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The Nature of Ecology Ecology- the study of how organisms interact with their environment Organisms- any life form Species- groups of organisms that share similar DNA; look similar, have similar behavior, can produce viable offspring.
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The Nature of Ecology
How to make a food web.1. Start with one producer on BOTTOM and draw arrows up
to the things that eat them (their predators). (** Hint: a producer is something that photosynthesizes, it gets its energy from the sun.)
2. Fill in all the predators that eat that producer (these are primary consumers).
3. If there are other things those predators eat fill in those organisms (one at a time). These are other producers, other primary consumers or even sometimes secondary consumers.
4. Continue filling in each organism’s predators and prey placed at the correct trophic level (with arrows going from prey to predator).
5. Primary consumers eat producers. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. (some organisms will be at more than one level). If the hawk ate grass and rabbits, it would be both a primary and a secondary consumer and have arrows from both rabbit and grass.
Eagle tertiary consumer
Snake Hawk secondary consumer
Rabbit primary consumer
grass producer
The Nature of Ecology
Ecology- the study of how organisms interact with their environment
Organisms- any life form
Species- groups of organisms that share similar DNA; look similar, have similar behavior, can produce viable offspring.
Populations
Population- all of the organisms within a species that interact in a specific area and at a specific time
Communities, Ecosystems & The Biosphere Habitat- the place where a population or organism lives
Community- all of the organisms that occupy a specific area; also called biological community
Ecosystem- a community of different species and their interaction with each other and abiotic factors in environment
Ecosystem Concepts and Components
Biomes-areas with a consistent climate and with similar organisms
Aquatic life zones- marine and freshwater portions of the biosphere
Fig. 4-9 p. 70
Community Structure and Species Diversity
Fig. 8-2 p. 144
Fig. 8-2 p. 144
Biodiversity dependent on latitude
Fig. 8-3 p. 145
Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones
Ecotone- transitional zones between ecosystems where there are a mixture of species not found together in adjacent ecosystems
Fig. 4-10 p. 71
Principles of Ecological Factors Abiotic Factors- all of the nonliving parts in an ecosystem
Biotic Factors-all of the living factors in an ecosystem
Range of Tolerance- any variation in the physical or chemical environment that an organism can withstand before it is killed/harmed
Regulating Population Growth
Limiting Factors- a distinguishing chemical or physical factor that regulates the population growth of a species; more specific than any other factor
Niche- an organisms functional role within an ecosystem; everything that affects the survival and reproduction
Figure 4-13 Page 73
Terrestrial Ecosystems Aquatic Life Zones
• Sunlight• Temperature• Precipitation• Wind• Latitude• Altitude• Fire frequency• Soil
• Light penetration• Water currents• Dissolved nutrient concentrations (especially N and P)
• Suspended solids• Salinity
Abiotic Factors That Impact Populations
The Biotic Components of Ecosystems
Fig. 4-16 p. 75
Producers (autotrophs)
Consumers (heterotrophs)
Decomposers
Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78
Food Chains
Food Webs
• Only 10% of the energy producers make gets transferred to the primary consumer.
• The secondary consumer only gets 1%.
• The tertiary level gets 0.1%.
Native (indigenous) - naturally evolved to live in the area Western Red Cedar, Douglas Fir, Milkvetch, black squirrel
Native Species
Species naturally evolved to live in the area. Ex. douglas fir, western red cedar, milkvetch, black squirrel
Non-native (invasive species)Species introduced by humans, by mistake or intentionally. Also called exotic species.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Kudzu - aka: foot a night vine, mile a minute vine, or the vine that ate the south! Ironically introduced for soil conservation
purposes! $500 million per year in lost crops and
control costs
Special Roles of Some Species
Removal of keystone species will cause collapse of ecosystem
Special Roles of Some Species
Keystone Species
Pollinators Top Predators
Special Role of Some SpeciesIndicator species - ecosystem smoke alarms - abundance of population indicator of overall health and viability of ecosystem
Species Interactions: Competition
Interspecific competition- competition between two or more species
As a result of competition, the two species evolve to gain separate, more specialized niches (co-evolution)
Species Interactions
Mutualism - benefits both species
Ex. pollination
Commensalism - benefits one species, but has little effect on the other
Ex. Fern living in the shade of a tree
Species Interactions: Parasitism
Parasite - living on or in another species (host)
Important ecological role of parasites- increase biodiversity by keeping species that may eliminate other species in check