour .

• 27 March 1943 - The pa t rol l ing USS GILE S r epor ted

sight ing a Japanese subma r ine 55 naut ica l mi les SW of

Gera ldton.

• 2 8 A pr i l 1 9 4 3 - T h e U S S W H I P P O O R W I L L o b t a i n e d a

s t rong contac t wi th a possible indica tor loop c rossing in

the approaches to Fremant le .

• 1 6 M a y 1 9 4 3 - U S S W H I P P ( X ) R W I L L d r o p p e d s ix d e p t h

c h a r g e s o n c o n t a c t w i t h a n u n i d e n t i f i e d o b j e c t o f f

Fremant le .• 27 June 1943 - Unident i f ied vesse l c rossed the indica tor

de tec t ion loop in the approaches to Fremant le .

• Augus t -Septemb er . 1943 - The Japane se subma r ines I -165

and 1-166 opera ted of f Fremant le moni tor ing shipping

movements through the busy por t .

• 8 Nov embe r 1943 - The pa t rol vesse l USS ISABEL

dropped three depth cha rges a f te r good contac t wi th

unident i f ied submar ine c rossing the indica tor de tec t ion

loop in the approaches to Fremant le .

• 6 February 1945 - The US merchant ship SS PETE R

S Y L V E S T E R w a s t o r p e d o e d by t h e G e r m a n s u b m a r i n e U -

862 some 800 naut ica l mi les west of Fremant le .

There a r e othe r c la ims r e la t ing to Axis submar ines of f

Aust r a l ia ' s west coast dur ing Wor ld War I I and I have no

doubt a f ew may just hold a gr a in of t r uth. There obviously

was s t r ic t secur i ty in those da rk days and r epor ts of submar ine

inc idents were shrouded in sec recy.

I I r epor ts of the ac tua l inc idents l i s ted do exis t pe rhaps i t

i s t ime lo conside r making them publ ic a s an impor tant

cont r ibut ion to Aust r a l ia ' s mi l i ta ry his tory be fore they a r e

simply lost in the mists of t ime .

T h e G e r m a n T y p e I X D U - b o a t U - X 6 2 o p e r a t e d i n th e I n d i a n CX e a n t o w a r d s

t h e e n d o f Wo r l d Wa r I I a n d w a s t a k e n o v e r b y t h e Ja p a n e se N a v y a n d

r e n a m e d i h e 1 - 5 0 2 a f t e r G e r m a n y c a p i t u l a t e d . T h e U S m e r c h a n t sh i p S S

P E T E R S Y L V E S T E R w a s t o r p e d o e d b y t h e U - 8 6 2 so m e K 00 n a ut i c a l m i l e s

w e s t o f F r e m a n t l e .

V O L . 6 6 N O . 3

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


Electr ic W arship H eralds

i t^p lut io n in \^ea po n Technologies

T h e U S N ' s n e w D O X ) d e s i g n . T h e d e s t r o y e r w i l l b e d e s i g n e d l o p e r f o r m m u l t i p l e m i s s i o n s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a n d w i l l e m p l o y

' S t a r T r e k " s t y l e s o l w e a p o n s t e c h n o l o g y

I he US Navy's f i rs t integ ra ted e lec t r ic power system /e lec t r ic dr iv e war shi p, the DD(X) , a r r iv es in 201». I t i s expec t ed to

h a v e a s u r p l u s o f e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r t h a t w i l l e n a b l e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a d v a n c e d w e a p o n r y , s u c h a s f r e e e l e c tr o n l a s e r s ,

h i g h p o w e r e d m i c r o w a v e s a n d e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c r a i l g u n s . I h e a b i li t y t o l e v e r a g e a d v a n c e d w e a p o n t e c h n o l o g i e s i s o n e

reason why nava l enginee r s l iken the advent of the e lec t r ic war ship to the shi f t f rom sa i l to s team.

W h e n t h e U . S . N a v y ' s f i r s t i n t e g r a t e d p o w e r s y s t e m

( IPS) /e lec t r ic dr ive war ship a r r ives in 2011 as the DD(X) . the

se rvice wi l l mark a technologica l br eakth rough tha t not only

signa ls a new e ra for nava l enginee r ing, but provides huge

amounts of e lec t r ica l power for uses once conside red f anc i ful ,

such as f r ee e 'ec t ron la se r s , high-powered mic row aves and

•Mec tromagne t ic r a i l guns.

Capt . Roger D . McGinnis . di r ec tor of the US Navy's

di r ec ted energy and e lec t r ic weapons program of f ice . sa id tha t

w hi le the " le tha l i ty mech anism s" of high energy wea pons a r c

c lass i f ied. "Our bot tom l ine i s tha t i f we r an put mi l l ions of

joules of ene rgy onto a ta rge t , something w il l happ en."

In an inte rview wi th SeaPowcr . McGinnis desc r ibed a

var ie ty of e f f ec ts f rom these weapons, inc lud ing " the burn ing

and bl inding of an opt ica l system, or cut t ing an ( a i rplane 's]

w ing of f . or causing a f i r e tha t r e sul t s in an explos ion."

DD(X) i s in deve lopment by the US Navy. Nor throp

G r u m m a n S h i p S y s t e m s . G e n e r a l D y n a m i c s B a t h I r on W o r k s .

Raytheon. Lockheed Mar t in and othe r f i rms. When the new

ship a r r ives in se rvice i t w i l l be a rmed wi th ve ry advanced, but

c o n v e n t i o n a l w e a p o n r y , i n c l u d i n g t w o U n i t e d D e f e n s e

155mm Advanced Gun System cannon and an 80-ce l l ve r t ica l

launch system for va r ious guided missi le s . But these systems

are s tepping s tones to grea te r capabi l i t ie s , according to

Michae l Col l ins . Navy IPS/c lec t r ic dr ive program manager .

"This technology op ens the door " to advance d weapon s, he

sa id.

In January 20fX) . then-Secre ta ry of the Navy Richard J .

Danz ig - now C ha i rma n of the Board a t the Cente r for

St r a tegic and Budge ta ry Assessments , a Washington. D .C. . -

announced the Navy would commit to IPS/e lec t r ic dr ive and

assoc ia ted technologies for the next genera t ion of sur f ace

war fa r e vesse ls .

D a n z i g ' s c o m m i t m e n t m a y i n f l u e n c e t he s u b m a r i n e a n d

a i r c r a f t ca r r ie r communi t ie s a s we l l , i f prominent leader s ,

such as the Dir ec tor of Navy Nuc lea r Propuls ion. Adm. Frank

Bowm an, have the i r way. So f a r . howev er , the nuc lea r Navy

w i t h i t s o w n a p p r o a c h e s t o p o w e r c o n v e r s i o n a n d

dis t r ibut ion, has not embraced the DD(X) - type IPS/e lec t r ic

dr ive mod.

E v o l u t i o n a r y I m p r o v e m e n tAn IPS/e lec t r ic dr ive system takes r aw power genera ted by

engines ( a lso r e f e r r ed to a s pr ime mover s) , and conver ts i t to

e lec t r ic i ty, which can be s tor ed by devices such as fly whee l

capac i tor s . The e lec t r ica l pow e r can be dis t r ibuted w herever i t

i s needed on the ship, f or examp le , to weapon s or sensor s to

e lec t r ic motor s which dr ive pr ipe l le r s .

Tha t i s an evolut ionary improv ement ov er pr esent ship

designs. Aboard a modern Ar le igh Burke-c lass dest royer ,

ma in gas turbines a r e coupled in pa i r s to huge r educ t ion gea r s ,

providing power for propuls ion. This power i s not accessible

for any othe r func t ion . Three addi t iona l gas turbine e ngines

a r e u s e d t o p o w e r a n A r l e i g h B u r k c - c l a s s d e s t r o y e r ' s

genera tor se t . de l ive r ing a tota l output of about 7.5 megaw a t t s

of e lec t r ic i ty for the ship 's systems.

By cont r as t , the dest royer - c lass IPS/e lec t r ic dr ive would

h a v e f o u r p r i m e m o v e r s , w h i c h a r e c o u p l e d t h r o u g h

genera tor s to an e lec t r ica l power conver s ion and dis t r ibut ion

system, and to e lec t r ic motor s used for prope l l ing the ship

through the wa te r . The IPS/e lec t r ic dr ive i s capable of

providing 10 t imes the e lec t r ica l output .

A d v a n c e d w e a p o n t e c h n o l o g i e s m a y o n e d ay t a k e

advantage of surplus e lec t r ic i ty aboard ships , inc luding f r ee

e l e c t r o n l a s e r s . h i g h - p o w e r e d m i c r o w a v e s a n d

e lec t romagne t ic r a i l guns. The f i r s t two a r e di r ec tcd-energy

systems - di r ec t ing photons in the case of the la se r , or r adio

f r equency energy in the case of the mic rowave - to damage or

disrupt a ta rge t wi th va r iable intensi ty. The r a i l gun concept

would use e lec t r ic i ty and magne t ic f ie lds to acce le r a te a

projec t i le , a t tacks a ta rge t in much ' .he same way as

conv ent io na l a r t i l le ry, thou gh wi th f a r gr ea te r kine t ic

energy.

•gp i

\

Mil- - .. . t ~ -

T h e Co l l i n s c l a s s su b m a r i n e t f M A S WA L L E R o n t h e su r f a c e .

E l e c t r i c d r i v e i s n o t a n e w t h i n g l o r su b m a r i n e s l i k e WA L L E R a s t h e y r u n

o n a d i e se l - c l c c t r i c d e s i g n e d p r o p u l s i o n sy s t e m w h i c h a l so p r o v i d e s

e l e c t r i c i t y f o r i ts s e n so r s a n d w e a p o n s . I n t h e D D l X l e x a m p l e m o r e p o w e r

w i l l b e g e n e r a t e d a n d u se d i m m e d i a t e l y a s o p p o se d l o h a v i n g i t s t o r e d i n

b a t t e r i e s l i k e d i e se l - e l e c t r i c su b m a r i n e s f o r l a t e r u se . ( RA N I

IPS/e lec t r ic dr ive has se t the s tage for these advanced

weapon technologies , but addi t iona l labora tory work and

investment a r e r equi r ed. According to Fred Beach, a Program

Manager in McGinnis* of f ice , advanced e lec t r ica l weapons a r e

not going to "cost a f ew mi l l ion dol la r s and be deve loped

overnight . These technologies r equi r e an investment of $30

mil l ion to S50 mi l l ion over severa l yea r s ."

Potent ia l ly, the payof f for the investment i s huge . In the

case of la se r weapons, the le tha l e f tec t a r r ives a t a ta rge tl i te r a l ly a t the speed of l ight . So today's cha l lenge of

deve loping f i r e cont rol solut ions - plot t ing a ta rge t ' s speed,

manoeuvre and counte rmeasures aga inst the capabi l i t ie s of the

f i r ing pla t form's sensor s and weapons - could be a thing of the

past for s t r ike -group a i r de fense .

"Now a l l we have to wor ry about i s dwel l t ime : how long

do we want to hold the beam on the ta rge t to ge t the desi r ed

e f f ec t?" Beach sa id. Tha t f ac t i s pa r t icula r ly compe l l ing to the

US Navy leader ship s t ruggl ing wi th the inc reasing thr ea t f rom

prol i f e r a t ing ant i - ship c ruise -missi le technology.

Whi le power ful la se r s a r e not based on new technologies ,

the i r appl ica t ion aboard ship r emains in unchar ted wa te r s .

The US Navv was f i r s t to produce a high-energy la se r - the

I970s-en> MIR ACL loca ted a t Whi te Sands Missi le Ra nge .

N.M. MERACL is a megawat t - c la ss chemica l la se r wi th two

ser ious shor tcom ings - i t produces poiso nous fum es and la ses

a t inf r a r ed wave lengths , which a r e neut r a l ized by the mar i t ime

a t m o s p h e r e .

Elec t r ica l ly powered f r ee -e lec t ron la se r s may be tuned to

f r equenc ies most e f f ec t ive for opera t ing a t sea . The Of f ice of

Nava l Resea rch i s funding deve lopment of a f r ee e lec t ron

lase r a t the US Energy Depar tment 's Je f f e r son Labora tory in

Newpor t News. Va . By changing f r equenc ies , f r ee e lec t ron

l a s e r s c o u l d p e r f o r m d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n s , f r o m t a r g e t

designa t ion to a t tack. Addi t iona l ly, the ship 's c r ew could use

the la se r emi t te r tubes - e ssent ia l ly power ful te le scopes -

a s h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n e l e c t r o - o p t i c a l s e n s o r s , f o r t a r g e t

ident i f ica t ion and c lass i f ica t ion.

Other types of high-energy weaponry may appear scx>ner

than la se r s .

Ships could be equipped wi th high-po wered m ic rowav e

devices , such as those be ing deve loped by the US Mar ine

Corp s Col . David P . Karcher Jr . ' s Joint Non-Le tha l Weapon s

Direc tora te . Karcher 's command is working wi th the Air

Force on a produc t ca l led the Ac t ive Denia l System, which i s

capable of causing pa in tha t can be sca led up f rom mild hea t

to an ext r eme burning sensa t ion. The mi l i ta ry wants the Ac t ive

Denia l System to use as a force protec t ion device .

Over the next yea r , the Ac t ive Denia l System wi l l be

packaged and te s ted in a vehic le conf igura t ion aboard a

mi l i ta ry Humvee vehic le . I t could of f ic ia l ly be deployed a f te r

2005. A shipboard appl ica t ion could fol low - pe rhaps use fu l

in future scenar ios such as the Oc tober 2(XX) a tuc k on the

dest royer USS COLE, when a te r ror i s t bomb ki l led 17 sa i lor s

and c r ippled the ship.

McGinnis ' of f ice a lso i s working on a r a i l gun tha t could

d r a w p o w e r f u l p u l s e s o f e l e c t r i c i t y f r o m a m o d i f i e d

EPS/e lec t r ic dr ive system to launch projec t i le s . Prope l lant i s

not needed in the r a i l gun concept because c lean e lec t r ic i ty

launches each round down a r a i l or through a magne t ic coi l .

The speed wi th which a r a i l gun's projec t i le s t r ave l may

de l ive r thousands of t imes the kine t ic force of a convent iona l

a r t i l le ry she l l , making explosive warheads unnecessa ry.

Chie f of US Nava l Opera t ions Adm. Venn Cla rk, told a

Navy League of the Uni ted Sta tes Sea -Air -Space luncheon

audience on Apr i l 8: " the r a i l gun i s in our mind and we a r e

invest ing in i t ."

M a k i n g a R e a l D i f f e r e n c e

While r a i l guns, high-powered mic rowaves and la se r s a r e

unl ike ly to r eplace convent iona l muni t io ns out r ight . McGinn isnoted tha t these technologies would l ike ly co-exis t on the

ships of the future . " I f the re i s no danger of col la te r a l damage

and the objec t ive i s to blow a ta rge t up. then convent iona l

weapons do a grea t job." he sa id.

O n c e o p e r a t i o n a l , h o w e v e r , d i r e c t e d e n er g y w e a p o n s

could make a r ea l di f f e r ence for the Navy. McGinnis noted

tha t , despi te the r ange and l ine -of - s ight l imi ta t ions tha t make

them unsui tcd for long- r ange s t r ike , la se r s de l ive r ve ry f ine

beams tha t can be prec ise ly cont rol led. Lase r s could be ca l led

upon in cases wi th a high probabi l i ty of col la te r a l damag e , for

exam ple , i f a smal l enemy vesse l a t tempts to hide amon g

f r iendly vesse ls or othe r non-combatants .

With the potent ia l to cause hor r i f ic damage aga inst a ta rge t

expose d to ful l pow er emissions, di r ec ted energy weapo ns

could a lso emi t power on low se t t ings to dr ive ta rge ts away

f rom a conf l ic t a r ea , w i th no loss of l i f e .

T H E N A V Y V O L . 6 6 N O . 3

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


" T h e m i l i t a r y l i k e s h a v i n g t h e o p t i o n t h a t d o e s n o t c a u s e

c o l l a t e r a l d a m a g e . T h a t l e t s u s e n g a g e u n i t s t h a t a r e c l o s e t o

f r i e n d l y f o r c e s a n d w h e r e w e d o n ' t h a v e t o k i l l , b u t c a n s i m p l y

m a k e t h e e n e m y g o a w a y . " M c G i n n i s s a i d .

W h a t e v e r i n v e s t m e n t d e c i s i o n s a r e m a d e f o r w e a p o n s t h e

n e x t s e v e r a l y e a r s , t h e U S N a v y a l r e a d y i s e n g i n e e r i n g t h e

p o t e n t i a l t h e s e t e c h n o l o g i e s r e q u i r e , a c c o r d i n g t o C o l l i n s a n d

h i s I P S / e l e c t r i c d r i v e t e a m f o r D D ( X ) .

T h a t t e a m i s h e l p i n g t o m a k e p r a c t i c a l w h a t D a n / i g a n d

o t h e r N a v y l e a d e r s , s u c h a s R e a r A d m . C h a r l e s S . H a m i l t o n I I .

p r o g r a m e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r f o r s h i p s , h a v e s a i d : t h a t t h e

a c q u i s i t i o n o f a I PS/e lec tr ic dr ive is l ike " the shif t f rom sa i l to

s t e a m . "

On Oct. 29. IS 14. the f ir s t U.S . s tea m-p owe red w arshi p,

t h e 3 2 - g u n D e m o l o g o s , d e s i g n e d b y R o b e r t F u l t o n , w a s

l a u n c h e d i n N e w Y o r k D E M O L O G O S s c u t t l e d w h e n i ts

m a g a z i n e e x p l o d e d i n 1 8 2 9 - c o n t r a s t e d s h a r p l y w i t h t h e

m o s t a d v a n c e d s a i l f r i g a t e s o f i ts d a y . a n d t h o u g h u n d e r -

a p p r e c i a t e d b y t h e n a v a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t , l i t t h e w a y t o t h e

f u t u r e .

I t t o o k a l m o s t t w o g e n e r a t i o n s f o r J a m e s W a t t ' s p r a c t i c a li m p r o v e m e n t s o n S a v e r y ' s a n d N e w c o m e n ' s s t e a m e n g i n e i n

1 7 6 9 t o i n s p i r e th e f i rs t s t e a m - p o w e r e d w a r ' . i i p . I P S / e l e c t r i c

d r i v e , i t s e l f n o t a n e w c o n c e p t , m a y h a v e c o m e o f a g e .

a c c o r d i n g t o P h i l i p A . D u r . P r e s i d e n t o f N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n

S h i p S y s t e m s .

" T h e b e a u t y o f i t i s t h a t w e w i l l h a v e t h i s p o w e r s u r p l u s "

o n t h e s h i p s o t h a t w e d e v e l o p t h e w e a p o n s u i t e s o n t h e s e

ships spira l ly. " he sa id. "The power surp lus is integra l to the

a d v a n t a g e w e h a v e i n t h i s s h i p . "

C r u i s e s h i p s h a v e l o n g e m p l o y e d e l e c t r i c d r i v e b e c a u s e i t

i s l e s s c o s t l y t o o p e r a t e t h a n m o r e c o n v e n t i o n a l p r o p u l s i o n

s y s t e m s . I n a c o n v e n t i o n a l p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m , t h e e n g i n e s a r e

a c c e l e r a t e d o r d e c e l e r a t e d t o i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e s p e e d .

I P S / e l e c t r i c d r i v e d e - c o u p l e s t h e p r i m e m o v e r f r o m t h e

p r o p e l l e r s h a f t . B e c a u s e g a s t u r b i n e s o p e r a t e m o r e e f f i c i e n t l y

a t high er sha f t r evolutions, pr im e mov ers in an IPS/e le c tr ic

dr iv e can be revved up to the ir most e f f ic ie nt leve l of

o p e r a t i o n a n d r e m a i n t h e r e . E l e c t r i c m o t o r s a r e u s e d t o c h a n g e

t h e s h i p ' s p r o p e l l e r s p e e d .

F u e l e c o n o m y i s a k e y r e a s o n w h y t h e N a v y i s i n v e s t i n g i n

I P S / e l e c t r i c d r i v e

T he RN T ype 23 c l a ss fnga l c H M S N O RT H U M BE RL A N D

The Type 23 uses a combined gas turbine, diesel-clcctnc propulsion sysicm.

Il uses gas turbines for speed and diesel generators powering electric motors

for range and steal th as this form of propulsion is very quiet , thus aiding in

the Type 23's main mission of anti-submarine warfare. (Brian Morrison .

Warships and Marines Museum (INT). Franklin Tas)

T h e U . S . N a v y e x p e r i m e n t e d w i t h e l e c t r i c d r i v e i n 1 9 1 1

w i t h t h e e x - U S S J U P I T E R - c o n v e r t e d i n 1 9 1 3 a s U S S

L A N G L E Y . t h e f i r st a i r c r a f t c a r ri e r . O t h e r m i l i t a r y v e s s e l s a r e

o p e r a t i n g U n l a y w i t h f o r m s o f e l e ct r i c d r i v e . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e

U . S . C o a s t G u a r d C u t t e r H E A L Y . b u i l t i n 1 9 9 3 . i s a n e l e c t r i c

d r i v e v e s s e l p o w e r e d b y d i e s e l p r i m e m o v e r s . T h e R o y a i

N a v y ' s T y p e - 2 3 . n e w T y p e - 4 5 a n d n e w a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r

p r o g r a m s a r e d e s i g n e d w i t h I P S / e l e c t r i c d r i v e - t y p e s y s t e m s i n

m i n d .

D e v e l o p m e n t C o n t i n u e s

T h e N a v a l S u r f a c e W a r f a r e C e n t e r . C a r d c r o c k D i v i s i o n ' s .

S h i p S y s t e m s E n g i n e e r i n g S t a t i o n i n P h i l a d e l p h i a h a s b e e n

p u t t i n g D a n z i g v i s i o n f o r a n e w . s t a t e - o f - t h e ar t I P S / e l e c t r i c

d r i v e d e s i g n i n t o a c t i o n .

The DD(X) design wil l be the USNS first integrated power system/electric

dnvc warship. It wil l also employ new steal th innovations, radars and

weaponry. Il is expected to be delivered in 2011 (two years before

Austral ia 's SEA 4000 destroyer).

T h e e n g i n e e r i n g d e v e l o p m e n t m o d e l f o r t h e D D X )

I P S / e l e c t r i c d r i v e i s t o b e a s s e m b l e d t h e r e b y A p r i l 2 0 0 5 .

T e s t i n g o f t h e m o d e l i s t o c o n t i n u e f r o m J u n e t o S e p t e m b e r

2 0 0 5 . D R S a n d G e n e r a l A t o m i c s h a v e d e v e l o p e d p e r m a n e n t

m a g n e t m o t o r t e c h n o l o g i e s t h e N a v y w i l l e v a l u a t e a t

P h i l a d e l p h i a . A d d i t i o n a l l y , o t h e r a p p r o a c h e s - s u c h a s

A l s t o m ' s a d v a n c e d i n d u c t i o n m o t o r . A m e r i c a n

S u p e r c o n d u c t o r ' s h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e s u p e r c o n d u c t o r a n d

G e n e r a l A t o m i c s ' s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g D C h o m o p o l a r m o t o r -

h a v e a t t r a c t e d n a v a l i n t e r e s t .

N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n S h i p S y s t e m s a n d i t s p a r t n e r s a r e

w o r k i n g w i t h t h e N a v y u n d e r a $ 2 . 9 b i l l i o n c o n t r a c t f o r

D D ( X ) t h a t i n c l u d e s t h e d e s i g n , m a n u f a c t u r e a n d t e s t o f 1 0e n g i n e e r i n g d e v e l o p m e n t m o d e l s .

I P S / e l e c t r i c d r i v e i s o n e o f t h o s e m o d e l s . T h e s y s t e m w i l l

p r o v i d e 7 8 m e g a w a t t s o f p o w e r to p r o d u c e e l e c t r i c i t y

p r o p u l s i o n a n d a l l o f t h e s h i p ' s s y s t e m s , i n c l u d i n g a d v a n c e d

s e n s o r s a n d w e a p o n s .

T h o u g h s i g n i f i c a n t t e c h n o l o g i c a l a n d f u n d i n g c h a l l e n g e s

r e m a i n , a d d i t i o n a l a v a i l a b l e e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r i n t h e D D ( X )

d e s i g n h a s a l r e a d y m a d e i t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e U S N a v y t o

e m b r a c e a n d r e - i n v i g o r a t e i t s p r o g r a m s f o r a d v a n c e d w e a p o n

a n d s e n s o r t e c h n o l o g i e s .

A s C o l l i n s p u t i t : " I f y o u b a c k o f f o n h o w m u c h e l e c t r i c

p o w e r y o u h a v e o n b o a r d | n c w s h i p d e s i g n s ] , t h e n y o u a r c

a l m o s t b a c k i n g a w a y f r o m t h e f u t u r e . "

(') Th is article first appeared in the magazine of ihe Navy League of ihe

United Stales and is reprttduced with the kind permission of Us Editor

VOL. 66 NO 3 THE NAVY

P R O D U C T R E V I E WT HE OH IO AND MAL T AThe Legendary Tanker that Refused to Die

By Michael Pearson

Leo Cooper, distributed in Australia by P eriho.

RRP $ 70 (H)

Re\iewed by Vic Jefferv

' j j . ' j J . J 5 1 9 J

*Mal 'nr l rqm un • < *

Two Wor ld War I I merchant ships

have a lways st ixxl out in my

m e m o r y a s e p i t o m i s i n g t h e

courage and spir i t of the men who

manned those lumber ing highly

vulnerable ships which were so

vita l to the f ree wor ld and the

All ied war e f for t - oi l tankers.

The f ir s t was the She ll tanker

O N D 1 N A w h i c h w a s e n g a g e d b y

t w o l a r g e J a p a n e s e m e r c h a n t

c ruise r s in the Indian Ocean in

1942. s inking one a f te r a lucky

shot with i ts dec gun and then

be ing she lled, torpedoed and le f t

for dead. The c rew re -boarded the

ship, managed to sta r t the engines and slowly c rawled back to

Fremantle .

The othe r , and the subjec t of this book w a s T e x a c o ' s O H I O a l s o

absorbed enormous punishment and simply re fusing to die . Buil t in

1940. a t 14.150 deadweight ton s and with a speed of 17 knots she

was the la rgest , most modern and fastest tanker a f loa t a t tha t t ime .

OHI O' s shor t sea -going ca ree r was long enoug h for the ship to

wr ite i ts name into the anna ls of the war a t sea . be ing the sole

lanker in the la rge Br i t ish 1942 fast convoy named OPERATION

PEDESTAL, which was to de l ive r food and fue l , which were so

vita l to the surviva l of be leaguered Malta .

The OHIO was se lec ted because Br i ta in did not have a tanker

capable of the keeping pace with the 16-knot convoy and i t was a

direc t r equest f rom Br it ish Pr ime Ministe r Churchil l to Amer ican

President Rooseve lt , which saw the ship loaned with a UK crew

embarking on the Clyde .

Evidenc e of the vi ta l impor tance of this 58-ship convo y wa s

evidenced by a nava l f lee t of two ba tt le ships, four a irc ra f t ca r r ie r s ,

seven c ruise r s . 34 destroyers, seven corve tte s , three suppor t vesse ls

w i th an ocean-going tug to escor t 14 fast modem merchantm en.

The Germans and the I ta l ians threw everything possible a t the

convoy, which endured heavy losses but s imply had lo ge t through

a t a l l costs . The major nava l loss was the a irc ra f t ca r r ie r HMS

EAGLE, which succumbed to four torpedo hi ts f rom the German

submar ine U-73.

A spread of four torpedtx*s f rom the I ta l ian submar ine AXUMsank the c ruise r HMS CAIRO, and c r ippled both the c ruise r HMS

NIGERIA and OHIO, which was hi t in the pump room leaving he r

badly damaged with engine problems and l imited stee r ing. The

ship had a menac ing tea r in the ship ' s hull running ac ross the dcck

and down the hull .

A near miss bomb tore open OHIO' s forepeak tank, fol lowed

by a German S tuka dive -bomber , which was hi t and c rashed

amidships. S<xin a f te r a Junkers 88 bomber was hi t whilst making

an a t tacking run on the ship and c rashed into the ship ' s bows.

OHIO' s ordea l was not over , taking another la rge bomb hit and

two near misses, causing fu r the r damage and r ipping of f he r rudder ,

ye t s t i l l she remained a f loa t , despite the threa t of breaking in two.

Eight of the or igina l 14 merchant ships were sunk. The badly

damaged OHIO remained a f loa t and was towed into Malta ' s Grand

Harbour to disgorge he r pr ice less ca rgo be fore f ina l ly breaking- in-

two. Both sec t ions were saved, see ing out the war as a s ta t ionary

fac i l i ty in the ha rbour , this remaining one of the grea t s tor ies of the

war at sea.

FORT RE SS T HIRD RE ICH(ierman Fortifications and Defence Systems in World War II

By J. E. Kaufmann < H.W Kaufmann w ith illustrations by Robert

M. Jurga.

Greenhill Boo ks. London, distributed in Australiu by Peribo.

RRP S70.IM)

Re\'iewvd by Vic Jeffery

The Atlantic Wall is the best

known and the most famous of

Naz i Germany' s Wor ld War I I e ra

for t if ica t ion l ine in occupied

Europe . I t r an a long the English

C h a n n e l a n d f r o m t h e A r c t i c

regions of Norway to the Franco-

Spanish border .

M a n y l a r g e g u n s p o i n t e d

menac ingly seaward f rom the ir

for t if ica t ions inc luding the three

4 0 6 m m g u n s a t B a t t e r y

L i n d e m a n n n e a r C a l a i s , t h e

340mm twin former French nava i

tur re t . Ba tte ry Cepe t nea r Toulon

and a 380mm ra i l gun of Ba tte ry

698 captured a t Mar ignane in Southern. F rance .

Two tr iple 28( )mm tr iple nava l tur re ts . Caesa r loca ted a t B a tte ry

Ocr lande t in Norway and Bruno nearby a t Buile ry F jc l l . both

removed f rom the ba t t le c ruise r GNEISENAU. Inc luded in the

book is a photo of tur re t Caesa r a s i t is t ixlay. show s picnic be nches

and tables e rec ted in f ront of those massive menac ing ba r re ls of

yeste ryear .

Another photo shows one of the two extant ra re nava l concre te

rota t ing tur re ts of Ba tte ry Waldam. loca ted cast of Ca la is and w hich

o r i g i n a ll y h o u s e d I 5 ( ) m m g u n s .

This of course was only on e the many for t if ied de fensive l ines

inc luding the West Wall which was commenced in the 1930s and a t

the t ime was one of the most modem of i ts t ime . Then the re was the

hur r iedly buil l East Wall commenc ing in la te 1943. supplementing

old for ts buil t decades ea r l ie r , in a bid to ha l t the Sovie t Army.

Today. 60 years a f te r the war . the re a re s t i l l thousands of

examples of for t i f ica t ions inc luding U-boa t pens, for ts , bunkers,

f lak towers and casemates.

Hit le r ' s changeable a t t i tude to de fence and changes in focus

saw many fac i l i t ie s spread throughout occupied te r r i tor ies never

c o m p l e t e d .

Sadly much of the war t ime construc t ion force was slave labour

f rom occupied te r r i tor ies and pr isoners-of -war l iving in appa ll ingcondit ions.

An absolute t r easure trove is the best way to desc r ibe this 370 -

page book, which is suppor ted by 88 technica l drawings. 17

de ta i led maps, and ewer 140 photographs - man y never previously

published.

Absolute ly c rammed with information, i t inc ludes maps of

A d o l f H i t l e r ' s F H Q ( F u h r e r ' s H e a d q u a r t e r s ) a t B e r g h o f a t

Obersa lzberg and a t Tanncnberg in the Black Forest nea r the Upper

Rhine .

Some of the othe r i tems I pe rsona lly found of pa r t icula r inte rest

a rc plans of the French Lor ieni and S t Naza ire U-boa t pens a long

with those of U-boa t Bases in Europe , and the Dora I I U-boa t

bunker a t Trond he im. Norw ay.

This book is a most va luable addit ion to the history of Wor ld

War I I and a c redit to the authors. One can only guess the countless

hours of resea rch involved in produc ing this magnif icent re fe rence

book, which is la id-out in an easy- to- read format.

Most highly recommended.

THE NAVY VOL 66 NO. 3 31

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


S T A T E M E N T of P O L I C YN a v y u l \ I I M I . I 1 I . I

T h e s t r a t e g i c b a c k g r o u n d l o A u s t r a l i a ' s s e c u r i t y h a s

c ha n ge d i n r e c e n t de c a de s a nd i n som e r espe ct s be c om e

mo r e unc e r t a i n . Th e Le a gue be l i e ve s i t i s e s s e n t i a l t ha i

Aus t r a l i a de ve l ops c a pa b i l i t y t o de f e nd i t s e l f , pa y i ng

pa r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i on t o ma r i t i me de f e nc e . Aus t r a l i a i s , o f

ge og r a ph i c a l ne c e s s i t y , a ma r i t i me na t i on whose p r ospe r i t y

s t rength and safe ty depend to a grea t extent on the secur i ty

o f t he su r r ound i ng oc e a n a nd i s l a nd a r e a s , a nd on s e a bo r ne

i rade .

The Na vy Le a gue :

• Be l i e ve s Aus t r a l i a c a n be de f e nde d a ga i n s t a t t a c k

by o t he r t ha n a supe r o r ma j o r ma r i t i me powe r a nd

i ha i t he p r i me r e qu i r e me n t o f ou r de f e nc e i s a n

evid ent abi l i ty to con t rol the sea and a i r spac e

a r o u n d us a nd t o c on t r i bu t e t o de f e nd i ng e s se n t i a l

l ines of sea and a i r communicat ion to our a l l ies .

• S u p p o r t s t h e A N Z l ' S T r e at y a n d t h e f u t u r e

reintegration of New Zea lan d as a full partner.

• I ' r ge s a c lo se relat ionship w i th the near er A SE A Ncou ntr ie s . PNG and (he Is land Sla tes of the South

Pa c i f i c .

• A d v o c a t e s a d e f e n c e c a p a b i l i t y w h i c h i s

knowl e dge - ba se d wi t h a p r i me c ons i de r a t i on g i ve n

to in te l l ige nce , surv ei l lan ce and reconnaissance .

• Ad voc a t e s the a c qu i s i t i on o f t he mos t mo de r n

a r m a m e n t s a nd s e ns o r s t o e nsu r e t ha t i he . aD F

m a i n t a i n s s o m e t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n t a g e s o v e r

forces in our genera l a rea .

• Be l i e ve s the r e mus t be a s i gn i f i c a n t de t e r r e n t

e l e me n t i n t he Aus t r a l i a n De f e nc e Fo r c e ( ADF)

c a pa b l e o f powe r f u l r e t a l i a t i on a t c ons i de r a b l e

d i s t a nc e s f r om Aus t r a l i a .• Be l i e v e s t he AD F mus t ha ve i he c a pa b i l i t y t o

p r o t e c t e s se n t i a l sh i pp i ng a t c ons i de r a b l e d i s t a nc e s

f rom Aust ra l ia , as wel l as in coas ta l waters .

• Supp or t s t he c onc e p t o f a s t r ong mode r n Ai r Fo r c e

a nd h i gh l y mob i l e Ar my , c a pa b l e o f l i t t o r a l a nd

j ung l e wa r f a r e a s we l l a s t he de f e nc e o f Nor t he r n

Aus t r a l i a .

• Supp or t s t he de ve l opm e n t o f a m ph i b i ous f o r c e s t o

e nsu r e t he s e c u r i t y o f ou r o f f sho r e t e r r i t o r i e s a nd t o

enable ass is tance to be prov ided by sea as wel l as by

ai r to f r iendly i s land s ta tes in our area .

• End or se s t he t r a ns f e r o f r e spons i b i l i t y f o r t he c o -

o r d i na t i on o f Coa s t a l Su r ve i l l a nc e t o t he de f e nc ef o r c e a nd t he de ve l opme n t o f t he c a pa b i l i t y f o r

pa t r o l a nd su r ve i l l a n c e o f t he oc e a n a r e a s a l l a r ound

the Aust ra l ian coas t and i s land ter r i tor ies , inc luding

t he Sou t he r n Oc e a n .

• A d v o c a t e s m e a s u r e s t o f o s t e r a b u i l d - u p o f

Aus t r a l i a n - ow ne d sh i pp i ng t o e nsu r e t he c a r r i a ge o f

essent ia l cargoes in war .

• Ad voc a t e s t he de v e l opm e n t o f a de f e nc e i ndus tr y

s u p p o r t e d b y s t r o n g r e s e a r c h a n d d e s i g n

o r ga n i s a t i ons c a pa b l e o f c ons t r uc t i ng a l l ne e de d

t ype s o f wa r sh i p s a nd suppor t ve s se l s a nd o f

p r o v i d i n g s y s t e m s a n d s e n s o r i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h

t h r ough- l i f e suppo r t .

As t o t he RAN. t he Le a gue :

• Sup por t s the c onc e p t o f a Na v y c a pa b l e o f e f f e c t i ve

a c t i on o f f bo t h Ea s t a nd W e s t c oa s t s s i mu l t a ne ous l y

and adv ' a tes a grad ual bui ld u p of the Flee t to

*

e nsu r e t ha t , i n c on j unc t i on wi t h t he RAAF. t h i s c a n

be a c h i e ve d a ga i n s t a ny f o r c e wh i c h c ou l d be

de p l oye d i n ou r ge ne r a l a r e a .

• I s c o n c e r n e d t h a t t h e o f f e n s i v e a n d d e f e n s i v e

c a pa b i l i t y o f t he RAN ha s de c r e a se d ma r ke d l y i n

r e c e n t de c a de s a nd t h j i w i t h t he pa y i ng - o f f o f t he

DDGs. the Flee t wi l l lack a i r defence and have a

r e duc e d c a pa b i l i t y f o r suppo r t o f g r ound f o r c e s .

• Ad voc a t e s the ve r y e a r l y a c qu i s i t i on o f t he ne w

d e s t r o y e r s a s f o r e s h a d o w e d i n t h e D e f e n c e W h i l e

Paper 2 .

• Adv oc a t e s t he a c qu i s i t i on o f l ong - r a ng e p r e c i s i on

we a pons t o i nc r e a se t he p r e se n t l i mi t e d powe r

p r o j e c t i on , suppo r t a nd de t e r r e n t c a pa b i l i t y o f t he

R A N

• A d v o c a t e s t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f u n m a n n e d

s u r v e i l l a n c e a i r c r a f t s u c h a s t h e G L O B A L H A W K

pr i ma r i l y f o r o f f s ho r e su r ve i l l a nc e .• Adv oc a t e s t he a c qu i s i t i on o f su f f i c i e n t Aus t r a l i a n -

bui l t a f loa t suppor t sh ips to suppor t two naval task

for ces wi th such ships hav ing des ig n f lexibil ity and

c ommona l i t y o f bu i l d .

• Ad vo c a t e s t he a c qu i s i t i on a t a n e a r l y da t e o f

in tegr a ted a i r pow er in Ihe f lee t lo ens ure tha t A D F

d e p l o y m e n t s c a n b e f u l l y d e f e n d e d a n d s u p p o r t e d

from the sea .

• Adv oc a t e s t ha i a l l Aus t r a l i a n wa r sh i p s shou l d be

e q u i p p e d w i t h s o m e f o r m o f d e f e n c e a g a i n s t

miss i les .

• A d v o c a t e s th a t in a n y f u t u r e s u b m a r i n e

c ons t r uc t i on p r o g r a m a l l f o r m s o f p r opu l s i o n bee x a m i n e d w i t h a v i e w t o s e l e c t i n g t h e m o s t

a d v a n t a g e o u s o p e r a t i o n a l l y .

• Ad voc a t e s i he a c qu i s i t i on o f a n a dd i t i ona l 2 o r 3

upda t e d Co l l i n s c l a s s subma r i ne s .

• S u p p o r t s t h e m a i n t e n a n c e a n d c o n t i n u i n g

d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e m i n e - c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s f o r c e

a n d a m o d e r n h y d r o g r a p h i c / o c e a n o g r a p h i c

c a pa b i l i t y .

• Su ppo r ts the ma inte nan ce of an enla rge d, f lexible

pat ro l boat f lee t capable of opera t ing in severe sea

s ta tes .

• Ad voc a t e s the r e t e n t i on in a Re se r ve F l ee t o f Na va l

v e s se l s o f po t e n t i a l va l ue i n de f e n c e e me r ge nc y .• S u p p o r t s t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f a s t r o n g N a v a l

Re se r ve t o he l p c r e w ve s se l s a nd a i r c r a f t i n r e se r ve ,

or taken up for service , and for specia l i sed tasks in

t i m e o f d e f e n c e e m e r g e n c y .

• Supp or t s t he ma i n t e n a nc e o f a s t r ong Aus t r a l i a n

Na vy Ca de t s o r ga n i s a t i on .

T h e L e a g u e :

Ca l l s f o r a b i pa r t i s a n po l i t i c a l a pp r oa c h t o na t i ona l

d e f e n c e w i th a c om mi t me n t t o a s t e a dy l ong - t e r m bu i l d - up

i n ou r na t i ona l de f e nc e c a pa b i l i t y i nc l ud i ng t he r e qu i r e d

i ndus t r i a l i n f r a s t r uc t u r e .

W h i l e r e c o g n i s i n g c u r r e n t e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m s a n d

budge t a r y c ons t r a i n t s , be l i e ve s t ha t , g i ve n l e a de r sh i p by

suc c e s s i ve gove r nme n t s . Aus t r a l i a c a n de f e nd i t s e l f i n t he

l onge r t e r m wi t h i n a c c e p t a b l e f i na n c i a l , e c o nom i c a nd

m a n p o w e r p a r a m e t e r s .

V O I h f t N O . < THH NAVY

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


S h i p s a s s i g n e d t o C o m b i n e d T a s k F o r c e O n e F i v e Z e r o ( C T F - 1 5 0 ) . a s s e m b l e i n a fo r m a t i o n f o r a p h o t o e x e r c i s e T h e m u l t i n a t i o n a l C o m b i n e d T a s k F o r c e O n e F n e

Z e r o ( C T F - 1 5 0 ) w a s e s t a b l i s h e d t o m o n i t o r , i n s p e c t , b o a r d , a n d s t o p s u s p e c t s h i p p i n g t o p u r s u e t h e » a r o n t e r r o r i s m a n d i n c l u d e s o p e r a t i o n s c u r re n t l y t a k i n g p l a c e i n

t h e N o r t h A r a b i a S e a t o s u p p o r t O p e r a t i o n I r a q i F r e e d o m F r o m f r o n t t o h a c k , a U S N T i c o n d e r o g a c l a s s c r u i s e r , a F r e n c h ( i e o r g c s L e s g u e s c l a s s d e s t r o y e r . a P a k i s t a n i

T a n q ( f o r m e r l y L K T y p e 2 1 ) c l a s s f n g a t e . a S p a n i s h F F G - 0 7 c l a s s f r i g a t e , a F r e n c h L a F a y e t t e c l a s s f r i g a t e , a I ' S N S p r u a n c c c l a s s d C N tr o yc r a n d a K N / N \ n / a c c l a s s

f n g a t e ( U S N )

Th« Roya l Navy Tra fa lga r c lass a t tach lu b m i r tm HMS TIRELESS i l ia on the su r face o f th . Nor th Po l * T IRELESS sur faced w i th th * U S Navy Los An g* i *s c lass

a t tack submar lno USS HAMPTON (SSN-767) fo r ICEX Oa. a Jo int opera t iona l e ie r c lse benea th th * po la r Ice cap Bo th T IRELESS and HAMPTON c raws mat on t h *

Ice. Inc lud ing sc ien t is ts t rava i l ing aboard bo th submar ines to co l lec t da ta and per fo rm e ipen men ts Th* l c * Exerc ise demon s t ra tes th * US and Br i t i sh Subm ar ine

Forc es ab i l i ty to ( r * * ty nav iga te In a ll In te rna t iona l wa te rs . Inc lud ing the Arc t i c (USN)

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


S p o r t i n g a n a l l o v e r N a \ > g r e y I n c r y t h e R A N M i n e ) s h i p H M A S L b E U W I N i s s e e n l e a v i n g l lo b a r t ( B r i a n M o r r i s o n . W a r s h i p s & M a r i n e s M u s e u m I I N I » . F r a n k l in T a s )

I h i e o l th e R A N ' s f o r m e r i n s h o r e M i n e h u n i e r s S I I V ( I W A I I R U o i h m i n e h u m e r s w e r e r e c e i r ' s s o l d t o a P e r s i a n ( m i lc o u n t r y S H A O L W A 7 1 R i s s e e n h e r e h c i n g r e a d i e d l o h e li l t e d a N u r d a m e r c h a n t s h i p t i n t r a n s p o r t l o i h c ( m i l ( U r i a n

M o r r i s o n . W a r s h i p s & M a r i n e s M u s e u m I IN 11. 1 r a n k l i n l a s i

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


The Magazine of the. s +vy League of Austral ia

Gunfight

Regional Naval

Developments I S S N 1 3 5 5 t e a i

Australia's Leading Suva M agazine Since I93S9 "7 7 1 3 2 2 " 6 2 3 0 0 0

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


S A o P A U L O a i r c r a f t e a r n e r ( fr o n t ) an d t h e U S N i m i t / c l a s s ai r c r a ft c i m c r U S S R O N A L D R E A G A N ( C V N - 7 6 ) j n t h e S o u t h A t l an t i c. U S S R O N A L D R E A G A N

c n c a t o i t s n e w h o m c p o r i i n S a n D i e g o a n d t a k i r g a d v a n t a g e a l o n g t h e w a y l o e x e r c i se w i t h m a n y S o u t h A m e r i c a n N a v i e s . ( U S N )

An ArgenUne Navy Dassault Super Etendard conducts a touch and go1 landing during f l ight operations aboard the US Nlmltz class aircraft carrier USS RONALD

REAGAN (CVN-76). Since the demise of Argentina's 25 OE MAYO aircraft csrrlar Argentina hss struggled to maintain ski l ls required to operate Itt Supar Etendard

from sn aircraft carrier. Argentine Super Etendards usual ly practice their carrier operations ski l ls on Brai i rs SAO PAULO aircraft carrier. At the t ime of the photo USS

RONALD REAGAN was circumnavig ating South America to Its new homepo rl In San Diego (USN)

I l i e N a v v L e a g u e o l \ i i s t r a l i aTHE NAVYVolume 66 Mo 4

Content*

M O D E R N A S M D , P A R T 2 M I S S I L E S

B y D r R o g e r T h o r n h i l l P a g e 4

R E G I O N A L N A VA L D E V E L O P M E N T S

B y S a m B a t c m a n P a g e 9

A I R 9 0 0 0 - T H E N H - 9 0

B y G e o r g e K a p l a n P a g e 2 2

T H E L A S T G U N F I G H T . P A R T I

B y I a n J o h n s o n P a g e 2 5

Regular Features

F r o m t h e C r o w ' s N e s t P a g e 2

F r o m o u r R e a d e r s P a g e 2

F l a s h T r a f f i c P a g e 1 4

O b s e r v a t i o n s P a g e 2 1

H a t c h . M a t c h & D i s p a t c h P a g e 2 9

P r o d u c t R e v i e w P a g e 3 0

L e a g u e P o l i c y S t a t e m e n t P a g e 3 2

I h e o p i n i o n s o r a s se r t i o n s e x p r e ss e d i n THE V . - 1 1 ' ) ' a rc t h o se o f

I h e a u t h o r s a n d n o l n e c e ssa r i l y t h o se o f t h e F e d e r a l Co u n c i l o f t h e

N a v y L e a g u e o f A u s t r a l i a , t h e E d i t o r o r THE . W O T , i h e K A N

o r t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n c e . T h e E d i t o r w e l c o m e s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ,

p h o t o g r a p h s a n d c o n t r i b u t i o n s a n d H i l l a s s u m e t h a t b y m a k i n g

s u b m i s s i o n s , c o n t r i b u t o r s a g r e e t h a t a l l m a t e r i a l m a x b e u s e d

f r e e o f c h a r g e , e d i t e d a n d a m e n d e d a t t h e E d i t o r ' s d i s c r e t i o n .

N o p a r t o f t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n m a y h i - r e p r o d u c e d w i t h o u t t h e

p e r m i ss i o n o f I h c K d i t o r .

F r o n t c o v e r : T h e n e w l y c o m m i s s i o n e d H M A S B A L L A R A T a t

M e l b o u r n e ' s n e w D o c k l a n d s D e v e l o p m e n t a t t h e o l d V i c t o r i a D o c k s ,

n e a r t h e C i t y ( K e v i n D u n n . F l c c t l i n c )

The Navy

A l l l e t t e r s a n d c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o :

T h e O f f i c e o r T h e K d i t o r

THE NAVY

N a v v L e a g u e o f A u s t r a l i a

G P O B o x 1 7 1 9

S y d n e y . N S W 2 0 0 1

E - m a i l t o : e d i t o r t h e n a v y ^ h o t m a i l . c o m

A l l S u b s c r i p t i o n a n d M e m b e r s h i p e n q u i r i e s t o :

T h e H o n S e c r e t a r y .

N a v y L e a g u e o f A u s t r a l i a . N S W D i v i s i o n

G P O B o x 1 7 1 9 .

A d v e r t i s i n g e n q u i r i e s ( o n l y ) t o :

M r J a m e s R i c k a r d s

0 4 1 9 7 3 1 3 7 1 . e- m a i l - j a m e s ^ r i c k a r d s . n c t

D e a d l i n e f o r n e x t e d i t i o n 7 N o v e m b e r . 2 0 0 4

F E D E R A L C O U N C I L

P a l r o n i n Ch i e f : H i s E x c e l l e n c y . T h e G o v e r n o r ( i c n c r a l .

P r e s i d e n t : G r a h am M H a m s . R E D

V i c e - P r e s i d e n t s : RA D M A J . Ro b e r t so n . A O . D S C. RA N ( Ri d ) : Jo h . i B i r d .

CD RE H J P A d a m s . A M . RA N ( Rt d l CA P T H .A Jo se p h s . A M . RA N ( Ri d )

l i o n . S e c r e t a r y : Ra v Co r b o v . P O Bo x 2 0 6 3 . M o o n b b i n . V i c 3 1 X 9 .

T e l e p h o n e . ( 0 3 ) 9 5 9 8 7 1 6 2 . F a x : ( 0 3 ) 9 5 0 8 7 0 9 9 . M o b i l e : 0 4 1 9 8 7 2 2 6 8

N E W S O U T H W A L E S D I V I S I O N

P a t r o n : H e r E x c e l l e n c y . T h e G o v e r n o r o f N e w :>Hith Wa l e s

P r e s i d e n t : R O A l b e r t . A O . RF D . RD

H o n . S e c r e t a r y : E l i z a b e t h S v k e s . G P O Bo x 1 7 1 9 . S y d n c v . N S W 2 I K I I

T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 2 ) 9 2 3 2 2 1 4 4 . F a x : ( 0 2 ) 9 2 3 2 8 3 8 3 .

V I C T O R I A D I V I S I O N

P a l r o n : H i s E x c e l l e n c y . T h e G o v e r n o r o f V i c t o r i a .

P r e s i d e n t : J M Wi l k i n ' s . RF D

H o n . S e c r e t a r s : Ra \ G i l l . P O Bo x 1 3 0 3 . Bo x H i l l . V i c 3 1 2 8

Telepho ne: ((13) «J884 6237. Fax : (03) 9884 44 82

Email: rgil l I < P o p t u sn e t . c o m .a u

M e m b e r sh i p S e c r e t a r s : L CD R T o m K i l b u r n M BE . RF D . V RD

T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 3 ) 9 5 6 0 9 9 2 7 . P O Bo x 1 3 0 3 Bo x H i l l V I C 3 1 2 8

Q U E E N S L A N D D I V I S IO N

P a t r o n : H e r E x c e l l e n c y . T h e G o v e r n o r o f Q u e e n s l a n d

P r e s i d e n t : I M E ra se r . O A M

H o n . S e c r e t a r s : A d n a n B o r w i c k . P O Bo x 1 3 4 0 2 . C i c o r g e S t re e t P OM S h o p .

Br i sb a n e . Q l d 4 0 0 3 T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 7 ) 3 2 6 3 1 3 1 9

S t a t e Br a n c h e s :

Ca i r n s : A Cu n n e c n . P O Bo x 1 0 0 9 . Ca i r n s . Q l d 4 8 7 0T e l e p h o n e ( 0 7 ) 4 0 5 4 1 1 9 5

T o w n sv i l l e : I M c D o u g a l l . I t ) Bo x 1 4 7 8 . T o w n sv i l l e . Q l d 4 8 1 0

T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 7 ) 4 7 7 2 4 5 8 8

Bu n d a b e r g : I L o h se . P O Bo x 5 1 4 1 . Bu n d a b e r g We s t . Q ld 4 6 7 0

T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 7 ) 4 1 5 1 2 2 1 0 .

S O U T H A U S T R A L I A N D I V I S I O NP a t r o n : H e r E x c c l l c n c y . T h e G o v e r n o r o f S o u t h A u s t r a l i a

P r e s i d e n t : A l a n P r c sk e t t . RF D . 1 5 S l e e p s H i l l D r i v e . P a n o r a m a S A 5 0 4 1 .

H o n . S e c r e t a r y : M i ss J F . G i l l . G P O Bo x 1 5 2 9 . A d e l ai d e . S A 5 0 0 1

T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 8 ) 8 2 7 2 6 4 3 5 ( H i

T A S M A N I A N D I V I S I O N

P a t r o n : H i s E x c e l l e n c y . T h e G o v e r n o r o f T a sm a n i a .

P r e s i d e n t : M r s J M Co o p e r . 4 2 A m y Ro a d . L a u n c e s t o n . T a s . 7 2 5 0T e l e p h o n e a n d F a x : ( 0 3 ) 6 3 4 4 1 5 3 1

H o n . S e c r e t a r y : M r K H u r d . 3 6 S t r u h a n Ro a d . L a u n c c s l o n .T a s . 7 2 5 0T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 3 ) 6 3 4 4 1 1 9 1

S t a t e Br a n c h e s :

l . a u n c e s t n n : M r A L a n h a m . 6 7 H a r d w i c k S t r e et , l a u n c e s t o n . T a s . 7 2 5 0

T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 3 ) 6 3 4 4 3 2 4 5 .

I I v e r s t o n e : M r D Cu n n i n g h a m . P .O . Bo x 9 3 .1 K c r su m c . T a s 7 3 1 5T e l e p h o n e ( 0 3 ) 6 4 2 5 2 1 6 4

D e so n p o r t : M r P O ' l x a r v . 1 1 T a sm a n P l a c e . D e v o n p o n . T as 7 3 1 0

T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 3 1 6 4 2 4 5 0 6 4

Bu m i e : M r ( i D a v i s . 4 0 Ch e r r y S t r e e t . Bu m i c . T a s 7 3 2 0 .

T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 3 ) 6 4 3 1 4 0 2 3

W E S T E R N A U S T R A L I A N D I V I S I O N

P a t r o n : H i s E x c e l l e n c y . T h e G o v e r n o r o f We s t e r n A u s t r a l i aP r e s i d e n t : T C V i n c e n t

H o n . S e c r e t a r s : T r e v o r V i n c e n t . 3 P r o sse r Wa y . M v a r e c . WA 6 1 5 4

T e l e p h o n e : ( 0 8 ) 9 3 3 0 5 1 2 9 . M o b : 0 4 1 7 9 3 3 7 8 0 . F a x ( 0 8 ) 9 3 3 0 5 1 2 9 .

E m a i l : c h c b b i c r | n t ( " p r i m u s . c o m .a u .

F E D E R A L A D V I SO R Y C O U N C I L

F G e o f f r e y E v a n s . O BE . V RD . Ch a i r m a n

N e i l Ba i r d . Ch a i r m a n Ba i r d P u b l i c a t i o n sWm Bo l i t h o . A M

A d m i r a l M i c h a e l W H u d so n . A C. RA N ( Rt d l

V i c e A d m i r a l D a v i d I x a c h . A C CBE . L V O . RA N ( Rt d )l . a c h l a n P a v n c . CE O A u s t r a l i a n S h i p o w n e r s ' A sso c i a t i o n

V i c e A d m i ra l S i r R i c h a r d P e e k . K BE . CB. D S C. RA N ( Rt d )Jo h n S t r a n g . Ch a i r m a n S t r a n g I n t e r n a t i o n a l P t y L t d

C o r p o r a t e M e m b e r s

T h e A u s t r a l i a n S h i p o w n e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n

H a w k e r D e H a v i l u n d L i m i t e d

C o m p u t e r S c i e n c e o f A u s t r a l i a P t y L t d

S t r a n g I n t e r n a t i o n a l P t y L t d

T H E N A V Y V O L 6 6 N O . 4 I

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


h ' K O M l l l l ( R O W S M S I

L E T E X P E R T S D E T E R M I N EE Q U I P M E N T N E E D S

For many years your Navy Leag ' ie has advocated ihe

development o f an amphib ious capabil i ty in the Austral ian

Defence force - a self -contained element embracing the th ree

Serv ices and ab le to act independently without resor t ing to

ihe resources of o ther countr ies and has thus endorsed ihe

curren t Government 's p lans to provide ihe ADF with such a

capabil i ty . Sad ly , as soon as a key component o f the

amphib ious force was approved the sh ips required to

transpor t and suppor t the personnel md equipment involved

ihe pro ject became m ired in controversy ( the fa te o f so

m a n y m a j o r d e f e n c e p r o p o sa l s ) a s u n i n f o r m e d c r i t i c s

decided , hur r ied ly , that Defence had made a mistake.

Austral ia 's armed forces have laken part in numerous

war t ime amphib ious operat ions. In most cases in conjunction

with o ther countr ies enabling equipment to be shared , and

using temporar i ly acquired equipment such as conver ted

merchant sh ips that were re turned to t rade on conclusion of

host i l i t ies o r when no longer required . For some t ime

circumstances have required the Defence Force lo have

mult i-purpose amphib ious sh ips permanently avai lab le .

The RAN acquired a number of small land ing craf t

o rdered for the Army in the ear ly n ineteen-seventies and these

F R O M ( ) l R R E \ D E R S

N A V AL H E R I T A G E M U S E U MDear Editor

I note your report in the last issue's Flash Traffic sect ion

regard ing the formation of a Naval Her i iage Museum in

Sydney at Garden Island . Thai si te is well wor th preserv ing

and it is pleasing thai the Navy has finally decided that its KM)

years o f Naval co l lect ions on Spectacle I sland wil l a t last be

considered for more formal d isp lay .

However, having said that, ihe prominent fact for all losec is that in ihe making of th is decision we again see a major

nat ional mar i t ime (naval) museum being cen tred in Sydney

lor the benefit of thai State. I would lik e to express my

e x t r e m e d i sa p p o i n t m e n t a t i h e D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r ' s

announcement, suppor ted by Chief o f Navy , that Sydney is lo

receive th is Naval Her i iage Museu m, taxpayer funded , on

Garden Island . Sydney , a t a cost o f S5M.

A submission had been made to the Federat ion fund for a

Victor ian Campus of a Naval Her i tage Museum al a cost o f

S5M. for the 2000/2001 year . The si te then chosen was

Osborne House. Nor th Geelong . Victor ia , h isto r ical ly , had

been the pr ime suppor ter o f the embryo Austral ian

Commonwealth Navy f rom 1901 . supply ing and/or host ing :

• Six major vessels o f the four teen vessels t ransfer red f rom

Victor ia to the Austral ian Commonwealth Navy on 1st

March 1901 .

• The f ir st Naval Train ing Depot a l Wil l iamstown N aval

IX*pot from 1901 to 1920 and its Docky ard.

• The si te o f the f i r st Austral ian Commonwealth Navy

Off ice , located in Melbourne. Federal Capita l C ity 1901-

1927 . where i t remained un ti l I960 when i t was

transfer red lo Canberra .

• The Foundation Naval College si ted at Osborne House .

Nor th Geelong 1913-1915 .

• Austral ia 's First Submar ine base al Osborne House. Cor io

Bay. Nor th Geelong 1919-1922 .

together with the amphib ious heavy l i f t sh ip TOBRUK. bu il t

to a Br i t ish design by Carr ing tons in New-cast le and

commiss ioned in 1981 . gave the Navy a l imited amphib ious

capabil i ty that has been used ex tensively and lo good purpose

ever since. The acquisi t ion of the two LPA's. KANIM BLA and

MAN(X)RA. has on ly re inforced the no tion of how v ita l th is

f lex ib le capabil ity is. Replacement however , is long overdue.

Austral ia 's defence p lanners, un iformed and Public

Serv ice, are h igh ly tra ined professionals and i t would be

foolish lo underest imate , o r misrepresen t , their ab i l i ty to

determine the equipment required to enable sai lo rs, so ld iers

and airmen to per form their tasks. For example, the decision

on ihe amphib ious sh ip 's character ist ics was ar r ived atth rough the hard learn t lessons of the amphib ious phas e of the

Fast Timor campaign . As well as th ree years o f Army

exper imentat ion , two years o f Navy exper imentat ion and one

year o f Jo in t exper imentat ion . The new amphib ious

capabil i ty 's cr i t ics a lmost cer ta in ly d id no t ar r ive a l their v jew

with any where near the r igour that Defence gave the top ic .

Financial considerat ions may well nu l l i fy a

recommendation on the capabil i ty bu t i l l -considered cr i t ic ismor po li t ical factors should no t lead to second-best o r in fer io r

equipment decisions.

By Geoff Evans

• R A N ' s c u r r e n t p r i n c i p a l T r a i n i n g D e p o t . H M A S

CFRBFRUS. which rep laced the or ig inal Will iamstown

Naval Training depol in 1920.

Victoria is plainly seen as ihe foundation focus of the

Austral ian Commonwealth Navy f rom Federat ion on 1st

March 1901 . no t Sydney . The presen t p roposal can on ly be

v iewed as being an t i-Victor ian , and indeed an ti a l l o ther

States* leg i t imate c la ims.

I t is considered that the Austral ian Commonwealth Naval

Her i tage Collect ion on Spectacle I sland should be locatcd in

Naval Her i tage Museum Campuse s in a l l State Capita ls, where

ci t i /cns in a l l Stales can have reasonable and ongoing access.

I l is observed that the Federal Government funded the

National Mar i t ime Museum (NMM) in Sydney , a t a cost

exceeding $25M, with annual operat ing costs on top of lhat .wiih no d iscern ib le ef for t being made by that body to

estab l ish any State based NMM campuses. This new Naval

Her i tage Museum announcement seems to be an unwelcome

extension of th is parochial a l t i tude.

I bel ieve that the presen t p roposal fo r Sydney to keep un to

i tself a l l these Austral ian Navy Her i tage Museum i tems, to

the exclusion of a l l o ther States, requires immediate rev iew. I

consider lhat th is decision should be immediately rev iewed

so thai:

• Victor ia , at least be a l located a match ing $5M, ( for which

it had made a prev ious subm ission) , and a fa ir share of the

Naval Museum collect ion .

• I t is a lso suggested that o ther States be g iven an

oppor tun ity to express their v iews on estab l ish ing a Naval

Her i tage Museum Campus in their own State .

• That Victor ia be the headquar ters fo r the proposed NavalHer i tage Museum campus proposal , with au thor i ty to

consu lt with a l l States in determin ing the or ig inal

d istr ibu tion of the overal l Naval Her i tage Museum

collect ion .

vol 66 NO. 4 THE NAVY

• That in d istr ibu ting the Naval Her i tage co l lect ion theunique sect ions, locatcd in State campuses, be par t o f aregular t ravel l ing exhib i t i on , loaned to o ther Stalecampuses for v ie wing by the public .Those responsib le for making th is decision are suppor t ing

two major mar i t ime museums being locatcd in Sydney . Thisis just p la in b loody-m inded self cen trednes s to a degree Ihave never witnessed be fore . The self ishness of th is decisionmay well damage the long term g txx l standing of the Navyand the Federal Government here in Victor ia and possib ly ino ther States.

The manner in which th is announcement was madeclear ly ind icates thai som e people h ave no- feel fo r thebuild ing of a cohesive nat ional ideal w here vote rs in all Statesare drawn together by carefu l a l locat ion of Austral ianhistor ical her i tage, in th is case - N aval .

I am appalled n i ihe way in which th is has developed andhope commo nsense and goodw il l wil l p revai l .Yours Aye

CMDR John M Hi/kins RED RANR

President Victoria Division Navy League of Australia

A D M I R A L G R A F S P E EDear Sir .

I most enjoy ed your ar t ic le on the Batt le o f the River Plate(Vol 6ft No I of THE NAVY) and the cor responde nce whichfo l lowed.

Although we w ill never know what w as in the minds ofthe German commanders which led to the destruct ion of theship - how much they actually knew of the British moves andhow much they understood the Br i t ish a t tempts to deceivethem as to the RN strength in the area - there is oneinf luen tia l p iece of ev idence - the Germans would havecer ta in ly known, (heir supply of ammunit ion .

GRAF SPEH mounted more or less bat t lesh ip gunsin a cruiser hull and carried a full load of 600 rounds

of 11- inch ammunit ion . T his was usual ly d iv ided between200 rounds of bo ttom fused . 200 rounds of HE and 200rounds of AP. I t is my understanding that a l l the bo ttomfused and most o f the HE had been expended and some of theAP had been fired as well by the end of the battle and theto tal avai lab le remain ing 11- inch shel ls was about 176 .near ly a l l AP. the least su i tab le ammunit ion for a cru iseract ion .

This would suggest that GRAF SPEE had enough mainarmament ammunit ion for a fu l l on naval bat t le last ing aboutfor ty minutes. I t is my susp icion thai th is fact may well havebeen h igh ly persuasive in convinc ing the Germancommanders to take the act ion they d id .

Thank you for the good work you do in producingTHE NAVY.

Michael Head, I ic

R A N C O R V E T T E S A S S O C ( N S W )A N N U A L C H U R C H S E R V I C EDear Editor .

Our Associat ion wil l ho ld i ts Annual Church Serv ice a i the

Garden Island Chapel on Sunday . 24 October . 2004 al 10 am.Conducting the serv ice wil l be Chaplain Dr . Garclh Clay tonOA M. MA . RANR. The Royal Austral ian Navy Band andColour Par ty wil l suppor t the serv ice (medals wil l be worn) .A wreath lay ing at our Mem orial on the I sland wil l fo l lowaf ter morn ing tea . Approval has been g iven by the Captain ofH M A S K U T T A B U L f o r e x - C o r v e t t e m e n . t he i r w i v e s ,famil ies and f r iends lo dr ive and park near the Chapel , af iersecur i ty gate c learance.Des Webster

Hon Secretary

RAN Corvettes A sso c (NSW)

2H Inverallan AVE

West Pvmble NSW 2073

v- a - j N o t i c e i s h e r e b y g i v e n t h a t t h e . g .

A N N U A L G E N E R A L M E E T I N G f fio f

T H E N A V Y L E A G U E O F A U S T R A L I Aw i ll b e he l d a t t h e B r a s s e y H o t e l , B e l m o r e G a r d e n s . B a r t o n . A C T

On Friday, 15 October 2004 at 8 .00 pm

BUSINESS1. To conf irm the Minutes o f the Annual General Meeting held in Canberra on Fr iday 17 Octob er . 2003

2 . To receive the repor t o f the Federal Council, and to consider matters ar ising3 . To receive the f inancial sta tem ents for the year ended 30 June 2004

4 . To elect Off ice Bearers fo r the 2004-2005 year as fo l lows:- Federal Presiden t- Federal Vice-Presiden t- Addit ional Vice-Presiden ts (3 )Nominations for these posi t ions are to be lodged with the Honorary Secretary pr ior to the commencementof the meeting .

5 . General Business:- To deal with any matter no tif ied in wr i t ing to the Honorary Secretary by 5 October , 2004- To approve the continuat ion in of f ice of those m embe rs of the Federal Council w ho have at ta ined 72 years o f

age. namely John Bird Vic), Joan Coop er (Tas) .Tom Kilburn (Vic) and Andre w Rob er tson (NSW ).

A L L M E M B E R S A R E W E L C O M E T O A T T E N DB y o r d e r o f t h e F e d e r a l C o u n c i l

R a y C o r b o y , H o n o r a r y F e d e r a l S e c r e t a r y , P O B o x 2 0 6 3 , M o o r a b b i n V I C 3 1 8 9

T e l e p h o n e ( 0 3 ) 9 5 9 8 7 1 6 2 F a x ( 0 3 ) 9 5 9 8 7 0 9 9

THE NAVY VOL 66 NO. 4 .1

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


1

A t i r e a m i f o r g e t ' RA M l e a v e s t h e l a u n c h t u b e o f a 2 1 - r o u n d M k - 3 1 l a u n c h e r . R A M i n t e r c e p t s i t s A S M t a r g e t b y h o m i n g i n o n i t s s e a r c h r a d a r a n d / o r

I R s i g n a t u r e . ( U S N )

In Pa r t I of our se r ie s on ASMD A n t i - S h i p M i s s i l e D e f en c e ) D r R o g e r T h o r n h i l l e x a m i n e d t h e u s e o f g u n s a s a l a s t

d i t c h d e f e n c e a g a i n s t t h e m o d e r n A S M ( A n t i - S h i p M i s s i l e) . I n P a r t 2 h e e x a m i n e s t h e m i s s i l e i n A S M D .

To ihe lay obse rve r ihe ASM has enjoyed 25 yea r s of

pe rce ived super ior i ty of the seas , but l ike a l l weapons,

weapon's systems and tac t ic s t ime has produced counte r s . The

best ha rd ki l l counte r to an ASM is i r onica l ly anothe r missi le .

The mod em ASMD-m issi lc i s usua l ly smar te r ' than i t s ta rge t

and enjoys a leve l oi iccuracy. r e l iabi l i ty and s tandof f

suf f ic ient to counte r a l l cur r ent ASMs.

Most ea r ly ASMD-missi lc s were de r iva t ives of othe r ant i -

a i r miss i le systems, e .g. the Seaspar row was de r ived f rom the

a i r - l a u n c h e d A I M - 7 A A M ( A i r - t o - A i r M i s . i l c ) a n d t h e

Seawolf f rom the Rapie r SAM (Sur face - to-Air Missi le ) .

These were adequa te to the ta sk of basic point de fence aga inst

a i r c r a f t and olde r miss i le s a s the i r intended ta rge t was usua l ly

much la rge r , f lew higher and was le ss manoeuvrable then thecur r ent f ami ly of ASMs. As the ASM became smal le r so did

the problem of de tec t ion and thus t r acking and ul t ima te ly

engagem ent . These olde r ASMD-mi ssi lc s may now f ind it

ha rde r to ful f i l the i r intended role . Howev er , today, the

impor tance of ASMD is produc ing i t s own spec ia l i s t systems

designed to counte r the ASM head on wi th ant i - a i r c r a f t be ing

a secondary capabi l i ty.

The use of a miss i le for ASMD adds anothe r laye r to the

defence of a ship, or ships . The ASMD-missi le i s one of the

longer r anged laye r s in the ha rdki l l ca tegory wi th sof tki l l

measures such as ECM (Elec t ronic Counte r Measures i .e .

jamming) or Ions r ange chaf f ( thin me ta l l ic s t r ips designed to

seduce , mask or confu se a ASM 's homing head ) forming some

of the f i r s t laye r s of a ship based de fence .

Layered de fence a t sea aga inst ASMs was adopted dur ing

the Cold War and was design ed to counte r m assed Sov iet ant i -

ship r a ids , w i i ich were intended to overwhe lm the de fender s .

Sovie t ASM radar homing technology was poor and the i r

missi le s ve ry la rge , both of these cha rac te r i s t ic s combined to

present r e la t ive ly easy ta rge ts . Consequent ly, mass and speed

was used by the Sovie ts to a l levia te the i r lower leve l of

technology and missi le s ize .

One of the ma in counte r s to the massed ASM a t tack was

the US invent ion of the Aegis comba t sy stem and SPY-1 r adar .

This system could de tec t , t r ack and pr ior i t i se over 4(H) ta rge ts

and ' see ' 360 degrees in 3D. I t could a lso l ink a round a f lee t

cont rol l ing the f lee t ' s va r ious weapon systems and ass igning

ta rge ts . A laye red de fence was the only way to wear down this

type of massed thr ea t . A l though in the US mode l F-14

Tomca ts a rmed wi th AIM-54 Phoenix missi le s wi th suppor tf r o m E - 2 C H a w k e y e A E W & C ( A i r b o r n e E a r l y W a r n i n g &

Control ) a i r c r a f t f ormed a ve ry e f f ec t ive f i r s t and vi ta l laye r .

Cur rent ly, no Navy has tha t capabi l i ty, inc luding the USN as

the F-14 and i t s long- r ang e f i r e and forge t

Phoenix missi le s a r c be ing r e t i r ed. One of the r easons why

this capabi l i ty i s no longer present i s the f ac t tha t ve ry f ew

a ir for ces can r eproduce a Sovie t s tyle mass a t tack, inc luding

the Russians , w i th those tha t can usua l ly be ing unable to

repeat it.

I n the Aust r a l ian a l l iance context , any aggressor na t ion

tha t could thr ea ten the RAN wi th a massed s tyle of ASM

threa t could be expec ted to have more than the RAN to

contend wi th.

Given the counte r to mass . ASM's had to become smal le r

and smar te r . I n this ve in, some a re s ta r t ing to employ counte r s

t o A S M D m e t h o d s a n d w e a p o n s . H o w e v e r , m o d e r n A S M D -

4 V O L . 6 6 N O . 4 T H E N A V Y

missi le s , even in smal l amounts can t ip the ba lance in f avour

of the ship or ships a t sea even wi thout a i r cover .

Merits of MissilesThe use of a miss i le in place of the gun for ASMD has a

number of advantages such as long r ange , accuracy and

ef f ec t iveness .

Longer - r ange engagements a r e the ma in benef i t of a

missi le based ASMD. At grea te r r ange missi le debr is , f rom a

successful inte r cept , has le ss chance of cont inuing on as

kine t ic ene rgy and inf l ic t ing enough damage on the intended

ta rge t to force i t to wi thdraw, thus achiev ing a s imi la r a im as

a hi t . Longer r anged engagements a lso mean t ime to f i r e aga in

in case of a miss or ma lfunc t ion.

Anothe r benef i t i s accuracy wi th the ASMD -missi le ' s

inte r cept ion t r ack capable of a l te r a t ion to compensa te for

ASM cour se cor r ec t ions , pa r t icula r ly com mon over longer

engagement r anges, or evasive manoeuvres pe r formed by the

target.

An ASMD-missi le can usua l ly employ a la rge r warhead

than a gun projec t i le a s we l l a s smar te r fuz ing opt ions for

p r o x i m i t y e n g a g e m e n t s g i v i n g i t a h i g h e r d e g r e e o fe f f ec t ivness .

The ASMD-missi le a lso gives the ship a back-up ant i -

a i r c r a f t capabi l i ty, a ssuming longer r anged systems a r e

unava i lable . Systems such as the French SADRAL and US

Sea RAM can be 'bol ted to the deck ' ( i .e less int rusive into the

ship 's design) and provide a higher leve l of protec t ion aga inst

ASMs and a i r c r a f t f or smal le r ships than a gun. This

protec t ion means tha t an a t tacker must use more of his ASM

inventory to overwhe lm the de fence to be conf ident in scor ing

a hi t . not tha t tha t necessa r i ly equa ls a ki l l .

Few na t ions have such an inventory to overco me the

combined ASMD counte r s of a f lee t , making this cheaper

form of c lose r ange missi le de fence a cost - e f f ec t ive solut ion to

more expensive and capable systems.

Of cour se the missi le does have l imi ta t ions and i t i s

impor tant to under s tand these as the ASMD-missi le needs to

be employed as pa r t of a laye red system.

A missi le system usua l ly consumes a high leve l of we ight ,

space and power f rom the ship to opera te to i t s f ul l potent ia l .

I t somet imes a lso consumes key posi t ions on the ship due to

weapon a r c r equi r ements . On smal le r ships this usua l ly means

of f se t t ing anothe r weapon system tha t could be emplo yed in

an of f ensiv e or suppor t r ole for anothe r ent i ty.

The ve ry technica l na ture of the missi le system wi th i t s

assoc ia ted e lec t ronics for guidance , rocke t m otor s e tc canprovide a myr iad of potent ia l points of f a i lur e , unl ike the gun

which has f ewer moving pa r ts . The highly technica l na ture

a lso means cost .

Once the missi le i s f i r ed i t genera l ly r equi r es t ime to

achieve a sa f e a rm dis tance given i t s high explosive ca rgo.

This could be anywhere f rom 300m to 500m and thus provides

a gap in the laye red approach tha t needs anothe r system to f i l l .

The gun can. in most cases , cont inue f i r ing up unt i l point

blank r ange .

When using a missi le for ASM D very f ew ' r ounds ' w i l l be

ava i lable given the missi le ' s physica l s ize when compared to

ammuni t ion for a gun. I f the gun misses the ta rge t then a

second, thi rd or four th round/bur st i s usua l ly not an i ssue .

With a missi le i t could be pivota l a s an expended ASMD-

missi lc magaz ine could mean a wi thdrawal f rom the ba t t le to

r e load.

T H E N A V Y

The lower t ime of f l ight of the gun projec t i le compared to

a missi le usua l ly means the re i s t ime to f i r e more rounds than

missi le s .

In the ASMD mode some Navies adopt a 'be t te r sa f e than

sor ry ' phi losophy and employ a ' shoot , shoot . Ux>k' pol icy

where two ASMD-missi le s a r e f i r ed a t each ta rge t . Whi le this

wi l l more than l ike ly produce a ki l l i t e ssent ia l ly ha lves the

ASMD-missi lc s ava i lable and needs to be kept in mind w ith a

potent ia l adver sa ry 's ASM stocks and leve l of sophis t ica t ion.

The la s t ma jor l imi ta t ion of an ASMD-missi le system is

the cost . O the r weapons could be used in place of an ASMD-

missi le sy s tem tha t de fend s the employing pla t form , or c lose

manoeuvr ing asse t , only.

Despi te these l imi ta t ions , the ASMD-missi le i s becoming

more popula r a s Navies r ea l i se tha t counte r s to ASMs a re

e f f ec t ive and tha t adding anoth e r ASMD layer could mean the

di f f e r en ce be tween e f f ec t ive and ine f f ec t ive . A l thoug h a

longer r anged ant i - a i r system is a be t te r solut ion, a s i t gives

the de fender the potent ia l to ' shix>t the a r cher ins tead of the

a r rows ' , they a r e expensive and beyond the r each of many

smal le r Navies .

The fol lowing i s snapshot of some of the more advanced

ASMD-missi le systems ava i lable today tha t a r e able tocounte r the nuxle rn ASM.

BARAK (Israel )The exis tence of the Barak ( 'Lightning' ) miss i le was f i r s t

r evea led a t the Pa r is Air Show in June 1981. Barak i s a

r e la t ive ly low-cost point de fence missi le system to protec t

ships aga inst both a i r c r a f t and ASMs. I t was or igina l ly

conce ived as a conven t iona l l ightwe ight wea pon, s imi la r to

the Br i t i sh Seawolf . w i th two e ight - round ve r t ica l launcher s .

V O I . 6 6 N O 4

T o o q u i c k f o r t h e p h o t o g r a p h e r A n I s r a e l i Ba r a k m i ss i l e l e a v e s t h e 8 - c e l l

V L S o f o n e o f S i n g a p o r e ' s V i c t o r y c l a s s c o n c i t e s . ( RS N )

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


T h e B a r a k s y s t e m c o n s i s t s o f t h e m i s s i l e , i h e l a u n c h e r , a n d t h e

f i r e - c o n t r o l s y s t e m .

T h e f i r e - c o n t r o l s y s t e m i s b a s e d u p o n a n I / J a n d K - b a n d

( X - K a b a n d ) m o n o p u l s c c o h e r e n t t r a c k i n g a n d i l l u m i n a t i o n

r a d a r w h i c h i s s u p p l e m e n t e d , o n t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e , b y a

t h e r m a l i m a g e r . S e a r c h , a c q u i s i t i o n a n d t r a c k i n g m a y b e

c o n d u c t e d i n e i t h e r l / J ( 8 t o 2 0 G H / > o r K ( 2 0 t o 4 0 G H / >

b a n d s a n d i t c a n t r a c k a t a r g e t o r t a r g e t s w h i l e c o n t r o l l i n g t w o

m i s s i l e s . T h e s y s t e m m a y a l s o b e u s e d f o r c o n t r o l l i n g g u n s ,

w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f a s e p a r a t e b a l l i s t i c c o m p u t e r .

U p o n a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h e t a r g e t / t a r g e t s b y t h e s h i p ' s s e a r c h

r a d a r , t h e f i r e - c o n t r o l r a d a r d e s i g n a t e s t h e t a r g e t s . T h e s y s t e m

a u t o m a t i c a l l y c a l c u l a t e s t h e l e v e l o f t h r e a t f r o m e a c h t a r g e t ,

a l l o c a t e s a m i s s i l e o r m i s s i l e s a n d a u t o m a t i c a l l y l a u n c h e s

t h e m . I n t h e A S M D r o l e t h e B a r a k l e a v e s t h e l a u n c h e r a n d i s

t u r n e d o v e r t o w a r d s t h e t a r g e t b y a t h r u s t v e c t o r c o n t r o l

s y s t e m . T h e m i s s i l e i s a c q u i r e d a n d c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e f i r e -

c o n t r o l r a d a r w h i c h t h e n g u i d e s i t t o w a r d s i h e t a r g e t . T h e

m i s s i l e i s c a p a b l e o f e n g a g i n g t a r g e t s 2 m a b o v e t h e s e a a n d

c a n m a n o e u v r e a t 2 5 g .

D e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s y s t e m c o m p l e t e d i n 1 9 9 3 w i t h B a r a k

i n - s e r v i c e w i t h t h e N a v i e s o f I s r a e l . C h i l e a n d S i n g a p o r e .

MISTRAL (France)T h e M i s t r a l m a n - p o r t a b l e s u r f a c e - t o - a i r m i s s i l e s y s t e m

b e g a n d e v e l o p m e n t i n 1 9 7 7 f o r a F r e n c h A r m y r e q u i r e m e n t f o r

a m a n p o r t a b l e l o w - l e v e l a i r d e f e n c e s y s t e m . H o w e v e r , d u r i n g

t h e l a t e 1 9 8 0 s , c o n s i d e r a t i o n w a s g i v e n t o a n a v a l v e r s i o n . I n

1 9 8 6 t h e N a v a l M i s t r a l ' s y s t e m u n d e r w e n t a n u m b e r o f

s u c c e s s f u l t r i a l s b e f o r e b e i n g m a r k e t e d a s t h e S A D R A L .

A six-round SADRAL launcher which uses the French 'fi re and forget 'Mt\iral 2 ASMD-mtssi le. It is hclicvcd that the RAN's An/ac frigates wil l

gel two of these launchers each.

I n t h e m i s s i l e ' s n o s e i s a t w o - c o l o u r ( 3 t o 5 m i c r o n i n f r a -

r e d a n d u l t r a - v i o i e t ) s e e k e r u n d e r I R - t r a n s p a r e n t m a g n e s i u m

f luor ide pane ls . The seeker has a f ie ld of view of ±38° .

B e h i n d t h e s e e k e r , g y r o a n d a c t u a t i o n S » y s t e m i s a 2 . 9 5 k g

h i g h - e x p l o s i v e w a r h e a d w i t h i m p a c t a n d l a s e r p r o x i m i t y f u s e .

T h e w a r h e a d c o n s i s t s o f I k g o f e x p l o s i v e a n d n e a r l y 2 k g o f

t u n g s t e n b a l l s f o r i m p r o v e d l e t h a l i t y .

T h e M i s t r a l 2 v a r i a n t d i f f e r s i n t e r n a l l y w i t h t h e n e w

m i s s i l e f e a t u r i n g a n i m p r o v e d i n f r a - r e d s e e k e r w i t h d i g i t a l

processing as we ll a s a new booste r . I t wil l be able lo ca r ry out

a l l - s e c t o r e n g a g e m e n t s a g a i n s t b o t h h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e f i xe d -

w i n g c o m b a t a i r c r a f t a n d l o w I R s i g n a t u r e t a r g e t s s u c h a s

U A V s a n d w i t h i m p r o v e d p e r f o r m a n c e a g a i n s t A S M s .

A successful intercept of a sea skimming ASM by a French Mistral 2 ASM.

T h e S A D R A L l a u n c h e r u s e d b y t h e m i s s i l e i s a r e m o t e l y

o p e r a t e d s y s t e m o n a t w o - a x i s s t a b i l i s e d m o u n t a n d i s

d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d e s e l f - p r o t e c t i o n f o r f a s t a t t a c k c r a f t a n d

A S M p o i n t d e f e n c e f o r la r g e r w a r s h i p s , w h e n i n t e g r a t e d w i t h

a r a d a r a n d / o r e l e c t r o - o p t i c s e a r c h s y s t e m s . S A D R A L h a s s i x

l a u n c h e r - c o n t a i n e r s a n d a c l o s e d - c i r c u i t t e l e v i s i o n c a m e r aw h i c h i s c o m p l e m e n t e d b y a t h e r m a l i m a g i n g c a m e r a f o r n i g h t

o r b a d w e a t h e r o p e r a t i o n s .

T h e m i s s i l e i s e j e c t e d f r o m t h e l a u n c h e r - c o n t a i n e r b y t h e

b o o s t e r a n d . o n c e c l e a r , t h e c o n t r o l a n d t a i l s u r f a c e s a r e

d e p l o y e d . T h e s u s t a i n e r i g n i t e s s o m e 1 5 m a w a y f r o m t h e

l a u n c h e r - c o n t a i n e r a n d b u r n s f o r 2 . 5 s e c o n d s a s t h e m i s s i l e

h o m e s i n o n t h e t a r g e t . W h e n v e r y c l o s e t o t h e t a r g e t , t h e

missi le makes a f ina l cor rec t ion in order e i the r to hi t or to be

w i t h i n l e t h a l r a n g e b e f o r e t h e w a r h e a d d e t o n a t e s . T h e

m a x i m u m t i m e o f f l i g h t i s 1 2 s e c o n d s .

P r o d u c t i o n o f M i s t r a l I h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e d w i t h 1 5 . 0 0 0

roun ds oidc r cd by 23 countr i e s of which a t least 1.5(H) a re for

n a v a l u s e b y 1 2 c o u n t r i e s .

P r o d u c t i o n o f M i s t r a l 2 h a s b e g u n w i t h s o m e 1 2 0 M i s t r a l

n a v a l s y s t e m s b e i n g o r d e r e d . I t i s u n d e r s t o o d f r o m i n d u s t r y

i n s i d e r s t h a t M i s t r a l 2 a n d t h e S A D R A L s y s t e m m a y b e

a c q u i r e d b y t h e R A N f o r t h e A n / a c f r i g a t e ' s V S R A D ( V e r y

S h o r t R a n g e A i r D e f e n c e ) r e q u i r e m e n t , w i t h e a c h s h i p h a v i n g

u p t o t w o m o u n t s c o v e r i n g a f u l l 3 6 0 ° .

RAM (US)T h e 2 1 - r o u n d M k - 3 1 R A M ( R o l l i n g A i r f r a m e M i s s i l e )

l a u n c h e r i s a l i g h t w e i g h t , d e d i c a t e d q u i c k - r e a c t i o n A S M D -

m i s s i l e s y s t e m f o r c l o s e - i n d e f e n c e . T h e s y s t e m c o n s i s t s o f t h em i s s i l e , a l a u n c h e r , b e l o w - d e c k e l e c t r o n i c s i n c l u d i n g l a u n c h e r

c o n t r o l i n t e r f a c e a n d l a u n c h e r s e r v o c o n t r o l u n i t s , a n d a

w e a p o n c o n t r o l p a n e l i n t h e s h i p ' s c o m b a t i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t r e .

R A M i s b a s e d o n t h e S i d e w i n d e r a i r - t o - a i r m i s s i l e b u t w i t h

s i g n i f i c a n t m o d i f i c a t i o n s . I n t h e n o s e a r e t w o R F a n t e n n a s a n d

a n i n f r a - r e d s e e k e r , a s u s e d b y t h e S t i n g e r s h o u l d e r l a u n c h e d

S A M . w i t h t h e r e a r o f t h e m i s s i l e u s i n g t h e s a m e 9 k g

f r a g m e n t a t i o n b l a s t w a r h e a d a n d l a s e r p r o x i m i t y f u s e o f t h e

S i d e w i n d e r .

T a r g e t s a r e d e s i g n a t e d b y s h i p b o a r d e l e c t r o n i c o r e l e c t r o -

o p t i c a l s e n s o r s w i t h t h e d a t a b e i n g t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e R A M

s y s t e m w h i c h a s s i g n s a l a u n c h e r . R a d a r a n d e l e c t r o - o p t i c a l

s e n s o r s p r o v i d e d e t a i l s o f t a r g e t l o c a t i o n , d i s t a n c e a n d s p e e d

w h i l e t h e s h i p ' s r a d a r w a r n i n g r e c e i v e r s y s t e m i n p u t s d a t a o n

t h e A S M ' s s e a r c h r a d a r f r e q u e n c y a s w e l l a s c o r r e l a t i n g

s h i p b o a r d r a d a r d a t a o n l o c a t i o n . T h e m i s s i l e m o t o r i s i n i t i a t e d

VOL. 66 NO. 4 THE NAVY

A RAM being fired from a new Sea RAM mouni. Sea RAM consists of a

Phalanx Block IB CIWS mount but with ihe 20mm gatl ing gun removed

and a 11-cell launcher casscttc used in l is place. This system is less intrusive

into a ship's space, weight and system l imitat ions and provides a stand-alone

automatic fire and forget defence layer against ASMs. aircraft and smallboats, t Raytheon)

a n d d r i v e s t h e m i s s i l e a l o n g a r i l l i n g b a n d t o e n s u r e t h a t i t

s p i n s a s i t e m e r g e s f r o m t h e l a u n c h e r .R A M h o m e s i n o n i t s A S M t a r g e t f ir s t b y d e t e c t i n g a n d

l o c k i n g o n t o t h e A S M ' s e m i t t i n g r a d a r s e e k e r , a n d t h e n

s w i t c h i n g t o a n 1R h o m i n g m o d e f o r t h e t e r m i n a l p h a s e . T h e

m i s s i l e i s c a p a b l e o f m a n o e u v r i n g u p t o 2 0 g i n a n y d i r e c t i o n .

T h e i m p r o v e d B l o c k I ( R I M - I I 6 B ) m i s s i l e f e a t u r e s

e n h a n c e d e l e c t r o - o p t i c s i n t h e m i s s i l e w h i l e a t h e r m a l i m a g e r

i s i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e s h i p b o r n e s y s t e m . T h e s e e k e r i s a w i d e -

s c a n n e r w i t h i n t e l l i g e n t d i g i t a l s i g n a l p r o c e s s o r s o t l i e s e a r c h

p a t t e r n c a n b e s e l e c t e d b e f o r e l a u n c h a s w e l l a s p r o v i d i n g a n

I R f a l l - b a c k o p t i o n i f R F a c q u i s i t i o n i s l o s t. T h e U S N ' s n e w e s t

N i m i t / . c l a s s a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r . U S S R O N A L D R E G A N , u s e s

f o u r M k - 3 1 R A M l a u n c h e r s f o r i t s A S M D s c r e e n .

A n e w d e v e l o p m e n t b y R a y t h e o n i s th e S e a R A M . S e a

R A M i s e s s e n t i a l l y a P h a l a n x B l o c k I B b u t w i t h t h e g u n

r e p l a c e d b y a n 1 1 - c e ll l a u n c h e r . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o e x t e n d s h i p

s e l f - p r o t e c t i o n t o r a n g e s o f 2 n m ( 4 k m ) w h i l e r e d u c i n g t h e f i re

c o n t r o l a n d d e c k i n t r u s i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a f u l l R A M

s y s t e m .

S o m e 2 3 0 s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n a c q u i r e d , o r o r d e r e d .

E VOL VE D SE ASPARROW

(US/International )

T h e E S S M i s a d e r i v a t i v e o f t h e S e a s p a r r o w m i s s i l e u s e db y t h e U S N . a n d m a n y o t h e r N a v i e s , s i n c e t h e 1 9 6 0 s . I t i s

i n t e n d e d t o b e a d e d i c a t e d a n t i - m i s s i l e m i s s i l e w i t h a n t i -

a i r c r a f t a s a s e c o n d a r y m i s s i o n . E S S M ' s r a n g e , s p e e d ,

m a n o e u v r a b i l i t y a n d a c c u r a c y h a v e b e e n i m p r o v e d

c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m t h e S e a s p a r r o w t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f a t a i l

c o n t r o l a n d t a i l m o u n t e d t h r u s t v e c t o r i n g u n i t t o a c h i e v e 3 0 g

m a n o e u v r e s , w h i c h i s m o r e t h a n e n o u g h t o i n t e r c e p t t h e

n e w e s t R u s s i a n ' S S - N - 2 7 S i z z l e r ' A S M e v e n d u r i n g i t s

s u p e r s o n i c l O g c o r k s c r e w m a n o e u v r e .

E x t e r n a l l y t h e E S S M b e a r s a s t r o n g r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h e

' S t a n d a r d ' m i s s i l e w i t h t h e f o r w a r d p a r t e s s e n t i a l l y a m o d i f i e d

R I M - 7 P S e a s p a r r o w . T o i n c r e a s e r e a c t i o n t i m e n o p o w e r i s

r e q u i r e d b e f o r e l a u n c h , e l i m i n a t i n g t h e f o u r - m i n u t e w a r m - u p

r e q u i r e d f o r e x i s t i n g S e a s p a r r o w s .

I n t h e n o s e o f t h e E S S M i s a r a d a r s e e k e r w i t h l o w - n o i s e

a m p l i f i e r s to i m p r o v e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f i n t e r c e p t i n g l o w

A n RIM -7P Se a spa r row be i ng l a unc he d f rom H M A S A N Z A C T he A n/ a c

class frigates wil l short l) al l be using the new ESSM with 32 rounds

capable of being employed in .s eight-cell Mk-41 VLS. (RAN )

o b s e r v a b l e t a r g e t s . T h e g u i d a n c e s e c t i o n i s b a s e d o n t h a t o f

t h e e x i s t i n g R I M - 7 P S e a s p a r r o w b u t i n c l u d e s m i d - c o u r s e

g u i d a n c e .

M o d e s o f o p e r a t i o n p r o p o s e d f o r E S S M i n c l u d e l a u n c h -

o n - s e a r c h . d e l a y e d i l l u m i n a t i o n a n d h o m e - a l l - t h e - w a y .

P o t e n t i a l l y , t h i s w i l l e n a b l e e a c h t r a c k e r / i l l u m i n a t o r t o c o n t r o l

u p t o t h r e e m i s s i l e s r a t h e r t h a n t h e e x i s t i n g o n e m i s s i l e .

E S S M w i l l r e m a i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e M k - 2 9 a n d M k - 4 8

l a u n c h i n g s y s t e m s . I n t h e M k - 4 1 V L S . e a c h c e l l a l l o c a t e d t o

E S S M w i l l h a v e f o u r m i s s i l e s p e r c e l l i n s t e a d o f o n e f o r

e a r l i e r S e a s p a r r o w s . T h i s g o e s s o m e w a y t o a l l e v i a t i n g t h e

p r o b l e m o f a ' s h o o t , s h o o t , l o o k ' p o l i c y a s i n s t e a d o f e i g h t

m i s s i l e s i n e i g h t V L S c e l l s t h e s a m e e i g h t V L S c e l l s c a n n o w

h o u s e 3 2 m i s s i l e s .

A new ESSM during test ing. The ESSM system allows up lo three missi les

lo he controlled by the one fire control radar. (Raytheon)

THE NAVY VOL. 66 NO. 4 7

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


f o l l o w i t m o m e n t s l a t e r . A f t e r l a u n c h t h e m i s s i l e i s a c q u i r e d

b y t h e w i d e a n g l e a n t e n n a a n d g a t h e r e d i n t o t h e t a r g e t l i n e - o f -

s i g h t . I t s p o s i t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e c e n t r e o f t h e t r a c k i n g b e a m i s

m o n i t o r e d b y t h e r a d a r , a n d t h e s h i p b o r n e g u i d a n c e c o m p u t e r

g e n e r a t e s t h e n e c e s s a r y s t e e r i n g c o m m a n d s t o k e e p t h e m i s s i l e

i n t h e c e n t r e o f t h e b e a m u n t i l i t i n t e r c e p t s t h e t a r g e t . T h e

m i s s i l e ' s r e a r w a r d f a c i n g a n t e n n a s h e l p t o p r o v i d e a g o o d

A cut away of ihc proposed ESSM with IR backup lo al low for greater

accuracs in high ECM and clutter environments. Ihe IR seeker can he seen

at the t ip of the missi le 's nose in ln>nt ol the scmi-aclivc homing radar,

t Rax theon i

T h e b a s e l i n e E S S M w i l l b e p u r e l y r a d a r - g u i d e d a l t h o u g h

a n a d d i t i o n a l I R s e e k e r i s e n v i s a g e d f o r l a t e r v e r s i o n s t o

i n c r e a s e a c c u r a c y i n s e v e r e r a d a r j a m m i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s .

P r o d u c t i o n i s e x p e c t e d t o e x c e e d 3 . 0 0 ( ) m i s s i l e s w i t h t h e

p o t e n t i a l m a r k e t b e i n g f o r 1 4 0 U S a n d 1 1 5 f o r e i g n w a r s h i p s .

VL SEAWOLF (UK)S i n c e t h e F a l k l a n d s W a r . w h e r e S e a w o l f p r o v e d i t s e l f , t h e

m i s s i l e h a s u n d e r g o n e a n u m b e r o f i m p r o v e m e n t s . T h e m i s s i l e

i s n o w e m p l o y e d i n t h e V e r t i c a l L a u n c h ( V L ) m o d e i n o r d e r t o

a c h i e v e f a s t e r r e a c t i o n t i m e s a n d g r e a t e r r a n g e .

T h e S e a w o l f s y s t e m c o n s i s t s o f a n a i r - s e a r c h r a d ar , t w o

t r a c k e r s , a m i s s i l e a n d a c o m m a n d s u b s y s t e m .

V L S e a w o l f i s a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l i n t e r n a l l y t o e a r l i e r m o d e l s

b u t d i f f e r s e x t e r n a l l y w i t h a c y l i n d r i c a l b o o s t e r w i t h s q u a r e

f ins a t tached to the rea r . At the rea r of the booste r is a thrust

v e c t o r c o n t r o l u n i t w i t h l o u r b l a d e - s p o i l e r s f o r r a p i d a n d

r e l i a b l e c o n t r o l o f e x h a u s t g a s e s d u r i n g t h e t u r n o v e r

m a n o e u v r e .

I n t e r n a ll y t h e m i s s i l e c o n s i s t s o f a 1 4 k g f r a g m e n t a t i o n

h i g h e x p l o s i v e w a r h e a d w i t h a n i m p a c t - p r o x i m i t y f u s e .

B e h i n d i t i s t h e g u i d a n c e c o m p a r t m e n t .

T h e S e a w o l f s y s t e m i s c o m p l e t e l y a u t o m a t i c , a l t h o u g h a

m a n u a l o v e r r i d e f a c i l i t y e x i s t s , i t i s a b l e t o a n a l y s e s e n s o r

d a t a , t o e s t a b l i s h a t r a c k , c o n d u c t t h r e a t a n a l y s i s t h e n a l l o c a t e

ta rge t pr ior i t ie s . There the threa t is eva lu a ted and the ta rge t is

a s s i g n e d t o a t r a c k e r w h i c h s l e w s t o w a r d s t h e t a r g e t , t h e

t r a c k e r s e a r c h e s i n e l e v a t i o n u n t i l i t a c q u i r e s a n d l o c k s o n t o

the ta rge t to establish a radar l ine of s ight .

W h e n t h e t a r g e t i s w i t h i n r a n g e o n e m i s s i l e i s

a u t o m a t i c a l l y l a u n c h e d , a l t h o u g h f r e q u e n t l y a s e c o n d w i l l

A Seawolf missi le leasing the six round launcher of a RN Type 21 Batch 3 frigate. This was the same system that went to the Falklands war to act as

goalkeeper to the Task Force 's earners. After the Falklands War an Exocet missi le was used to test Seawolf to ensure i t could shoot one down. <RN).

E C C M ( E l e c t r o n i c C o u n t e r C o u n t e r M e a s u r e s ) c a p a b i l i t y . A

t e l e v i s i o n c a m e r a i s u s e d f o r l o w - l e v e l t r a c k i n g w i t h f l a r e s o n

t h e S e a w o l f s h o w i n g t h e m i s s i l e ' s l o c a t i o n . T h e s t a n d a r d t e s t

t

A VI. Seawolf missi le being launched from one M alaysia 's new Ixk iu class

frigates.

of the system is i t ) fi r e a 4.5- i nch she ll to war ds i t f rom ano ther

s h i p . T h e S e a w o l f h a s t o i n t e r c e p t a n d d e s t r o y t h e s h e l l i n

( l i g h t , w h i c h i t u s u a l l y d o e s .

S o m e 3 3 s y s t e m s a n d u p t o 2 .( X X) S e a w o l f m i s s i l e s h a v e

b e e n p r o d u c e d o r o r d e r e d b y t h e R N . M a l a y s i a a n d B r u n e i .

A l t h o u g h , t h i s l i s t w i l l i n c r e a s e a s t h e R N i s p a y i n g o f f t h r e e

o f i t s V L S e a w o l f e q u i p p e d T y p e 2 3 f r i g a t e s .

VOL. 66 NO. 4 THE NAVY

R e g i o n a l N a v a l D e v e l o p m e n t s

- A St r a t e g ic V ie w

n •

li\ Sum /illinium

One of the first photos of the South Korean designed and buil t steal thy KDX-II class DDG. Yl SUNSHIN. during the recent RIMPAC 2004 exercise near the

Hawaiian islands. The KDX-II has a formidable weapons arras with (starl ing from the how) a Mk-45 Mod 4 127mm gun: a Mk-41 VLS lor Standard SM 2missi les, a Mk-31 RAM launcher above the bridge: eight Harpoon ASMs; a 30mm Goalkeeper CIWS and two medium sized helicopters. (USN)

M u c h i s h a p p e n i n g o n t h e A s i a - P a c i f i c n a v a l s c e n e . N a v a l a c t i v i t y l e v e l s a r e h i g h a n d n a v a l b u d g e t s c o n t i n u e t o g r o w

w i t h m a n y r e g i o n a l N a v i e s m o v i n g i n t o m o r e a d v a n c e d c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d l a r g e r w a r s h i p s t h a n t h e y o p e r a t e d p r e v i o u s l y .

W h i l e t h e s e d e v e l o p m e n t s a r e l a r g e l y i n re s p o n s e t o a f e e l i n g o f i n c r e a s e d m a r i t i m e i n s e c u r i t y , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t s

t h e m s e l v e s a l s o h a v e p o t e n t i a l t o a d d t o i n s e c u r i t y i n t h e r e g i o n .

W h i l e t h e r e a r e s o m e w o r r y i n g l o n g e r - t e r m i m p l i c a t i o n s o f

t h e f o r c e s t r u c t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t s d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s r e v i e w ,

t h e r e h a v e b e e n e n c o u r a g i n g d e v e l o p m e n t s w i t h n a v a l c o -

o p e r a t i o n a n d c o n f i d e n c e b u i l d i n g . T h e s e a l lo w s o m e

o p t i m i s m a b o u t t h e f u t u r e . R u s s i a h a s h e l d j o i n t c o a s t g u a r d

e x e r c i s e s w i t h t h e U . S . . J a p a n a n d S o u t h K o r e a . C h i n a a n d

I n d i a h e l d t h e i r f i rs t j o i n t n a v a l e x e r c i s e o f f S h a n g h a i i n

N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 3 . A l s o d u r i n g t h a t m o n t h t h e f i r s t v i s i t t o o k

p l a c e b y a U . S . w a r s h i p t o V i e t n a m s i n c e t h e e n d o f t h e

V i e t n a m W a r . T h i s v i s i t w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a f o u r d a y v i s i t b y

t h e V i e t n a m e s e D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r t o W a s h i n g t o n D C d u r i n g

w h i c h m i l i t a r y c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s w a s

d i s c u s s e d . A n a l y s t s s a w t h i s a s a c c e p t a n c e b y V i e t n a m o f U . S .

d o m i n a n c e i n t h e r e g i o n a n d o f t h e n e e d ' t o g o w i t h t h e f l o w '

o f r e g i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n .

Northeast AsiaN o r t h e a s t A s i a r e m a i n s a n u n s t a b l e p a r t o f t h e r e g i o n . T h i s

i s n o t j u s t a m a t t e r o f T a i w a n a n d t h e r o g u e b e h a v i o u r o f N o r t h

K o r e a b u t r e f l e c t s l i n g e r i n g b i l a t e r a l t e n s i o n s b e t w e e n v a r i o u s

p a i r s o f r e g i o n a l c o u n t r i e s : J a p a n a n d R u s s i a . S o u t h K o r e a a n d

J a p a n , a n d C h i n a a n d J a p a n . T h e r e a r c l o n g e r - t e r m s t r a t e g i c

i m p l i c a t i o n s o f s t r e n g t h e n e d m i l i t a r y c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n

C h i n a a n d R u s s i a t h a t i n c l u d e s s a l e s o f h i g h t e c h n o l o g y n a v a l

w e a p o n s y s t e m s , w h i l e J a p a n r e m a i n s c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e

s t r a t e g i c a m b i t i o n s o f C h i n a . T h e u n r e s o l v e d d i s p u t e s o v e r

s o v e r e i g n t y o f t h e K u r i l I s l a n d s . T a k e s h i m a / T o k d o a n d t h e

S c n k a k u I s l a n d s d o n o t h e l p b i l a t e r a l r e l a t i o n s i n t h e r e g i o n .

W i t h t h i s o n g o i n g i n s t a b i l i t y , i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t a l l

N o r t h e a s t A s i a n N a v i e s a r e p u r s u i n g a m b i t i o u s f o r c e

d e v e l o p m e n t a n d o p e r a t i o n a l p l a n s . J a p a n h a s b e e n

p a r t i c u l a r l y a c t i v e i n u s i n g s e a p o w e r t o e x t e n d r e g i o n a l

i n f l u e n c e . D e p l o y m e n t s b y t h e J a p a n e s e M a r i t i m e S e l f

D e f e n s e F o r c e ( J M S D F ) t o s u p p o r t c o a l i t i o n o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e

I n d i a n O c e a n a n d b y t h e J a p a n e s e C o a s t G u a r d ( J C G ) t o

S o u t h e a s t A s i a t o a s s i s t i n d e a l i n g w i t h p i r a c y a n d t e r r o r i s m

a r e n o w c o m m o n p l a c e . T h e w i d e r s e a p o w e r a s p i r a t i o n s o f

J a p a n a r e e v i d e n t i n f o r c e s t r u c t u r e t e r m s w i t h i d e a s a b o u t

e s t a b l i s h i n g a s e a - b a s e d b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e d e f c n c c c a p a b i l i t y

a n d i n o r d e r i n g t w o l a r g e " h e l i c o p t e r e s c o r t d e s t r o y e r s " . T h e s e

s h i p s w i l l h a v e a f u l l y l o a d e d d i s p l a c e m e n t o f n e a r l y 2 0 . 0 ( H )

t o n n e s a n d c o u l d b e e q u i p p e d w i t h S T O V L c o m b a t a i r c r a f t .

T h e y h a v e t h e p o t e n t i a l t o f u e l f e a r s i n t h e r e g i o n a b o u t

J a p a n e s e r e a r m a m e n t . J a p a n ' s m o d e r n a n d v e r y c a p a b l e

O y a s h i o c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s a r e n o w o p e r a t i o n a l .

T h e R e p u b l i c o f K o r e a N a v y ( R O K N ) a l s o h a s a m b i t i o u s

f o r c e d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n s i n c l u d i n g t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f t w o l a r g e

THE NAVY VOL 66 NO. 4 9

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


a m p h i b i o u s a s s a u l t s h i p s p r o b a b l y o f a b o u t 1 3, (X X ) t o n n e s a n d

c a p a b l e o f c a r r y i n g u p t o t e n h e l i c o p t e r s . T h e t h i r d K D X - I I

s t e a l t h d e s t r o y e r w a s r e c e n t l y l a u n c h e d a n d t h e r e a r c n o w

p l a n s t o b u i l d t h r e e 7 .( MX ) t o n n e A e g i s - e q u i p p e d d e s t r o y e r s b y

2 0 1 2 u n d e r t h e K D X 11 1 p r o g r a m . T h e K D X - I I s h i p s a r t-

e q u i p p e d w i t h S M - 2 a n d H a r p o o n m i s s i l e s , R A M a n d o t h e r

g u n s , a s w e l l a s S u p e r L y n x h e l i c o p t e r s . T h e R O K N ' s c u r r e n t

s u b m a r i n e f o r c e i s b a s e d o n t h e G e r m a n T y p e 2 0 9 - c l a s s b u t

i h r e e T y p e - 2 1 4 c l a s s w i t h ai r i n d e p e n d e n t ( A I P ) p r o p u l s i o n

w i l l e n t e r s e r v i c e f r o m 2 ( X )7 a n d l a r g e r s u b m a r i n e s m a y

f o l l o w .

B u d g e t a r y p r o b l e m s c o n t i n u e t o h a m p e r t h e m o d e r n i s a t i o n

p l a n s o f T a i w a n ' s N a v y . D u e t o e s c a l a t i n g c o s t s , i t h a s b e e n

f o r c e d t o c u t t h e n u m b e r s o f s u r f a c e t o a i r m i s s i l e s a n d a n t i -

s h i p m i s s i l e s t h a t i t i s b u y i n g w i t h t h e f o u r K i d d c l a s s

d e s t r o y e r s f r o m t h e U . S . P r o b l e m s h a v e a l s o b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d

w i t h p l a n s t o a c q u i r e P - 3 m a r i t i m e s u r v e i l l a n c e a i r c r a f t a n d

m o d e m c o n v e n t i o n a l s u b m a r i n e s . T h e s e d e v e l o p m e n t s m e a n

t h a t t h e n a v a l c a p a b i l i t i e s o f T a i w a n a r e f a l l i n g b e h i n d t h o s e

o f t h e m a i n l a n d .

C h i n a i t s e l f c o n t i n u e s t o e x p a n d i t s s u b m a r i n e f l ee t w i t h

a d d i t i o n a l K i l o C l a s s b o a t s a n d n e w n u c l e a r - a t t a c k

s u b m a r i n e s p r o b a b l y d e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e R u s s i a n V i c t o r c l a s s . I tw i l l a c q u i r e a s e c o n d p a i r o f S o v r e m e n n y c l a s s d e s t r o y e r s

possib ly f i t ted with ve r t ica l launch missi le syste ms, a s we ll a s

b u i l d i n g l o c a l l y d e s i g n e d a i r d e f e n c e d e s t r o y e r s . I n r e l a t i v e

t e r m s , t h e P L A - N h a s b e e n t h e m a i n b e n e f i c i a r y o f r e c e n t

i n c r e a s e d d e f e n c c b u d g e t a l l o c a t i o n s i n C h i n a . T h e r e c o n t i n u e

t o b e r u m o u r s o f p l a n s t o a c q u i r e a n a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r c a p a b i l i t y .

T h i s w o u l d a c c o r d w i t h C h i n a ' s a s p i r a t i o n s t o b e c o m e a m a j o r

r e g i o n a l b l u e - w a t e r s e a p o w e r . T h e n a v a l p l a n n e r s i n B e i j i n g

j u s t i f y t h e s e d e v e l o p m e n t s o n t h e b a s i s o f C h i n a ' s e x t e n s i v e

a n d g r o w i n g m a r i t i m e i n t e r e s t s , i n c l u d i n g t h e s o v e r e i g n t y

c l a i m s i n t h e S o u t h C h i n a S e a . a n d i n c r e a s i n g d e p e n d e n c e o n

e n e r g y i m p o r t s .

S i n c e t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . I h e R u s s i a n P a c i f i c

F l e e t h a s b e e n a s m u c h a f f e c t e d b y d e p r e s s e d b u d g e t s a s o t h e r

e l e m e n t s o f t h e R u s s i a n m i l i t a r y . I ( h a s b e e n t h r o u g h a p e r i o d

of sha rp dec lin e in i ts orde r of ba t t le with i ts subm ar in e f leet ,

f o r e x a m p l e , d e c l i n i n g f r o m 5 4 u n i t s i n 1 9 9 5 t o a b o u t 1 7 at

p r e s e n t . H o w e v e r , i n p u r s u a n c e o f n e w n a v a l d o c t r i n e b a s e d

o n r e a l i s t i c b u d g e t e x p e c t a t i o n s , t h e P a c i f i c F l e e t i s s e e k i n g t o

r e g a i n s o m e o f i t s f o r m e r i n f l u e n c e a n d h a s e m b a r k e d o n

r e c e n t o u t - o f - a r e a d e p l o y m e n t s a n d a m b i t i o u s e x e r c i s e

a c t i v i t i e s .

I n t e r n a t i o n a l n a v a l a n a l y s t s r e m a i n s c e p t i c a l a b o u t

w h e t h e r i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l e t o t r a n s f o r m t h e R u s s i a n P a c i f i c -

F l e e t b a c k i n t o a s i g n i f i c a n t s t r a t e g i c f o r c e . T h e p r o b l e m s o fu n d e r - f u n d i n g a n d m o r a l e m a y b e s i m p l y t o o l a r g e .

N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e ' t r u m p c a r d s ' s t i l l a v a i l a b l e t o R u s s i a a r e i t s

n u c l e a r w e a p o n s c a p a b i l i t y a n d h i g h - t e c h w e a p o n s y s t e m s .

T h e R u s s i a n P a c i f i c F l e e t h a s i n c r e a s e d t h e f r e q u e n c y o f i t s

n u c l e a r e x e r c i s e s i n r e c e n t y e a r s a n d t h i s h a s l e d t o

s p e c u l a t i o n t h a t n u c l e a r w e a p o n s a r e s ti l l c o n s i d e r e d t h e m a i n

m e a n s o f c u r b i n g t h e U . S . i n a n y p o s s i b l e c o n f l i c t i n E a s t

A s i a .

Southeast AsiaS o u t h e a s t A s i a n c o u n t r i e s r e c o g n i s e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r

m a r i t i m e t h r e a t s a n d t h e s t r a t e g i c i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e i r

l o c a t i o n v i z - a - v i z m a j o r s h i p p i n g c h o k e p o i n t s * T h e y s e e k t o

d e v e l o p m a r i t i m e f o r c e s ( s h i p s , a i r c r a f t , a n d s u b m a r i n e s ) w i t h

a p o t e n t i a l l y p o w e r f u l c a p a b i l i t y f o r s e a c o n t r o l i n t h e r e g i o n .

Malaysia 's first Meko AI00 class offshore patrol vessel (OPV) in Germany

hcing prepared for shipment to Malaysia for fi t out . It is not expected that al l

27 originally planned OPVs wil l he acquired.

T h e p l a t f o r m s a n d w e a p o n s b e i n g a c q u i r e d a r e c a p a b l e o f

o p e r a t i o n s o v e r w i d e r a r e a s a n d l o n g e r r a n g e s t h a n w a s t h e

c a s e w i t h p r e v i o u s g e n e r a t i o n s o f s y s t e m s .

T h e R e p u b l i c o f S i n g a p o r e N a v y ( R S N ) i s t h e

t e c h n o l o g i c a l t r e n d s e t t e r a m o n g S o u t h e a s t A s i a n N a v i e s .

W h i l e I n d o n e s i a h a s o p e r a t e d a s m a l l s u b m a r i n e f l e e t f o rm a n y y e a r s , t h e R S N " u p p e d t h e a n t e ' i n th e l a t e 1 9 9 0 s w i t h

t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f f o u r S j o r m e n c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s f r o m

S w e d e n . T h e f i r s t e n t e r e d s e r v i c e i n 1 9 9 8 a n d t h e f o u r t h w i l l

b e o p e r a t i o n a l i n 2 0 0 4 . T h e f i r st o f t h e R S N ' s n e w b l u e - w a t e r

f r i g a t e s . R S S F O R M I D A B L E , w a s l a u n c h e d i n F r a n c e o n 7

J a n u a r y 2 0 0 4 . T h e o t h e r f i v e v e s s e l s o f t h i s c l a s s w i ll b e b u i l t

i n S i n g a p o r e . T h e s e s h i p s a r e h i g h l y c a p a b l e , d e s i g n e d t o b e

s t e a l t h y a n d e q u i p p e d w i t h a d v a n c e d c o m b a t s y s t e m s ,

i n c l u d i n g H a r p o o n m i s s i l e s , t h e A s t e r A n t i - M i s s i l e M i s s i l e

( A M M ) s y s t e m a n d a n a d v a n c e d A S W s u i t e . A l o n g w i t h t h e

s u b m a r i n e s , t h e s e v e s s e l s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e p r e p a r e d n e s s o f t h e

R S N t o o p e r a t e w e l l b e y o n d t h e i m m e d i a t e c o n f i n e s o f t h e

S i n g a p o r e S t r a i t a n d i t s a p p r o a c h e s .

I n M a l a y s i a , t h e M e k o A l ( X ) c l a s s o f f s h o r e p a t r o l v e s s e l

( O P V ) b u i l d i n g p r o g r a m c o n t i n u e s o n t r a c k w j t h t h e f i r s t

v e s s e l s e n t e r i n g s e r v i ce t h i s y e a r a l t h o u g h r e p o r t s s u g g e s t t h a t

n o t a l l 2 7 v e s s e l s o r i g i n a l l y i n t h i s p r o g r a m w i l l b e a c q u i r e d .

M a l a y s i a i s a l s o b u y i n g t w o S c o r p e n e c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s ,

w h i c h a r e b a s e d o n a p r o v e n F r e n c h d e s i g n . T h e 1 , 5 0 0 t o n n e

S c o r p e n e i s n e w - g e n e r a t i o n m e d i u m - s i z e d c o n v e n t i o n a l

a t t a c k s u b m a r i n e w i t h c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r m i s s i o n s r a n g i n g f r o m

a n t i - s u b m a r i n e a n d a n t i - s u r f a c e w a r f a r e t o s p e c i a l o p e r a t i o n s

a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e c o l l e c t i o n . T o b e b a s e d n e a r K o l a K i n a b a l u i n

S a b a h . t h e f i r s t S c o r p e n e w i l l b e d e l i v e r e d i n 2 0 0 7 a n d t h e

second a yea r la te r .

A r o u g h l y f i ft e en p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n T h a i l a n d ' s d e f e n c e

b u d g e t w a s a n n o u n c e d i n S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 3 . H o w e v e r , t h e T h a i

A r m y a n d A i r F o r c e a p p e a r l i k e l y t o h a v e t h e m a j o r s h a r e o f

t h i s i n c r e a s e r a t h e r t h a n t h e R o y a l T h a i N a v y ( R T N ) .

W i t h t h e I n d o n e s i a n e c o n o m y s t i l l s t r u g g l i n g a f t e r t h e

e c o n o m i c c o l l a p s e o f t h e l a t e 1 9 9 0 s . I n d o n e s i a ' s N a v y

r e m a i n s h a r d - p r e s s e d t o m e e t t h e s e c u r i ty r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a

f a r - f l u n g a r c h i p e l a g o . H o w e v e r , i t h o p e s t o r e v e r s e t h e

d o w n w a r d c a p a b i l i t y t r e n d a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e . N e w -

s u b m a r i n e s m i g h t b e a c q u i r e d p o s s i b l y f r o m S o u t h K o r e a .

I n d o n e s i a ' s m a j o r s u r f a c c c o m b a t a n t s a t p r e s e n t a r e s i x a g e i n g

f r i g a t e s t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m t h e N e t h e r l a n d s i n t h e l a t e 1 9 8 0 s a n d

t h r e e s m a l l e r D u t c h - b u i l t F a t i h i l l a h c l a s s f r i g a t e s o f m o r e

r e c e n t o r i g i n . H o w e v e r , t w o n e w c o r v e t t e s h a v e b e e n o r d e r e d

f r o m t h e N e t h e r l a n d s ( s e e THE NAVY V o l 6 6 N o . 2 . p l 6 ) .

VOL. 66 NO. 4 THH NAVY

I n d o n e s i a c o u l d n o w b e r e g a r d e d a s p o t e n t i a l l y a g o o d m a r k e t

f o r f o r e i g n s h i p b u i l d e r s a s C h i n a . S o u t h K o r e a a n d I t a l y a r e

a l s o b e l i e v e d t o h a v e o f f e r e d s u r f a c e w a r s h i p s t o t h e

I n d o n e s i a n N a v y .

D e s p i t e b e i n g a n a r c h i p e l a g i c c o u n t r y w i t h e x t e n s i v e

m a r i t i m e i n t e r e s t s a n d c o n f l i c t i n g c l a i m s t o s o v e r e i g n t y i n t h e

S o u t h C h i n a S e a . t h e P h i l i p p i n e N a v y r e m a i n s t h e w e a k e s t

N a v y i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a . I t s m a j o r u n i t s a r e a n o b s o l e t e f o r m e r

U S N f r i g a t e a n d t h r e e e x - R N P e a c o c k C l a s s p a t r o l b o a t s . T h e

U . S . i s t o t r a n s f e r a C y c l o n e c l a s s p a t r o l v e s s e l t o t h e N a v y

a n d T e n i x i n A u s t r a l i a h a s b u i l t s e v e r a l p a t r o l b o a t s o f v a r i o u s

s i z e s f o r t h e P h i l i p p i n e C o a s t G u a r d .

South AsiaA s w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e r e c e n t s u c c e s s f u l m e e t i n g o f

t h e S o u t h A s i a n A s s o c i a t i o n o r R e g i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n

( S A A R C ) . t h e s e c u r it y o u t l o o k i n S o u t h A s i a a p p e a r s m o r e

optimist ic - than i t was just a yea r or so ago. There h ave b een

s o m e p o s i t i v e c o n f i d e n c e b u i l d i n g d e v e l o p m e n t s b e t w e e n

I n d i a a n d P a k i s t a n a n d t h e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y s i t u a t i o n i n S r i

L a n k a a p p e a r s c o n t a i n e d f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g . H o w e v e r , t h e

A n d a m a n S e a h a s b e e n t h e s c e n e o f a f a i r l y h i g h l e v e l o f

i l l e g a l a c t i v i t y , i n c l u d i n g i l l e g a l f i s h i n g a n d d r u g s m u g g l i n g .

I t b e g s a n i n c r e a s e d l e v e l o f c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n l i t t o r a l

N a v i e s a n d c o a s t g u a r d s t o p r o v i d e l a w a n d o r d e r a t s e a .

I n d i a h a s l o n g h a d t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l r e g i o n a l N a v y i n t h e

I n d i a n O c e a n b u t i s n o w s e e k i n g t o e x t e n d i t s m a r i t i m e

i n f l u e n c e e a s t w a r d s . I n d i a i s t o r e - e s t a b l i s h a c r e d i b l e a i r c r a f t

c a r r i e r c a p a b i l i t y w i t h t h e r e c e n t l y a p p r o v e d a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h e

R u s s i a n c a rr i e r A D M I R A L G O R S H K O V ( a t a r ep o r t e d c o s t

o f U S $ 6 5 2 m i l l i o n ) a n d b y b u i l d i n g a n o t h e r v e s s e l l o c a l l y . I t

w i l l f u r t h e r d e v e l o p i t s l a rg e f l e et o f p o w e r f u l s u r f a c e

c o m b a t a n t s w i t h T a l w a r c l a s s f r i g a t e s b u i l t i n R u s s i a a n d o t h e r

v e s s e l s b u i l t l o c a l l y : a n d m o d e r n i s e i t s s u b m a r i n e f l e et w i t h

t h e l i k e l y p u r c h a s e o f s i x S c o r p e n e s u b m a r i n e s f r o m F r a n c e

a n d t h e r u m o u r e d l e a s e o f A k u l a c l a s s n u c l e a r a t t a c k

s u b m a r i n e s f r o m R u s s i a .

I n d i a ' s r o l e i n t h e r e g i o n h a s b e e n b o o s t e d b y t h e

d e v e l o p i n g s t r a t e g i c r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e U . S . t h a t i n c l u d e s a

s t r o n g n a v a l d i m e n s i o n . R e g u l a r e x e r c i s e s a r e t a k i n g p l a c e

b e t w e e n t h e U . S . N a v y a n d t h e I n d i a n N a v y , i n c l u d i n g a m a j o r

e x e r c i s e i n t h e A r a b i a n S e a i n O c t o b e r 2 0 0 3 i n v o l v i n g a n

A m e r i c a n n u c l e a r s u b m a r i n e . T h e I n d i a n N a v y h a s a l s o

c o o p e r a t e d w i t h t h e U . S . N a v y i n e s c o r t i n g h i g h v a l u e

s h i p p i n g t h r o u g h t h e M a l a c c a S t r a i t s .

W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f i t s s u b m a r i n e f l e e t, w h i c h i n c l u d e s

t h r e e A g o s t a 9 0 B c l a s s c o n v e n t i o n a l s u b m a r i n e s e q u i p p e d

w i t h S M - 3 9 s u b - E x o c e t a n t i - s h i p m i s s i l e s , P a k i s t a n ' s N a v y

o p e r a t e s m a i n l y o b s o l e t e v e s s e l s . T h e r e h a v e b e e n r e p o r t s o f

P a k i s t a n n e g o t i a t i n g t o b u y a n u n s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f F - 2 2

f r i g a t e s f r o m C h i n a t o r e p l a c e t h e t w o o l d g u n - a r m e d L e a n d e r

c l a s s f r i g a t e s . P r i o r t o t h e p r e s e n t d e t e n t e w i t h I n d i a ,

P a k i s t a n ' s N a v y a n n o u n c e d p l a n s t o a c q u i r e n u c l e a r w e a p o n s

b u t i t w a s n o t c l e a r h o w i t w o u l d d e p l o y s u c h m i s s i l e s .

United StatesT h e U . S . N a v y i s t r u l y a g l o b a l N a v y . I t r e m a i n s t h e

d o m i n a n t n a v a l p o w e r i n t h e r e g i o n a n d is m a i n t a i n i n g a h i g h -

l e v e l o f c o a l i t i o n - b u i l d i n g a c t i v i t y t h r o u g h o u t S o u t h a n d E a s t

A s i a . S e a P o w e r 2 1 i s t h e v i s i o n o f h o w t h e U . S . N a v y w i l l

m e e t i t s n e w p r i o r i t i e s o f H o m e l a n d S e c u r i t y a n d t h e W a r e n

T e r r o r i s m . T h i s r e q u i r e s e n h a n c e d w a r - f i g h t i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s

THE NAVY

The former USS SCOTT leaving Sydney Harbour. Taiwan has bought al l

four Kidd class destroyers and expects to have them in service some l imenext year. (Brian Mo m son. Warships and Marine Corps Museu m

International , l - 'ranklin. Tas)

w i t h n e w c o n c e p t s , t e c h n o l o g i e s , o r g a n i s a t i o n a l i n i t i a t i v e s ,

a n d i m p r o v e d a c q u i s i t i o n p r o c e s s e s . I t is b a s e d o n t h r e e m a i n

o p e r a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s ( S e a S t r i k e . S e a S h i e l d a n d S e a B a s i n g )

b u t i n c l u d e s a d d i t i o n a l e l e m e n t s o f s e n s o r , w e a p o n a n d

p l a t f o r m s i n t e g r a t i o n ( F O R C E N e t ) . r e s o u r c e s a n d f u n d i n g

( S e a E n t e r p r i s e ) , r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t ( S e a T r i a l ) a n d t h em a n a g e m e n t a n d m o r a l e o f h u m a n r e s o u r c e s ( S e a W a r r i o r ) .

T h e s e h a v e a l o t o f t e r m i n o l o g y r e l e v a n t o n l y t o t h e U . S . N a v y

a n d t h i s i s i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e g u l f o p c n i i . g u p w i t h n a v a l

t e c h n o l o g y a n d d o c t r i n e b e t w e e n t h e U . S . N a v y a n d o t h e r

N a v i e s .

S e a S t r i k e i s f o c u s e d o n o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s . I t i n v o l v e s

s t r i k e a i r c r a f t a n d c r u i s e m i s s i l e s , a s w e l l a s M a r i n e s ,

i n f o r m a t i o n w a r f a r e o p e r a t i o n s . S p e c i a l O p e r a t i o n s F o r c e s ,

a n d t h e j o i n t s t r i k e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e A r m y a n d A i r F o r c e .

N e w c a p a b i l i t i e s i n c l u d c O h i o c l a s s b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e

s u b m a r i n e s c o n v e r t e d t o c a r r y c r u i s e m i s s i le s . C V N ( X )

n u c l e a r - p o w e r e d a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s , a n d n e w D D ( X ) d e s t r o y e r s

w i t h p o w e r f u l s u r f a c e s t r i k e c a p a b i l i t i e s .

One of the RSN's four Sjormen class submarines acquired second hand

from Sweden. All four arc expected to be operat ional this year after

extensive modificat ion in Sweden to update and 't ropicalise ' them. (RSN)

IIOL. 06 NO 4

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


S e a S h i e l d p r o v i d e s l a y e r e d d e f e n c e t o p r o t e c t t h e

h o m e l a n d , s u s t a i n a c c e s s t o l i t t o r a l a re a s , a n d p r o t e c t c o a l i t i o n

a n d j o i n t f o r c e s e v e n i n d i s t a n t p a r t s o f t h e g l o b e . K e y

e l e m e n t s i n c l u d e a d v a n c e d s e a - b a s e d b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e d e f e n c e

p r o v i d e d b y n e w C G ( X ) c l a s s s h i p s , l i t t o r a l c o n t r o l

c a p a b i l i t i e s , n e w m i n e c o u n t e r m c a s u r c c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d

e n h a n c e d A S W p a r t i c u l a r l y a g a i n s t m o d e r n , q u i e t d i e s e l

s u b m a r i n e s . L i t t o r a l s e a c o n t r o l i s a m a j o r m i s s i o n u n d e r S e a

S h i e l d . T h e L i t t o r a l C o m b a t S h i p ( L C S ) . i n w h i c h A u s t r a l i a n

s h i p d e s i g n e r s h a v e t a k e n a n i n t e r e s t , w i l l p r o v i d e m u c h o f t h e

r e q u i r e d c a p a b i l i t y . I t w i l l b e d e s i g n e d m o d u l a r l y s o t h a t i t c a n

b e r e c o n f i g u r e d f a i r l y q u i c k l y t o p e r f o r m o n e o f t h r e e

m i s s i o n s : A S W a g a i n s t q u i e t d i e s e l s u b m a r i n e s o p e r a t i n g i n

c r o w d e d , n o i s y a n d s h a l l o w c o a s t a l w a t e r s : m i n e

c o u n t c r m e a s u r e s : a n d c o u n t e r i n g s w a r m a t t a c k s b y s m a l l ,

h i g h - s p e e d b o a t s a r m e d w i t h m i s s i l e s .

S e a B a s i n g e x p l o i t s i n h e r e n t a d v a n t a g e s o f s e a - b a s e d

f o r c e s t o o p e r a t e o v e r t h e h o r i z o n a n d w i t h o u t d e p e n d e n c e o n

f o r e i g n b a s e s . E x p e d i t i o n a r y o p e r a t i o n s a n d a m p h i b i o u s

w a r f a r e c a p a b i l i t i e s a r e f u n d a m e n t a l e l e m e n t s . A n e w c l a s s o f

a m p h i b i o u s a s s a u l t s h i p , t h e L H A ( R ) . w i l l b e d e s i g n e d t o

o p e r a t e t h e S T O V L v a r i a n t o f t h e F - 3 5 J o i n t S t r i k e F i g h t e r

a n d t i l t - r o t o r V - 2 2 a i r c r a f t , a n d t o p r o v i d e f o r w a r d b a s i n g f o r

s p e c i a l f o r c e s . A l o n g w i t h t h e L H A ( R ) . t h e U . S . N a v y i s a l s o

d e v e l o p i n g n e w c o n c e p t s f o r m a r i t i m e p r e - p o s i t i o n i n g . h i g h -

s p e e d s e a - l i f t , a n d a m p h i b i o u s c a p a b i l i t i e s .

T h e U . S . N a v y ' s G l o b a l C o n c e p t o f O p e r a t i o n s i s a m a j o r

m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f g l o b a l i s a t i o n a n d m a r i t i m e p o w e r . I t p u t s a

c l e a r e m p h a s i s o n p r o v i d i n g n a v a l s t r i k i n g p o w e r a r o u n d t h e

g l o b e . I t i s b a s e d o n n e w p a c k a g e s o f n a v a l f o r c e s t h a t

i m p r o v e t h e a b i l i t y to g e n e r a t e c o m b a t p o w e r s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d . R e o r g a n i s e d c a r r i e r s t r i k e

g r o u p s w i l l h a v e f e w e r s u r f a c e c o m b a t a n t s a n d a t t a c k

s u b m a r i n e s t h a n a c a r r i e r b a t t l e g r o u p a n d e x p e d i t i o n a r y s t r i k e

g r o u p s w i l l i n c l u d e a s t r i k e c a p a b i l i t y p r o v i d e d b y s u r f a c e

c o m b a t a n t s a n d a s u b m a r i n e , a s w e l l a s a m p h i b i o u s s h i p s . T h e

n u m b e r o f s h i p s a s s i g n e d t o t h e P a c i f i c F l e e t w i l l b e i n c r e a s e d

a n d t h e A t l a n t i c F le e t d o w n s i z e d .

T h e o v e r s e a s m i l i t a r y d e p l o y m e n t p o l i c i e s o f t h e U . S a r e

c u r r e n t l y u n d e r r e v i e w t o e n s u r e t h e y m e e t n e w r e q u i r e m e n t s

o f m o b i l i t y a n d f l e x i b i l i t y . T h i s m i g h t m e a n p o s s i b l e

r e d u c t i o n s i n f o r c e s b a s e d i n E a s t A s i a i n f a v o u r o f s m a l l e r ,

m o r e a g i l e f o r c e s d e p l o y e d f r o m c o n t i n e n t a l U . S . o r f r o m a n

i n c r e a s e d n u m b e r o f s m a l l e r b a s e s o v e r s e a s . T h e s e f o r w a r d

o p e r a t i n g b a s e s w i l l b e l o c a t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f p o s s i b l e ' h o t

s p o t s ' . T h e y a r e b e i n g b u i l t o r e x p a n d e d i n c o u n t r i e s s u c h a s

Q a t a r . B u l g a r i a a n d K y r g y z t a n . a n d i n t h e A m e r i c a n t e r r i t o r yo f G u a m . T h e r e i s a m a j o r n e e d f o r b a s e s o n o r j u s t o f f t h e

E a s t A s i a n l i t t o r a l - i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . S i n g a p o r e a n d

e l s e w h e r e i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a . T h e s e a r e n o t t o b a s e f o r c e s

u n d e r a p e r m a n e n t a r r a n g e m e n t b u t t o e n s u r e t h a t a c c e s s i s

a v a i l a b l e w h e n r e q u i r e d . A n A m e r i c a n b a s e o f t h i s n a t u r e m a y

b e e s t a b l i s h e d i n D a r w i n i n n o r t h e r n A u s t r a l i a .

OceaniaT h e R o y a l A u s t r a l i a n N a v y h a s e m e r g e d f r o m s e v e r a l

y e a r s o f h i g h o p e r a t i o n a l t e m p o i n g o o d o r d e r a n d w i t h a

m a j o r f o r c e d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m a p p r o v e d . T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e

p r o j e c t e d a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h r e e a i r w a r f a r e d e s t r o y e r s ( A W D ) .

t w o l a r g e m u l t i - p u r p o s e a m p h i b i o u s l a n d i n g s h i p s w i t h a n e w

c l a s s o f s e a - l i f t s h i p t o f o l l o w i n t h e l o n g e r t e r m , t h e s e c o n d

h a n d p u r c h a s e o f a s h i p to r e p l a c e t h e a g e d t a n k e r H M A S

Two MV-22 Osprey t i l t -rotor aircraft conducting proximity tnals at sea

aboard the LHA USS IWO JIMA The US is pressing ahead with this

revolutionary new aircraft despite some early setbacks. (USN I

W E S T R A L I A . a n d a n e w f l ee t o f 1 2 A r m i d a l e - c l a s s p a t r o l

b o a t s , b i g g e r a n d m o r e c a p a b l e t h a n t h e c u r r e n t f l e e t o f

F r e m a n t l e - c l a s s v e s s e l s . M e a n w h i l e t h e m a r i t i m e u n i t o f t h e

A u s t r a l i a n C u s t o m s S e r v i c e ( A C S ) m o v e s c l o s e r t o b e c o m i n gv i r t u a l l y a n A u s t r a l i a n C o a s t G u a r d w i t h t h e p r o j e c t e d

a c q u i s i t i o n o f a s p e c i a l l y e q u i p p e d v e s s e l t o u n d e r t a k e

f isher ies pa tro ls in the Southern O cean .

A i r d e f e n c e i s a m a j o r c o n c e r n o f t h e R A N c o n s e q u e n t t o i t

having lost i ts a rea a ir de fence capabil i ty when the la st of the

C h a r l e s F . A d a m s c l a s s D D G s w a s r e t i r e d i n 2 0 0 1 . T h e a i r

w a r f a r e c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e y o u n g e s t f o u r o f A u s t r a l i a ' s s i x F F G -

7 f r i g a t e s i s to b e i m p r o v e d b y a d d i n g t h e S M - 2 m i s s i l e t o t h e i r

c u r r e n t m o d e r n i s a t i o n p r o g r a m m e . H o w e v e r , t h e t w o o l d e s t

ships of this c lass wil l be re t ir ed f rom 2(X)6 when the la st of the

e i g h t A n z a c c l a s s f r i g a t e s i s d e l i v e r e d . T h e A W D s t o e n t e r

s e r v i c e a r o u n d 2 0 1 3 m i g h t h a v e a m o d e s t s e a - b a s e d b a l l i s t i c

m i s s i l e d e f e n c e c a p a b i l i t y w i t h t h e U . S . A e g i s s y s t e m a n d S M -

2 m i s s i l e s a l t h o u g h t h e u p g r a d e d S M - 6 m i s s i l e i s no t r u l e d o u t .

N e w Z e a l a n d ' s t w o A n z a c c l a s s f r i g a t e s . H M N Z S h i p s T E

K A H A a n d T E M A N A . h a v e b e e n l e a d i n g b u s y o p e r a t i o n al

l i v e s s i n c e t h e y c o m m i s s i o n e d . T h e i r a c t i v i t i e s h a v e i n c l u d e d

o v e r s e a s p e a c e k e e p i n g d e p l o y m e n t s a n d s o v e r e i g n t y p a t r o l s

i n t h e S o u t h P a c i f i c a n d A n t a r c t i c . P r o j e c t P r o t e c t o r i s a

N Z S 5 0 0 m i l l i o n p r o j e c t p r o v i d i n g I h e R N Z N w i t h a n e w

m u l t i - r o l e v e s s e l ( M R V ) . u p t o t h r e e o f f s h o r e p a t r o l v e s s e l s

( O P V ) a n d u p t o f iv e i n s h o r e p a t r o l v e s s e l s ( I P V ) . T h e M R V

w i l l b e a l o n g - r a n g e , h i g h e n d u r a n c e p a t r o l v e s s e l w i t h

c a p a c i t y f o r t a c t i c a l s e a l i f t a n d l o g i s t i c s u p p o r t .

I n t h e S o u t h P a c i f i c , t h e l i f e e x t e n s i o n p r o g r a m f o r t h e 2 2

P a c i f i c P a t r o l B o a t s ( P P B s ) s u p p l i e d b y A u s t r a l i a t o 1 2 P a c i f i c

i s l a n d c o u n t r i e s ( P I C s ) d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 8 7 - 1 9 9 7 i s n o w

w e l l u n d e r w a y . T h e P P B p r o j e c t h a s b e e n a n o u t s t a n d i n g

s u c c e s s w i t h m a j o r b e n e f i t s b o t h f o r A u s t r a l i a a n d t h e P I C s

t h e m s e l v e s . T h e P P B s h a v e b e e n u s e f u l f o r a v a r i e t y o f t a s k s ,

i n c l u d i n g s e a r c h a n d r e s c u e , m e d i c a l e v a c u a t i o n s a n d d i s a s t e r

re l ie f , a s we ll a s the f isher ies surv e il lan ce missio n for which

t h e y w e r e i n t e n d e d .

European NaviesI t m a y s e e m s t r a n g e t o i n c l u d e E u r o p e a n N a v i e s i n t h i s

r e v i e w o f n a v a l d e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h e A s i a - P a c i f i c b u t c e r t a i n

r e a l i t i e s o f t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y w o r l d d i c t a t e t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e

i n c l u d e d . F o r b e t t e r o r w o r s e , t h e p r o c e s s o f m a r i t i m e

g l o b a l i s a t i o n i s n o w u p o n u s . P a r t l y t h i s i s d u e t o t h e t h r e a t o f

73VOL. 66 NO. 4 THF: NAVY

t e r r o r i s m b u t m o r e g e n e r a l l y , t h e E u r o p e a n s a r e f o l l o w i n g t h e

A m e r i c a n s i n t o r e c o g n i s i n g t h a t g l o b a l i s a t i o n m e a n s t h a t

a c t i o n s o n t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e w o r l d c o u l d b e i m p o r t a n t l o

t h e m a n d t o t h e i r e c o n o m i e s . P l a n s t o e s t a b l i s h a N A T O

r e s p o n s e f o r c e b a s e d o n h i g h r e a d i n e s s s e a . l a n d a n d a i r u n i t s

f o r ' o u t o f a r e a ' o p e r a t i o n s a r e i n d i c a t i v e o f a n e w

i n t e r v e n t i o n i s t a t t i t u d e .

E x p e d i t i o n a r y f o r c e s a n d n a v a l p o w e r p r o j e c t i o n

c a p a b i l i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g l a r g e a m p h i b i o u s s h i p s , l a n d a t t a c k

c r u i s e m i s s i l e s a n d v e r s a t i l e s u r f a c e c o m b a t a n t s t o e x e r c i s e

contro l in l i t tora l a reas a re not just the mo nop oly of the U.S .

N a v y . G e r m a n y . I t a l y a n d S p a i n a r e f o l l o w i n g t h i s a p p r o a c h , a s

w e l l a s t h e m a i n E u r o p e a n N a v i e s o f B r i t a i n an d F r a n c e . F r a n c e

i n p a r t i c u l a r a l r e a d y m a i n t a i n s a s i g n i f i c a n t n a v a l p r e s e n c e i n

t h e P a c i f i c a n d p l a y s a n a c t i v e s u p p o r t i v e r o l e i n r e g i o n a l

a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r m a r i t i m e s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d e n f o r c e m e n t .

T h e P r o l i f e r a t i o n S e c u r i t y I n i t i a t i v e ( P S D i n i t i a t e d b y t h e

U . S . i s a m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f m a r i t i m e g l o b a l i s a t i o n . I t h a s t h e

o b j e c t i v e o f i n t e r c e p t i n g a n d i f n e c e s s a r y , d e t a i n i n g s h i p s a n d

a i r c r a f t s u s p e c t e d o f c a r r y i n g w e a p o n s o f m a s s d e s t r u c t i o n

a n d a s s o c i a t e d m a t e r i a l s . P S I i s a g l o b a l p l a n a n d t h e

p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f E u r o p e a n a n d N o r t h A m e r i c a n n a t i o n s a s i t s

a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t s c a n o n l y b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s a d e c l a r a t i o n o ft h e p r e p a r e d n e s s o f t h e s e c o u n t r i e s t o o p e r a t e , i f n e c e s s a r y ,

i n t o t h e w a t e r s o f t h e A s i a - P a c i f i c . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f

A u s t r a l i a . C a n a d a . J a p a n . S i n g a p o r e a n d t h e U . S . i t s e l f , t h e

o t h e r P S I m e m b e r s a r e a l l E u r o p e a n s .

ConclusionT h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s y s t e m i s g o i n g t h r o u g h a p e r i o d o f

d r a m a t i c c h a n g e . I t h a s b e c o m e t r i t e t o o b s e r v e t h a t t h e w o r l d

c h a n g e d f o r e v e r o n S e p t e m b e r 1 1 . 2 0 0 1 . H o w e v e r , t h e

c h a n g e s a r e n o t o n l y i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e t h r e a t o f t e r r o r i s m b u t

a l s o i n c l u d e o t h e r c o n s e q u e n c e s o f g l o b a l i s a t i o n a n d

i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e . T h e s e c h a n g e s u n d e r p i n n a v a l d e v e l o p m e n t s

i n t h e r e g i o n , i n c l u d i n g a m o r e e v i d e n t c o n c e r n f o r t h e

s e c u r i t y o f s h i p p i n g a n d s e a b o r n e t r a d e a n d t h e a c t i o n s

i n i t i a t e d m a i n l y b y t h e U . S . t o d e a l w i t h m a r i t i m e t e r r o r i s m

a n d t h e t h r e a t o f w e a p o n s o f m a s s d e s t r u c t i o n . T h e m o v e s b y

C h i n a . J a p a n . I n d i a a n d R u s s i a l o u s e t h e i r N a v i e s a n d c o a s t

g u a r d s t o e x t e n d t h e i r r e g i o n a l i n f l u e n c e a n d t h e n o l o n g e r

r e m o t e p o s s i b i l i t y l h a t E u r o p e a n N a v i e s c o u l d b e c o m e

i n v o l v e d i n t h e r e g i o n m i g h t a l s o b e s e e n a s c o n s e q u e n c e s o f

i n c r e a s e d g l o b a l i s a t i o n a n d i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e .

G l o b a l i s a t i o n i s m u c h m o r e t h a n j u s t a n e c o n o m i c

p h e n o m e n o n . I t a l s o h a s s i g n i f i c a n t s e c u r i t y i m p l i c a t i o n s .

R e g i o n a l n a v a l d e v e l o p m e n t s c a n n o l o n g e r b e a s s e s s e d p u r e l y

in the context of the reg ion i tse lf . This is noi just a matte r of

t e r r o r i s m b e i n g a g l o b a l t h r e a t b u t a l s o f l o w s f r o m t h e n a t u r e o f

w o r l d t r a d e a n d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r m s i n d u s t r y ' w i t h E u r o p e a n

a n d N o r t h A m e r i c a n c o m p a n i e s c o m p e t i n g a g g r e s s i v e l y f o r t h e

A s i a n n a v a l m a r k e t . T h e n t h e r e i s t h e co n t r a s t b e t w e e n o n t h e

o n e h a n d , t h e f o c u s o f W e s t e r n N a v i e s o n l i t t o r a l o p e r a t i o n s a n d

e x p e d i t i o n a r y f o r c e s a n d o n t h e o t h e r , r e g i o n a l N a v i e s

d e v e l o p i n g m o r e p o w e r f u l s e a d e n i a l c a p a b i l i t i e s t o d e f e n d t h e i r

l i t t o r a l . W h i l e c u r r e n t n a v a l d e v e l o p m e n t s p r o c e e d , t h e

p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e s e s t r a t e g i c c u l t u r e s c o u l d c l a s h a t s o m e t i m ein the future is not entire ly fanc iful .

The Author

Dr Sam Baieman ret ired from the RAN as a Commodore in 1993 and became

the first Director of the Centre for Marit ime Policy al the Universi ty of

Wollongong where he is now a Professorial Research Fellow. His naval

service included four ship commands, five years in Papua New Guinea and

several postings in the force development and strategic policy areas of ihe

Department of Defence. His current research interests include regional

marit ime securi ty, strategic and poli t ical implicat ions of the Law of the Sea.

and marit ime co-operation and confidence building. He is Co-Chair of the

Council for Securi ty Co-operation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) Working

Group on Marit ime Co-operation and a member of the International Sea Lines

of Communication (SLOC) Study Group.

\

The Righ t HA Arleigh Burke class guided missi le destroyer USS BULKE LEY (DDG -84) cruises the Arabian Gulf. The Flight IIA wil l be the last destroyer

class buil t before the new DD(X). (USN)

THF. NAVY VOL. 66 NO. 4 31

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


F l a s h T r a f f i cGovt playing safe on

new Amphibs

F r e n c h s h i p b u i l d i n g g r o u p A r m a r i s

a n d S p a n i s h s h i p b u i l d i n g g r o u p I Z A R

h a v e b e e n a s k e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a

l u n d e d r i s k r e d u c t i o n a n d d e s i g n

s t u d y l o r t h e R A N ' s t w o n e w L H D

a m p h i b i o u s v e s s e l s .

T h e D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r . S e n a t o r H i l l ,

s a i d i h e s t u d y w a s a f u r t h e r s t e p t o w a r d s

t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a n e w a m p h i b i o u s s h i p

d e s i g n t o r e p l a c e H M A S T O B R U K

a n d t h e L P A s K A N I M B L A a n d

M A N ( X ) R A

A computer generated image of the French

Armaris Mistral design Armaris recently changed

its offer by adding a 'stretched' version «»f i ts

Mistral design lo try and meet ihe Army's

amphibiou s requirement (ArmarisI

T h e $ 2 b i l l i o n p r o j e c t w i l l e q u i p t h e

A u s t r a l i a n D e f e n c e F o r c e w i t h t w o n e w

a m p h i b i o u s s h i p s c a p a b l e o f p e r f o r m i n g

a r a n g e o f ta s k s , i n c l u d i n g n o n - m i l i t a r y

t a s k s s u c h a s r e g i o n a l d i s a s t e r r e l i e f ,

d e l i v e r i n g h u m a n i t a r i a n a i d . s u p p o r t f o r

p e a c e o p e r a t i o n s , a n d a s s i s t a n c e t o

p o l i c i n g o r m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s . A l a r g e

s c a l i f t s h i p w i l l a l s o b e p u r c h a s e d

b r i n g i n g t h e n u m b e r o f h u l l s t h a t c a n

t r a n s p o r t A u s t r a l i a n A r m y e l e m e n t s

o v e r s e a s t o t h r e e .

" D e f e n c e h a s c o n d u c t e d a

p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n a s s e s s m e n t i n

c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e A u s t r a l i a n

s h i p b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y w h i c h c o n f i r m e d

t h e b a s i c d e s i g n s o f A r m a r i s a n d I Z A R

b r o a d l y m e e t t h e A D F ' s c a p a b i l i t y

r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r i h e ne w a m p h i b i o u s

s h i p s . " S e n a t o r H i l l s a i d .

" T h e s t u d y w i l l a s s i s t D e f e n c e t o

f u r t h e r a s s e s s t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f t h e

c o m p a n i e s ' a m p h i b i o u s s h i p d e s i g n s f o r

t h e A D F ' s c a p a b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s ,

i n c l u d i n g t h e c a p a b i l i t y , c o s t , s c h e d u l e ,

t e c h n i c a l r i s k a n d i n d u s t r y i s s u e s

r e l a t i n g t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

a m p h i b i o u s s h i p s i n A u s t r a l i a . "

A s p a r t o f t h e s t u d y . A r m a r i s w i l l b e

a s k e d t o p r o v i d e d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n

re lat ing lo three va r iant s of i ts Mistra l

d e s i g n : t h e m i l i t a r y o f f - t h e - s h e l f d e s i g n

w h i c h i s c u r r e n t l y i n p r o d u c t i o n ; a

m o d i f i e d d e s i g n p r o v i d i n g f o r i n c r e a s e d

t r o o p c a p a c i t y : a n d a n o p t i o n b a s e d o n

t h> ' o r i g i n a l e x t e n d e d M i s t r a l d e s i g n .

I Z A R w i l l b e a s k e d l o p r o v i d e

d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o i t s

S t r a t e g i c P r o j e c t i o n S h i p d e s i g n .

T h e d e c i s i o n l o c o n d u c t t h e r i s k

r e d u c t i o n a n d d e s i g n s t u d y i s c o n s i s t e n t

w i t h t h e G o v e r n m e n t ' s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n

o f i h e K i n n a i r d R e v i e w ' s r e c o m m e n d -

a t i o n t h a i i n c r e a s e d p l a n n i n g a n d

a n a l y s i s b e u n d e r t a k e n d u r i n g t h e e a r l y

s t a g e s o f D e f e n c e p r o j e c t s .

S e n a t o r H i l l s a i d D e f e n c e w a s

e x p e c t e d l o r e c e i v e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n

D e c e m b e r 2 ( X )4 .

I t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e o u t c o m e s o f

t h e s t u d y w i l l i n f o r m t h e s e l e c t i o n o f ap r e f e r r e d d e s i g n e r f o r t h e a m p h i b i o u s

ships in ihe f ir s t ha lf of next yea r .

I t is hoped tha t the study w il l s i le nce

t h e m a n y s e n s a t i o n a l i s t a n d u n i f o r m e d

m e m b e r s o f t h e m e d i a a n d s e l f -

p r o c l a i m e d a c a d e m i c s w h o h a v e

c r i t i c i s e d a n d q u e s t i o n e d t h e n e w

c a p a b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t . A l t h o u g h f a c t s

h a v e n e v e r s t o p p e d a ' g o o d s t o r y ' .

AEGIS for RAN's new

destroyers

T h e H o w a r d G o v e r n m e n t h a s

s e l e c t e d t h e U S A e g i s a i r w a r f a r e

s y s t e m a s t h e c o r e o f t h e c o m b a i s y s t e m

f o r A u s t r a l i a ' s n e w a i r w a r f a r e

d e s t r o y e r s .

T h e A e g i s s y s t e m i s c u r r e n t l y t h e

w o r l d ' s p r e - e m i n e n t m a r i t i m e a i r

w a r f a r e s y s t e m a n d f o r m s t h e b a c k b o n e

o f t h e U S N ' s f l e e t .

A e g i s i s c u r r e n t l y i n - s e r v i c e w i t h t h e

J a p a n e s e a n d S p a n i s h n a v i e s a n d s o o nt o b e i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e S o u t h K o r e a n

a n d N o r w e g i a n f l e e t s . A e g i s i s c a p a b l e

o f d e t e c t i n g a n d d e f e a t i n g n u m e r o u s

h o s t i l e a i r c r a f t a n d m i s s i l e s

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a t r a n g e s i n e x c e s s o f

2 5 0 k i l o m e t r e s .

" T h i s c o m b a t s y s t e m w i l l b e a

q u a n t u m l e a p i n t h e a i r w a r f a r e

c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e R o y a l A u s t r a l i a n

N a v y . I t w i l l p r o v i d e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

i n c r e a s e d p r o t e c t i o n f r o m a i r a t t a c k f o r

t r o o p s b e i n g t r a n s p o r t e d a n d d e p l o y e d ,

l o n g - r a n g e a r e a a i r w a r f a r e d e f e n c e f o r

a N a v y t a s k g r o u p a n d a c o o r d i n a t e d a i r

p i c t u r e f o r t h e m o r e e f f e c t i v e

d e p l o y m e n t o f f i g ht e r a n d s u r v e i l l a n c e

a i r c r a f t " s a i d M i n i s t e r f o r D e f e n c e

S e n a t o r H i l l

T h e f i r s t o f A u s t r a l i a ' s t h r e e n e w a i r

w a r f a r e d e s t r o y e r s a r e e x p e c t e d l o b e

d e l i v e r e d i n 2 0 1 3 . T h e n e w s h i p s ,

i n c l u d i n g t h e A e g i s c o m b a t s y s t e m , w i l l

b e c o n s t r u c t e d a t a c o s l o f $ 4 . 5 - $ 6

b i l l i o n .

D e f e n c e r e c o m m e n d e d A e g i s a s t h e

b e s t s y s t e m f o r i t s a i r w a r f a r e c o m b a t

n e e d s b a s e d o n c o s t , c a p a b i l i t y , r i s k

r e d u c t i o n a n d s c h e d u l e f o l l o w i n g

a n a l y s i s b y t h e D e f e n c e S c i e n c e

T e c h n o l o g y O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d s u p p o r t

f r o m t h e U S N .

D e f e n c e i s c u r r e n t l y u n d e r t a k i n g a

c o m b a t s y s t e m i n t e g r a t i o n a n d r i s k

r e d u c t i o n s t u d y t o :

• R e f i n e d e t a i l e d a s p e c t s o f t h e v e r s i o no f i h e A e g i s s y s t e m t o b e a c q u i r e d :

• E x p l o r e t h e u s e o f A u s t r a l i a n

d e s i g n e d p h a s e d a r r a y f i r e c o n t r o l

t e c h n o l o g y t h a t h a s s i g n i f i c a n t

p o t e n t i a l t o e n h a n c e t h e a i r w a r f a r e

d e s t r o y e r s ' c a p a b i l i t i e s : a n d

• E x a m i n e o p t i o n s f o r i n t e g r a t i n g

A u s t r a l i a n c o m p o n e n t s a n d s u b -

s y s t e m s i n t o t h e A e g i s c o m b a t

s y s t e m .

SM-2 for FFGs

F o u r o f t h e R A N ' s A d e l a i d e C l a s s

G u i d e d M i s s i l e F r i g a t e s w i l l b e c a p a b l e

of f ir ing the US SM-2 anti-a ir missi le

a f t e r t h e G o v e r n m e n t a p p r o v e d a $ 5 5 0

m i l l i o n u p g r a d e o f t h e i r a r e a a i r d e f e n c e

m i s s i l e s y s t e m s .

T h e u p g r a d e o f H M A S h i p s

S Y D N E Y . D A R W I N . M E L B O U R N E

a n d N E W C A S T L E b y e a r l y 2 ( X ) 9 w o u l d

s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e t h e a i r w a r f a r e

c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e R o y a l A u s t r a l i a nN a v y .

T h e r e a s o n b e h i n d t h e p u r c h a s e

i n v o l v e s t h e s h e l f l i f e o f t h e c u r r e n t

p r i n c i p l e a n t i - a i r w e a p o n o f t h e F F G s .

t h e S M - I . i t s i n c r e a s i n g m a i n t e n a n c e

c o s t s , l i m i t e d a v a i l a b i l i t y ( p r o d u c t i o n

c e a s e d i n t h e l a t e 1 9 8 0 s ) a n d i t s i n a b i l i t y

t o d e f e a t m o d e r n A S M ( A n t i - S h i p

M i s s i l e s ) . T h e p r o j e c t c o s t w i l l c o v e r

a c q u i s i t i o n o f l i v e a n d t r a i n i n g S M - 2

r o u n d s , i n t e g r a t i o n i n t o t h e F F G s a n d

suppor tabil i ty requirements.

S M - 2 w i l l m o r e t h a n l i k e l y b e u s e d

i n t h e n e w a i r w a r f a r e d e s t r o y e r s a n d

t h u s u n u s e d r o u n d s f r o m I h e F F G s c a n

be a l te red for la te r use .

14 VOL. 66 NO 4 THE NAVY

Tender issued for

conversation of tanker

D e f e n c e h a s a n n o u n c e d p l a n s t o

r e l e a s e a r e q u e s t f o r l e n d e r ( R l - T ) f o r a n

e x t e n s i v e u p g r a d e t o t h e r e c e n t l y

a c q u i r e d c o m m e r c i a l t a n k e r w h i c h w i l l

r e p l a c e t h e R o y a l A u s t r a l i a n N a v y ' s

a g e i n g a u x i l i ar y o i l e r . H M A S

W E S T R A L I A ( s e e THE NAVY Vol 66

N o . 3 p 2 3 ) .

T h e p u r p o s e o f i h e c o n v e r s i o n w i l l

be to modify the vesse l so tha t i t has the

l a t e s t t e c h n o l o g y a n d e q u i p m e n t

c a p a b l e o f r e f u e l l i n g a r a n g e o f R A N

a n d a l l i e d N a v y v e s s e l s .

T h e R l - T i s f o r t h e d e s i g n , i n i t i a l

l o g i s t i c s u p p o r t a n d m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e

DEI.OS b y m i d S e p t e m b e r : < X) 4 . w i t h

t h e s u c c e s s f u l t e n d e r e r l o b e c o n t r a c t e d

by the f ir s t quar te r of 2(X)5.

• I

The tanker DELOS at the Botany Bay port

faci l i ty. (RANI

T h e D e l o s . w h i c h w a s p u r c h a s e d b y

D e f e n c e i n J u n e , h a s b e e n l e a s e d f o r s i x

m o n t h s t o T c c k a y S h i p p i n g u n d e r a

s t a n d a r d c h a r t e r c o n t r a c t a r r a n g e m e n t .

T h e l e a s e a l l o w s D e f e n c e t o g e n e r a t e

i n c o m e f r o m t h e s h i p i n t h e p e r i o d u n t i l

t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n w o r k c o m m e n c e s ,

a v o i d i n g t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c o s t s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h m o o r i n g t h e v e s s e l , a n d a l l o w i n g

t h e t e s t i n g o f t h e v e s s e l ' s e n g i n e e r i n g

s y s t e m s a t a n e a r l y s t a g e .

DELOS i s 1 7 6 m e t r e s l o n g a n d

w e i g h s 3 7 . 0 0 0 t o n n e s .S o m e o f t h e s p e c i f i c m o d i f i c a t i o n s

s o u g h t i n c l u d e :

• T h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f a r e p l e n i s h m e n t a t

s e a r i g a n d f l i g h t d e c k f o r d a y l i g h t

o p e r a t i o n s ;

• V a r i o u s h a b i t a b i l i t y a n d

a c c o m m o d a t i o n m o d i f i c a t i o n s

i n c l u d i n g h o t e l s e r v i c e s ( h e a l i n g ,

v e n t i l a t i o n . a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g ,

f r e s h w a t e r , s e w e r a g e ) f o r N a v y

p e r s o n n e l ;

• A n u m b e r o f n a v a l i s a t i o n p a c k a g e s

( i n c l u d i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e

R i g i d H u l l e d I n f l a t a b l e B o a t s a n d a

re lated c rane , and Nav y l if e savi ng

a n d d a m a g e c o n t r o l m o d i f i c a t i o n s ) .

THE NAVY

T h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o t h e s h i p a r e

e x p e c t e d t o c o s l b e t w e e n $ 5 0 a n d $ 7 0

m i l l i o n a n d w i l l b e u n d e r t a k e n i n

A u s t r a l i a c r e a t i n g n e w j o b s a n d

c o n s o l i d a t i n g t h e h i g h - t e c h a n d

s p e c i a l i s e d s k i l l s o f A u s t r a l i a ' s n a v a l

s h i p b u i l d i n g a n d r e p a i r s e c t o r .

I n o r d e r to m e e t R A N o p e r a t i o n a l

r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e 2 0 0 6 - 0 7 p e r i o d .

D e f e n c e i n t e n d s t o l e t a s i n g l e r e q u e s t

f o r l e n d e r ( R F T ) t o c o m p e t i t i v e l y

c o n t r a c t f o r t h e d e s i g n , i n i t i a l l o g i s i i c

s u p p o r t . a n d m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s h i p .

T h e s u c c e s s f u l t e n d e r e r f o r t h e p r i m e

c o n t r a c t w i l l b e s o u g h t f r o m t h e

m e m b e r s o f th e e x i s t i n g N a v y R e p a i r

a n d R e f i i P a n e l , b e i n g A D I . F o r g a c s .

U n i t e d K i l p a t r i c k G r e e n a n d T e n i x . I t i s

e x p e c t e d t h a t s o m e o f t h e s e c o m p a n i e s

m a y t e a m w i t h d e s i g n a n d l o g i s i i c

s u p p o r t e x p e r t s i n r e s p o n d i n g l o t h e

tender .

I t is e x p e c t e d t h a t t e n d e r i n g a s i n g l e

c o n t r a c t f o r i h e d e s i g n , i n i t i a l l o g i s t i c

s u p p o r t , a n d m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s h i p

w i l l r e s u l t i n t h e v e s s e l r e p l a c i n g

W E S T R A L I A s i x m o n t h s e a r l i e r th a n

a n t i c i p a t e d a n d a l s o g e n e r a t e

a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s a v i n g s .

New radar detectors

for Arm idales

A $ 2 5 m i l l i o n A u s t r a l i a n - d e s i g n e d

r a d a r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m w i l l b e

i n s t a l l e d i n A u s t r a l i a ' s n e w A r m i d a l e

c l a s s p a l r o l b o a t s - d r a m a t i c a l l y

b o o s t i n g t h e N a v y ' s c a p a b i l i t y l o t r a c k

d o w n i l l e g a l v e s s e l s .

The first Armidale class patrol boat nearing

c om pl e t i on. (RA N )

A d e l a i d e - b a s e d B A E S y s t e m s w i l l

b e c o n t r a c t e d t o p r o v i d e P R I S M I I I

r a d a r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m s f o r t h e 1 2

n e w p a t r o l b o a t s . I t i s e x p e c t e d t h a i

B A E w i l l a l s o b e s u b c o n t r a c t e d l o

p r o v i d e t h r o u g h - l i f e s u p p o r t f o r 1 5

y e a r s b y t h e p a t r o l b o a t p r i m e

c o n t r a c t o r . D e f e n c e M a r i t i m e S y s t e m s .

T h i s A u s t r a l i a n d e s i g n e d a n d

d e v e l o p e d r a d a r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m i s

VOL. 66 NO. 4

e x p e c t e d t o p r o v i d e a n i n c r e a s e i n

s u r v e i l l a n c e c a p a b i l i t y a n d b e t t e r

p r o t e c t i o n f o r A u s t r a l i a ' s c o a s t l i n e .

P R I S M I I I i s a p a s s i v e e l e c t r o n i c

s y s t e m t h a i c a n d e l e c t m i c r o w a v e

f r e q u e n c i e s , s u c h a s t h o s e u s e d b y

m a r i n e r a d a r s , a n d i d e n t i f y t h e t y p e o f

r a d a r b e i n g u s e d . In c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h

o t h e r s e n s o r s , t h i s s y s t e m w i l l h e l p t h e

N a v y t o i d e n t i f y w h o i s i n A u s t r a l i a n

wate rs and inc rease* the abil i ty lo t r ack

d o w n i l l e g a l v e s s e l s .

D e f e n c e s e l e c t e d t h e P R I S M I I I

a f t e r e v a l u a t i n g a v a i l a b l e s y s t e m s

w o r l d w i d e . T h e P R I S M I I I s y s t e m i s

a l r e a d y f il l ed l o t h e N a v y ' s M i n e

H u n t e r s a n d h a s p r o v e d b o t h e f f e c t i v e

a n d r e l i a b l e .

Abrams OK for RANT h e R A N h a s r e ce n tl y m o d i f i e d a n d

s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e s t e r n l o a d i n g r a m p

a b o a r d o n e o f i t s L P A s t o a l l o w t h e

A u s t r a l i a n A r m y ' s n e w 6 3 t o n n e M - 1 A I

A I M ( D ) M B T ( M a i n B a l t i c T a n k ) t o

s e l f l o a d a n d o f f l o a d . M o d i f i c a t i o n s t o

the second wil l s ta r t s t ion.

T h e A u s t r a l i a n A r m y w i l l t a k e

d e l i v e r y o f i t s f ir s t M - I A l i n 2 0 0 7 .

B o t h L P A s a n d t h e L S H H M A S

T O B R U K c a n l o a d a n d u n l o a d t h e

M - I A I u s i n g t h e i r 7 0 t o n n e d e r r i c k

h o w e v e r , t h i s w i l l m o s t l i k e l y b e w h i l e

a g a i n s t a w h a r f a s s e a s t a l e i s a l i m i t i n g

f a c t o r ( a n y t h i n g h i g h e r t h e n s e a s t a t e I

a n d t h e 6 3 t o n n e l a n k b e c o m e s a

s w i n g i n g w r e c k i n g b a l l b y t h e s i d e o f

t h e s h i p ) .

M o d i f i c a t i o n s t o t h e s i e m r a m p s w i l l

a l l o w t h e B a l i k p a p a n c l a s s L C H s t o

m a r r y u p w i t h t h e L P A s a n d T O B R U K

t o t r a n s f e r I h e M B T t o i t f o r t r a n s p o r t t o

Ihe shore .

T O B R U K c a n a c c o m m o d a t e 1 8

M - I A I s o n h e r t a n k d e c k w h i l e t h e

L P A s c a n e a c h e m b a r k 2 1 M - I A I .

RIMPAC 2004 a

success

T h i s y e a r ' s m u l t i n a t i o n a l m a r i t i m e

w a r f a r e e x e r c i s e . R I M P A C . e n d e d a f t e r

4 w e e k s o f i n t e n s i v e w a r f a r e t r a i n i n g i n

H a w a i i a n w a t e r s b e t w e e n s e v e n

n a t i o n s ; A u s t r a l i a . C a n a d a . C h i l e .

J a p a n . R e p u b l i c o f K o r e a . U n i t e d S t a l e s

a n d U n i t e d K i n g d o m .

O n e o f t h e c h a l l e n g e s a n d h i g h l i g h t s

o f t h i s y e a r ' s e x e r c i s e w a s a c h i e v i n g

i n t e g r a t i o n a n d i n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y w i t h

15

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


Co n f i r m a t i o n t h a i t h e t w o D u t c h a i r d e f e n c e sh i p s D F. RY T U R ( l e f t a n d T R O M P i r i g h t ) a r e n o

l o n g e r o n I h e se c o n d h a n d sh i p m a r k e t . T h e i m a g e s sh o w i h e sh i p s b e i n g b r o k e n u p f o r sc r a p . Bo t h

sh i p s h a d a v e r y i m p r e ss i v e a n t i - a i r su i t e i n t h e f o r m o f se a sp a r r o w a n d S M - 1 S A M s b a c k e d u p b y

a very la rge 3D radar mounted on top of ihe bridge and under a protec tive dom e which looke d l ike a

l a r g e b a l l o o n W h e n d e c o m m i ss i o n e d t h e r e w e r e r u m o u r s t h a i I n d o n e s i a w a s k e e n l o p u r c h a se t h e m .

othe r na t ions . Roya l Aust r a l ian Navy.

Army and Air Force uni t s were ful ly

integra ted into mul t ina t iona l for ces for

exerc ise war f a r e scenar ios , a iming for

e f f ic iency in working as a coa l i t ionforce . Aust r a l ian Navy and Air F orce

per sonne l , working in key posi t ions in

fore ign ships , succeeded in improving

communica t ion be tween uni t s .

T h e R A N ' s C o m m o d o r e D a v y d

T h o m a s w a s D e p u t y C o m m a n d e r o f t h e

Combined Task Force and second in

command of the exe rc ise .

"Exerc is e R1MPAC 04 wa s va luable -

t r a ining for opera t ing in a coa l i t ion

si tua t ion. Our pe r sonne l have overcome

c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d s y s t e m d i f f e r e n c e s

and sha red the i r ski l l s and exper t i se

w i t h o u r f r i e n d s a n d a l l i e s . "

C o m m o d o r e T h o m a s s a i d .

"We cam e he re to improv e our

r eadiness and e f f ic iency in opera t ing as

a coa l i t ion force and we have done

exac t ly tha t . We have a lso made some

good f r iend s a long the way" .

Exerc ise Rim of the Pac i f ic 2004

( R I M P A C ) a i m e d t o i m p r o v e w a r -

f ight ing ski l l s of pa r t ic ipa t ing uni t s in a

r ange of combined opera t ions a t sea . By

e n h a n c i n g i n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y . R I M P A Chelps promote s tabi l i ty in the Pac i f ic

R i m r e g i o n . T h i s y e a r ' s e x e r c i s e

inc luded a va r ie ty of sur f ace comba tant

s h i p s , s u b m a r i n e s , a i r c r a f t , a n d

amphibious forces . I t was the 19th in a

se r ie s of RIMPAC exerc ises conduc ted

per iodica l ly s ince 1971. RIMPAC 04

involved 40 ships . 7 submar ines . 90

a i r c r a f t a n d 1 7 . 0 0 0 s a i l o r s , a i r m e n ,

m a r i n e s , s o l d i e r s a n d c o a s t g u a r d s

per sonne l .

T h e A u s t r a l i a n D e f e n c e F o r c e

c o n t r i b u t i o n i n c l u d e d e l e m e n t s f r o m

each of the se rvices .

T h e R A N ' s H M A S h i p s

N E W C A S T L E . P A R R A M A T T A .

16

r e p l e n i s h m e n t s h i p H M A S S U C C E S S ,

t h e C o l l i n s c l a s s s u b m a r i n e H M A S

RANK IN and RAA F P-3 Or ion a i r c r a f t

conduc ted war fa r e exe rc ises wi th over

35 othe r ships .T h e A r m y ' s C C o m p a n y 2 R A R

embarked in the USS TARAWA and

conduc ted amphibious opera t ions wi th

the Uni ted Sta tes Mar ine Corps. The

A u s t r a l i a n N a v y ' s C l e a r a n c e D i v i n g

Team One a lso opera ted wi th the US

Mar ine Corps f rom the US High Speed

Vesse l SWIFT.

Roya l Aust r a l ian Air ror ce Hercules

and B707 a i r c r a f t provided logis t ic s

suppor t .

Aust r a l ian Defence Force pe r sonne l

f r o m M a r i t i m e C o m m a n d . A i r

Com mand an d Deploy able Joint Forces

were a lso ful ly integra ted into the

c o m b i n e d h e a d q u a r t e r s i n H a w a i i .

Spec ia l i s t Roya l Aust r a l ian Navy and

Roya l Aust r a l ian Air Force pe r sonne l

embarked in the a i r c r a f t ca r r ie r USS

J O H N C S T E N N I S . m u l t i - p u r p o s e

a m p h i b i o u s s h i p U S S T A R A W A .

Aust in Class amphibious t r anspor t dock

U S S D U B U Q U E a n d t h e C a n a d i a n

a i r d e f e n c e d e s t r o y e r H M C S

ALGONQUIN. In tota l , more than 1100A u s t r a l i a n D e f e n c e F o r c e p e r s o n n e l

took pa r t in the exe rc ise .

Collins troubles at an

endDefence Minis te r Rober t H i l l and

Finance Minis te r Nick Minchin have

s e t t l e d a ll o u t s t a n d i n g c o m m e r c i a l

i ssues r e la t ing to the Col l ins Class

s u b m a r i n e s b e t w e e n t h e D e p a r t m e n t

o f D e f e n c e , A u s t r a l i a n S u b m a r i n e

C o r p o r a t i o n a n d K o c k u m s A B o f

S w e d e n .

The key f ea tures of the se t t lement

a re :

VOL. 66 NO. 4

• Defence and ASC have ful l access

to Kockums' inte l lec tua l proper ty for

m a i n t a i n i n g . s u p p o r t i n g a n d

u p g r a d i n g t h e C o l l i n s C l a s s

subm ar ines through out the l i f e of the

Class .

• Formal te rmina t ion of the va r ious

cont r ac ts be tween the pa r t ie s for

t h e d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

t h e s u b m a r i n e s , a n d s u b s e q u e n t

se t t lement of a l l c la ims a r i s ing f rom

these cont r ac ts .

• Prov i s ion of a cont r ac t under which

Defence and ASC may have access to

K o c k u m s ' d e s i g n s e r v i c e s f o r

s u p p o r t o f t h e C o l l i n s C l a s s

submar ines a s r equi r ed.

The se t t lement provides ful l access

f o r D e f e n c e . A S C a n d t h e i r

subcont r ac tor s to Kockums' inte l lec tua l

p r o p e r t y f o r t h e C o l l i n s C l a s ssubmar ines wi thin a f r amework tha i

p r o t e c t s K o c k u m s ' p r o p r i e t a r y

i n f o r m a t i o n a n d a l s o f a c i l i t a t e s

A u s t r a l i a n a c c e s s t o U n i t e d S t a t e s

s u b m a r i n e t e c h n o l o g y .

The se t t lement marks the end of

long and complex negot ia t ions be tween

Defence . ASC and Kockums . and the

subsequent beginning of a new e ra for

ASC as the company s t r engthens i t s r ole

as designer and provide r of through- l i f e

suppor t of the Col l ins Class submar ines .

Al l f uture work by ASC in

mainta ining, suppor t ing and upgrading

the submar ines wi l l be ca r r ied out

through a long le rm st r a tegic

r e la t ionship wi th Defence under the

$ 3 . 5 b i l l i o n T h r o u g h - L i f e S u p p o r t

Contr ac t s igned in December la s t yea r .

T h e M i n i s t e r s n o t e d t h a t t h e

se t t lement wi th Kockums br ings to an

end the ongoing lega l negot ia t ions and

p r o c e e d i n g s a n d e x p r e s s e d t h e i r

a p p r e c i a t i o n t o K o c k u m s f o r t h e i r

ass is tance in r e solving these i ssues .

737 replaces Orion

T h e U . S . N a v y h a s a w a r d e d a

Boe ing- led indust ry team a US$3.89

bi l l ion cont r ac t to bui ld the Mul t i -

mission Mar i t ime Airc r a f t (MMA) . The

t o t a l p r o g r a m a c q u i s i t i o n v a l u e i s

es t ima ted a t about US$20 bi l l ion for

108 a i r c r a f t .

T h e B o e i n g - l e d t e a m , w h i c h

inc ludes CFM Inte rna t iona l . Nor throp

G r u m m a n . R a y t h e o n a n d S m i t h s

A e r o s p a c e w i l l p r o d u c e s e v e n t e s t

a i r c r a f t dur ing the program's System

D e v e l o p m e n t a n d D e m o n s t r a t i o n

T H F : N A V Y

(SDD) phase . P lans ca l l f or up to 108

a i r c r a f t to be purchased by the US Navy

to r eplace i t s aging I lee t of 223 P-3

Or ion a i r c r a f t .

"The 737 MMA wil l play a c r i t ica l

role in the future of mar i t ime war fa r e

by providing the U .S . wi th dominance

i n a n t i - s u b m a r i n e a n d a n t i - s u r f a c e

war fa r e a s we l l a s r econna issance and

s u r v e i l l a n c e m i s s i o n s . " s a i d J i m

Albaugh. pr esident and Chie f Execut ive

Of f ice r of Boe ing Integra ted Defen se

S y s t e m s .

T h e C F M 5 6 - 7 e n g i n e s t h a t w i l l

p o w e r t h e B o e i n g 7 3 7 M M A a r e

produced by CFM Inte rna t iona l , a 50/50

j o i n t c o m p a n y o f S n e c m a M o t e u r s a n d

Genera l Elec t r ic Company. This i s the

same engine tha t power s the RAAF's

Boe ing 737 Airborne Ear ly Warning &

Control a i r c r a f t , a s we l l a s the U .S .

Navy 's C-40 t r anspor t a i r c r a f t . The two

C F M 5 6 - 7 B 2 7 A e n g i n e s w i l l e a c h

provide 27.300 pounds of takeof f thrust

a n d s u p p o r t M M A ' s d e m a n d i n g

e lec t r ica l output r equi r ements to suppor t

f l i g h t d e c k a n d m i s s i o n s y s t e m

opera t ions . The CF M5 6-7 i s one of the

wor ld 's most r e l iable engines . More than

3,000 uni t s have been de l ive red to da le .

This f lee t of engines has logged more

than 30 mi l l ion f l ight hou r s whi le

mainta ining an indust ry- leading .002 in-

f l ight shut down r a te pe r I .(XX) flight

hour s . This r a te t r ansla tes to one event

every 500.000 f l ight hour s .

N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n ' s B a l t i m o re -

based Elec t ronic Systems sec tor wi l l

p r o v i d e t h e c l e c t r o - o p t i c a l / i n f r a r c d

(EO/IR) sensor , the di r ec t iona l inf ta r ed

c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s s y s t e m , a n d t h e

e l e c t r o n i c s u p p o r t m e a s u r e * s y s t e m .

N o r t h r o p G r u m m a n ' s M i s s i o n S y s t e m s

sec tor , based in Reston. Va . . w i l l

d e v e l o p d a t a l i n k s f o r M M A . T h e

company's Integra ted Systems sec tor ,

based in El Segundo. Ca l i f . , w i l l suppor t

the mission planning e f for t .

Raytheon wi l l provide an upgraded

APS-137 Mar i t ime Surve i l lance Radar

a n d S i g n a l s I n t e l l i g e n c e ( S I G I N T )

solut ions . Raytheon i s a l so of f e r ing i t s

r evolut ionary GPS Ant i - Jam. Integra ted

Fr iend or Foe . and Towed Decoy Se l f -

P r o t e c t i o n S u i t e s , a n d ( h e a i r c r a f t ' s

Broadcast Info System (BIS ) and secure

UHF Sa tcom capabi l i ty.

Smiths Aerospace suppl ie s both the

F l i g h t M a n a g e m e n t a n d S t o r e s

M a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m s o n t h e B o e i n g 7 3 7

M M A . T h e F l ig h t M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m

p r o v i d e s a t r u l y i n t e g r a t e d o p e n

archi tec ture tha t i s CNS/A TM c ompl ian t

a long wi th an inherent growth pa th for

u p g r a d e s . T h e S t o r e s M a n a g e m e n tS y s t e m p r o v i d e s a c o m p r e h e n s i v e

system fo r the e lec t ronic cont rol of

i n t e g r a t e d w e a p o n s m a n a g e m e n t . T h i s

system is designed wi th s tandards to

a c c o m m o d a t e c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e

prec is ion weapons.

Steel Cat slinks to

sunny Qld

The s inking of the former HMAS

B R I S B A N E . The Steel Cat. of f the

Queensland coast next yea r wi l i c r ea te a

"dive magn e t" for Aust r a l ia , br inging

25.000 ext r a tour is t s to the r egion and

p r o v i d i n g u p t o 2 0 0 n e w j o b s .

Queensland Premie r Pe te r Bea t t ie sa id a t

the formal hand over of the ship in

Sydney.

Premie r Bea t t ie . the Federa l Member

for F ishe r . Pe te r S l ipper, who pushed ha rd

for BRISBANE to go to Queensland, and

the Sta te member for the sca t of Kawana .

Chr is Cummins, were on hand a t F lee tBase East on July 13 to accept the

dest royer f rom the Defence Minis te r .

Sena tor Rober t H i l l .

A number of se rving and former

m e m b e r s o f h e r s h i p ' s c o m p a n y ,

i n c l u d i n g t h e p r e s e n t M a r i t i m e

C o m m a n d e r . R A D M R o w a n M o f f i t t .

were a lso present .

S ix Chie f s of Navy se rved on he r .

N e x t y e a r . a f t e r e x t e n s i v e

e n v i r o n m e n t a l c h e c k s . B R I S B A N E w i l l

be sunk 28 metr es deep. 2.9 ki lometr es

e a s t o f t h e S u n s h i n e C o a s t ' s M u d j i m b a

I sland.

Scut t l ing teams hope she wi l l se t t le

upr ight , a s have s i s te r ships PERTH in

W e s t e r n A u s t r a l i a a n d H O B A R T o f f

South Aust r a l ia , on the sandy seabed.

The s i te i s we l l c lea r of f i shing and

t r awl ing grounds and one tha t compl ies

w i t h th e Q u e e n s l a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l

Protec t ion Agency rules . The ship wi l l

a l so become a f i sh habi ta t .

J tT h e f o r m e r H M A S B R I S B A N E l e a v i n g S y d n e y

f o r i h e l a s t t i m e . H e r b r i d g e h a s b e e n r e m o v e d

a n d i s c u r r e n t l y a l t h e A u s t r a l i a n Wa r M e m o r i a l ' s

M i t c h e l l a n n e x u n d e r g o i n g c o n se r v a t i o n f o r

f u t u r e e x h i b i t i o n . ( Ch r i s S a t t l e r . Wa r sh i p s &

M a r i n e Co r p s M u se u m . F r a n k l i n . T a sm a n i a )

In f a r ewel l ing the ship Sena tor Hi l l

said: "It is sad ... but she has served well.

She went to Vietnam twice and to the first

Gulf War . Many thousands se rved in he r ."

H e a l s o t h a n k e d Q u e e n s l a n d f o r

taking he r . "Today i s t inged wi th sadness .

A sad farewell. She is a great piece of

nava l he r i tage ." the Minis te r sa id.

Premie r Bea t t ie sa id he was qui te

exc i ted about Queensland ge t t ing the ship.

"The ship i s comi ng hom e." he sa id.

"She wi l l br ing an ext r a 25.000 tour is t s

to the r egion and c r ea te up to 200 jobs .

She wi l l be a 'dive magne t ' f or

Aust r a l ia , a t t r ac t ing not only Aust r a l ian

but inte rna t iona l dive r s ." he sa id.

By Graham Davis

RANKIN proves

formidable

T h e U S N a v y h a s d e s c r i b e d H M A S

R A N K I N a s " a f o r m i d a b l e o p p o n e n t "a f te r he r pe r formance in the la s t ma jor

t r a ining exerc ise be fore .he s ta r t of

R I M P A C .

R A N K I N ( L C D R S t e v e H u s s e y )

was the cent r epiece of Exerc ise S i lent

Fury as a "host i le " submar ine , pi t ted

aga inst a highly capable US Navy A SW

task group.

The US guided missi le dest royer s

U S S O ' K A N E a n d U S S P A U L

H A M I L T O N , g u i d e d m i s s i l e f r i g a t e

U S S R E U B E N J A M E S , n u c l e a r

s u b m a r i n e U S S K E Y W E S T , s i x P - 3 C

Or ions and He l icopte r Ant i -Submar ine

Squadron Light 37 uni ted themse lves

aga inst the Aust r a l ian "Black Knight" .

A c o m p u t e r g e n e r a t e d i m a g e o f t h e n e w Bo e i n g

7 3 7 M M A w h i c h 1 0 8 w i l l b e b u i l t f o r t h e U S N .

( Bo e i n g )

T H H N A V Y VOL. 66 NO. 4 17

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


" S i l e n t F u r y w a s a n e x c e l l e n t

o p p o r t u n i t y f o r u s t o c h a l l e n g e o u r a i r

c r e w s i n o u r p r i m a r y m i s s i o n a r e a o f

u n d e r s e a w a r f a r e . " s a i d C M D R D a v i d

S m i t h . C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r o f t h e U S

P a t r o l S q u a d r o n 4 .

" R A N K I N w a s a f o r m i d a b l e

o p p o n e n t a n d p r o v i d e d u n i q u e t r a i n i n g

o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e e n t i r e t a s k f o r c e

and us. " he sa id.

The US recognise ' tha t the Coll ins

c l a s s d i e s e l s u b m a r i n e s a r e s u p e r b a t

exceptiona lly si lent under*a te r opera t ions.

USS T ICONDE ROGA

decommissions

T h e U S N ' s g u i d c d - m i s s i l c c r u i s e r

U S S T I C O N D E R O G A ( C C i -4 7 ) w a s

d e c o m m i s s i o n e d o n S e p t . 3 0 2 0 0 4 .

M o r e t h a n t w e n t y y e a r s o l d .

T I C O N D E R O G A w a s b ui l t in

P a s c a g o u l a . c o m m i s s i o n e d i n J a n u a r y

1983. and was the f ir s t ship of the AEGIS

guided-missi le c ruise r c lass. I t was the

wor ld ' s fi r s t sur face combatant equ ipped

with the AF.GIS combat system, the most

sophist ica ted a ir de fence in the w»>r ld.

Dur ing the ship s l i f e t ime , i ts c rews have

b e e n i n v o l v e d i n m a j o r n a t i o n a l a n d

inte rna tiona l events , and severa l histor ic

N A T O e x er c is e s . T I C O N D E R O G A s

advent ures have taken he r to duty in the

Gulf of S idra . of lf the coast of Be irut , to the

Arc tic C irc le , the Equa tor , and through the

S u e / a n d P a n a m a c a n a l s . T h e s h i p w a s

one of the f ir s t to repor t on sta t ion in

suppor t of Opera t ion Deser t Shie ld/Deser t

S torm in 1990. She has deployed to the

Medite r ranean Sea . the Car ibbean Sea and

the Easte rn Pac if ic Ocean.

The USN's guided-missi le cruiser USS

TICONDEROGA <CG-t7> was dccommisM.Hied

on Sept. 30 2004

T h e c u r r e n t T I C O N D E R O G A i s t h e

f if th U.S . Navy ship to bea r the histor ic -

n a m e . S h e i s n a m e d i n c o m m e m o r a t i o n

o f t h e c a p t u r e o f F o r t T i c o n d c r o g a o n

L a k e C h a m p l a i n i n e a s t e r n N e w Y o r k ,

i n M a y 1 7 7 5 . b y E t h a n A l l e n a n d h i s

G r e e n M o u n t a i n B o y s ' . O n e o f t h e f ir s t

m i l i t a r y s u c c e s s e s o f t h e A m e r i c a n

R e v o l u t i o n , t h e s e i z u r e p r o v i d e d

IK

d e s p e r a t e l y n e e d e d c a n n o n s a n d

s u p p l i e s t o G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n ' s a r m y .

Maritime Chinook on

drawing boardI t w a s a n n o u n c e d a t t h i s y e a r ' s

F a r n b o u r g h a i r s h o w t h a t t h e U K M o D

i s s et t o l a u n c h a £ 1 0 0 m i l l i o n p r o j e c t t o

p r o d u c e a s p e c i a l i z e d m a r i t i m e v e r s i o n

o f t h e v e r y s u c c e s s f u l B o e i n g C H - 4 7

C h i n o o k l a t e r t h i s y e a r .

A c c o r d i n g t o B o e i n g e x e c u t i v e s , t h e

U K M o D i s p r o p o s i n g t o d e v e l o p a

v e r s i o n o f t h e h e a v y l i f t h e l i c o p t e r

o p t i m i s e d f o r s h i p b o a r d o p e r a t i o n ,

i n c l u d i n g a u t o m a t i c f o l d i n g r o t o r

b l a d e s , e x t r a m a r i n i s a t i o n o f e n g i n e

c o m p o n e n t s . r a d i o s . n a v i g a t i o n

e q u i p m e n t a n d o t h e r e n h a n c e m e n t s .

O n e e n h a n c e m e n t o n t h e d r a w i n gb o a r d i n v o l v e s s h o r t e n i n g o f t h e b l a d e s

s o t h e y d o n o t b e n d t o o m u c h w h e n i d l e

i n h i g h s e a s , t h u s m a k i n g i t d i f f i c u l t t o

s t a r t u p w h e n t h e u p a n d d o w n m o t i o n

o f t h e s h i p c o u l d p r o d u c e s t r e s s o n t h e

b l a d e s a n d p r e v e n t s t a r t u p d u e t o

p r o x i m i t y t o t h e h e l i c o p t e r ' s f u s e l a g e .

T h e U K R o y a l A i r F o r c e c u r r e n t l y

h a s 3 8 C ' H - 4 7 s i n s e r v i c e .

First F-310 frigate for

Norway

S p a n i s h f i r m I Z A R r e c e n t l y

l a u n c h e d t h e F R I D T J O F N A N S E N . t h e

f ir st of a se r ies of f ive F-310 c lass

f r i g a t e s f o r t h e R o y a l N o r w e g i a n N a v y .

T h e o r d e r f o r t h e f iv e s h i p s w a s p l a c e d

in June 2<XX).

This ship wil l be f i t ted out and

d e l i v e r e d f u l l y o p e r a t i o n a l i n S e p t e m b e r

2(X)5 and was laun ched 7( )9f compl e te ,

a high pe rc enta ge for the f ir s t ship of a

s e r i e s . T h i s w a s p o s s i b l e d u e t o t h ei n t e g r a t e d m o d u l a r c o n s t r u c t i o n s y s t e m

u s e d i n t h e S h i p y a r d .

T h e k e e l l a y i n g o f t h e s e c o n d u n i t .

R O A L D A M U N D S E N , t o o k p l ac e

The Royal Norwegian Navy's first F-310 frigate.

FRIDTJOF NANSEN. being launched. Onlaunching the ship was nearly 7<K» complete. (IZAR)

VOL 66 NO 4

i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e l a u n c h i n g o f t h e

f ir st s h i p . R O A L D A M U N D S E N ' s

laun chin g is expe c ted in Apr i l 2(X)5.

T h e F - 3 1 0 c l a s s i s o n e o f t h e m o s t

a d v a n c e d f r i g a t e s i n t h e w o r l d . I t i s t h e

f ir st unit of this s ize to incorpora te the

L o c k h e e d M a r t i n S P Y - I F r a d a r . T h e

S P Y - I F m u l t i f u n c t i o n r a d a r i s a s m a l l e r

v e r s i o n o f t h e L o c k h e e d M a r t i n

A N / S P Y - 1 D . t h e w o r l d ' s m o s t a d v a n c e d

s y s t e m f o r a n t i - a i r w a r f a r e a n d a n t i -

m i s s i l e d e f e n c e .

F - 3 1 0 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :

L e n g t h 1 3 3 . 2 5 m

Beam 16.80 ni

F u l l L o a d D i s p l a c e m e n t 5 . 1 3 0 t

D e s i g n D r a u g h t 4 . 9 0 m

C o m p l e m e n t 1 4 6 p e o p l e

T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n :

T h e F R I D T J O F N A N S E N f r i g a t e is

p r o v i d e d w i t h s p e c i f i c m e a s u r e si n t e n d e d t o i m p r o v e h e r s u r v i v a b i l i t y .

S o m e o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s a r c :

• R e d u c t i o n o f R a d a r C r o s s S e c t i o n

( R C S ) .

• R e d u c t i o n o f I n f r a r e d S i g n a t u r e .

• R e d u c t i o n o f U n d e r w a t e r R a d i a t e d

N o i s e .

• N B C P r o t e c t i o n .

• S h o c k R e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t u n d e r w a t e r

e x p l o s i o n .

• V i t a l S p a c e s B a l l i s t i c P r o t e c t i o n .

• R n o N ' s S t a b i l i t y C r i t e r i a , w i t h -

s t a n d i n g d a m a g e s o f u p t o 1 5 ^ o f t h e

s h i p ' s l e n g t h , a n d .

• F o u r d e d i c a t e d D a m a g e C o n t r o l a re a s .

T h e p r o p u l s i o n p l a n t i s C O D A G

t y p e a n d i n c l u d e s a g a s t u r b i n e , t w o

p r o p u l s i o n d i e s e l e n g i n e s , a s e t o f

r e d u c t i o n g e a r s a n d t w o s h a f t l i n e s , e a c h

d r i v i n g a c o n t r o l l a b l e p i t c h p r o p e l l e r .

The F-310 is f i t ted with a re trac table

b o w t h r u s t e r i n t e n d e d t o i m p r o v e

m a n o e u v r a b i l i t y i n s h a l l o w w a t e r s b u t

w h i c h c a n a l s o b e u s e d a s a n a u x i l i a r y

p r o p u l s i o n u n i t .

T h e e l e c t r i c p l a n t c o n s i s t s o f f o u r

1 . 1 0 0 k W d i e s e l g e n e r a t o r s e t s l o c a t e d

i n t h e a f t d i e s e l g e n e r a t o r r o o m ( t w o

s e t s ) a n d i n t h e f o r w a r d m a i n e n g i n e

r o o m ( t w o s e t s ) . T h e p l a n t a l s o i n c l u d e s

t w o m a i n s w i t c h b o a r d s .

SA Navy on track

P r o g r e s s i n d e v e l o p i n g S o u t h A f r i c a ' s '

nava l forces took a leap forward recently

with the f ir s t of three submar ines launched

and her four th and f ina l corve tte named.

T h e s u b m a r i n e s , t o g e t h e r w i t h G r i p e n

f ighte r a irc ra f t and Ha wk tra in e r je ts on

THE NAVY

order , a re the f rui ts of South Afr ica ' s

c o n t r o v e r s i a l m u l t i b i l l i o n - R a n d a r m s d e a l .

S u b m a r i n e S I 0 I w a s l a u n c h e d at a

c e r e m o n y a t t h e s h i p y a r d o f t h e l e a d

m e m b e r of t he G e r m a n S u b m a r i n e

C o n s o r t i u m . H D W . i n K i e l . G e r m a n y .

T h e N a v y ' s f o u r t h M e k o A - 2 0 0

c o r v e t t e w a s n a m e d S A S M E N D I . a f t e r

the troop ship the SS MENDI tha t sank

while c rossing the English Channe l to

France in 1917 dur ing the F ir st Wor ld War .

T h e f i r s t s u b m a r i n e m u s t s t i l l

u n d e r g o h a r b o u r a n d s e a t r i a l s , w i t h

de live ry to SA expec ted in July next yea r .

S i n c e t h e n a v y ' s t h i r d D a p h n e c l a s s

s u b m a r i n e w a s d e c o m m i s s i o n e d l a s t

y e a r . S A h a s h a d n o u n d e r w a t e r l i g h t i n g

c a p a b i l i t y .

T h e n e w 2 0 9 c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s a r e

t h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d c o n v e n t i o n a l c l a s si n t h e w o r l d , a s a d v a n c e d a s t h o s e i n u s e

b y t h e G e r m a n N a v y .

Third Indian Krivak

arrives

T h e I n d i a n N a v y h a s r e c e i v e d t h e

t h i r d R u s s i a n - m a d e K r i v a k - c l a s s s t e a l t h

w a r s h i p . I N S T A B A R . i n M u m b a i

d u r i n g A u g u s t .

T h e w a r s h i p s h o u l d h a v e a r r i v e d

e a r l i e r i n t h e y e a r , b u t w a s d e l a y e d d u e

t o r e c u r r i n g p r o b l e m s w i t h i t s S h i t i l

S A M s y s t e m . T h e I n d i a n N a v y r e f u s e d

t o t a k e d e l i v e r y o f t h e s h i p f r o m R u s s i a

u n t i l t h e p r o b l e m w a s r e s o l v e d .

I t w a s l a u n c h e d a t S t P e t e r s b u r g i n

R u s s i a i n M a y 2 0 0 1 .

E n r o u t c l o M u m b a i . I N S T A B A R .

v i s i t e d p o r t s i n S o u t h A m e r i c a a n d

S o u t h A f r i c a c o v e r i n g a t o t a l d i s t a n c e o f

1 8 . 0 0 0 n a u t i c a l m i l e s .

I n d i a n d e f e n c e e x p e r t s h a v e

w e l c o m e d t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e s e w a r s h i p s

a s t h e y b e l i e v e t h e y w i l l p r o v i d e t h e

Indian N avy an edge over i ts r ivals .

I N S T A B A R h a s a t o p s p e e d o f 3 0

k n o t s a n d w h e n f u l l y l o a d e d h a s a

d i s p l a c e m e n t o f 3 . 8 5 0 t o n n e s . I t s w e a p o n

s u i t e i n c l u d e s t h e v e r t i c a l ly l a u n c h e d

K l u b - N A S M a n d t h e Sh i t i l S A M s y s t e m .

Dcfence sources do not rule out im-

possibi l i ty of a l l the three Russian- made

w a r s h i p s b e i n g e q u i p p e d w i th the Bra hnios

s u p e r s o n i c m i s s i l e , w h i c h i s ?s\ I n d o -

Russian projec t based on the SS-N-26.

T h e $ 1 b i l l i o n c o n t r a c t f o r a c q u i r i n g

t h e t h r e e s t e a l t h w a r s h i p s w a s s i g n e d

b e t w e e n I n d i a a n d R u s s i a i n 1 9 9 7 .

THE NAVY

US destroyers keeping

tabs on Pyongyang

D e f e n c e c o n t r a c t o r L o c k h e e d

M a r t i n i s m o d i f y i n g s i x U S N a v y

d e s t r o y e r s f o r u s e i n t h e S e a o f J a p a n t o

p r o v i d e e a r l y w a r n i n g o f N o r t h K o r e a n

nuc le a r missi le s f i r ed a t the US .

T h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o r a d a r a n d

c o m p u t e r s i g n a l p r o c e s s o r s o n t h e

A e g i s - c l a s s d e s t r o y e r s i n t h e w a t e r s

s e p a r a t i n g J a p a n a n d t h e K o r e a n

p e n i n s u l a w i l l a l l o w d e t e c t i o n a n d

t r a c k i n g o f m e d i u m - a n d l o n g - r a n g e

m i s s i l e s , s a i d a L o c k h e e d s p o k e s m a n .

T r a c k i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l b e

c o n v e r t e d i n t o t a r g e t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f o r

i n t e r c e p t o r m i s s i l e s . T h e o n e - s h i p

p a t r o l s h a v e s t a r t e d a n d w i l l c o n t i n u e o n

a rota t ing basis .

" H a v i n g t h e m w a y u p f o r w a r d

m e a n s y o u c a n t r a c k t h e t a r g e t l o n g e r

a n d t h e m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n y o u h a v e , t h e

b e t t e r i f y o u h a v e t o t a k e a s h o t . " t h e

s p o k e s m a n s a i d .

T h e U S N a v y c o n f i r m e d i n a

s t a t e m e n t t h a t a d e s t r o y e r f o r t r a c k i n g

m i s s i l e s w i l l b e d e p l o y e d t o t h e S e a o f

J a p a n a s o f S e p t e m b e r a n d o n a v i r t u a l l y

c o n t i n u o u s b a s i s t h e r e a f t e r .

E a r l i e r . A i r F o r c e L i e u t e n a n t -

G e n e r a l R o n a l d K a d i s h . t h e n h e a d o f

t h e D e f e n c e D e p a r t m e n t ' s M i s s i l e

D e f e n c e A g e n c y , s a i d i n a n i n t e r v i e w

t h a t N o r t h K o r e a h a d ' s i g n i f i c a n t l y '

i m p r o v e d t h e c a p a b i l i t y o f i t s l o n g -

r a n g e m i s s i l e s .

A n d t h e C e n t r a l I n t e l l i g e n c e A g e n c y

h a s s a i d i n p u b l i c t e s t i m o n y t h a t a

T a e p o d o n g - 2 m i s s i l e c o u l d c a n y a

n u c l e a r p a y l o a d t o A l a s k a . H a w a i i a n d

p a r t s o f t h e c o n t i n e n t a l U S .

Singapore, Malaysia,Indonesia start Pirate

patrols

S i n g a p o r e . I n d o n e s i a a n d M a l a y s i a

h a v e b e g u n c o o r d i n a t e d p a t r o l s o f t h e

v i t a l S t r a i t s o f M a l a c c a s h i p p i n g l a n e t o

d e t e r t e n o r i s m a n d p i r a c y i n E a s t A s i a ' s

m a r i t i m e l i f e l i n e .

A d m i r a l A n w a r M o h d N o r .

M a l a y s i a ' s C h i e f o f N a v y , s a i d : " I f

t h e r e i s a n i n c i d e n t w h e r e a " h o t "

p u r s u e o c c u r s , w e w i l l e s t a b l i s h

c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d w i l l c o n d u c t a

h a n d i n g - o v e r k i n d o f o p e r a t i o n , r a t h e r

t h a n p u r s u i n g t h e c o n t a c t . "

VOL. 66 NO. 4

L i e u t e n a n t - G e n e r a l N g Y a t C h u n g .

S i n g a p o r e ' s C h i e f o f D e f e n c e F o r c e ,

s a i d : " F o r u s i n t h e S i n g a p o r e A r m e d

F o r c e s , w e a r e p r e p a r e d t o c o m m i t a t

any one t im e , f ive to seven ship s a l l yea r

r o u n d t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h i s t r i l a t e r a l

c o o r d i n a t e d p a t r o l . "

A hotl ine has a lso been se t up to a l low

vic t im s of the pira tes to ca l l for he lp.

T h e n a r r o w s t r a i t b e t w e e n M a l a y s i a

a n d I n d o n e s i a , w i t h S i n g a p o r e a t t h e

s o u t h e r n e n t r a n c e c a r r i e s a t h i r d o f

w o r l d t r a d e a n d a l m o s t a l l o il i m p o r t s t o

J a p a n a n d C h i n a .

A n d t h e t h r e e n a t i o n s s a y t h e y

w e l c o m e h e l p f r o m i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s .

G e n e r a l E n d r i a r t o n o S u t a r t o .

I n d o n e s i a ' s C h i e f o f D e f e n c e F o r c e ,

s a i d : " T h e a s s i s t a n c e c o u l d b e s u p p o r t

i n e q u i p m e n t , s k i l l s a n d a l s o i f t h e y

w a n t t o j o i n , i t s h o u l d b e a p p r o v e d f ir s t

b y t h e t h r e e c o u n t r i e s . "

P i r a c y h a s p l a g u e d t h e w a t e r w a y f o r

c e n t u r i e s , b u t h a s w o r s e n e d i n r e c e n t

y e a r s a n d s i n c e t h e S e p t e m b e r 1 1 a t t a c k s

o n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n 2 0 0 1 . t h e

p r o s p e c t o f t e r r o r i s t s t r i k e s h a s e m e r g e d .

S e c u r i t y e x p e r t s a n d g o v e r n m e n t

m i n i s t e r s h a v e w a r n e d t h a t t e r r o r i s t s

c o u l d a t t a c k m e r c h a n t v e s s e l s t o h i n d e r

t h e f l o w o f g l o b a l t r a d e , o r u s e a t a n k e r

a s a f l o a t i n g b o m b t o d e v a s t a t e o n e o f

t h e r e g i o n ' s b u s y p o r t s .

T h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e s t r a i t s w a s

put f i rmly on the poli t ica l agenda in

M a r c h , w h e n A d m i r a l T h o m a s F a r g o ,

c o m m a n d e r o f U S f o r c e s i n t h e P a c i f i c ,

s a i d a U S p l a n t o h e i g h t e n s e c u r i t y t h e r e

m i g h t i n v o l v e U S e l i t e t r o o p s w h o c o u l d

" t a k e a c t i o n w h e n t h e d e c i s i o n h a s b e e n

m a d e t o d o s o " .

Malaysia and Indonesia re jec ted the

US plan, saying tha t fore ign tnx»ps weren ' t

needed to he lp sa feguard the wa te rway and

tha t any ac t ive US deployment would

inf r inge on the ir sovere ignty.

As a result , the l i t tora l s ta tes have

t a k e n a c t i o n t o i n c r e a s e a c t i v i t i e s , w i t h

t h e c o o r d i n a t e d p a t r o l s a k e y s t e p .

B u t n a v a l v e s s e l s c o u l d n o t s t r a y

i n t o t e r r i t o r i a l w a t e r s o f a n e i g h b o u r i n g

c o u n t r y i f c h a s i n g a c r a f t , b u t w o u l d

r a d i o i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s .

S e c u r i t y e x p e r t s s a y t h i s c o u l d

r e p r e s e n t a w e a k l i n k .

T o o v e r c o m e t h e i s s u e o f

s o v e r e i g n t y , r e g i o n a l n a v a l c h i e f s

a g r e e d t o c r e a t e a t a s k f o r c e m a d e u p o f

n a v i e s f r o m e a c h n a t i o n o p e r a t i n g u n d e r

t h e i r n a t i o n a l c o m m a n d s .

IM

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


First images of the Australian Army's new watercraft to replace its LCM 8. Ordered before the Army decided on a new heavy main battle tank

it is unsure if the new craft can take the 63 tonne weight of the M-1AI tank. (Brian Morrison. Warships & Marine Corps Museum Int.

Franklin. Tas)

Fincantieri launches

CONT E DE CAVOUR

The new I ta l ian a i r c r a f t ca r r ie r .C O N T E D E C A V O U R . w h i c h w a s

ordered by the I ta l ian Navy in

Novem ber 2000. was r ecent ly launched

a t shipbui lde r F incant ie r i ' s Genoa ya rd.

The ship has a displacement a t f ul l

load of 27.100 tonnes; an overa l l length

of 244 metr es: a maximum beam of 39

metr es: a dr aught of 8.7 me tr es and a

susta ined speed of 28 knots : w i l l have a

r ange of 7.000 naut ica l mi les a t 16

knots , equiva lent to approxim ate ly 18

days sa i l ing, which wi l l enable he r to

ca r ry out long r ange opera t ions .

The four Genera l E lec t r ic -Av io

t u r b i n e s o f t h e C O N T E D E C A V O U R

g e n e r a t e 8 8 . 0 0 0 k W . M a k i n g t h e m

the most power ful non-nuc lea r plant

to be bui l t in the wor ld in r ecent decades .

T h e C O N T E D E C A V O U R c a n

a c c o m m o d a t e u p t o 1 . 2 1 0 p e o p l e -

ship 's complement (451) . a i r c r ew (203) .

amphibious command ta sk force (140) .

and San Marco Ba t ta l ion (325) . w i th

space for an ext r a 91 t roops i f r equi r ed.

The a i r c r a f t ca r r ie r . whichFincant ie r i s ta r ted bui lding in summer

2001 for de l ive ry in 2007. wi l l ma inly

cany out a i r ope ra t ions; he r hangar wi l l

Th e n ew I ta l ian a i r c r a f t ca r r ie r C O N TE D E

C A V O U R b e in g lau n ch ed a t sh ip b u i ld er

Fincantieri's Genoa yard. (FincantieriI

a l s o b e a b l e t o a c c o m m o d a t e l a n d

vehic les and wi l l be equipped wi th

access r amps for whee led and t r acked

vehic les , both for mi l i ta ry and c ivi l ian

missions. The vesse l wi l l a l so be able toembark the ful l r ange of a i r c r a f t types

used by the I ta l ian Navy: he l icopte r s

(EH-10 1. NH-90 and SH-3D) and f ixed

wing a i r c r a f t (H^.r ie r AV-8B 11+

and. in the future . F-35 Joint S t r ike

Fighte r s) .

In bui lding the vesse l F incant ie r i

dr ew grea t ly on i t s exper ience in

m e r c h a n t s h i p b u i l d i n g w h e r e t h e

comp any i s a wor ld leader in the f ield of

c ruise ships and la rge f e r r ie s . Transfe r

of dua l know ledge and exper t i se ga ined

both in the nava l and in the merchant

f ie ld leads to impor tant synergies and i s

conside red one of the company's pi l la r s

of s t r ength.

Indonesia commissions

patrol boats

The Indonesian Navy has r ece ived

three new pa t rol boa ts produced by i t s

maintenance f ac i l i ty uni t a t a ce r emony

aboard one of them in the wa te r s of f

Jakar ta on August 6.

The thr ee pa t rol boa ts - KRI B OA

8 0 7 . K R I W E L A N G 8 0 8 a n d K R I

T A L I W A N G S A 8 7 0 - m e a s u r e 3 6

metr es and we igh 90 tons each wi th a

maximum speed of 28 knots , each pr iced

a t 12 bi l l ion rupiah (USSI .3 mi l l ion) .

On the occasion. Indonesian Navy

Chie f of S ta f f Admira l B ernard Kent

Sondakh sa id he expec ted 12 pa t rol

boa ts of s imi la r type to be in se rvice by

the end of this yea r .

He a lso sa id the f i r s t 40-metr e pa t rol

boa t projec t by the Navy was expec ted

to be comple ted this yea r and be f i t ted

wi th guided missi le s tha t wi l l a l so be

produced by loca l indust r ie s .

VOL. 66 NO. 4

He sa id he would invi te ins t i tut ions

concerned to joint ly produce In donesia 's

f i r s t indigenously made guided missi le s .

They inc lude the Indonesian Inst i tute of

Sc iences , s ta te a rms indust ry P indad ands t a t e - r u n a e r o s p a c e i n d u s t r y P T

Dirganta r a Indonesia .

SM-6 inbound

The US Of f ice of the Sec re ta ry for

Defense has given approva l for the USN

to begin the system deve lopment and

d e m o n s t r i t i o n p h a s e o f t h e n a v y ' s

p l a n n e d S M - 6 a n t i - a i r c r a f t m i s s i l e

system.

T h e S M - 6 i s an e x t e n d e d r a n g e

ac t ive ant i - a i r miss i le intended for over

t h e h o r i z o n a u t o n o m o u s e n g a g e m e n t s

of a i r c r a f t and missi le s . Pre l iminary

est ima tes put the f i r e and forge t miss i le ' s

r ange aga inst a i r thr ea ts a t 200nm.

The missi le wi l l look essent ia l ly

the same as the SM-3 missi le wi th i t s

la rge booste r rocke t and have mid-

cour se upda te guidance and the seeker

h e a d o f t h e A I M - 1 2 0 A M R A A M

( A d v a n c e d M e d i u m R a n g e A i r - A i r

Missi le ) .The missi le wi l l be ve r t ica l ly

launched and adopt a high a l t i tude

ballistic trajectory to the target area. Once

a t i t s apogee the SM-6 wi l l dive down

onto i t s ta rge t using i t s own onboard

ta rge t sea rch and designa t ion system for

ta rge t acquis i t ion and cour se cor r ec t ions .

Future Block upgrades to the SM-6 may

inc lude an IR backup to a id aga inst

s tea l th a i r c r a f t or in high e lec t ronic

jamming envi ronments .

The USN wi l l now produce 120

l o w - r a t e i n i t i a l p r o d u c t i o n m i s s i l e s

be fore a r eview is ca r r ied out to

asce r ta in i f the missi le and technology i s

r eady for ful l - r a te produc t ion.

ObservationsBy Geoffrey Evans

S H I P P I N G A N D P O R TV U L N E R A B I L I T YThe shipping wor ld r ece ived unexpec ted media a t tent ion mid-

yea r a s the Government announced va r ious measures to

counte r possible te r ror i s t a t tacks on the count ry via the

wate r f ront .

Inte rna t iona l shipping author i t ie s in f ac t r ecognised the

potent ia l r i sks to ships and por ts fol lowing the a t tacks in New

York and Washington in September 2001: The Inte rna t iona l

Mar i t ime Organisa t ion ( IMO) proposed a number of mar i t ime

secur i ty measures tha t were adopted a t a Confe rence in

December 2002 and due to be in force by I July 2004: a high

ra te of f compl iance by count r ie s has been r epor ted, inc luding

Aust r a l ia , but the re i s a long way to go and i t w i l l be ve ry

cost ly i f a l l proposed measures a r e to be implemented.The shipping and ca rgo handl ing indust ry i s huge . In a

highly de ta i led paper on mar i t ime r e la ted te r ror i sm r e leased a t

the beginning of the yea r . Michae l Richardson. Vis i t ing Senior

Resea rch Fe l low a t the Inst i tute of Southeast S tudies in

Singapore , notes tha t a t least 46.000 ships ply the oceans,

ca l l ing a t over 2.800 por ts ; in 2002 these ships moved some

5.9 bi l l ion tonnes of ma te r ia ls of which genera l ca rgo ( i .e .

non-bulk) was most ly in conta ine r s of which the re a r e an

est ima ted 15 mi l l ion in c i r cula t ion. 1.2 mi l l ion sea fa re r s a r c

employed whi le hundreds of thousands work in the por ts .

Aust r a l ian shippin g f igures a r e equa l ly impressive . I n

2002-2 003. 593.9 mi l l ion tons of ma te r ia ls were moved into

and out of the count ry; 8,866 ship a r r iva ls f rom over seas were

recorded, 3.9 mi l l ion conta ine r s were exchanged in the f ive

mainland capi ta l por ts . 2.75 mi l l ion in Melbourne and Sydney

a lone ( and of which, r ea l i s t ica l ly, only a f r ac t ion could be

inspec ted) . With only 50 or so Aust r a l ian- f lagged ships

ava i lable most of the ca rgoes were t r anspor ted in over seas

o w n e d v e s s e l s , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e o n s o - c a l l e d ' F L A G o f

convenience ' r egis te r s tha t may we l l spend some t ime in

Aust r a l ian wa te r s .

The IMO sponsored secur i ty measures r equi r e unive r sa l

adopt ion of pr ecaut ions a l r eady taken by most r e sponsible

shipowner s and shipmaste r s , e .g. . r e s t r ic ted access to ships ,

supervis ion of ca rgo e tc . An impor tant new requi r ementconcerns c r ew ident i f ica t ion - passpor ts wi l l have to be

ca r r ied by a l l sea fa r e r s and be fore a fore ign ship ente r s

Aust r a l ian wa te r s a c r ew l i s t w i l l be r equi r ed by immigra t ion

author i t ie s ( a di f f icul ty would seem to be the physica l e f for t

needed to ident i fy hundreds of individua ls) . O the r s teps in

t r a i n i n c l u d e t h e p r o v i s i o n o f s o p h i s t i c a t e d c o n t a i n e r

inspec t ion equipment , more inspec t ions and r andom boarding

of ships on f i r s t a r r iva l by Customs Service of f ice r s . Por t

secur i ty measures wi l l inc lude ident i f ica t ion ca rds for por t

worker s , an extension of the exis t ing c losed-c i r cui t te levis ion

ne twork to a l l 63 Custom s proc la imed por ts and inc reased

inte l l igence col lec t ion f ac i l i t ie s .

Leaving aside the a rduous ta sk of checking ships , the i r

ca rgoes and c r ews, and inc reasing por t secur i ty, a gr ea t dea l of

Aust r a l ia ' s seaborne t r ade passes through r es t r ic ted wa te r s

such as the Malacca and Singapore S t r a i t s , the S t r a i t of

Hormuz and the Suez and Panama Cana ls ; a l l a r e vulne rable

to a t tack by te r ror i s t s or . in the case of SE Asia s t r a i t s , by

pi r a tes who have been ac t ive for severa l yea r s . For tuna te ly

Aust r a l ia ' s pr inc ipa l t r ading pa r tne r s a r e we l l aware of the

exis t ing and potent ia l danger s they f ace a t sea and in the por ts

and a r e working c lose ly toge the r to r educe the r i sks .

(Figures by courtesy of (he Bureau of Transport and Regional Economic.)

D E F E N C E A N D T H E E L E C T I O N SI t i s probably inevi table , but in the lead-up to Federa l e lec t ions

Government Minis te r s promise new ini t ia t ives and Opposi t ion

spokespeople forecast dr ast ic changes in the Depar tments

over which they hope to preside .

Scept ic ism usua l ly gree ts the Minis te r ia l pronouncements

- why d idn' t you do this whi le in Of f ice? - and i t would seem

sensible for Opposi t ion Minis te r ia l hopefuls to wa i t unt i l they

were in of f ice be fore making r ash promise s to make changes

tha t may we l l prove unnecessa ry or imprac t icable ; e spec ia l ly

in Defence , one of the most complex organisa t ions in the

country.

In f ac t , ov? r the yea r s changes brought about by e lec t ions

h a v e m a d e l i t t le d i f f e r e n c e t o A u s t r a l i a ' s d e f e n c e

a r r angements ; r a the r the Organisa t ion has evolved as a r e sul t

of events in the wider wor ld, a pa t te rn of deve lopment for

which Aust r a l ians should be gra te ful .

C O A S T W A T C HBear ing in mind the numerous r eviews and changes in

Aust r a l ia ' s coasta l surve i l lance a r r angements be tween the la te

nine teen- s ixt ie s and the end of the century, a f te r 4 or 5 yea r s

of r e la t ive s tabi l i ty under Customs Service adminis t r a t ion.

Coastwa tch seem s dest ined for a fur the r pe r iod of change in

the event of a change of government .

The name would a lmost ce r ta inly change f rom Coastwa tch

to Coastguard or Coast Guard ( as in Amer ica ) but i t i s not

c lea r i f the Organisa t ion would become the r esponsibi l i ty of a

new depar tment or be t r ansfe r r ed to the Federa l Pol ice , which

became the co-ordina t ing author i ty in 1984. taking over f rom

the Depar tment of Transpor t . New equipment inc luding pa t rol

boa ts able to opera te he l icopte r s have a lso been proposed; thela t te r would not be cheap but would a t least r e l ieve the Navy

of the need to provide even-more -expensive f r iga tes for some

tasks .

A n i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e w a s m a d e t o s u r v e i l l a n c e

a r r angements in 1999 when a senior nava l of f ice r (*) was

seconded to the Customs Service as Dir ec tor Genera l of

C o a s t w a t c h a n d c o - o r d i n a t o r o f t h e s e v e r a l g o v e r n m e n t

depar tments and agenc ies involved. In a r e la t ive ly shor t t ime

the Dir ec tor Genera l wi th a t iny s ta f f and the adminis t r a t ive

suppor t of Customs brought the va r ious e lements toge the r and

wi th more e f f ec t ive ly used r esources formed an Organisa t ion

tha t has se rved Aust r a l ia we l l ove r the past seve ra l yea r s .

Change for the sake of change i s to be avoided.

*Rear Admira l R E Sha lde r s , s ince promoted and cur r ent ly

se rving as Vice Chie f of the Defence Force .

VOL. 66 NO. 4

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


A m o c k u p o l th e M RH - 9 0 i n A u s t r a l i a n A rm > c a m o u l l a g c p a i i e m . T w e l v e M R H - 9 0 w i l l b e a c q u i r e d u n d e r P h a se 2 o l i h e A I R 9 0 0 0 p r o j e c t . ( K e v i n D u n n i

I n a d e c i s io n a p p l a u d e d b y m a n y o b s e r v e r s , t h e A D F h a s f i n a ll y c h o s e n i t s a d d i t i o n a l a m p h i b i o u s t r o o p l i f t h e l i co p t e r .

f ir st a n n o u n c e d i n t h e l as t W h i t e P a p e r . T h e N H - 9 0 , n o w k n o w n a s t h e N R H - 9 0 i n t h e A u s t r a l i a n c o n t e x t , i s s e t t o

r e p l a c e t w o t y p e s o f A r m y h e l i c o p t e r a n d t w o t y p e s o f N a v y h e l i c o p t e r s w i t h t h e o n e a i r f r a m e . T h i s c o n s o l i d a t i o n w i l l

w e m o n e y i n l o g i s . ic s . t r a i n i n g a n d p r o v i d e a s i g n i f i c a n t c a p a b i l i t y b o o s t t o t h e A D F ' s a b i l i t y f o r h e l i c o p t e r o p e r a t i o n s .

On the 31 s i of August 2<H)4. the Aust r a l ian Govern ment

announ ced tha t a de r iva t ive of the NH Indust r ie s NH-90 mu l t i

role he l icopte r had been se lec ted to out f i t a new squadron of

t roop l i f t he l icopte r s for the Aust r a l ian Army.

The 12 MRH-90 he l icopte r s in this orde r r epresent more

than just a r e inforcemen t of the Army 's t r oop l i f t capabi l i ty:

they r epresent a new di r ec t ion for the Aust r a l ian Defence

Force 's (ADF) medium he l icopte r opera t ions for the next

twenty yea r s , w i th ma jor impl ica t ions for the future ADF

he l icopte r f lee t .

Navy wi l l r equi r e r eplacements for the Sea King and

S e a h a w k h e l i c o p t e r s , a n d e c o n o m i e s o f s c a l e a n d

inte roperabi l i ty suggest tha t any addi t iona l Army t roop l i f t

he l icopte r r equi r ements w il l a lmost automat ica l ly be ful f i l led

by addi t iona l NH-90 de r iva t ives .

So wha t l ie s behind this momentous dec is ion, how was

the dec is ion a r r ived a t and wha t does the NH-90 of f e r to

t h e A D F ?

Background to the decisionThe ADF has been an enthusias t ic opera tor of S ikor sky's

UH-60 de r ived Black Hawk and Seahawk he l icop te r s , w i th

the f i r s t he l icopte r s de l ive red in the I980's .

In tha t t ime the a i r c r a f t have seen se rvice throughout

Aust r a l ia , and in c l ima tes a s va r ied as the f r igid Grea t

Southe rn Ocean, the s teamy jungles of East Timor , theSolom ons & Bou ga invi l le and the dese r t env i ronment of the

Per s ian Gulf .

Despi te the i r exce l lent se rvice r ecord, the re have been a

number of l imi ta t ions on the opera t ions of the a i r c r a f t , in

pa r t icula r Army 's Black Hawks.

D e p l o y m e n t s o n b o a r d t h e N a v y ' s a m p h i b i o u s s h i p s

have highl ighted the Black Hawk's lack of mar inisa t ion

fea tures , such as the abi l i ty to opera te in the ha r sh and

cor rosivc sa l t a i r envi ronment on board ship. I n addi t ion, the

l imi ta t ions of the rotor and rotor head mean tha t foluing

mechanisms on the Black Hawk a re non-exis tent and thus

impose a substant ia l s t r a in on the opera t ions of the a i r c r a f t on

b o a r d t h e N a v y ' s a m p h i b i o u s s h i p s . M A N O O R A a n d

KANIMBLA. To s tore the he l icopte r s in the hanger s of the

LPAs two of the four rotor blades have to be r emoved and then

re - f i t ted when the a i r c r a f t a r e r equi r ed to f ly. This takes t ime

and i s potent ia l ly damaging to the a i r c r a f t ' s sa f e opera t ion.

One would not take the w ings oft" a fixed w ing a i r c r a f t each

t ime i t was to be hangered due to the s t r e ss imposed on the

c o n n e c t i o n s .

More r ecent opera t ions in suppor t of the "War on Ter ror " ,

which have seen opera t ions in Afghanis tan and I r aq, have

highl ighted the need to inc rease the number of t r oops be ing

l i f ted in each he l icopte r . The Black Hawk is capable of l i f t ing

a maximum of 11 ful ly equipped t roops and this i s be l ieved to

be too f ew.

Army ana lysis of these opera t ions has highl ighted the

"shock va lue" of de l ive r ing the maximum number of t r oops

into the opera t iona l a r ea in the shor tes t amount of t ime . In US

opera t ions this has seen the heavy use of the Mar ines CH-53

Super S ta l l ion and the US Arm y's CH-47 Chino ok he l ico pte r s

in the t roop assaul t r ole , de l ive r ing the maximum number of

t roops and equipment in the f ewest l i f ts . The CH-4 7 Chin ook

has been the work hor se of opera t ions in Afghanis tan and a r e

now qui te di f f icul t to come by given the deman d p a r t icula r ly

by the US for CH-47s.

Whist the Aust r a l ian Army opera tes the CH-47 Chinook,

numb er s a r e l imi ted a r.d the Chin ook 's heavy l i f t capabi l i ty i s

pr ized for the deployment of vehic les , a r t i l le ry pieces , f ue l

b l a d d e r s a n d s i m i l a r o u t s i z e l o a d s . H o w e v e r , d u r i n g

Aust r a l ia ' s commitment to the war in I r aq i t deployed thr ee of

i t s s ix Chinooks given the i r r ange , payload. se rviceabi l i ty andd u r a b i l i t y t o s u p p o r t C A S a n d 4 R A R S p e c i a l F o r c e s

opera t ions .

T h e U H - 6 0 f r o m w h i c h b o t h t h e B l a c k H a w k a n d

Seahaw k were deve loped b egan l i f e a s a r eplacement for the

ubiqui tou s UH- I I roquois in US Army se rvice . I t was seen as

a "ba t t le taxi" for the European thea t r e of opera t ions .

Ref lec t ing the exper ience of the US mi l i ta ry in Vie tnam,

the Black H awk is a produc t of la te 1970's / ea r ly 1 980 s

design, sui tably upda ted wi th new technology through a sc r ie s

of rol l ing upg rades to ke ep i t in f ront l i . e se rvice .

Despi te these upgrades however , the pla t form i t se l f i s s t i l l

e ssent ia l ly a quar te r - century old design and i s s ta r t ing to show

i ts age . An indica t ion of the Black Hawk's growing age i s the

fac t the US Army is not upgrading them to the la te s t ve r s ion,

instead, i t i s looking for a la rge r he l icopte r wi th a r ea r loading

ramp such as the NH-90.

V O L . 6 6 N O . 4 T H E N A V Y

R e c o g n i s i n g t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s t h e A u s t r a l i a n A r m y

ini t ia led a compe t i t ion for addi t iona l ba t t le f ie ld t roop l i f t

he l icopte r s a s pa r t of a f a r - r eaching ADF plan to r a t iona l i se

the number of di f f e r ent he l icopte r s in ADF se rvice under the

projec t name AIR 9000.

The ContendersT h e A D F r e c e i v e d a n u m b e r o f s u b m i s s i o n s f r o m

he l icopte r manufac ture r s a round the wor ld inc luding the EH-

101 Mer l in. S ikor sky's H-92 Superhawk. upgraded Black

Hawks, the Eurocopte r Cougar and the NH-90. Dur ing the

se lec t ion process the contender s were e l imina ted one by one

unt i l the f ina l dec is ion r es ted be tween NH Indust r ie s and

S i k o r s k y ' s o f f e r i n g s .

S ikor sky propo sed a mix of 13 new UH-60 M B lack

Hawks and upgrading the Aust r a l ian Army's exis t ing 35

S-70 A-9 Black Hawk s to the M standard.

In S ikor sky ' s f avour was the long opera t iona l exper ien ce

tha t the ADF has wi th UH-60/S-70 de r iva t ives and the

wor ldwide opera tor base inc luding the vast US Army Black

Hawk and US Navy Seahawk f lee ts .

S ikor sky a lso pi tched the H-92 as the na tura l successor to

the Black Hawk, incorpora t ing the exper ience of a lmost 30

year s of Black Hawk opera t ion a l se rvice , incorpora t ingsubstant ia l e lements of the Black Hawk's engine , t r ansmission

and dr ive t r a in systems.

Unfor tuna te ly for S ikor sky, they have ye t to de l ive r Ihe

H-92 to a mi l i ta ry customer , which was seen as a nega t ive in

the compe t i t ion pa r t icula r ly given the successful inte rna t iona l

sa les r ecord of the compe t ing NH-90.

The only mi l i ta ry customer for the H-92 so f a r i s the

Canadia n Navy, which orde red the H-92 in 2004 a f te r a

tor turously prot r ac ted procurement contest a r .d which wi l l see

the f i r s t de l ive ry in 2008.

T h e N H - 9 0 h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d b y a E u r o p e a n c o n s o r t i u m

of ae rospace manufac ture r s wi th NH Indust r ie s , the pr ime

contr ac tor for Ihe progra mme, a joint venture comp any o wned

by West land of the U K. Agusta of I ta ly. Fokke r of the

Nethe r lands. OGMA of Por tuga l and Eurocopte r .

E u r o c o p t e r i s a s u b s i d i a r y o f E A D S ( E u r o p e a n

A e r o n a u t i c s D e f e n c e a n d S p a c e ) c o m p a n y f o r m e d b y

Daimle rChrysle r Aerospace of Germany. Aerospa t ia le Matr a

of France and CASA of Spa in.

The NH-90 has been orde red by France . Germany. I ta ly.

Por tuga l , the Ne the r lands and in 2001 achieved i t s f i r s t orde r

by a non-manufac tur ing count ry when i t was chosen as the

winner for the Nordic S tandard He l icopte r Programme for the

navies of Norway. Sweden and Finland.

Swede n has orde red 18 a i r c r a f t . F inland 20 and Norw ay 14NH-90 de r iva t ives . I n anothe r c lose fought compe t i t ion in

A m o c k u p o f i h e M R H - 9 0 i n A u s l r a l i a n A r m y c a m o u f l a g e p a t t e r n a n d f i t t e d

w i t h a l o n g r a n g e f u e l t a n k . N o t e t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e l a n k d o c s n o t

i n t e r f e r e w i t h d o o r a c c e ss o r m a c h i n e g u n e m p l o y m e n t .

A n A r m y Bl a c k H a w k b e i n g b r o u g h t o u t o f t h e h a n g a r o f o n e o f t h e RA N ' s

I .P A ' s . N o t i c e I h e a b se n c e o f t w o o f t h e h e l i c o p t e r ' s f o u r r o t o r s . T h e se h a v e

t o b e r e m o v e d a s t h e b l a d e s d o n o t f o l d . ( R A N )

S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 3 . G r e e c e o r d e r e d 2 0 N H - 9 0 w i t h a n o t h e r 1 4

on opt ion, and Oman r ecent ly orde red 20 he l icopte r s .

With the success of the Aust r a l ian compe t i t ion, the tota l

orde r book for NH-90 s tands a t 357 for 11 na t ions , w ith afur the r 86 a i r c r a f t on opt ion wi th exis t ing customers . The

NH-90 i s a l so a compe t i tor in severa l othe r inte rna t iona l

compe t i t ions , once aga in in opposi t ion to the UH-60 / H-92.

most pe r t inent ly for the New Zea land mediu m he l ico pte r

c o m p e t i t i o n .

Given the inte rna t iona l* success of the NH 90. wha t a r c

customers ge t t ing lor the i r money?

T he MRH-9 0The NH Indu st r ie s NH-90 i s a medium he l icop te r of f e r ed

in two di f f e r ent ve r s ions, the NFH-90 mar i t ime he l icopte r and

t h e N H - 9 0 T r o o p T r a n s p o r t H e l i c o p t e r ( T T H ) . w h i c h f o r m s

the basis for the Aust r a l ian Mul t i Role He l icopte r 90 a i r c r a f t

( M R H - 9 0 ) .

Powered by tw in turbine engine s , the Aust r a l ian MR H-90

wil l l i f t 18 ful ly equipped t roops plus a c r ew of four and can

deploy them via cabin door s on both s ides of the a i r c r a f t and

a r ea r ca rgo r amp exi t ing under the ta i l boom. When the sea ts

a r e r e m o v e d m a n y m o r e t r o o p s c an b e a c c o m m o d a t e d .

The cabin provid es some 12.5 cubic me tr es of usable

space , and a l lows the deployment of smal le r vehic les such as

t h e S A S R e g i m e n t ' s f o u r - w h e e l t w o p e r s o n a l l t e r r a i n

vehic les .

Range i s over 'MX) ki lometr e s wi th a maxim um speed of

300 ki lometr es pe r hour and an under : lung load of four tonnes

can be ca r r ied.

The MRH-90 i s a i r t r anspor table by the RAAF's f lee t of

C-130 Hercules and s t r a tegic mobi l i ty can be achieved by

deploying on board the Roya l Aust r a l ian Navy's cur r cnt and

f u t u r e a m p h i b i o u s s h i p s .

F o u r M R H - 9 0 a i r c r a f t c a n b e o p e r a t e d c o m f o r t a b l y f r o m

e a c h o f t h e R A N ' s t w o L a n d i n g P l a t f o r m A m p h i b i o u s ( L P A )

H M A S M A N O O R A a n d K A N I M B L A . T h e p r o j e c t e d

replacements for these ships envis ion having he l icopte r spots

for the opera t ion of s ix MRH-90 a i r c r a f t s imul taneously.

To fur the r suppor t shipboard opera t ions the MRH-90 can

fold the rotor blades and ta i l r otor boom, which r esul t s in a

r educ t ion in overa l l length f rom 19.65 metr es to 13.5 metr es .

Unl ike the Black Hawk be ing of f e r ed in this compe t i t ion

the MRH-90 i s bui l t mar inised whi le the Black Hawk is

'mar inised ' a f te r bui ld. The former provides more protec t ion

f rom the ha r sh sa l t a i r e lements found a t sea .

T H E N A V Y V O L . 6 6 N O . 4 23

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


oA side view of the large door access lo the main cabin of the NRH-90

helicopter. Als o visible is one of the iwo side mounted machine gu ns and

the rear loading ramp.

The MR H- 90 is equi ppe d with a ful l f ly-by-wire f l ight

c o n t r o l s y s t e m a n d n i g h t v i s i o n g o g g l e c o m p a t i b l e d i g i t a l

c o c k p i t , a n d i s b u i l t f o r p a s s e n g e r s u r v i v a l i n t h e o p e r a t i o n a l

e n v i r o n m e n t .

T h e M R H - 9 0 i s f u l l y w i t e r d i t c h i n g c e r t i f ie d a n d

i n c o r p o r a t e s b u i l t i n c r a s h w ^ f l f c i n e s s a n d t o l e r a n c e t o

s t r u c t u r a l a n d s y s t e m d a m a g e i n t h e e v e n t o f b a t t l e d a m a g e .T a k e n t o g e t h e r t h e M R H - 9 0 w i l l o f f e r a q u a n t u m l e a p i n

c a p a b i l i t y o v e r t h e A D F ' s c u r r e n t B l a c k H a w k f l e e t ,

i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e m o s t m o d e r n m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d d e s i g n

t e c h n i q u e s r e s u l t i n g i n a h e l i c o p t e r o f f e r i n g a w i d e r a n g e o f

i m p r o v e m e n t s i n o p e r a t i o n a l c a p a b i l i t y . It i s a l so d e s i g n e d w i t h

r a d a r c r o s s - s e c t i o n r e d u c t i o n m e a s u r e s i n t h e f u s e l a g e s h a p e .

The ImplicationsT h e i n i t i a l o r d e r p l a c e d i s f o r a t o ta l o f 1 2 M R H - 9 0 a i r c r a f t

und er Phase 2 of the AIR 9(XX) contra c t with Ph ase 4 ca l l ing

f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f a n o t h e r 2 8 M R H - 9 0 . d u e i n t o b e

a n n o u n c e d i n l e s s t h a n a y e a r .

T h e i n i t i a l o r d e r f o r 1 2 w a s a n n o u n c e d b y t h e P r i m e

M i n i s t e r a n d D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r . P a r t o f t h e r a t i o n a l e f o r t h e

p u r c h a s e i s t o a l l o w t h e t r a n s f e r o f a d o / e n B l a c k H a w k

H e l i c o p t e r s f r o m t r o o p t r a n s p o r t d u t i e s i n T o w n s v i l l e t o a

s p e c i a l i s t c o u n t e r t e r r o r i s t r o l e b a s e d n e a r S y d n e y .

A I R 9 ( X X ) 's P h a s e 2 a n d 4 w i l l p r o v i d e t h e A r m y w i t h f o u r

s q u a d r o n s o f h i g h l y c a p a b l e m a r i n i s e d t r o o p l i f t h e l i c o p t e r s ,

s u i t a b l e f o r e m b a r k a t i o n o n t h e N a v y ' s c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e

a m p h i b i o u s v e s s e l s .

T o r e a l i s e a d d i t i o n a l e c o n o m i e s o f s c a l e i t w o u l d m a k e

s e n s e f o r t h e R A N t o r e p l a c e t h e c u r r e n t S e a h a w k / S e a K i n g

f l ee t w i t h t h e N F H - 9 0 a n d M R H - 9 0 v e r s i o n s o f t h e N H - 9 0 .

T h e N F H - 9 0 . t h e n a v a l h e l i c o p t e r v e r s i o n o f t h e N H - 9 0 i s

a v e r s a t i l e m a r i t i m e c o m b a t p l a t f o r m , c a p a b l e o f s u r v e i l l a n c e ,a n t i - s u b m a r i n e a n d a n t i - s u r f a c e r o l e s a s r e q u i r e d . T h e

N F H - 9 0 w o u l d b e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e R A N ' s c u r r e n t F F G

a n d A N Z A C c l a s s f r i g a t e s ( w i t h m i n o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s

r e q u i r e d ) a n d w i l l b e s u i t a b l e f o r o p e r a t i o n s f r o m t h e N a v y ' s

f u t u r e A i r W a r f a r e D e s t r o y e r .

T h e R A N ' s S e a K i n g i s a l a r g e r h e l i c o p t e r t h a n t h e

M R H - 9 0 ( t h e E H - 1 0 1 b e i n g t h e m o s t c o m p a r a b l e m o d e r n

h e l i c o p t e r ) h o w e v e r , t h e l o s s o f s o m e l i f t c a p a b i l i t y s h o u l d b e

b a l a n c e d a g a i n s t t h e s u b s t a n t i a l c o s t a n d o p e r a t i o n a l

e f f i c i e n c i e s a c c r u i n g t o a u n i f i e d f le e t, n o t t o m e n t i o n t h e

b a t t l e s u r v i v a b i l i t y , s p e e d a n d r a n g e .

T h e S e a K i n g s a r e c u r r e n t l y o p e r a t e d i n a m p h i b i o u s , f l ee t

supp or t and heav y l i f t roles, how ever , a la rge r f lee t of

a m p h i b i o u s - c a p a b l e A r m y M R H - 9 0 s s h o u l d r e l i e v e t h e S e a

King of the f ir s t role , the f lee t suppor t role could be ca r r ied out

b y N a v y - o p e r a t e d M R H - 9 0 s a n d e x t r a h e a v y l i f t o p e r a t i o n s

c o u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n b y t h e A r m y ' s C h i n o o k s p o s s i b l y

79 VOL. 66

r e i n f o r c e d w i t h a p u r c h a s e o f s e v e r a l a d d i t i o n a l C h i n o o k s ( s e e

t h i s e d i t i o n ' s Flash Traffic s e c t i o n f o r d e t a i l s o n a m a r i n i s e d

C h i n o o k p r o j e c t b y t h e U K M o D ) .

T h i s w o u l d r e s u l t i n t h e A D F r e p l a c i n g f o u r a i r c r a f t t y p e s

( B l a c k H a w k . S e a h a w k . S e a K i n g & I r o q u o i s ) w i t h e s s e n t i a l l y

o n e c o m m o n a i r f r a m e ( N F H - 9 0 a n d M R H - 9 0 ) .

A d d i t i o n a l s c o p e e x i s t s f o r t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e N a v y ' s

s t i l l n o n - o p e r a t i o n a l S G - 2 G S u p e r S e a s p r i t e a i r c r a f t w i t h t h e

N F H - 9 0 . w i t h i h e S u p e r S e a s p r i t e ' s s o l d t o r e c o u p s o m e o f t h e

c o s t s o f t h i s m i s g u i d e d p r o g r a m .

U n d e r t h i s s c e n a r i o , t h e R A N w o u l d r e d u c e i t s o p e r a t i o n a l

f le e t d o w n l o t w o c o m m o n v a r i a n t s o f t h e o n e h e l i c o p t e r ,

r e s u l t i n g i n s u b s t a n t i a l s a v i n g s i n t r a i n i n g , s p a r e s s u p p o r t a n d

c r e w i n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y .

ConclusionT h e i n i t i a l o r d e r f o r 1 2 M R H - 9 0 h e l i c o p t e r s r e f l e c t s t h e

r e s u l t s o f A D F e x p e r i e n c e i n a w i d e r a n g e o f c o n f l i c t s a n d

p e a c e k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n s a c r o s s t h e g l o b e .

T h e M R H - 9 0 i s a w e l c o m e i m p r o / e m e n t o f c a p a b i l i t y

o v e r t h e B l a c k H a w k , w h i c h h a s s e r v e d t h e A D F w e l l f o r

a l m o s t t w o d e c a d e s , a n d a s s u c h w i l l b e w e l c o m e d b y b o t h

o p e r a t i o n a l p l a n n e r s a n d t h e f r o n t l i n e A D F p e r s o n n e l w h o

will t rust the ir l ives to the a irc ra f t .

T h e i n i t i a l o r d e r i s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o m e e t t h e n e e d s o f t h e

A D F . p a r t i c u l a r l y g i v e n t h e v a s t l y i n c r e a s e d t e m p o t h a t t h e

n a t i o n ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e " W a r o n T e r r o r " h a s c a l l e d f o r .

P h a s e 4 s h o u l d d e l i v e r t h e r e a l c a p a b i l i t y b e n e f i t s r e q u i r e d b y

the AIR 9(XX) projec t .

F o r N a v y , t h e N F H - 9 0 m a r i t i m e w a r f a r e h e l i c o p t e r

d e r i v a t i v e o f t h e N H - 9 0 w o u i d p r o v d e a s u i t a b l e r e p l a c e m e n t

f o r th e c u r r e n t S e a h a w k a n d l i u p e r S e a s p r i t e h e l i c o p t e r s a n d

b o o s t i n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y w i t h A r m y i n a t i m e o f e v e r i n c r e a s i n g

' j o i n t ' o p e r a t i o n s .

T h e e v o l u t i o n o i " A D F h e l i c o p t e r o p e r a t i o n s h a v e c o m e a

l o n g w a y f r o m t h e s t e a m i n g j u n g l e s o f V i e t n a m , a n d l i k e t h e

H u e y a n d B l a c k H a w k b e f o r e i l . t h e N H - 9 0 w i l l b e c a l l e d

u p o n t o t a k e t h e n a t i o n ' s s o l d i e r s i n t o h a r m s w a y . a n d s a f e l y

b r i n g t h e m o u t a g a i n .

T h e m e n a n d w o m e n o f t h e A D F d e s e r v e t h e b e s t t h e

n a t i o n c a n p r o c u r e f o r t h e m , a n d i t a p p e a r s t h a t in t h e M R H -

9 0 t h e y a r e g e t t i n g t h e b e s t m e d i u m t r o o p l i f t h e l i c o p t e r i n t h e

w o r l d .

Two Army helicopter engineers fi t t ing one of the two rotor blades to a Black

Hawk for flying operations from one of the RAN's LPA's. (RAN)

NO. 4 THF: NAVY

The Last GunfightParti

By lan Johnson

T h e B a t t l e o f S u r i g a o S t r a i t w a s t h e f i rs t o f a f o u r - p a r t a c t t h a t m a d e u p t h e B a t t l e o f L e y t e G u l f , t h e l a r g e s t n a v a l

b a t t l e i n h i s t o r y . O n a m o o n l e s s n i g h t o n 2 4 O c t o b e r 1 9 4 4 , i n t h e w a t e r s b e t w e e n t h e i s l a n d s o f L e y t e a n d M i n d a n a o i n

t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , t h e l a s t b a t t l e s h i p v e r s u s b a t t l e s h i p e n g a g e m e n t i n h i s t o r y w a s f o u g h t . B e f o r e d a w n o n t h e 2 5 O c t o b e r ,

a w a y o f f i gh t in g t h a t b e g a n i n t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y , o f g u n n e r y d u e l s b e t w e e n s h i p s o f t e n w i t h i n s i g h t o f e a c h o t h e r , w o u l d

d i s a p p e a r . I t w a s a l s o t h e e n d o f t h e b a t t l e s h i p a s t h e c a p i t a l s h i p , a s t h e a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r w o u l d c o n t i n u e t o e v o l v e a s

t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s v e s s e l i n a N a v y ' s o r d e r o f b a t t l e .

A f t e r l e a v i n g t h e P h i l i p p i n e s I s l a n d s u n d e r d i r e c t o r d e r s o f

P r e s i d e n t F r a n k l i n R o o s e v e l t i n 1 9 4 2 . G e n e r a l D o u g l a s

M a A r t h u r , o n h i s a r r i v a l in A u s t r a l i a m a d e a s t a t e m e n t

p r o m i s i n g t o r e l u m t o t h e P h i l i p p i n e s I s l a n d s . I n O c t o b e r .

1 9 4 4 . a f t e r t w o y e a r s o f c o m m a n d i n g f o r c e s a n d d r i v i n g b a c k

t h e J a p a n e s e . M a c A r t h u r f u l f i l l e d h i s p r o m i s e . H e l e a d o v e r220.000 soldie r s , sa i lor s and a irmen in a f lee t of over 4(X)

t r a n s p o r t s a n d 2 0 0 w a r s h i p s , i n c l u d i n g u n i t s o f t h e R A N . t o

L e y t e G u l f . T h i s w a s k n o w n a s O p e r a t i o n K i n g I I . t h e

i n v a s i o n o f t h e s o u t h e r n P h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s .

F o r t h e A l l i e s , t h e d e f e a t s i n f l i c t e d b y t h e J a p a n e s e o v e r

the f ir s t s ix months of the Pac if i c War end ed a f te r the Ba tt le of

C o r a l S e a i n M a y , 1 9 4 2 . A n d b y m i d m o r n i n g o n J u n e 4 . t h e

P a c i f i c w a r h a d t u r n e d w i t h t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h r e e I J N

( I m p e r i a l J a p a n e s e N a v y ) a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s d u r i n g t h e b a t t l e o f

M i d w a y . B y 1 9 4 3 . s h i p s s u c h a s t h e n e w E s s e x c l a s s a i r c r a f t

c a r r i e r s w e r e a r r i v i n g f r o m t h e i r s h i p y a r d s . A m e r i c a n

b a t t l e s h i p d e v e l o p m e n t e n d e d a f t e r t h e I o w a c l a s s . T h e n e w

M o n t a n a c l a s s b a t t l e s h i p s , d e s i g n e d t o c o u n t e r t h e J a p a n e s e

Y a m a t o c l a s s s u p e r b a t t l e s h i p s , w e r e c a n c e l l e d i n 1 9 4 2 . j u s t

d a y s a f t e r t h e i r k e e l s w e r e l a i d . W i t h n e w s h i p s a n d e v e r

i n c r e a s i n g m a n p o w e r , t h e U S N b e c a m e t h e l a r g e s t N a v y i n

h i s t o r y . B y t h e c l o s i n g m o n t h s o f 1 9 4 4 , t h e U S N h a d a

t h o u s a n d s h i p s i n s e r v i c e , f r o m a i r c r a f t c a r r i e rs t o s u p p l y s h i p s

a n d w i t h t h e m t h e A l l i e s , c o n t i n u e d t h e ' D r i v e t o w a r d s

T o k y o ' .

T h e l o s s e s i n b o t h m e n a n d m a t e r i e l f o r t h e I J N t o t h i s

point in t ime made a f ina l vic tory a l l but impossible . By

O c t o b e r . 1 9 4 4 t h e I J N h a d l o s t m o s t o f i t s c a r r i e r a i r c r a f t ,

m a n y d u r i n g t h e b a t t l e o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s S e a i n J u n e , 1 9 4 4 .

A l l i e d s u b m a r i n e s w e r e n o w o p e r a t i n g s u c c e s s f u l l y i nJ a p a n e s e c o n t r o l l e d w a t e r s , s i n k i n g s h i p s w i t h m u c h n e e d e d

s u p p l i e s . T h e t h r e a t t o b o t h t h e P h i l i p p i n e s a n d t h e o i l r i c h

a r e a o f B r u n e i a n d S i n g a p o r e w a s n o w t o o g r e a t . I n d e e d , i f t h e

P h i l i p p i n e s w a s c a p t u r e d , t h e J a p a n e s e h o m e i s l a n d s w o u l d b e

w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f a l l i e d l o n g r a n g e b o m b e r s .

T h e C o m m a n d e r i n C h i e f o f t h e I J N . A d m i r a l T o y o d a

S o e m u . k n e w h e h a d e n o u g h s h i p s l o a t t a c k t h e A l l i e s i n t h e

P h i l i p p i n e s . T h u s , a s h i s a r m a d a a p p r o a c h e d L e y t e G u l f , t h e

J a p a n e s e N a v y b e l i e v e d t h e y c o u l d c a r r y t h e d a y . A D M

T o y o d a o r d e r e d t h e IJ N t o e x e c u t e O p e r a t i o n S h o - 1 ( ' S h o ' i s

J a p a n e s e f o r V i c t o r y ) .

T h e c o m m a n d e r f o r O p e r a t i o n S h o - 1 w a s V i c e A d m i r a l

O z a w a J i s a b u r o . T h e p l a n w a s f o r f o u r I J N t a s k f o r c e s m a d e

u p o f 6 3 s h i p s t o e n g a g e t h e A l l i e d f l ee t i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s .

T h i s w a s t o b e d o n e w i t h t h e f o u r f l e e t s f o r m e d i n t w o g r o u p s ;

N o r t h e r n F o r c e a t t a c k i n g t h e A l l i e d F l e e t w i t h t h e M o b i l e

F o r c e u n d e r V A D M O z a w a . a n d ' A ' F o r c e , u n d e r t h e

c o m m a n d o f V i c e A d m i r a l K u r i t a T a k e o . M o b i l e F o r c e w a s a

d e c o y f o r c e o f f o u r a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s , t w o b a t t l e s h i p - a i r c r a f t

c a r r i e r h y b r i d s w i t h v i r t u a l l y n o a i r c r a f t e m b a r k e d a n d 1 1

e s c o r t s . T h e y w o u l d s a i l t o w a r d s t h e P h i l i p p i n e s f r o m t h e

n o r t h e a s t , i n o r d e r t o e n t i c e t h e A m e r i c a n a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r sa w a y f r o m L e y t e . l e a v i n g t h e U S f l e et w i t h n o a i r c o v e r . ' A '

F o r c e c o n s i s t e d o f t h e s u p e r b a t t l e s h i p s Y A M A T O a n d

M U S A S H I w i t h t h e b a t t l e s h i p s H A R U N A . N A G A T O . a n d

K O N G O , n i n e h e a v y c r u i s e r s a n d n u m e r o u s d e s t r o y e r e s c o r t s .

T h e y w e r e t o s a i l f r o m S i n g a p o r e , r e f u e l a t B r u n e i B a y a n d

a t t a c k t h e i n v a s i o n f l ee t t h r o u g h t h e S a n B e r n a r d i n o S t r a i t .

T h e N o r t h e r n F o r c e w o u l d f i gh t i n t h r e e o f I h e f o u r b a t t l e s

t h a t m a d e u p t h e b a t t l e o f L e y t e G u l f . T h e B a t t l e o f t h e

S i b u y a n S e a a g a i n s t U S c a r r i e r a i r c r a f t f r o m t h e U S T h i r d

F l e e t , t h e B a t t l e o f S a m a r I s l a n d w it h t h e U S S e v e n t h R e e l ,

a n d t h e B a t t l e o f C a p e E n g a n o . a g a i n a g a i n s t t h e U S T h i r d

F l e e t . T h e J a p a n e s e w e r e t o l o s e a l l t h r e e b a t t l e s .

T h e S o u t h e r n F o r c e c o m p r i s e d 'C' F o r c e a n d t h e ' S e c o n d

S t r i k i n g F o r c e ' . ' C ' F o r c e , u n d e r V i c e A d m i r a l N i s h i m u r a

S h o j i w a s c o m p r i s e d o f t w o b a t t l e s h i p s . F U S O a n d

Y A M A S H 1 R O . a h e a v y c r u i s e r a n d f o u r d e s t r o y e r s . I t w o u l d

l e a v e S i n g a p o r e , r e f u e l a t B r u n e i B a y . a n d t h e n p o s i t i o n i t s e l f

t o a t t a c k t h e A l l i e d f le e t f r o m t h e s o u t h . T h e ' S e c o n d S t r i k i n g

The batt leship USS WEST VIRGINIA. Salvaged from the Japanese at tack

on Pearl Harbor she formed part of RADM Wcyler's Batt leship Division 4.

THF. NAVY VOL. 66 NO. 431

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


The batt leship USS CALIFORNIA. Salvaged from the Harbour floor afterthe Japanese at tacked her and many other ships at Pearl Harbor She too

formed part of RADM Weylers Batt leship Division 4. Only two batt leships

remained unsalvaged from the Day of Infamy". USS ARIZONA and UTAH.

F o r c e ' , u n d e r t h e c o m m a n d V i c e A d m i r a l S h i m a K i y o h i d e

w o u l d b e m a d e u p o f t w o h e a v y c r u i s e r s . N A C H I a n d

A S H I G A R A . w i t h f i v e e s c o r t s a n d w o u l d s a i l f r o m F o r m o s a

( T a i w a n ) a n d f o l l o w " C ' F o r c e i n t o S u r i g a o S t r a i t a n d o n t o

L e y t e .

T h e N o r t h e r n a n d S o u t h e r n F o r c e s w o u l d f o r m i n t o a

p i n c e r m o v e m e n t , w i t h t h e c e n t r e a t L e y t e G u l f . T h e o b j e c t i v e

w a s t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f b o t h t h e h u g e c o l l e c t i o n o f a m p h i b i o u s

s h i p s a n d t r a n s p o r t s o f t h e i n v a s i o n f l e e t , a n d t h e b e a c h h e a d .

S t a n d i n g i n t h e w a y w a s A d m i r a l W i l l i a m ( B u l l ) H a l s e y ' sT h i r d F l e e t a n d V i c e A d m i r a l T h o m a s K i n k a i d ' s S e v e n t h

F l e e t . T h e l a t t e r a p p r o a c h e d t h e P h i l i p p i n e s o n t h e n i g h t o f 1 9

O c t o b e r . A t t a c h e d t o V A D M K i n k a i d ' s S e v e n t h F l e e t w e r e t h e

d e s t r o y e r s , c r u i s e r s , a n d b a t t l e s h i p s b e l o n g i n g t o R e a r

A d m i r a l J e s s e B . O l d e n d o r f s T a s k F o r c e 7 7 . 2 . T h e B a t t l e s h i p

F o r c e ( B a t t F o r ) w a s c o m m a n d e d b y R e a r A d m i r a l G e o r g e

W e y l e r . a n d w a s m a d e u p o f B a t t l e s h i p D i v i s i o n F o u r

( B a t D i v 4 ) c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e U S S M I S S I S S I P P I ( B B - 4 1 ) . U S S

W E S T V I R G I N I A ( B B - 4 8 ) . a n d U S S M A R Y L A N D ( B B 4 6 )

B a t t l e s h i p D i v i s i o n T w o ( B a t D i v 2 ) c o n s i s t e d o f t h e U S S

P E N N S Y L V A N I A ( B B 3 8 ) . U S S T E N N E S S E E ( B B - 4 3 ) . a n d

U S S C A L I F O R N I A ( B B - 4 4 ) . T h e s e l a st f iv e b a t t l e s h i p s w e r e

s a l v a g e d f r o m P e a r l H a r b o r w i t h a l l s i x s h i p s f o r m i n g t h e

c e n t r e p i e c e o f S e v e n t h F l e e t ' s B o m b a r d m e n t a n d F i r e S u p p o r t

G r o u p .

A l s o w i t h t h e S e v e n t h f l e e t w e r e t h e R A N ' s K e n t

c l a s s he a v y c r u i s e r s H M A S A U S T R A L I A a n d S H R O P S H I R E

a l o n g w i t h t h e T r i b a l c l a s s d e s t r o y e r s H M A S A R U N T A a n d

W A R R A M U N G A . T h e g r o u p w a s s a i li n g a s p ar t o f A m e r i c a n

R e a r A d m i r a l R u s s e l l B e r k e y ' s C l o s e C o v e r i n g G r o u p ( C T G ) .

a l s o k n o w n a s T a s k G r o u p 7 7 . 3 . T h e s e s h i p s p r o v i d e d t h e

e s c o r t f o r t h e B o m b a r d m e n t a n d F i r e S u p p o r t G r o u p .

A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e L e y t e l a n d i n g s , o n t h e e a r l y

m o r n i n g o f 2 0 O c t o b e r . O l d e n d o r f ' s B o m b a r d m e n t a n d F i r e

S u p p o r t G r o u p o p e n e d u p o n t h e L e y t e b e a c h h e a d w i t h t h e i r1 4 a n d 1 6 - i n c h g u n s . A t d a w n , t h e f i r st w a v e o f A m e r i c a n

G e n e r a l W a l t e r K r u e g e r ' s 6 t h A r m y h i t t h e b e a c h , m e e t i n g

M BThe Japanese super batt leship MUSASHI on her way lo Leyte Gulf as part

of the IJN "A" Force. "A" Force was first discovered by a USN submarine

and then by carrier reconnaissance aircraft . MUSASHI was at tacked by 259USN carrier aircraft and sunk.

l i g h t r e s i s t a n c e . I n L e y t e G u l f i t s e l f , a n e w a n d d e a d l y t h r e a t

m a d e i t s a p p e a r a n c e f o r t h e fi r st t i m e . H M A S A U S T R A L I A

a n d s e v e r a l A m e r i c a n s h i p s o f T a s k F o r c e 7 7 . 3 . w e r e s e v e r e l y

d a m a g e d b y t h e f i r s t u s e b y t h e J a p a n e s e o f k a m i k a z e a t t a c k s

a g a i n s t s h i p s . L a t e r t h a t m o r n i n g G e n e r a l M a c A r t h u r a r r i v e d

o n t h e b e a c h h e a d a n d a n n o u n c e d t o t h e w o r l d : " P e o p l e o f t h e

P h i l i p p i n e s . I h a v e r e t u r n e d " .

A s t h e a t t a c k c o n t i n u e d o v e r t h e n e x t f e w d a y s , o v e r

1 7 0 . 0 0 0 t r o o p s a n d o v e r 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 t o n s o f e q u i p m e n t a n d

s u p p l i e s w e r e m o v e d o n t o L e y t e a s O p e r a t i o n K i n g I I

p r o g r es s e d . O n 2 1 O c t o b e r H M A S W A R R A M U N G A

e s c o r t e d t h e w o u n d e d A U S T R A L I A t o M a n u s f o r r e p a i r s .

T h i s l ef t H M A S S H R O P S H I R E c o m m a n d e d b y C a p t a i n

C h a r l e s N i c h o l l s M V O . R A N . a n d H M A S A R U N T A . u n d e r

C o m m a n d e r A l f r e d ( B u c k ) B u c h a n a n R A N . in L e y t e G u l f ,

s t i l l with Task Force 77.3.

A map depict ing the IJN attack plan fo r Leyte Gulf.

T h e I J N f l e e t s s a i l e d f r o m B r u n e i a n d F o r m o s a o n 2 2

O c t o b e r . E l e m e n t s o f " A " F o r c e w e r e s p o t t e d a n d a t t a c k e d b y

A m e r i c a n s u b m a r i n e s o f f N o r t h B o r n e o o n t h e 2 3 r d w i t h

V A D M K u r i t a ' s f l a g s h i p A T A G O b e i n g s u n k . A n y e l e m e n t o f

s u r p r i s e f o r t h e J a p a n e s e w a s l o s t a n d U S N c a r r i e r b a s e d

r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a i r c r a f t b e g a n t o f i n d t h e o t h e r J a p a n e s e u n i t s .

M e a n w h i l e K u r i t a ' s " A* f o r c e w a s a g a i n d i s c o v e r e d , t h i s t i m e

i n t h e S i b u y a n S e a a n d a t t a c k e d b y 2 5 9 c a r r i e r a i r c r a f t .

O r d n a n c e r a i n e d d o w n o n t h e s u p e r b a t t l e s h i p M U S A S H I .

w h i c h s a n k a f t e r b e i n g h i t b y 1 9 b o m b s a n d 1 7 t o r p e d o s .

O n t h e m o r n i n g o f 2 4 O c t o b e r . V A D M K i n k a i d w a s

a l e r t e d o f V A D M N i s h i m u r a ' s ' C ' F o r c e l o c a t i o n a n d h e a d i n g

b y a e r i a l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e f r o m t h e a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s U S S

E N T E R P R I S E ( C V - 6 ) a n d U S S F R A N K L I N ( C V - 1 3 ) . A t

0 9 l 8 h r s a i r c r a f t f r o m t h e c a r r i e r s . a t t a c k e d , c a u s i n g m i n i m a l

d a m a g e t o Y A M A S H I R O . F W S O a n d t h e S H I G U R E . A t 1 1 5 5

a U n i t e d S t a t e s A r m y A i r F o r c e ( U S A A F ) b o m b e r l o c a t e d t h e

' S e c o n d S t r i k i n g F o r c e ' a n d r e p o r t e d b a c k t o V A D M K i n k a i d .

A f t e r t h e e a r l i e r a t t a c k , t h e I N J s h i p s c o n t i n u e d o n w i t h o u t

f u r t h e r m o l e s t a t io n , a s th e E N T E R P R I S E a n d F R A N K L I N

w e r e o r d e r e d b y A D M H a l s e y t o i n s t e a d a t t a c k K u r i t a ' s ' A '

f o r c e i n t h e S i b u y a n S e a . T h e e s c o r t c a r r i e r s ( C V E s ) o f

26 VOL. 66 NO. 4 THE NAVY

K i n k a i d ' s f l e e t w e r e e n g a g e d i n s u p p o r t i n g t h e L e y t e

b e a c h h e a d , w h i c h w a s b y n o w s e c u r e d w i t h t r o o p s m o v i n g

i n l a n d . B u t w h e n O z a w a ' s M o b i l e F o r c e w a s s i g h t e d . H a l s e y

o r d e r e d h i s f l e e t n o r t h t o e n g a g e , l e a v i n g L e y t e G u l f

u n p r o t e c t e d . T h e J a p a n e s e d e c e p t i o n p l a n h a d w o r k e d .

V A D M K i n k a i d a n d h i s s t a f f r e a l i s e d t h a t th e t w o J a p a n e s e

f o r c e s d i s c o v e r e d s o u t h w e s t o f L e y t e w o u l d n e e d t o g o

t h r o u g h S u r i g a o S t r a i t t o a t t a c k t h e i n v a s i o n f l e e t . I n t h e

a f t e r n o o n . K i n k a i d o r d e r e d a l l s h i p s o f t h e S e v e n t h F l e e t l o

p r e p a r e f o r a n i g h t b a t tl e . A t I 4 4 3 h r s R A D M O l d e n d o r f ' s

B o m b a r d m e n t a n d F i r e S u p p o r t G r o u p w a s o r d e r e d t o h e a d

s o u t h t o S u r i g a o S t r a i t , i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a p o s s i b l e J a p a n e s e

n a v a l i n c u r s i o n . S a i l i n g w i t h O l d e n d o r f ' s g r o u p w a s R A D M

B e r k e y ' s C l o s e C o v e r i n g G r o u p ( C T G ) . w h i c h i n c l u d e d

H M A S H I P S S H R O P S H I R E , a n d A R U N T A . n o w p a rt o f T as k

F o r c e 7 7 . 2 .

O n b o a r d h i s f l a g s h i p , t h e h e a v y c r u i s e r U S S

L O U I S V I L L E ( C A - 2 8 ) . R A D M O l d e n d o r t a n d h i s s ta f f

b e g a n t o d e p l o y h i s f o r c e o f 4 2 s h i p s , s p l i t t i n g h i s f o r c e s i n t o

t h r e e g r o u p s . O l d e n d o r t w o u l d c o m m a n d t h e l e f t H a n k f r o m

L O U I S V I L L E , w h i l e R A D M B e r k e y w o u l d c o m m a n d t h e

s h i p s o n t h e r i g h t f l a n k , w h i c h i n c l u d e d S H R O P S H I R E a n d

A R U N T A . T h e g r o u p ' s b a t t l e s h i p s w o u l d o p e r a t e u n d e r t h ec o m m a n d o f R A D M W e y l e r .

A s T a s k F o r c e 7 7 . 2 m a d e f o r t h e e a s t e r n e n t r a n c e o f

S u r i g a o S t r a i t . O l d e n d o r t n e e d e d t o c o n f e r w i t h b o t h W e y l e r

a n d B e r k e y . W i t h t h e h e a v y b o m b a r d m e n t o f t h e L e y t e

b e a c h h e a d , t h e b a t t l e s h i p s h a d e x p e n d e d m o r e t h a n 6 0 % o f

t h e i r h e a v y c a l i b r e a m m u n i t i o n . M o s t o f th e r e m a i n d e r w a s

h i g h e x p l o s i v e a m m u n i t i o n f o r s h o r e b o m b a r d m e n t , n o t t h e

a r m o u r p i e r c i n g s h e l l s n e e d e d f o r a l i c e t a c t i o n . T h e t h r e e

A d m i r a l s a g r e e d t h a t i n o r d e r t o c o n s e r v e t h e i r a m m u n i t i o n ,

t h e b a t t l e s h i p s w o u l d w a i t u n t i l t h e e n e m y g o t t o w i t h i n

2 0 . 0 0 0 y a r d s ( 1 8 . 2 k i l o m e t r e s ) b e f o r e o p e n i n g f i re . T h e f ir s t

f e w s a l v o s w o u l d u s e a r m o u r p i e r c i n g s h e l l s b e f o r e s w i t c h i n g

t o t h e h i g h e x p l o s i v e a m m u n i t i o n , t h e r e m a i n i n g s u p p l y o f

a r m o u r p i e r c i n g s h e l l s w e r e t o b e u s e d a g a i n s t e n e m y

b a t t l e s h i p s , i f t h e y a p p e a r e d .

M e a n w h i l e K i n k a i d s e n t O l d e n d o r f h e l p i n t h e f o r m o f

e v e r y P T B o a t a s s i g n e d t o S e v e n t h F l e e t . T h i r t y - n i n e P T

B o a t s h e a d e d w e s t i n t o S u r i g a o S t r a i t a t h i g h s p e e d a s p a r t o f

a n e m e r g i n g p l a n o f a t t a c k . T h e y w o u l u b e O l d e n d o r f ' s

r e c o n n a i s s a n c e i n l i e u o f b o t h K i n k a i d ' s l a c k o f n i g h t a e r i a l

r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a n d t h e d e p a r t u r e n o r t h o f T h i r d F l e e t ' s

n i g h t a e r i al r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a s s e t s ( o n b o a r d U S S

I N D E P E N D E N C E . C V L - 2 2 ) . B y e a r l y e v e n i n g . O l d e n d o r f ' s

f o r c e c o n s i s t e d o f 8 1 s h i p s , r a n g i n g f r o m P T B o a t s t o

b a t t l e s h i p s . T w o n i g h t f l y in g C a t a l i n a F l y i n g B o a t s ( k n o w n a s

' B l a c k C a t s ' ) t r i e d t o fi n d t h e J a p a n e s e b u t w i t h o u t s u c c e s s .O n e o f t h e m w a s m i s t a k e n l y s h o t d o w n b y t h e P T B o a t s , n o w

i n p o s i t i o n o n t h e w e s t e r n e n d o f t h e s t r a i t .

The cruiser USS LOUISVILLE acted as RADM Oldendorf's flag ship forTask Group 77.2.

A t I 8 3 0 h r s V A D M N i s h i m u r a r e c e i v e d w o r d o f ' A '

F o r c e ' s d e l a y f r o m a i r a t t a c k s i n t h e S i b u y a n S e a . N i s h i m u r a

u n d e r s t o o d t h i s m e a n t t h a t i f h i s s h i p s m a d e i t t o L e y t e G u l f ,

h e w o u l d b e a l o n e . T h e r e w o u l d b e n o s u p p o r t f r o m t h e n o r t h

o f t h e g u l f . A t I 9 0 0 h r s a n a l l s h i p s s i g n a l w a s s e n t b y A D M

T o y o d a : " A l l s h i p s d a s h l o t h e a t t a c k , c o u n t i n g o n d i v i n e

a s s i s t a n c e . " N i s h i m u r a ' s s h i p s s t e a m e d e a s t w a r d i n t o t h e n i g h t .

A f t e r s u n s e t O l d e n d o r f e x e c u t e d h i s p l a n s . F o r R A D M

W e y l e r a n d h i s b a t t l e s h i p s . W E S T V I R G I N I A .C A L I F O R N I A . P E N N S Y L V A N I A . M A R Y L A N D , a n d

T E N N E S S E E , t h i s w a s t h e m o m e n t t h e y h a d w a i t e d f o r s i n c e

t h a t " D a y o f I n f a m y " . T h e s e w e r e s h i p s s a l v a g e d f r o m t h e

w a t e r ( P E N N S Y L V A N I A w a s i n d r y d o c k a n d w a s d a m a g e d

d u r i n g t h e a t t a c k ) a t P e a r l H a r b o r a n d r e f i t t e d . A l o n g w i t h t h e

b a t t l e s h i p M I S S I S S I P P I . W e y l e r s f l a g s h i p , t h e b a t t l e l i n e w a s

c o m p l e t e , a n d w a s e s c o r t e d b y t h e s i x d e s t r o y e r s f r o m

D e s t r o y e r D i v i s i o n X - R a y . T h e s i x b a t t l e s h i p s w e r e s t e a m i n g

i n ' L i n e A h e a d ' f o r m a t i o n a c r o s s t h e s t r a i t , w a i t i n g f o r t h e

e n e m y t o a r r i v e .

Fur the r into the stra i t on the r ight f lank were RADM

B e r k e y ' s s h i p s . F l y i n g h i s f la g f r o m t h e P e a r l H a r b o r s u r v i v o r ,

t h e c r u i s e r U S S P H O E N I X ( C L - 4 4 ) . B e r k e y h a d H M A S

S H R O P S H I R E a l o n g w i t h th e cr u i s e r s U S S B O I S E ( C L - 4 7 )

a n d t w o d e s t r o y e r s q u a d r o n s . D E S R O N 5 4 w i t h s e v e n

d e s t r o y e r s , a n d D E S R O N 2 4 c o n s i s t i n g o f s ix d e s t r o y e r s

i n c l u d i n g H M A S A R U N T A . O n t h e le f t f la n k. O l d e n d o r t

o n b o a r d h i s f l ag s hi p L O U I S V I L L E , l e d t h e c r u i s e r s

M I N N E A P O L I S f C A - 3 6 ) . D E N V E R (C L - 5 8 ) . P O R T L A N D

( C A - 3 3 ) . a n d C O L O M B I A ( C L - 5 6 ) . t o g e th e r w i t h D e s t r o y e r

S q u a d r o n 5 6 . c o n s i s t i n g o f n i n e d e s t r o y e r s . N e a r t h e w e s t e r n

e x i t o f t h e s t r a i t 3 9 P T B o a t s w a i t e d i n t h i r t e e n g r o u p s o f

t h r e e , e a c h i n p o s i t i o n s e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e m o u t h o f t h e s t r a i t ,

w a i t i n g t o r e p o r t b a c k t o t h e a d m i r a l .

E i g h t y - o n e A l l i e d w a r s h i p s w a i t e d i n a n d a r o u n d S u r i g a oS t r a i t , w i t h o u t a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s u p p o r t . T h e u p d a t e d f i re

c o n t r o l r a d a r s o f O l d e n d o r f ' s f l e e t w a t c h e d f o r t h e s e v e n s h i p s

o f N i s h i m u r a ' s ' C ' F o r c e , w h i c h w e r e m o v i n g t o w a r d s t h e m ,

u n a w a r e o f w h a t w a s w a i t i n g f o r t h e m o n t h a t m o o n l e s s n i g h t .

F r o m N i s h i m u r a ' s f l a g s h i p Y A M A S H I R O . t h e o n l y l i g h t

t h e c r e w s a w w a s t h e l i g h t n i n g o f a m i d n i g h t s t o r m o n t h e

s o u t h e r n h o r i z o n o v e r M i n d a n a o . S e v e r a l s h i p s i n ' C ' F o r c e

had an ea r ly ve rsion of a f i r e control r adar supplied by

G e r m a n y a n d f i t te d b e f o r e O p e r a t i o n S h o - I b e g a n . I t w a s

h o p e d t h a t t h i s w o u l d b e a d e c i s i v e a d v a n t a g e .

I n t h e l a t e e v e n i n g o f 2 4 O c t o b e r . ' C ' F o r c e a r r i v e d a t t h e

w e s t e r n e n d o f S u r i g a o S t r a i t . N i s h i m u r a o r d e r e d t h e

M O G A M I a n d t h e t h r e e d e s t r o y e r s M I C H I S H O . A S A G U M O

a n d Y A M A G U M O t o p r o c e e d a h e a d t o c o n d u c t

reconna issance for the rest of the force . As the four shi ps

h e a d e d e a s t i n t o t h e s t r a i t , t h e y a n d t h e P T B o a t s t h e y w e r e

s e a r c h i n g f o r m a n a g e d t o p a s s e a c h o t h e r u n d e t e c t e d . A s

27

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


F U S O . Y A M A S H I R O a n d S H I G U R E b e g a n t o m o v e i n to t h e

stra i t , they were de tec ted of f the is land of Bohol by the f ire

c o n t r o l r a d a r o f P T - 1 3 1 . a t 2 2 3 6 h r s . M o m e n t s l a t e r P T - I 3 I

a n d t w o o t h e r P T B o a t s m a d e f o r t h e t h r e e s h i p s a n d a t 2 2 5 0

s a w t h e i r t a r g e t s s t e a m i n g e a s t , b u t s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e d e s t r o y e r

S H I G U R E s p o t t e d t h e m . G n h e a r i n g t h a t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e

e n e m y h a d b e e n m a d e . N i s h i m u r a o r d e r e d h i s s h i p s t o t u r n

t o w a r d s t h e P T B o a t s a n d t o t u r n o n t h e i r s e a r c h l i g h t s . T h e P T

b o a t s w e r e r u n n i n g i n at 4 0 k n o t s w h e n t h e S H I G U R E . F U S O .

a n d Y A M A S H I R O o p e n e d f i r e . T h e b a r r a g e f o r c e d t h e P T

B o a t s o f f t h e i r a t t a c k r u n s a n d c a u s e d d a m a g e t o t w o o f t h e i r

n u m b e r . T h e t h r e e J a p a n e s e s h i p s r e s u m e d t h e i r c o u r s e .

C o n t a c t r e p o r t s f r o m t h e P T B o a t s t o o k t h e i r t i m e t o r e a c h

R A D M O l d e n d o r f A t 0 0 2 6 h r s o n 2 5 O c t o b e r h e g o t t h e i r

r e p o r t w h i c h c o n f i r m e d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f i r s t r e c e i v e d b y

S e v e n t h F l e e t e a r l i e r i n t h e d a y o f a p o s s i b l e J a p a n e s e n a v a l

i n c u r s i o n s o u t h o f L e y t e .

A l 0 0 3 0 h r s N i s h i m u r a r a d i o e d V A D M S h i m a a n d V A D M

K u r i t a a n d i n f o r m e d t h e m l h a t h e w a s " a d v a n c i n g a s

s c h e d u l e d w h i l e d e s t r o y i n g e n e m y t o r p e d o b o a t s . " A s

S H I G U R E . F U S O . a n d Y A M A S H I R O c o n t i n u e d e a s t .

N i s h i m u r a w a t c h e d a s e a c h P T B o a t g r o u p a t t a c k e d w i t h

l o r p e d o s . o n l y t o b e s p o t t e d i n i h e s e a r c h l i g h t s a n d d r i v e n o f fw h i l e d e p l o y i n g a s m o k e s c i i e u l o h i d e b e h i n d . I h e t h r e e

s h i p s w e r e u n d a m a g e d , b u t t h e i r f i r e c o n t r o l r a d a r s c o u l d n o t

p i c k u p t h e P T B o a t s . T h e r a d a r w a s g e t t i n g i n t e r f e r e n c e f r o m

r e f l e c t i o n s o f t h e i s l a n d s a n d c o a s t l i n e a r o u n d t h e s t r a i t . A t

0 0 4 0 N i s h i m u r a ' s s h i p s r e n d e z v o u s e d w i t h M O G A M I .

M I C H I S H O . A S A G U M O a n d Y A M A G U M O a n d b y O l O O h r s

t h e y s a i l e d e a s t w a r d s a s a f l e e t . T h e P T B o a t s c o n d u c t e d t h e i r

l a s t a t t a c k s d u r i n g t h i s t i m e , w i t h P T - 4 9 3 d a m a g e d b y g u n f i r e

a n d d r i v e n o n t o P a n s o n I s l a n d , w h e r e l a t e r t h a t m o r n i n g s h e

s a n k . B y 0 2 1 5 t h e P T B o a t s w e r e b e h i n d t h e m , a n d C ' F o r c e

c o n t i n u e d o n w a r d s . S h o r t l y a f t e r . N i s h i m u r a o r d e r e d h i s s h i p s

i n t o b a t t l e f o r m a t i o n .

M e a n w h i l e V i c e A d m i r a l S h i m a ' s ' S e c o n d S t r i k i n g F o r c e '

was nea r ing Sur igao S tra i t . With his f lag f lying on the heavy

c r u i s e r N A C H I . S h i m a k n e w t h a i N i s h i m u r a ' s s h i p s w e r e

a l r e a d y i n i h e s t r a i t . B u i t h e r e w a s n o a c t i v e c o - o r d i n a t i o n

b e t w e e n t h e " S e c o n d S t r i k i n g F o r c e ' a n d * C ' F o r c e , s o b o t h

J a p a n e s e f l e e t s m o v e d t o w a r d b a t t l e n o t k n o w i n g t h e o t h e r ' s

i n t e n t i o n s .

W a i t i n g f o r N i s h i m u r a ' s s h i p s f u r t h e r i n t o t h e st r a i t w a s

t h e n e x t h u r d l e . D E S R O N 5 4 u n d e r t h e c o m m a n d o f C a p t a i n

J e s s e C o w a r d . C o w a r d ' s p l a n o f a t t a c k w a s t o h it t h e J a p a n e s e

f r o m b o t h s i d e s i n a t o r p e d o a t t a c k b y h i s f i v e d e s t r o y e r s , a s

the ir f ive -inch gun s wou ld be ine f fe c t iv e aga ins t the heavy

s h i p s . A t 0 2 0 6 h r s C a p t a i n C o w a r d o r d e r e d t h e s h i p s o f

D E S R O N 5 4 t o " G e n e r al Q u a r t e r s ' a n d t h e i r t h e c r e w s w a i t e d

u n t i l 0 2 4 0 w h e n o n e o f t h e t h r e e d e s t r o y e r s o n t h e e a s t e r n s i d e

o f t h e s t r a i t . U S S M c G O W A N ( D D - 6 7 8 ) m a d e r a d a r c o n t a c t

w i t h N i s h i m u r a ' s s h i p s . B y 0 2 4 5 t h e r a d a r p i c t u r e s h o w e d a

l i n e o f s h i p s f i ft e en m i l e s ( 2 4 k i l o m e t r e s ) a w a y a n d c l o s i n g .

T he RA N he a vy c rui se r H M A S SH RO PSH IRE SH RO PSH IRE a nd t he

destroyer ARL'NTA were pan of Task Group 77.3.

The heavy cruiser USS PHOENIX. PHOENIX was RADM Berkley's flagship

during ihe bail ie am' operated alongside HMAS SHR OPSHIR E PHOENIXsurvived Ihe Japanese at tack on Pearl Harbor, ihe Batt le of Leyte Gulf and

World War II S he later became the Argentine ship GENER AL B ELGR ANO

and was sunk in 19X2 by a Royal Navy nuclear powered submarine

N i s h i m u r a ' s s h i p s m e a n w h i l e h a d m o v e d i n t o b a t t l e

f o r m a t i o n . T h e d e s t r o y e r s M I C H I S H O . S H I G U R E .

A S A G U M O a n d Y A M A G U M O l e ad Y A M A S H I R O . F U S O .

a n d M O G A M I i n L i n e a h e a d ' f o r m a t i o n w i t h 1 0 0 0 m e t r e s

s e p a r a t i o n . A t 0 2 5 6 h r s . l o o k o u t s f r o m t h e S H I G U R E s p o t t e d

t h r e e d e s t r o y e r s 4 . 3 m i l e s ( 6 . 9 k i l o m e t r e s ) a h e a d o f t h e m .

Y A M A S H I R O t u r n e d h e r s e a r c h l i g h t t o w a r d s t h e m b u t t h e

b a t t l e s h i p c o u l d n o t l o c a t e t h e m b e f o r e s t e a m i n g p a s s t h e m .W i t h a c l o s i n g s p e e d o f 4 5 k n o t s . C ' F o r c e a n d D E S R O N

5 4 w e r e r a p i d l y c o m i n g t o g e t h e r . S h o r t l y a f t e r , t h e d e s t r o y e r s

o n t h e w e s t e r n s i d e o f t h e s t r a i t , w h i c h h a d b e e n s t e a m i n g

c l o s e : o L e y t e ' s s h o r e l i n e i n t h e h o p e o f a v o i d i n g J a p a n e s e

r a d a r , p i c k e d u p t h e J a p a n e s e o n t h e i r o w n r a d a r . N o w t h e

p i c t u r e b e c a m e c l e a r e r a s b o t h t h e J a p a n e s e a n d t h e w e s t e r n

d e s t r o y e r s w e r e s t e a m i n g d i r e c t l y a t e a c h o t h e r . C a p t a i n

C o w a r d o r d e r e d t h e m t o t u r n t o t h e s o u t h e a s t a t 0 2 5 7 . p l a c i n g

* C" F o r c e a c r o s s t h e w e s t e r n d e s t r o y e r s ' s t a r b o a r d b o w . A

m i n u t e l a t e r, l o o k o u t s o n b o a r d U S S M E L V I N ( D D - 6 8 0 )

s i g h t e d t h e J a p a n e s e d e s t r o y e r s . C o w a r d o r d e r e d D E S R O N 5 4

t o l a y a s m o k e s c r e e n , i n c r e a s e s p e e d t o 3 0 k n o t s , a n d

s i g n a l l e d h i s d e s t r o y e r s t o " F i r e w h e n r e a d y " .

C ' F o r c e a n d D E S R O N 5 4 e n g a g e d a t 0 3 0 0 w h e n t h e

d e s t r o y e r s M c G O W A N . a n d M E L V I N l a u n c h e d t h e f i r s t o f 2 7

l o r p e d o s b e t w e e n t h e m a t ' C ' F o r c e . A s M c G O W A N . a n d

M E L V I N b e g a n t o w i t h d r a w t h e y w e r e f ir e d o n b y t h e

Y A M A G U M O . M I C H I S H O . S H I G U R E . A S A G U M O . a s

w e l l a s t he Y A M A S H I R O . B o t h M c G O W A N . a n d M E L V I N

p u t o n s p e e d a s t h e J a p a n e s e s a l v o s s t r a d d l e d b o t h d e s t r o y e r s

b e f o r e t h e y s t e a m e d o u t o f r a n g e . A s t h e y l e f t , e x p l o s i o n s

f i l l e d ( h e n i g h t a s M E L V I N ' s t o r p e d o s h o t h i t t h e b a t t l e s h i p

F U S O . c a u s i n g m a j o r d a m a g e a n d f o r c i n g t h e b a t t l e s h i p t o

f i rs t s l o w d o w n a n d t h e n m o v e o u t o f f o r m a t i o n . N i s h i m u r a

c o n t i n u e d o n . n o i r e a l i s i n g t h a t F U S O w a s n o l o n g e r w i t h h i m .

T h e r e s t o f N i s h i m u r a ' s f o r c e c o n t i n u e d o n . u n s u c c e s s f u l l y

t r y i n g t o h i t t h e r e t r e a t i n g d e s t r o y e r s .

A t 0 3 0 8 h r s . a s F U S O w a s h i t . t w o d e s t r o y e r s h a d m a n a g e d

t o g e t c l o s e t o ' C ' F o r c e a n d h a d b e g u n t h e i r a t t a c k r u n s o n t h e

r e m a i n i n g s h ip s . U S S M c D E R M U T ( D D - 6 7 7 ) a n d U S S

M O N S S E N ( D D - 7 9 8 ) o p e n e d f i re w i t h l o r p e d o s a t 0 3 l ( ) h r s .

U n l i k e t h e p r e v i o u s a t t a c k . N i s h i m u r a o r d e r e d t w o 9 0 - d e g r e e

t u r n s h o p i n g t h i s w o u l d a v o i d t h e t o r p e d o s . y e t i t d i d t h e

o p p o s i t e . A t 0 3 2 0 h r s t o r p e d o s f r o m M c D E R M U T s e v e r el y

d a m a g i n g M I C H I S H O a n d s a n k Y A M A G U M O . w h i l e

a n o t h e r d e s tr o y e d A S A G U M O ' S b o w . l e a v i n g t h e d e s t r o y e r

t o m a k e h e r o w n w a y o u t o f t h e s t r a it . O n e o f M O N S S E N ' S

t o r p e d o s h i t Y A M A S H I R O . b u t t h e b a t t l e s h i p s u f f e r e d n o

m a j o r d a m a g e . M O N S S E N a n d M c D E R M U T w i t h d re w a s

Y A M A S H I R O a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e J a p a n e s e s h i p s

s t e a m e d p a s t t h e dt > o me d M I C H I S H O a n d A S A G U M O .

...to he continued

VOL 66 NO 4 THE NAVY

H A T C H , M A T C H & D I S P A T C H

* ^

J y

Match

BALL ARA T flies the Wh ite EnsignT h e R A N w e l c o m e d t h e a r r i v a l i n t o C o m m i s s i o n o f t h e

l a t e s t A N Z A C f r i g a t e i n t o t h e f le e t a l a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t

c e r e m o n y a t D o c k l a n d s i n M e l b o u r n e o n 2 6 J u n e 2 0 0 4 .

N o t a b l e f o r b e i n g c o n d u c t e d a t t w i l i g h t a n d f e s t i v i t i e s

e x t e n d i n g w e l l i n t o t h e e v e n i n g i t l o o k e d a s t h o u g h d i s a s t e r

m i g h t s t r i k e a t an y m i n u t e w i i h t h r e a t e n i n g s k i e s , h o w e v e r ,

t h e e x p e c t e d s h o w e r s p r o v i d e d b a r e l y a s p r i n k l e e a r l y i n t h e

e v e n t . T h e c e r e m o n y w a s t h e c u l m i n a t i o n o f a v e r y h e c t i c f e w

d a y s f o r t h e c r e w . O f m a j o r c o n c e r n w a s t h e l o c a t i o n c h o s e n

f o r t h e c o m m i s s i o n i n g , t h e b e r t h i n g a r e a b e i n g a d j a c e n t t o t h e

v e r y n e w D o c k l a n d s D e v e l o p m e n t a t t h e o l d V i c t o r i a D o c k s ,

n e a r M e l b o u r n e C i t y . M e a s u r e m e n t s b e i n g m a d e o f t h e c r i t i c a l

c l e a r a n c e o f t h e r e c e n t l y b u i l t B o l t e B r i d g e o v e r t h e Y a r r a

R i v e r , u n d e r w h i c h N U S H I P B A L L A R A T h a d t o p as s t o

acces s the be r th. This was the f ir s t la rge vesse l to pass un der

t h e b r i d g e a n d c l e a r a n c e w a s e s t i m a t e d t o b e a s l i t t l e a t 8 0 c m

(a t low t ide ) . She passed under the br idge a t 1.15am on a ve ry

w i n d y e v e n i n g s e v e r a l d a y s p r i o r t o t h e c e r e m o n y . T h e s i g h o f

r e l i e f w a s a l m o s t a u d i b l e s u b u r b s a w a y .

T h e C o m m i s s i o n i n g L a d y f o r th e o c c a s i o n b e i n g D r

S u s a n n a H e r d h e r f a t h e r h a v i n g s e r v e d o n t h e o r i g i n a l

B A L L A R A T d u r i n g W o r l d W a r I I . D r H e r d h a d n a m e d a n d

l a u n c h e d B A L L A R A T o r i g i n a l l y at W i l l i a m s t o w n i n M a y

2 0 0 2 . O t h e r d i s t i n g u i s h e d g u e s t s i n c l u d e d i h e M i n i s t e r f o r

D e f e n c e H o n . R o b e r t H i l l , t h e C h i e f o f N a v y V i c e A d m i r a l

R i c h i e a n d t h e t h e n M a r i t i m e C o m m a n d e r R e a r A d m i r a l

R a y d o n G a t e s .

C o n d u c t i n g t h e c er e m o n y a n d t a k i n g c o m m a n d o f H M A S

B A L L A R A T w a s C o m m a n d e r D a v i d H u n t e r w h o t o g e t h e r

w i t h t h e e f f o r t s o f h i s c h e e r f u l c r e w t u r n e d o n a w o n d e r f u l

s p e c t a c l e f o r t h e i n v i t e d g u e s t s a n d t h e p u b l i c o n t h e e v e n i n g .

NUSHIP BALLARAT during her twil ight t ransi t ion to HMAS BALLARAT

(Kevin Dunn. Heell ine).

H i g h l i g h t s i n c l u d e d t h e e x t e n s i v e u s e o f c o l o u r e d s p o t l i g h t s

a n d p r o j e c t i o n s o n t o t h e s h i p s ' i m m a c u l a t e h u l l , p y r o t e c h n i c sa s w e l l a s t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e R A N b a n d a n d v a r i o u s

d e m o n s t r a t i o n s p r o v i d e d b y t h e C i t y o f B a l l a r a t . T h i s i n c l u d e d

a v e r y l o u d r i f l e s a l u t e b y a g r o u p o f c o s t u m e d R e d c o a t s f r o m

t h e g o l d f i e l d d a y s .

A s p e c t a c u l a r s t a r t t o w h a t w i l l n o d o u b t b e a l o n g a n d

succ essfu l ca ree r in the f lee t .

B A L L A R A T i s t h e s e c o n d s h i p i n t h e R A N t o b e a r t h e

n a m e , t h e f i r st b e i n g o n e o f t h e 6 0 B a t h u r s t C l a s s c o r v e t t e s o f

W o r l d W a r I I f a m e , w h i c h i n c i d e n t a l l y w a s a l s o b u i l t a t t h e

N a v a l D o c k y a r d W i l l i a m s t o w n .

T h e s i x t h A N Z A C F F H t o b e c o m m i s s i o n e d i n t o t h e R A N .

H M A S B A L L A R A T w a s t h e e i g h t h b u i l t at T e n i x D e f e n c e a l

W i l l i a m s t o w n i n V i c t o r ia . T h e p r e v i o u s b e i n g s i x f o r t h e R A N

a n d t w o f o r t h e R N Z N .

By Ke\'in Dunn

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


STATEMENT of PC)I \C\\ . i v \ l v « l i U C o l \ l l M l . l l l . i

T h e s t r a t e g i c b a c k g r o u n d l o A u s t r a l i a ' s s e c u r i ty h a s

c ha nge d i n r e c e n t de c a de s a nd i n some r e spe c t s be c ome

mo r e unc e r t a i n . The Le a g ue be l i e ve s it is e s s e n t i a l t ha t

Aus t r a l i a de ve l ops c a pa b i l i t y t o de f e nd i t s e l f , pa y i ng

pa r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i on t o ma r i t i me de f e nc e . Aus t r a l i a i s . o f

ge og r a ph i c a l ne c e s s i t y , a ma r i t i me na t i on whose p r ospe r i t ys t rength and safe t> depend to a grea t extent on the secur i ty

o f t he su r r ound i ng oc e a n a nd i s l a nd a r e a s , a nd on s e a bo r ne

t rade .

The Na vy Le a gue :

• Be l i e ve s Aus t r a l i a c a n he de f e nde d a ga i n s t a t t a c k

by o t he r t ha n a supe r o r ma j o r ma r i t i me powe r a nd

t ha t t he p r i me r e qu i r e me n t o f ou r de f e nc e i s a n

evident abi l i ty to cont rol the sea and a i r space

a r ound us a nd t o c on t r i bu t e t o de f e nd i ng e s se n t i a l

l i ne s o f s e a a nd a i r c ommuni c a t i on t o ou r a l l i e s .

• S u p p o r t s t h e A N Z U S T r e a t y a n d t h e f u t u r e

re in tegra t ion of New Zealand as a fu l l par tner .

• Ur ge s a c l o se r e l a t i onsh i p w i t h t he ne a r e r AS EA Nc oun t r i e s . PNG a nd t he I s l a nd S t a t e s o f t he Sou t h

' Pacif ic.

• A d v o c a t e s a d e f e n c e c a p a b i l i t y w h i c h i s

k n o w l e d g e - b a s e d w i t h a p r i m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n g i v e n

to in te l l ige nce , surv ei l lan ce and reconnaissance .

• Ad voc a t e s the a c qu i s i t i on o f t he mos t m ode r n

a r m a m e n t s a nd s e nso r s t o e nsu r e tha t t he AD F

m a i n t a i n s s o m e t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n t a g e s o v e r

forces in our genera l a rea .

• Be l i e ve s the r e mu s t be a s i gn i f i c a n t de t e r r e n t

e l e m e n t i n t he Aus t r a l i a n D e f e n c e Fo r c e ( AD F)

cap ab le of po we rfu l retal ia tion a t cons idera ble-

d i s t a nc e s f r om Aus t r a l i a .

• Be l i e ve s t he AD F mus t ha ve t he c a pa b i l i t y t o

p r o t e c t e s se n t i a l sh i pp i ng a t c ons i de r a b l e d i s t a nc e s

f rom Aust ra l ia , as wel l as in coas ta l waters .

• Sup por t s the c onc e p t o f a s t r ong mo de r n Ai r Fo r c e

a nd h i gh l y mob i l e Ar my , c a pa b l e o f l i t t o r a l a nd

j ung l e wa r f a r e a s we l l a s t he de f e nc e o f Nor t he r n

Aus t r a l i a .

• Sup por t s t he de v e l opm e n t o f a m ph i b i ous f o r c e s t o

e nsu r e t he s e c u r i t y o f ou r o f f sho r e t e r r i t o r i e s a nd t o

e na b l e a s s i s t a nc e t o be p r ov i de d by s e a a s we l l a s by

ai r to f r iendly i s land s ta tes in our area .

• End or se s t he t r a ns f e r o f r e spons i b i l i t y f o r t he c o -

o r d i na t i on o f Coa s t a l Su r ve i l l a nc e t o t he de f e nc e

f o r c e a nd t he de ve l opm e n t o f t he c a pa b i l i t y f o rpa t r o l a nd su r ve i l l a nc e o f t he oc e a n a r e a s a l l a r ound

t he Aus t r a l i a n c oa s t a nd i s l a nd t e r r i t o r i e s , i nc l ud i ng

t he Sou t he r n Oc e a n .

• A d v o c a t e s m e a s u r e s t o f o s t e r a b u i l d - u p o f

Aus t r a l i a n - ow ne d sh i pp i ng t o e nsu r e t he c a r r i a ge o f

essent ia l cargoes in war .

• Ad voc a t e s t he de v e l op me n t o f a de f e nc e i ndus t r y

s u p p o r t e d b y s t r o n g r e s e a r c h a n d d e s i g n

o r ga n i s a t i ons c a pa b l e o f c ons t r uc t i ng a l l ne e de d

t ype s o f wa r sh i p s a nd suppo r t ve s se l s a nd o f

p r o v i d i n g s y s t e m s a n d s e n s o r i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h

t h r ough- l i f e suppo r t .

As t o t he RAN. t he Le a gue :• Sup por t s t he c on c e p t o f a Na vy c a pa b l e o f e f f e c t i v e

a c t i on o f f bo t h Ea s t a nd W e s t c oa s t s s i mu l t a ne ous l y

and advocates a gradual bui ld up of the Flee t to

e nsu r e t ha t , i n c on j unc t i on wi t h t he RAAF. t h i s c a n

be a c h i e ve d a ga i n s t a ny f o r c e wh i c h c ou l d he

de p l o ye d i n ou r ge ne r a l a r e a .

• I s c o n c e r n e d t h a t t h e o f f e n s i v e a n d d e f e n s i v e

c a pa b i l i t y o f t he RAN ha s de c r e a se d ma r ke d l y i n

recent de ca de s and tha t wi th the pay ing -off of theDDGs . t he F l e e t w i l l l a c k a i r de f e nc e a nd ha ve a

r e duc e d c a p a b i l i t y f o r suppo r t o f g r ound f o r c e s .

• Ad vo cat es the very ear ly acqu is i t ion of the new

de s t r oye r s a s f o r e sha dowe d i n t he De f e nc e W hi t e -

Paper 2 .

• Adv oc a t e s t he a c qu i s i t i on o f l ong - r a n ge p r e c i s i on

we a pons t o i nc r e a se t he p r e se n t l i mi t e d powe r

p r o j e c t i on , suppo r t a nd de t e r r e n t c a pa b i l i t y o f t he

R A N .

• A d v o c a t e s t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f u n m a n n e d

s u r v e i l l a n c e a i r c r a f t s u c h a s t h e G L O B A L H A W K

pr i ma r i l y f o r o f f s ho r e su r ve i l l a nc e .

• Ad voc a t e s t he a c qu i s i t i on o f su f f i c i e n t Aus t r a l i a n -

bui l t a f loa t suppor t sh ips to suppor t two naval task

f o r c e s w i th suc h sh i p s ha v i ng de s i gn f l e x i b i l i t y a nd

c ommona l i t y o f bu i l d .

• Ad vo c a t e s t he a c qu i s i t i on a t a n e a r l y da t e o f

i n t e g r a t e d a i r powe r i n t he f l e e t t o e nsu r e t ha t ADF

de p l oym e n t s c a n be f u l l y de f e nde d a nd supp or t e d

from ihe sea .

• Ad voc a t e s tha t a l l Aus t r a l i a n wa r sh i p s shou l d be

e q u i p p e d w i t h s o m e f o r m o f d e f e n c e a g a i n s t

mi s s i l e s .

• A d v o c a t e s t h a t in a n y f u t u r e s u b m a r i n e

c ons t r uc t i on p r o g r a m a l l f o r m s o f p r opu l s i on be

e x a m i n e d w i t h a v i e w t o s e l e c t i n g t h e m o s t

a d v a n t a g e o u s o p e r a t i o n a l l y .

• Ad voc a t e s t he a c qu i s i t i on o f a n a dd i t i ona l 2 o r 3

upda t e d Co l l i n s c l a s s subma r i ne s .

• S u p p o r t s t h e m a i n t e n a n c e a n d c o n t i n u i n g

d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e m i n e - c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s f o r c e

a n d a m o d e r n h y d r o g r a p h i c / o c e a n o g r a p h i c

c a pa b i l i t y .

• Supp or t s i he ma i n t e na n c e o f a n e n l a r ge d , f l e x i b l e

pat ro l boat f lee t capable of opera t ing in severe sea

s ta tes .

• Ad vo cat es the re tent ion in a Re serv e Flee t of Naval

ve s se l s o f po t e n t i a l va l ue i n de f e nc e e me r ge nc y .• S u p p o r t s t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f a s t r o n g N a v a l

Re se r ve t o he l p c r e w ve s se l s a nd a i r c r a f t i n r e se r ve ,

or taken up for serv ice , and fo r spec ia l i se d ta sks in

l i m e o f d e f e n c e e m e r g e n c y .

• Supp or t s t he ma i n t e n a nc e o f a s t r ong Aus t r a l i a n

N a v y C a d e t s o r g a n i s a t i o n .

T h e L e a g u e :

Ca l l s f o r a b i pa r t i s a n po l i t i c a l a pp r oa c h t o na t i ona l

de f e nc e wi t h a c ommi t me n t t o a s t e a dy l ong - t e r m bu i l d - up

i n ou r na t i ona l de f e nc e c a pa b i l i t y i nc l ud i ng t he r e qu i r e d

i ndus t r i a l i n f r a s t r uc t u r e .

W h i l e r e c o g n i s i n g c u r r e n t e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m s a n d

budge t a r y c ons t r a i n t s , be l i e ve s t ha t , g i ve n l e a de r sh i p bysuc c e s s i ve gove r nme n t s . Aus t r a l i a c a n de f e nd i t s e l f i n t he

l onge r t e r m wi t h i n a c c e p t a b l e f i na n c i a l , e c o nom i c a nd

m a n p o w e r p a r a m e t e r s .

.12 vol . M NO 4 T H H N A V Y

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


Australia's lead ing specialist NAVY publication66 years of publicat ion

* Available nat ionally

* Reach im po rtant

T h e C a n a d i a n d e s l r o y e r H M C S A L G O N Q U I N J t o a m s i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h U S S J O H N C S T E N N I S ( C V N 7 4) d u r i n g R I M P A C 2 0 04

8/14/2019 The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004


PLEASE NOTE

THIS MATERIALWAS FILMED AT

A REDUCTION

RATIO OF 23.5x

SOME PAGES MAY CONTA INPOOR PRINT, TIGHT B INDING,

FLA WS A ND OTHERDEFECTS W HICH A PPEA R

ON THE FIL M

Documents

The Navy Vol 66 Part2 2004