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The Nature of Terrorism
•Topics covered — What is terrorism?
Where terrorists come from?
What causes terrorism?
What are the 3 Rs of terrorism?
Why do terrorists kill themselves?
What is to be done?
“Putting the horror in the minds of the audience, and not necessarily on the screen”
What is Terrorism?
Deliberately and violently targeting civilians for political purposes
• Has seven crucial characteristics —
1. Politically inspired (otherwise it’s simply a crime)
2. Violence or threat of violence (‘cyberterrorism’ is not terrorism)
3. Point of terrorism is not to defeat enemy-send a message
4. Act & victim usually have symbolic significance
5. Is act of sub-state groups, not states
6. Victim of violence & audience terrorists trying to reach are not the same.
7.Terrorism deliberately targets civilians. This distinguishes terrorism from guerilla warfare.
Terms:
separatist, freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, jihahi or mujaheddin, or fedayeen,
Types
Agro-terrorism
Propaganda of the deed
Bioterrorism
Christian terrorism
Cyber-terrorism
Communist terrorism
Eco-terrorism
Islamist terrorism
Narcoterrorism
Nationalist
Nuclear terrorism
Political
Racist
Other religious terrorism
State
State-sponsored
Understanding Terrorists
When terrorists act,
they are seeking 3
immediate objectives
(3 Rs):
•exact revenge•achieve glory• force adversary into reaction
History of Terrorism• Term “terrorism” coined
during French Revolution’s Reign of Terror (1793 – 1794)
• Birth of Government-sponsored Terrorism
• State terrorism goal to eliminate opposition & consolidate power
“ONE MAN'S TERRORIST IS ANOTHER MAN'S FREEDOM FIGHTER” David Brownlow
History of Terrorism• Anarchists were seen in late 19th century
• Individual terrorism– Use of selective terror against individual to bring
down a government– ie:Lincoln assassination
• Propaganda by deeds
History of Terrorism: Religious terrorism 20th century became more
frequent. Economic terrorism-destruction of industry and
agriculture system.
Terrorism is Asymmetric Warfare.
Asymmetric warfare is use of random & unpredictable violence by weak military against stronger military. Key of asymmetric warfare is using unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat. ie: suicide bombers
Types of Terrorism
• Domestic terrorism-terrorist activities directed at government without foreign involvement.
ie:Oklahoma City
• International terrorism-terrorist activities foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside country
ie:Sept. 11
Example of Chemical Terrorism
• Sarin nerve agent attack on Tokyo subway system in March 20, 1995
• 12 people killed and 53 seriously injured
Phillip L. Coule, M.D. 11
Biological terrorism• Dispersal of microbes or their toxins to produce
illness, death and terror
• Paths of infection can be contaminated water, food, air and packages.
• Microbes –Bacteria, Viruses, Toxins
14th Century – Kaffa City on Crimean PeninsulaHurled plague infested corpses over walls of city to infest it
Is this something new?
18th Century French and Indian WarBritish Officers gave blankets from smallpox victims to Indians aligned with French
Risk of DyingSmoking 10 cigarettes a day One in 200
All natural causes age 40 One in 850
Road accident One in 8,000
Playing soccer One in 25,000
Homicide One in 100,000
Terrorism attack in 2001 One in 100,000
Hit by lightning One in 10,000,000
Terrorism attack in 1990’s One in 50,000,000
Death Rate of Various Causes in USA year 2000
Heart disease* One in 400
Cancer * One in 500
Cerebrovascular diseases* One in 2,000
Accidents * One in 3,000
Diabetes* One in 4,000
Suicide* One in 10,000
Homicide* One in 20,000
Terrorism in 2001 One in 100,000
Terrorism in 1990’s One in 50,000,000
What Is to Be Done?• Terrorism will continue to be
employed as long as it is deemed effective• Technological developments
will make it easier for ever smaller groups to employ weapons of ever greater lethality • Political, social, and
economic developments will continue to produce disaffected individuals• We will never be able to
prevent every attack, but we can control our reaction to those attacks
Conclusion• Unlawful act• History of being used to achieve
political, religious and ideological objectives
• Can be conducted through firearms, explosive devices,biological, chemical, nuclear materials
• Even after events of 2001,risk of dying from terrorism has remained much lower than that from motor vehicles, smoking, and alcoholic beverage.
Tony Blair Osama bin Laden
Tim McVeigh
Una Bomber Ted Kaczynski
Tim Smith killed in Iraq
Samina Malik
“Lyrical terrorist”
Uganda soldiers
Rwanda boys
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