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NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 1
Module 1-1
Road Safety CE576 Fall 2011
Ahmed Abdel-Rahim, Ph.D., P.E.
The Nature of Road Safety
Module 1-1
Exercise 1: Defining Safety
How do you define safety?
Module 1-1
Various Definitions
Public health
Highway safety professional
Design, maintenance, or operations engineer
Transit
Human Factors
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 2
Module 1-1 4
A Definition of Road Safety
Roadway safety is the number of accidents (crashes),
or accident consequences, by kind and severity,
expected to occur on the entity during a specific period.
Ezra Hauer
Module 1-1 5 5 5
National Highway Fatalities and Fatality Rates
Source: Created by Cambridge Systematics based on fatality data retrieved from the Fatality Analysis Reporting
System
(National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) and vehicle miles traveled data (Federal Highway Administration.
*2008 Preliminary data retrieved from NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts Research Note DOT HS 811 124
30,000
32,000
34,000
36,000
38,000
40,000
42,000
44,000
46,000
48,000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
To
tal
Fa
tali
tie
s
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Fa
tali
ty R
ate
pe
r 1
00
M V
MT
Total Fatalities
Fatality Rate per 100MVMT
1988-2008*
Module 1-1 6
National Highway Injuries and Injury Rates
Source: Created by Cambridge Systematics based on injury data retrieved from NHTSA Traffic Crash Facts 2007
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
To
tal
Inju
rie
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Inju
ry R
ate
pe
r 1
00
M V
MT
Total Injuries
Injury Rate per 100MVMT
Module 1-1 7
The Public Health Perspective Events Causing Health Problems
• Cancer
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Obesity
• Suicide
• Homicide
Exposure to Risk
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 3
Module 1-1
10 Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, United States─ 2010
Module 1-1 9
The Dynamics of a Crash
Kinetic Energy:
The energy an object possesses
because of its motion
Module 1-1 10
The Dynamics of a Crash
Slide 2: Explain and define crush energy (include image below)
The Dynamics of a Crash
Crush energy:
Deformation of car and human parts Module 1-1
11
Crash Models and Road Safety
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 4
Module 1-1 12
Driver Behavior and Crash Models
Module 1-1 13
Multidisciplinary Approaches
Road
Environment
Factors (28%)
Vehicle
Factors (8%)
Human
Factors (95%)
4%
24% 67%4%
4%
Road
Environment
Factors (28%)
Vehicle
Factors (8%)
Human
Factors (95%)
4%
24% 67%4%
4% 4%
24% 67%4%
4%
Module 1-1 14
Road Safety – a Complex Field
Road safety is a complex, multidisciplinary, multimodal field devoted to the prevention and/or mitigation of crashes, injuries, and fatalities.
Module 1-1 15
Major Topics
The Complex Nature of Road Safety
Safety Disciplines
4 Es of Road Safety
Road Safety Modes
Crash Prevention Paradigm Shift
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 5
Module 1-1 16
Safety Disciplines
Backgrounds
Education
Perspectives
Multimodal
Module 1-1 17
Safety Silos
Institutional Levels
• Federal
• State
• Local
Modes
• Passenger vehicles
• Trucks
• Transit
• Pedestrians/bicyclists
Module 1-1 18
The 4 Es of Road Safety
Engineering
Education
Enforcement
Emergency Response
Module 1-1 19
Engineering
Design
Construction
Operations
Maintenance
Vehicle
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 6
Module 1-1 20
Education
Behavior Change
Rules of the Road
Risk Awareness
Amplify Enforcement and Engineering Activities
Module 1-1 21
Enforcement
Police
Prosecutors
Judges
Probation
Module 1-1 22
Emergency Response
Incident Response
Emergency Medical Services
Fire and Rescue
Hazardous Materials Removal
Module 1-1 23
Human Factors & Biomechanics
Capabilities and Limitations of the Human Body
• Strength
• Reaction time
• Visual acuity
• Physical durability
Effects of Exceeding Human Limitations
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 7
Module 1-1 24
Public/Private Administrators
Driver Licensing
Vehicle Registration
Analyze Insurance Claims
Set Rates for Vehicle and Health Insurance
Develop and Enforce Policies, Procedures, and Regulations
Module 1-1 25
Vehicle Considerations
Passenger Vehicles
• Largest number of crashes by far
• Size
• Performance characteristics
Mode Connectivity
Vehicle Characteristics
• Crash types
• Fleet diversity
• Height and weight
Module 1-1 26
Other Motorized Vehicles
Commercial Vehicles
• Interaction with other vehicles
• Roadway considerations
Motorcycles
Transit and Rail
Module 1-1 27
Comparison of Vehicle Type Involved in Crashes
Vehicle Type
Crash Type
Total Number of Crashes
Rate (per 100 million vehicle-miles
traveled)
Rate (per 100 million registered vehicles)
Passenger Cars
Fatal 25,029 1.55 18.52
Injury 1,893,000 117 1,401
Property Damage 4,169,000 258 3,085
Light Trucks
Fatal 22,838 2.01 24.05
Injury 1,209,000 107 1,273
Property Damage 2,919,000 257 3,074
Large Trucks
Fatal 4,932 2.21 58.15
Injury 82,000 37 971
Property Damage 354,000 159 4,176
Motorcycles
Fatal 4,655 43.22 74.75
Injury 80,000 746 1,291
Property Damage 18,000 168 291
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 8
Module 1-1 28
Non-Motorized Transport
Pedestrians
Bicyclists
Roadway Facilities
Module 1-1 29
Paradigm Shift
Single Modes and Disciplines
Collaboration
Multidisciplinary and Multimodal Strategies
Module 1-1 30
Multidisciplinary Approaches
Young Drivers
• Zero tolerance
• Graduated driver licensing
Safety Corridors
Module 1-1 31
Fatal Crash Involvement by Driver Age
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 9
Module 1-1 32
State Licensing Law & Driver Fatal Crash Involvement
Module 1-1
STRONGEST GDL – reduction of 38% for fatal crashes and 40% for injury crashes among16-year-old drivers.
WEAKEST GDL – reduction of 11% for fatal crashes and 19% for injury crashes.
Life-Saving Interventions – GDL
Source: Baker et al., 2007
Module 1-1
Rating of GDL Laws in the United States
Legend
= Good
= Fair
= Marginal
= Poor
Source:
http://www.iihs.org/laws/gdl_intermediate.aspx
Module 1-1 35
Safety Corridor Programs
Legislation
Data Analysis
Signage
Enforcement
Public Education
NCHRP 17-40, June 2010 10
Module 1-1 36
Safety Corridors in New Mexico