The Natural Philosophy of the Cosmos (A)

8/14/2019 The Natural Philosophy of the Cosmos (A)

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The atural Philosophy of the Cosmos (A)

Riccardo C. Storti11Delta Group Engineering.

Abstract

The principles of mass-energy distribution and similitude by Zero-Point-Field (ZPF) equilibria are utilised to derive

the values of H0 and T0; where, T0 [2.7248 (K)] is derived from H0 [67.0843 (km/s/Mpc)]. The values

derived arise by assuming that the Primordial Universe was analogous to a homogeneous Planck scale particle ofmaximum permissible energy density, characterised by a single wavefunction. Simultaneously, the Milky-Way isrepresented as a Planck scale object of equivalent total Galactic mass MG, acting as a Galactic Reference

Particle (GRP) characterised by a large number of wavefunctions with respect to the solar distance from the

Galactic centre Ro. This facilitates a comparative analysis between the Primordial and Galactic particle

representations by application of a harmonic relationship, yielding H0 in terms of Ro and MG. Consequently,utilising the experimental value of T0, improved estimates are derived for Ro and MG as being 8.1072 (kpc)

and 6.3142 x1011

(solar-masses) respectively. The construct herein implies that Accelerated CosmologicalExpansion is attributable to the determination of the ZPF energy density threshold UZPF being < -2.52 x10

-13

(Pa) [i.e. < -0.252 (mJ/km3)]. Moreover, it is graphically illustrated that the gradient of the Hubble constant in

the time domain is presentlypositive (i.e. dH/dt > 0).

Keywords: CMBR, Cosmological Expansion / Inflation, Dark Energy / Matter, Gravitation, Hubble constant.

Introduction

Electro-Gravi-Magnetics (EGM) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] derives critical Cosmological information such as the present

values of the Hubble constant H0 and Cosmic-Microwave-Background-Radiation (CMBR) temperature T0. Themost important concept developed herein is that Dark Matter / Energy is not required to mathematically

articulate and precisely numerically determine H0 and T0. The Accelerated Cosmological Expansion phenomenon (i.e. dH/dt > 0) is derived organically from Particle-Physics, in favourable agreement with

experimental evidence. Therefore, it is proposed that the observational inference for the existence of Dark Matter

from flat Galactic rotation curves, may be explained by halos of ejected Gravitons; i.e., populations of conjugate

wavefunction pairs of non-zero mass Photons. Moreover, it is demonstrated in [4] that Dark Energy is analogousto the Zero-Point-Field (ZPF) energy associated with the Casimir Effect, acting on a Cosmological scale.

Materials and MethodsInvoking principles of similitude, H0 is derived by relating the Polarisable Vacuum (PV) spectrum of a Planck-

Particle to the present-day utilising the Milky-Way Galaxy as a basis for comparison. Within the EGM

construct, a Planck-Particle denotes the condition of maximum permissible energy density, representing theUniverse compacted to a point. As mass-energy density increases, the PV modal bandwidth compresses such that

for a particle approaching the Planck Scale, the PV spectrum converges to a single mode approaching the Planck

Frequency.

Galaxies are homogeneously distributed throughout the Universe and are approximately in the same stage of

evolution. Hence, it follows that we may utilise our own Milky-Way Galaxy as a universal reference to yield an

average value of Cosmological gravitational intensity. Utilising astronomical estimates of Galactic radius Ro andtotal mass MG, we may represent the Milky-Way as a particle at the centre of the galaxy, termed the Galactic

Reference Particle (GRP). The radiant gravitational intensity of the GRP may be calculated from its PV spectral

limit.

The GRP is representative of the total mass-energy density and vacuum equilibrium state of the Universe at the

present time, as viewed by instrumentation within our solar system. Thus, H0 is derived by comparing thePlanck-Particle Universe at the instant of creation to the GRP, facilitated by utilisation of the harmonic

representation of fundamental particles.

Relating the Cosmological Expansion of the primordial Planck-Particle Universe to the GRP yields an

expansive scaling factor KT. Subsequently, Wiens displacement constant is applied to determine a

thermodynamic scaling factor TW; quantifying the manner in which Photons radiated at the instant of the Big-


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Bang have red-shifted to the microwave range after Hubble time. The microwave frequency is converted to

temperature by relating KT and TW, producing a value of T0 precisely matching physical measurement.

Analysis

EGM models mass-objects as being in equilibrium with the Quantum Vacuum (QV) such that the energy state of

matter describes the energy state of the vacuum. Consequently, the Cosmological Inflation and Accelerated

Cosmological Expansion phenomena emerge naturally within the EGM construct and are not presumed a priori

as part of the modelling process. The EGM construct generates the Cosmological Inflationary Epoch from first

principles, derived from Particle-Physics.

The resulting history of the CMBR temperature corroborates with all epochs of Cosmological Evolution as

predicted by the Standard Model of Cosmology (SMoC). The theory of early Cosmological Inflation is

reinforced and Accelerated Cosmological Expansion is derived. Even though the Cosmological Inflation

Epoch is a contrivance introduced to fit the Big-Bang theory, EGM substantiates its inclusion because itemerges as a natural consequence of the derivation of H0 and T0. However, community understanding of Dark

Energy / Matter must be questioned as the EGM method predicts H0, T0 and Cosmological Inflation /Accelerated Expansion, without invoking Dark Matter or Energy; producing results substantially more precise

than the SMoC. The key mathematical facts derived and subsequently analysed in [4, 5, 6] are as follows,

Key Mathematical Fact SMoC EGM

Dark Matter / Energy required Yes No

Maximum Cosmological Temperature 1031 (K) Yes Yes

Big Bang Temperature = 0 (K) No Yes

Unification with Particle-Physics No Yes

Relationship between H0 and T0 No Yes

Precise determination of distinct Cosmological evolutionary phases No Yes

Sign of the Deceleration Parameter is in agreement with expectation No Yes

Prediction of Accelerated Cosmological Expansion No Yes

Table 1: SMoC vs. EGM

Results and Discussion

The EGM construct implies that Accelerated Cosmological Expansion is attributable to the determination of theZPF energy density threshold UZPF being < -2.52 x10

-13 (Pa) [i.e. < -0.252 (mJ/km3)]. Moreover, it is

graphically illustrated that the gradient of the Hubble constant in the time domain is presentlypositive(i.e. dH/dt >0). Subsequently, it is mathematically demonstrated that the magnitude of the impact of Dark Matter / Energy

upon the value of the Hubble constant and CMBR temperature is < 1 (%) such that the Universe is composed of:

> 94.4 (%) Gravitons, < 1 (%) Dark (i.e. inexplicable) Matter / Energy and 4.6 (%) Atoms.Refer to Appendix A for simulation results produced utilising the MathCad computational environment.

Conclusions

The PV model of gravity represents a useful and complimentary alternative to General Relativity (GR).

References

[1] Derivation of the photon mass-energy threshold;Riccardo C. Storti and Todd J. Desiato, Proc. SPIE 5866, 207

(2005), DOI:10.1117/12.614634 {available for download as Ch. 3.8 in [5]}.

[2] Derivation of the photon and graviton mass-energies and radii; Riccardo C. Storti and Todd J. Desiato, Proc.SPIE 5866, 214 (2005), DOI:10.1117/12.633511 {available for download as Ch. 3.10 in [5]}.[3] The natural philosophy of fundamental particles; Riccardo C. Storti, Proc. SPIE 6664, 66640J (2007),

DOI:10.1117/12.725545 {available for download as Ch. 4 in [6]}.[4] Quinta Essentia: A Practical Guide to Space-Time Engineering Part 4; Riccardo C. Storti, ISBN-13: 978-

1847533548, LuLu Press {available for download: http://www.lulu.com/content/795547}.[5] Quinta Essentia: A Practical Guide to Space-Time Engineering Part 3; Riccardo C. Storti, ISBN-13: 978-

1847539427, LuLu Press {available for download: http://www.lulu.com/content/471178}.[6] Quinta Essentia: A Practical Guide to Space-Time Engineering Part 2; Riccardo C. Storti, & G. S. Diemer,

ISBN-13: 978-1847993618, LuLu Press {available for download: http://www.lulu.com/content/1540406}.


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Appendix A

Figure A1: Average Cosmological Temperature vs. Hubble Constant {http://www.lulu.com/content/2588584}.

Note: The Mag. of Hubble Constant (i.e. |H| in Fig. A1 and the graph title of Fig. A2) is an abbreviated

reference to the square-root of the magnitude of the rate of change of the Hubble Constant in the time domain

(required due to text field character limitations). The value of the Hubble Constant at t1 is graphically stated in

Fig. A1; |H| = |dH/dt| = 0 denotes the instant when dH/dt = 0 (as represented by the equations in Fig. A2).


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Figure A2: (i) Magnitude of the Hubble Constant vs. Cosmological Age, (ii) 1st

Derivative of the Hubble

Constant in the Time Domain vs. Cosmological Age {http://www.lulu.com/content/2486994}. Note: the graphtitle is an abbreviated reference to the square-root of the magnitude of the rate of change of the Hubble Constant in

the time domain (required due to text field character limitations). The logic for the specified abbreviation arises

twofold; (i) from two distinct numerically coincident derivations of H0 within the EGM construct such that, for

the present day, |dH/dt| = H0 (see [4] for details) and (ii), to visually accentuate curve characteristics at t4.

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The Natural Philosophy of the Cosmos (A)