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8/13/2019 The Nature of Language Learning
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The Nature of Language
Learning
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Agenda
Questions from last week/information aboutAssignment #1
Review Activity
Preview next chapter- Essential Questions
Babies, Children, and Learning
Personal Reflection
Nature versus Nurture in language learning
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Essential Questions
How do we learn a language?
Why do we learn another language?
Are there any differences in the learningprocess between L1 and L2? If so, what are
the differences?
How does our L1 interfere with learningL2?
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Babies, Children, and Language
What do you notice about babies and youngchildren and their language abilities?
What does this suggest about learning L1for children?
How do you think these babies and childrenwere able to communicate? Why did theycommunicate?
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Interesting Facts about Children
and Language AbilitiesBy the age of six months, an infant has
produced all of the vowel sounds and most
of the consonant sounds of any language in
the world.
Before they are three years old, mastered
most of the distinctive sounds of their first
language and have an awareness of basicdiscourse patterns.
By the age of five or six, they can control
most grammar patterns.
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Personal Reflection
Think about a student you have in class thatis having difficulties learning English.
Why do you think the student is havingdifficulties learning English?
What can you attribute the problem to?Students innate abilities? Socialcircumstances?
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Nature versus Nurture
The role of nature (natural ability)
The role of nurture (social experience)
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The Role of Natural Ability
Humans are born with a natural ability orinnate capacity to learn another language.
Genetically given capability. (Since
languages are complex, and children canlearn languages quickly, there is no way they
can learn the language.)
View children as being able to develop moreabilities as they grow up. As children mature,
so do their language abilities.
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The Role of Natural Ability
(continued) Individual variation may occur in learning;
the rate of learning can differ, but there are
stages everyone goes through.
Cut off point- if the process does not
happen at a young age, youll never learn
the language. (Critical Period Hypothesis)
What does this mean for us as teachers?
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The Role of Social Experience
Will never acquire language unless that
language is used with them and around
them, no matter what is their language.
Immigrant childrenno interaction with
their background, they will never learn the
language.
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The Role of Social Experience
(continued)As long as children are experiencing input
and social interaction, the rate and sequence
of development doesnt change.
The only thing that may change is
pronunciation, vocabulary, and social
function.
What does this mean for us as teachers?
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L1 versus L2 Learning
Initial State- knowledge about language
structures and principles
Intermediate State- Basic language
development
Final State- Outcome of learning
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Initial State
L1- Innate capacity
L2- Innate capacity?
L1 knowledge (transfer)
World knowledgeInteraction skills
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Intermediate States- Processes
L1= Maturation (As children mature, so do
their language abilities)
L2= Transfer of prior knowledge from L1 to
L2
Positive transferNegative transfer
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Transfer
Positive transfer- When an L1 structure is
used in an L2 utterance and that use is
appropriate or correct.
-Subject, verb order
-Vocabulary
Negative transfer/Interference- Opposite ofPositive transfer; considered an error.
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Example of Negative Transfer
Can I assist to your class?
I have been always to class on time.
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Intermediate Stages- Necessary
ConditionsL1= Input, interaction with other people
L2= Input (not necessarily interaction); radio,television, internet
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Intermediate State- Facilitating
Conditions L2Rate and ultimate level of development can be
determined by this:
Feedback- Types of correction
Aptitude- Abilities; memory capacity
Motivation- Need and desire to learn
Instruction- Explicit teaching
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Personal Reflection-Part 2
Think how those four facilitating conditions
appear in your teaching. What conditions do
you think are impacting your students
learning? Why or why not?
Feedback
Aptitude
Motivation
Instruction
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Final State
L1= Native competence (fluency like a native
speaker)
L2= Multilingual competence
Never be a native speaker
Level of proficiency is variableStill face interference of L1 (fossilization