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STUDIAUBBGEOGRAPHIA,LXII,1,2017(p.105‐124)(RECOMMENDEDCITATION)DOI:10.24193/subbgeogr.2017.1.08

THENATURALENVIRONMENTANDTOURISMPOTENTIALOFIARA‐HĂŞDATEBASIN

C.MOLDOVAN1,ŞT.DEZSI1,R.RUSU1,T.MAN1,E.B.DOLEAN1

ABSTRACT.–TheNaturalEnvironmentandTourismPotentialofIara‐HăşdateBasin.Analzyedmainly fromanaturalperspective, the tourismpotentialofthe area shows important characteristics providing favourable premises fortourismplanning anddevelopment.Themorphological, climaticbioclimatic,hydrologicalandbiogeographicalfeaturesofIara‐HăşdateBasinareinvestigatedinordertocreateadetailedinventoryofthenaturalresourceswithaspecifictourismpotentialandtoidentifydifferenttypesandformsoftourismwhichcanbedeveloped.Keywords: Iara‐Hăşdate Basin, natural and anthropogenic tourism potential,gorges,defiles,cliffs.

1. INTRODUCTION.GENERALGEOGRAPHICALANDTOURISMFEATURES

The area of study is located in the central and southern part of Cluj

CountyandcorrespondsmainlytoIara‐HășdateBasin,Săvădisla–LunadeSusCorridorandthemountainandhillyareasthatborderthemontheperiphery,completelyintegrating6administrativeunits(Băişoara,Ciurila,Iara,Petreştiide Jos, Săvădisla and Tureni). Therefore, it is situated at the contact of twomajorgeographicalregionsthathaveacomplexandcomplementarygeographicalandtourismpotential:ApuseniMountainsandtheTransylvanianBasin.

Thegeographicallocationprovidesnotonlyaprivilegedsituationbutalsoarelativegeographicalunitymarkedbyacomplexandcomplementarynaturalenvironment. The varied landscape is the result of the lithological, geologicalandhydrologicalevolutionwhichstructuredamorphological settingmadeup

1“Babeş‐Bolyai”University,FacultyofGeography,5‐7ClinicilorStreet,Cluj‐Napoca,Romania,e‐mails:[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]

C.MOLDOVAN,ŞT.DEZSI,R.RUSU,T.MAN,E.B.DOLEAN

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by a number ofmarginalmountain andhilly units: FeleacuRange, SănduleștiandPetreștiRangesbelonging toTrascăuMountains,MunteleMareandGilăuMountains,mountainbasinsandvalleycorridors(Pop,2012,p.101).

Thewholearearangesinaltitudefrom1826minMunteleMarePeak,onthelimitsofthestudyarea,to281minthelowestpointoftheregion.Thedifferenceinheightandthehighfragmentationoftheareaduetothedrainagenetwork(Hăşdate,IaraandFeneşriversandtheirtributaries)determinedimplicitlyapeculiarlandscapediversity(Pop,2012,p.102).Evenmore,alltheseimpactedinaspecificmannerontheclimaticandbioclimaticfeatures,thehydrologicalcomponentand,not in the least,on thebiogeographical range.Eachof themmayprovideproperattractive resourcesbut theyare also auxiliary factors inpromotingthefeaturesoftheothersasthefavorableaspectsderivedfromthecooperation of the parts are attached to the individual contribution of each,thereforeoutliningacomplex,diverseandattractivenaturalenvironment.

Themarginalmountainnaturalunitssurroundacorridor,ageographicalcomponentthatprovidedoptimalhabitatconditionsandallowedthedevelopmentof a systemof rural settlements thathavea specificpersonality. Its emergenceand developmentwas favored by a high communication potential and diversecomplementaryresources.

Theareaofstudyfavoredanintense,continuousandancienthabitation,provedbyarchaeologicaldata fromprehistoric,DacianandRomansitesandcontinuedinspecifichistoricalconditionthroughouttheMiddleAgesandthemodernera.

The anthropogenic component was also constituted or completedthroughouttheagesinapositivemannerbyforeigncommunities,especiallytheHungarianones,colonized inthisareasincethe12thcentury,especially in thevillagesSăvădisla,VlahaandLiteni.TheHungarianshavehadaspecificimpactonthehabitat,thelanduseand,notleast,thementality.

Alltheseledtotheindividualizationofatruehumansettlementsubsystem,madeupbyareasofancientandintensehabitationwhichweregeographicallyandadministrativelyanintegralpartofthecountyspecificstructures.Theintenseandcontinuoushabitationledtothedevelopment,intime,ofasystemofruralsettlementsthathaveaspecificphysiognomy,usuallyrespectingthegeneralregionalspecificitywithout excluding interferences proper to the national communitiesinhabitingtheanalyzedterritory.Theactivitieshavebeenadaptedtothenaturalconditions,leadingtoaruralcivilizationthathasacertainspecificity.Withinthiscivilizationandforeachgeographicalcomponent,conditionshavebeencreatedtodevelopacomplex tourismthathaspeculiarcharacteristics,complementingthe typesand formsofclassical tourismrelated to theusual tourismsupply intheruralspaceandtothecapitalizationofmorphological,landscapeandclimaticresourcesinthesurroundingmountains.


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Thus,fromthepointofviewoftourism,theanalyzedareahasgotenoughargumentsfortheintegrationintheregionalandnationaltourismbutalsofortheinvolvementintheinternational,globalorEuropeantourismandtheattractionoftourismflowsfromneighbouringcountries(especiallyHungary),fromotherEuropeancountriesorfromaroundtheworld.

TheanalyzedterritoryislocatedbetweentwomajoraxesofcommunicationthatborderitintheNorth(DN1orE60)andintheSouth(DN75)andiscrossedonSE‐NWdirectionbyTransylvaniamotorway.Themainroadofthearealinksalltheseroadsandprovidesagoodaccessibilitytothetouristattractions.

Atthesametime,thelocationofmostofthesettlementsalongthetwomainvalleysthatdrainthebasin(HășdateandIara,tributariesofArieșRiver)andSăvădisla‐LunadeSusCorridor(FeneșValley,atributaryofSomeșulMicRiver),alongtheirtributaries,at theirconfluenceoralongroads linkingthem,allowed the development of junction settlements that provide the link to themarginalvillagesandamainaxis along the roadbetween the twomentionednationalroads,aswellassecondaryaxesalongthetributariesorbetweenthem,thathaveanimportantimpactonterritorialorganizationandtheeverydaylifeintheregion.

ThenearbypresenceofimportanturbancenterslikeCluj‐Napoca,TurdaandCâmpiaTurziiplayedamajorpartinthehighlightingandindividualizationoftheentireanalyzedspaceinrelationtothesimilarregionalunitsintermsoffunctionsandsize.Thelocationoftheareaatthejunctionoralongtheroadsconnecting tradecentersand regions (TransylvaniaandCrișana)hasbeenacompetitiveadvantagecapitalizedeversincetheMiddleAges.Thefurthersocial,economicandpoliticalevolutionsenabledtheanalyzedterritorytoincreaseitsimportanceatregionalandnationallevel.

In this context, one should note the presence ofa relatively complexnaturalandanthropogenictourismpotential,whichconstitutesapremise,afundamental factor for tourismdevelopmentandprimary tourism supply (whichindividualizestheareawithinClujCounty).

2. THETOURISMPOTENTIALOFTHENATURALENVIRONMENT

Thenaturalcomponentofthetourismpotentialasawholeandacross

its components exerts an attraction for various categories of effective andpotential tourists,providing favorablepremises for thedevelopmentof differenttypesand formsof tourism.Accordingto thenaturalenvironmentcomponentthatisdominant,oneremarkscharacteristictendenciestowardsadaptedwaysof tourismplanningtaking intoaccount thedifferentiatedcapitalizationof theprimarytourismsupply.


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Thenaturalheritageisdominantduetoitscomponentsinthemountainsectoroftheregion,coveringlargeareasinMunteleMareRange,GilăuMountainsandthenorthernpartsofTrascăuMountains(Sănduleşti/PetreştiRange),aswellasinFeleacuRange.

2.1.The tourismpotentialof the landforms(morphological tourism

potential) is importantmainly for the landscape.Thevarietyanditsattractivepotentialistightlylinkedtothestructure,lithology,tectonicsandtheimpactoftheexternalmodelingfactorswhichdeterminebyaltitudethezoningandvarietyofotherphysical‐geographicalcomponents,relatedtoclimate,vegetation,faunaandsoils.

ThemorphologicalandlandscapecomponentisverticallydisplayedonaltitudelevelsandfollowsthegenerallinesofthemountainrangeswhichbordertheregionmarginallyintheWest(GilăuMountains),South‐West(MunteleMareRange),South(TrascăuMountains)andEast(FeleacuRange).ThealtitudedropsusuallyfromWesttoEast(Pop,2012,p.101).

There are thereforemountain ranges,basinsand valley corridorswhich contribute to the individualization of the region and set up a specificphysiognomy,likeanamphitheater,fortheentireanalyzedspace,providingtheaspectof“naturalfortress”.Asaconsequence,therearevariedmorphologicalconditions,includingsteeperorgentlyrollingslopes,higherorlowerlandforms,differentaspects,continuingtowardsthebasinsandcorridorswithglacisesofdifferentsizeandfragmentation,clearlyoutliningthewatersheds,basinsandvalleycorridors.

Fromthispointofview,oneshouldremarkfirstthemarginalmountainunits:GilăuMountainsintheWest,MunteleMareRangeinSouth‐West,TrascăuMountains in the South and Feleac Range in North‐East. There is a sharpmorphologicalandaltitudinalcontrastbetween thesemountain landformsandthe basins and corridors included in the analyzed region or beyond it, as forinstancetheTransylvanianPlaintotheEast.Thereisalargevarietyoflandformsbelongingtoseveralmorphologicalunits(from281minthelowestpointoftheregionto1826mhighinMunteleMarePeak)thathaveacomplexstructureandavariedandlonggeologicalpastandanimportantimpactonallnaturalcomponents,duetothevalueanddiversityoftouristattractions.

2.1.1.Gilău–MunteleMareMountainsareoneofthehighestrangesof

ApuseniMountains,secondonlytoBihor‐VlădeasaMountains.TheyarelocatedintheNorth‐EastofApuseniMountains,totheWestofHășdate‐IaraBasinandSăvădisla – Lunade SusCorridor.HuedinBasin delineates them to theNorthwhileintheSouththeyreachthevalleyofArieșRiver.TotheWest,theycontinue


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withBătrânaandVlădeasaMountains.ThepartincludedintheanalyzedterritoryisdrainedbyaseriesoflefttributariesofArieșRiver(Iara,HășdateandPoșaga)andarighttributaryofSomeșulMic(FeneșValley)(Pop,2006,p.179).

They are made of crystalline schists and granite intrusions which arepresent in the center in the shapeof the letter “L”.Thereare alsoCretaceoussedimentaryrocksintheSouth,coveringsmallerareas,wherevalleysstronglydeepened(Pop,2006,p.179).

Generally,thelandscapeischaracterizedbythehighfrequencyofroundedrangesandflatareas–Fărcaş‐Cârligatele,Măguri‐MărişelandFeneş‐Devaerosionsurfaces,borderedbysteepslopesthatcomedownforlongdistancestowardsthelowvalleys(Pop,2006,p.179).

Severalareasofdifferentsizeswithinthetworangesarecharacterizedbythedominantpresenceofthelimestoneswhichallowedthedevelopmentofvariedkarstlandforms,ofwhichthegorgesarethemostrepresentativeones(Pop,2006,p.179).

Thenatural forest vegetation lays on several altitudinal levels and ismadeofspruceand fir trees in theupperparts, followedat loweraltitudebydeciduousspecies(beech,thenoak).Itwassystematicallysubjectedtointensehuman intervention,especially inGilăuMountains,where forestswerecutonlargeareasandlaterreplacedbysecondarygrasslandsandhayfields,aswellasscatteredsettlements(suchasMărișelandMăguri).However,inMunteleMareRange, therewas a “swarming” process of the population towards the higherlandsforsheephusbandry,whichledtothecreationofnewsettlementsformedbypeoplewhoownedpartsofthemountains(forinstance:MunteleFilii,MunteleBăişorii,MunteleCacoveietc)(Pop,2006,p.179).

2.1.2.TrascăuMountainsbeganinthenorth‐easternpartoftheanalyzed

region,onTureniValley,andreachthesouth‐easternpartoftheregion,onArieșValley,whichformsanattractivenarrowsectorbetweenthemountainsontheterritoryofLungeștiandBuruvillages.NorthofArieș,TrascăuMountainsarepresentbymeansofaMesozoic limestoneridge,clearlystandingout,crossedbyHășdateandTurenivalleyswhichformthespectacularTurdaandTurenigorges(Pop,2006,p.194).

Intheimmediateneighborhoodofthearea,withinthesamemountainunit,thereareseveralsurfaceandundergroundkarstformationshavingahighaestheticandlandscapevalue:limestonepavements(ColţiiTrascăului,Bedeleu,RâmeţandCiumernaRanges),isolatedcliffs(PleaşaRâmeţului,PiatraGrohotişului)andpeaks(PiatraCetii,PiatraCraivii).Oneshouldadddolines,lapiesfields,caves(HudaluiPapară,2kmlong).Duetothesteepslopes,theintensedisintegratingprocessesdeterminethecreationofexpressivescreefans(Pop,2006,p.194).


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ThedrainagenetworkhasgenerallyatransversecharacterandadominantdirectionNorth‐West–South‐East.ThemostimportantvalleysareTureni,Hășdate,IaraandOcolișel.Intheirlowersectors,beforetheirconfluencewithArieșRiver,theycrosstheharderrocksofSănduleștiRidge(Jurassiclimestonesandophiolites)andPetreștiRidge(crystallineschists),inwhichthevalleysdeepenformingthegorgesofTureni,Turda(betweenPetreștiideJosandCheia),IaraorSurducDefile(betweenSurducandBuru)(Pop,2006,p.195).

Withinthismountainunit,theforestswerealsolargelycuttomakewayforsecondarygrasslandsandhayfields.Fewcompactforestsremain,mainlyontheslopes.Thedominatingspecies isthebeech,whilethefir treeisseldom foundbecauseof the loweraltitudes (thehighestpeaksdonotexceed1300m)andfoehnwinds,whichmaketheoaktoclimbashighas700m.Neartheanalyzedarea,ontheterritoryofVidolmvillage,thereisacompactforestofEuropeanlarch(Larixdecidua)(Pop,2006,p.195).

Amongthecomposingelementsthatstorehigherattractivevalues,oneliststhepeaks,landformscreatedbydifferentiatederosion,gorgesanddefiles,scarpsandsome landformsbelongingtokarstmorphology(especiallycaves).Theycanallbedestinationsforanestablishedmountaintourism.

2.1.3.GorgesanddefilesthathaveanattractivepotentialThey represent landformswell known for their picturesqueness and

spectacularity.Theyattracttouristsbecauseseveralattractiveelementsaregroupedtogether and concentrated in their perimeter: cliffs, caves, ridges, waterfalls,meandersetc.

Intheeastern,south‐easternandsouthernpartoftheanalyzedregion,theextensionofTrascăuMountains(madeuppredominantlyof Jurassic limestones)NorthofArieșRiverfavoredthedevelopmentofaspecificmorphologyofgorgesanddefiles. Themost representative are (Planuldedezvoltarea județuluiCluj,2005,p.33):

‐ ArieșDefile,betweenBuruandMoldovenești,about3kmlong;‐ TurdaGorges(2,9kmlongandcovering324ha).Theyhavebeendug

byHășdateRiverandhaveastrongverticaldevelopment (slopesandverticalcliffsashighas300m),residuallandforms,caves(CetăţeauaMareandCetățeauaMică).Itisalsoanaturereserveincludingmorethan1000rareplantspecies,someofthemunderprotection(buttercup,valerian,monk’shood, iris,mouse‐earhawkweed, silver service tree,wildgarlicetc.)and67speciesofbirds(goldeneagle),fish,batrachians,foxes,weasel,marten,wildboar,deer,snakesetc.


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‐ Tureni Gorges, located near Turda Gorges, dug by Racilor (Tur orTureni) Valley for 1.85 km. They are among thewildest gorges inTrascăuMountains,havingsteephighcliffs(100‐150m)anddiverseformsandmicroformsspecificforkarstmorphology:rapidsandsmallwaterfalls in the riverbed (up to 3 m high), and large waterholes,called“bolboane”(forexample,“BolboanaFetelor”–Girls’Whirlpool,“BolboanaȘerpilor”–Snakes’Whirlpool).

Ontheslopesthereare29caves,suchasPeșteracuSilex(SilexCave,64mlong),Peșteradesubgrohotiș(CaveundertheScree,27.5m),PeșteraVulturilor(Eagles’Cave).OneremarksPeșteraȘuraMare(BigBarnCave)becauseof itslargeentranceportal.Apartfromthese,therearealsootherattractive landformsandcliffs,suchasColțulCâinilor(Dogs’Corner)andStânaCrinilor(Lilies’Fold),aswellas53tracesofsettlementsdatingsincetheMiddleNeolithic(StrategiadedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2011).

Thenaturereservewasdeclareda “protectedarea”byLawno.5of6March2000regardingtheapprovaloftheNationalMasterPlan–SectionIII–ProtectedAreasanditisalsoaSiteofCommunityImportance(SCI).Acrossthereserve,therearethreetypesofnaturalhabitatsofcommunityinterest:rupicolouscalcareous communities or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso‐Sedionalbi;subcontinentalperi‐Pannonicscrub;andcalcareousrockyslopeswithchasmophyticvegetation.Theyshelterdiversefloraandfaunaspecies,someofthemprotectedatEuropeanlevelorevenincludedontheIUCNredlist(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.30).

Amongtheplantspeciesthatoccurwithinthisnaturereserve,one shouldmention the rowan(Sorbusdacica),Greekwhitebeam(Sorbusgraeca), germandermeadowsweet (Spiraea chamaedryfolia), birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis),dandelion (Taraxacumhoppeanum), centaury (Centaureaatropurpurea),nailwort(Paronychiacephalotes),Transylvanianviolet(Violajooi),fragrantyellowonion(Alliumflavum),burmedick(Medicagominima),mountainhouseleek(Sempervivummarmoreum), Spanish catchfly (Sileneotites), scalloped spirea (Spiraea crenata),thyme(Thymuscomosus),basketofgold(Auriniasaxatilis)andbarrenstrawberry(Waldsteiniageoides)(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.27).

The fauna is represented by several species of amphibians, fish andinsects,suchasyellow‐belliedtoad(Bombinavariegata),Europeanfire‐belliedtoad(Bombinabombina), Transylvanian smoothnewt (Lissotritonvulgaris ampelensis),spined loach (Cobitis taenia), and three butterflies: Jersey tiger (Callimorphaquadripunctaria), scarce fritillary (Euphydryasmaturna) andFenton’swoodwhite(Leptideamorsei)(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.28).


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Apartfromthesegorges,thereareseveralsectorsofspectaculargorges,locatedinPetreștiRidge(alsobelongingtoTrascăuMountains):BorzeștiGorges(0.4km)andHășdateDefile(1km).ThelongerIaraorSurducDefile(3km)issituatedinGilău‐MunteleMareMountains(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.6).

2.1.4.Cliffsareveryspectacularlandforms,resultedfromthefastdeepening

ofvalleysespeciallyinlimestonegeologicalstructures.Theyattracttouristsbecauseoftheirverticalextension,theirgrandness

andspectacularity,andthelandscapecontrasttheyprovideifcomparedtotheneighboringareas.

SuchformsaretobefoundfirstofallincertainsectorsofSurducDefileandOcolișelGorgesbutespeciallywithinTureniandTurdaGorges,wheretheheightofthecliffsmayreachorexceed250m.Theverydiversedetailedmorphology(overhangs,cracks,gullets,screecorridors,ridgesandheadlands)haveanaestheticvalueandavisualimpactcreatingaveryattractivelandscape.

Cliffs arenotonly attractive to touristswhoare content to appreciatethemfromacertaindistance,buttheyalsoaddresstoaspecialcategoryoftouristswho are initiated in the practice of a specific form of recreational adventuretourism–mountainclimbing,strictlyconditionedbythepresenceofcliffs.

Duetotheirspecificity,itisneededthatthecliffsusedforclimbingtobeappropriatelyequippedinordertobeaccessible.

Unfortunately,becauseofthehighcosts,theproperequipmentactionstakeplaceonlyinthecaseofcliffswithinthetwomentionedareas.Forinstance,inTurdaGorges,thereare25highdifficultyclimbingroutes,gradedbetweenIVandVI:oneroutegraded6A,twograded5B,sixgraded5A,9graded4Band7graded4A.Thereare lotsofotherroutes, lessdifficult,gradedIIor III,recommendedforbeginnersinclimbing(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.7).Inthefuture,bymeansofproperarrangement,thistypeofactivetourismcanbeextendedto theother cliffs of thenearby gorges that are favourable for thepractice ofsportclimbing.

GilăuandMunteleMareMountainsaremainlymadeupbycrystallineschistswith intrusions of granite and are mostly fragmented by Iara Valley and itstributaries,whichdetermineapredominantNorthandNorth‐Westslopeaspect.Roundedtopsandsummitsarethedominantfeatures,alongwithflatorslightlyundulatedsurfaces,fromwhichslopesdescendfastandsometimessteeptowardsthedeepvalleys.Theslopesarenotsteepenoughforclimbingbuttheyarefavourableforthepracticeofwintersports.Forexample,atthefootofBuscatMountain,therearesuchfeatures,andthenecessaryconditionsintermsoflength,slopeandaspectaremet,thereforetheareahasbeendeveloped,givingbirthtothealreadyfamousskiareaofBăișoaraandtherecentlyopenedBuscatMountainskicomplex.


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2.1.5.Thespeleologicalpotentialoftheareaisprovidedbythepresenceofseveralundergroundcaves,concentratedespecially intheareaofTureniGorges(29)andTurdaGorges.

InTurdaGorges,thereareabout50‐60caves,arcades(remainsofthecollapsedcaves)orniches.Mostcavesareverysmall,onlyeightofthemexceed20minlength,andthelargestonereaches123m.Themostimportantonesare“CetățeauaMare”CaveorBalica’sCave,locatednearbridgeno.4,ontherightsideofHășdateValley.This iswhereanoutlaw fromPetreștiide Jos,NichitaBalica,used to hide.He tookpart in the kuruc rebellion against the Habsburgs in early18thcentury.

Thereare29cavesinthecliffsofTureniGorges,suchasPeșteracuSilex(SilexCave,64mlong),Peșteradesubgrohotiș(CaveundertheScree,27.5m),PeșteraVulturilor(Eagles’Cave).OneremarksPeșteraȘuraMare(BigBarnCave)becauseofitslargeentranceportal(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.9).

Table1.Themainpotentiallyattractiveundergroundcavesinthestudiedarea

No.

Nam

eof

thecave

Mountain

range

Attractivepotential

Location

potential

Difficulty

grade

Cave

Speleo‐

them

es

Lakes,

rapids

Fossilice

Paleonto‐

logicalor

archaeo‐

logical

remains

1 P.desubCreastă Trascău x ++ II

2 PeșteraCetățeaua Trascău x x ++ I

Source:P.Cocean(1995),p.56‐67

2.2.ClimaticandbioclimaticpotentialDue to its geographical position, the studied area has a moderate

continentalclimate,characteristicforthewesternandnorth‐westernpartsofRomania,andapredominantwesterncirculation.Asaconsequence,maritimepolarormaritimearcticairmassinvasionsfromNorth‐Westaredominantinwinterwhilewarmairmasses fromtheSouth‐Westarespecific forsummer,aspartofthenorth‐Mediterraneancyclonicactivitymovingnorthwards.

xxx–highattractivepotential +++‐ favorablelocationpotentialxx‐averageattractivepotential ++ ‐ satisfyinglocationpotentialx‐limitedattractivepotential + ‐ unfavourablelocationpotential


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Thecharacteristicclimateofthereferenceareaistheoneforhillyregionsandmountainbasins at heightsbetween250and800m. It is favorable for allcategoriesofpeoplebecause it is a sedative‐indifferent sparingbioclimate.Theclimaticelementsandbioclimaticindicesarerelativelymoderatethroughoutthewholeyear,lessstimulantornonstimulantforthehumanorganismthatdoesnothavetomakeanyspecialeffortsforadaptationandacclimatization.Itisconsideredanidealbioclimate,withoutanytherapeuticalcontraindicationinallseasons.Themarginalwesternandsouthernsectors,correspondingtoGilău‐MunteleMareandTrascăumountainranges,arecharacterizedbythepresenceofamountainstimulanttonicbioclimate,thatappealsmoretotheneurovegetativeandendocrinefunctionswhichcoordinateanddeterminetheacclimatizationofthehumanbodytospecificenvironmentalconditions(Planuldedezvoltarea județuluiCluj,2005,p.21‐22).Thistypeofclimateisalsosignificantlyinfluencedbythepredominantlywesternandnorth‐westerncirculation.

Inthiscontext, themainelementswhichdefinethestudyareaspecificbioclimatehavethefollowingfeatures.

2.2.1.Airtemperature.Theannualaveragetemperaturevaluesarefavorable

fortourism:Turda8.4CandCluj‐Napoca8.2C.Inallmonthsofsummer,averagetemperaturesareabove17Cinthehillyareas.ThehighestaveragetemperaturevaluesarerecordedinCluj‐Napoca(18.9C).

Becauseofthehighmorphologicalfragmentation,therearetopoclimaticpeculiaritiesineachofthetwomainlandforms–themountainsandthebasinsandcorridors.Theannualaveragetemperaturesarearound1.5‐2.5°ConthetopsofMunteleMareMountains,3‐6Cattheperipheryofthemountains(Băișoara4.2C)and7‐9Cinthehillyareasandinthebasinsandcorridors(Turda8.4°C)(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.23).

In winter, in anticyclonic conditions, there are frequent temperatureinversions,whichfavourtheemergenceofhoarfrost,fogandstratiformcloudsinthelowerareas,meteorologicalelementsthathaveanegativeimpactontourism.

2.2.2.Theamountofrainfall,consideredasadecisive factorduringthe

warm season, is characterized by the increase of annual average amounts ofprecipitationfromtheNorth‐EasttoWestandSouth‐West,accordingtoaltitudeandexposuretoWesterncirculation.

Therearehighannualaverageamountsofprecipitation,increasingfrom600‐700mmannually in the basins and along the corridors up tomore than1000mmannuallyoreven1200‐1400mmannuallyonthehighesttopsinthemountains(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.21‐22).Thereisalsoahighrelativeairhumiditythroughouttheyearleadingtoadecreaseby2‐3Cof


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thetemperaturefeltbythehumanbodycomparedtotherealtemperatureandresultsintheoffsetofphenologicalstagesby2‐3weekscomparedtotheareasoutsidethebasins.

ThelowestaverageannualamountofprecipitationisrecordedinTurda–CâmpiaTurziiBasin,whichisintheshadowofwesternwindsbringingprecipitation,andalsoaconsequenceofthefoehncirculationinthisregion.

ThemonththathasthelowestaverageamountofprecipitationisFebruary:19.8mmatCâmpiaTurziiand32.8mmatBăișoara.Inaverage,snowbeginstofallinOctoberinthemountainareasandintheseconddecadeofNovemberinthehillyareas.Theaveragedayofthelastsnowis30Marchinthehillyareasand20Aprilinthehighmountains(Planuldedezvoltarea județuluiCluj,2005,p.25).Thereforethecoldseasonisabout5monthslonginthemountains,wherethereissnowcover longenough for thepracticeofwintersportsand theassociatedtypesoftourism.

2.2.3.Nebulositypresentsdifferentvalues foreachof thementionedareas,

accordingtothelandformsandtheatmosphericcirculation.Theannualaveragevaluesexceed6/10inBăișoaraarea,wheretheaverageannualnumberofcleardays is80,anddrops to5/10 in theTransylvanianPlain,where thereare110‐120cleardaysannuallyonaverage.Thereareabout124‐150overcastdaysannuallyinthebasinsandbetween160and190overcastdaysannuallyinthemountains(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.23,25).

All these elements are involved in the setting of bioclimatic indices,whosevaluesarereflectedinthedegreeoffavorabilityorrestrictivenessinthepracticeofoutdoortourismactivities,especiallyairtherapyandheliotherapy.

2.2.4.Theclimatic tourism index (I)hasaverage‐highvalues,whichmeans

that there are favorable conditions for the development of tourism activities.TheindexiscalculatedasI=S+T‐5D/5,whereI–theclimatictourismindex;S–thedurationofsunshine;T–averagetemperature;D–durationofdailyprecipitationinhours(ifonetakes intoaccountthat1hourofsunshine is theequivalentof4hoursofrain)(Fărcașetal.,1968).

Themajorconfigurationofthelandforms,thedetailedmorphologyandthevegetationcoverareelementsthatinfluenceanddiversifiestheclimate,contributingtoitsimpactonthehumanbody.Theclimaticfactorsthathaveabioclimaticimpact(temperature,precipitation,humidity,winds,durationofsunshine,aircomposition,solarradiationsetc.)havealsoan influenceon leisureactivities, thepracticeofseason‐specificsports,thetreatmentofdifferentdiseases.Theyalldependontherelationbetweenthehumanorganismandthebioclimate.Theclimatictherapytakesintoaccountbothtemperatureandhydrologicalfactors.Forairtherapyasatypeofcurebymeansofdirectcontactbetweenthebodyandtheatmosphere,onehastoconsiderthetemperaturefactorandairionization(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.21).


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2.2.5.Thethermalcomfortisrelatedtothecapacityofthehumanbodytomaintainaconstanttemperaturewithinthelargelimitsoftheenvironmentaltemperature.Homeothermyismadebytransferoraccumulationofheataccordingtotheenvironmentaltemperature.Thereisaneutralzoneintermsoftemperaturewhichcreatesthesensationofthermalcomfortforthehumanbody,between16.8and20.9C(equivalenteffectivetemperature).Under16.8thereisadiscomfortduetocoolingandabove20.9thediscomfortduetowarming.Inthebasinareaandupto600‐700m,therearemorethan10daysofthermalcomfortannually;whileataltitudesofmore than1500maperson inrecessdoesnot feel the sensationofthermalcomfort(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.21).

The thermaldiscomfort due towarminghas an averagedurationof 5daysannuallyataltitudesbetween500and900m.Over900m,thereisnosuchdiscomfort.Thethermaldiscomfortduetocoolinghasanaveragedurationof5daysannuallyat500mofaltitude,10daysannuallybetween500and1000mand15daysbetween1000and1500m(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.21).

Asaresult,thenumberofdayswiththermalcomfort,whenthehumanbodyisrecessandhaslightclothes,anddoesnotneedtotransferortoaccumulateheat,exceeds10daysinJulyonaverageinthehillyarea.ThisvalueissimilartothatofotherpartsoftheTransylvanianPlateau,theMoldavianPlateauortheSubcarpathians.Thisrelativelyunfavorablesituationisduetotheratherhighnumberofdayswiththermaldiscomfortbecauseoftheheating–about5daysinthebasinareaduetoinsolationbutcompletelymissing in thehighmountains.The lowvalues in thebasinareasaretheresultoftheshelteringpositionprovidedbythesurroundingmountainrangesandtherelativelyhighforestcoverwithintheregion.Therearealsoabout5daysofthermaldiscomfortduetocoolinginwinter(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.21).

2.2.6.Bioclimaticstressisdeterminedbythesimultaneousimpactofthe

climaticfactors–temperature,humidity,wind–onthehumanbody,especiallyon theskinand therespiratorysystem. In thespecificconditionsof thestudyarea, the registeredvaluesarebetween10and20.ThemonthsofNovember,December, January, February and March are usually hypertonic, while May,June, July, August and September are usually hypotonic. There are only tworelaxingmonthsoftransition,AprilandOctober(Teodoreanu,1984).

Pulmonary stress is produced as a result of respiratory transfer. Thehydricdiscomfortinsummershowsthattheairissaturatedbywatervapourswhilethedesiccantdiscomfortinwinterdemonstratesalowamountof vapors intheair.Thevalues in thebasinareaare low (20‐30) (PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.22).


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Asaresult,inthebasinarea,themonthsofDecember,January,FebruaryandMarcharedesiccant,whileMay,June,July,AugustandSeptemberarehydrating.Thistime,threetransitionmonthshavebalancedvalues:April,OctoberandNovember.

Theaccumulationofthetwocategoriesofstress,bioclimaticstressandpulmonarystress,leadstothedefinitionoftotalbioclimaticstress.Itsvaluesareunder40inthebasinarea,whichmakesitasortofa“bioclimaticisland”surroundedbythemarginalmountainranges(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.22).

2.2.7.Snowcover isanother importantclimaticcomponent thathasa

highimpactinmountaintourism.Itscharacteristics–duration,depth,consistencyandstability–aredifferentiatedaccording to thealtitude in themountain areasand theslopeaspect.Whentherearenormalamountsofsnowfall inwinter,thesnowcoverprovidestheopportunityforpracticingwintersportsandforthecomplex development of ski tracks and mountain resorts for winter sports,extendedovervariableareas,uptothehighestmountainaltitudes.

There are natural morphoclimatic conditions in the mountain regionincludedintheanalyzedspacethatmeettheconditionsforthistypeoftourisminseverallocationsthatmightbeintegratedinthefuturesupplyifproperlydeveloped.

Thus,thecomplexanalysisofthemountainrangesincludedintheanalyzedregionallowedtheidentificationofanareaaroundBuscatMountain,closetoBăișoararesort,whichisadequateforthedevelopmentoffacilitiesforthepracticeofwintersports,mainlyski,astheymeettheessentialnaturalconditionsthatarenecessaryinthisrespect.Inthisarea,thereisanoptimalcombinationofmorphoclimaticelements–topographicfactors(altitude,morphologicalconfiguration,slopeaspect,morphometricfeatures),climaticelements(snowcoverdurationanddepth,airtemperatureandwinds)–andthefavorablelocationinrelationtothemainpotentialareasoforiginforthecustomersandthedegreeofaccessibility.

2.3.Thehydrogeographical tourismpotential is represented by thewatercategoriesthatexistintheanalyzedregion.

2.3.1.The surfacehydrogeographical tourismpotential is relatively diverseandhasastrongdirectimpact.Thelocationandthedynamicandmorphometricfeaturesofsurfacewatersdeterminetheresidential,demographicandeconomicdevelopmentoftheentireanalyzedspace.

Thedrainagenetworkcrossingthereferenceterritorytakespartinthedevelopmentoremergenceoftourismactivitiesinmannersthatcomeoutfromthemargineffectsrevealed,thefacilitiesforleisure(pick‐nick)orfishingprovidedbysomesectorsandthelandscapediversificationofrecreationalareas.


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Fig.1.MaintourismattractionsinIara‐HășdateBasinanditssurroundingsThephysiognomyoftheriverbanks(suchasthedetailedconfiguration

andmorphology,which isdifferentaccording to the lithological structure, thelandformscrossedandsoon)playsamajorpartinattractingtourists,whilethetourists’ typology imposes the type of practiced tourism. For leisure tourism,forestedbanksarepreferred(astheydetermineamargineffect),aswellaslessfragmentedbanksandanextendedriverbed.

Iara andHășdate are the rivers thathave such sectors, proper for thedevelopment of the above‐mentioned activities in the shape of short‐period(mainlyweek‐end)tourism.

However, on the whole, the tourism impact of streams is rather low,including themargin effect produced, not toomuch capitalized by the short‐periodtourism.Thisisduetothelowdischargeanddepthoftheriverswhichdonotallowthepresenceofsectorsproperforthedevelopmentoforganizedorspontaneousleisuretourismactivities,likeswimmingornauticalsports.


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2.3.2.Thelakesareimportantbothfortheiraestheticandlandscapevalueandforfishing.

Theconstructionofdamsledtotheemergenceofman‐madereservoirswhichhavedifferentsizes,shapesandfunctions.Theyhaveafavorablelocationinanareathathasmorphological,environmentalandlandscapevaluesgiven thevarietyoflandformsandtheforestvegetationnearby.Theseleadtoasignificantindividualizationofthelakesinthelandscapeandenhancetheirattractiveness.

Theartificialdamlakes(reservoirs)arepropertouristattractionsbecausetheymaybeusedforleisure,boating,fishingorrecreation.Theyarealsoelementsthatdiversify thephysiognomyof the landscapeandrevealacomplexmargineffect,capitalizedbymeansofrecreationaltourism.Therefore,theshoresofthelakesconcentrateahighnumberoftourists,especiallyduringthewarmseason(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.20).

Themost important reservoirs are located along Racilor Valley nearMărtineștiandTureni,atabout20kmfromCluj‐NapocaonthenationalroadDN1(EuropeanroadE60/E81).Theycoverapproximately35haandarethepropertyofSunfishSRL.Themainfishspeciestobefoundare:commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio),silvercarp(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix),grasscarp (Ctenopharingodonidella), zander (Sander lucioperca), crucian carp (Carassiuscarassius), bream(Abramisbrama),rudd(Scardiniuserythrophthalmus).

Similar fish species can be found in the five reservoirs alongHășdateValley,locateddownstreamfromLita,nearthevillagesofȘutuandPădureni.

2.4. Thebiogeographicaltourismpotential

2.4.1. The vegetation cover is very diverse and is made up by manyassociationsandcommunities,whichleadstohighlandscapediversity.

Inthisrespect,fromthepointofviewoftourism,theforestisthemostimportantandcomplexnaturalecosystem.Ithasadifferentverticaldevelopmentdependingon the age, it is perennial and its physiognomy is providedby thespeciescompositionandthespatialextension.Itcoverslargeareas,especiallyinthemarginalmountainareas,butalsointhebasinsandalongthecorridors.

Theforestecosystemisstrictlyrelatedtotheothercomponentsoftheenvironment, especially the landforms and the climate, in terms of spatialdistributionandthediversityofplantspecies.Thealtitudedeterminesacertainzoning,andeachzonecoversabout300‐500minheightandcontainsspecificvegetationassociations.

The forest zones are vertically distributed fromabout 300m tomorethan1500m.Inthelowerareas,deciduousforestsarecharacteristic.Theyaremadeofsessileoak(Quercuspetraea) inassociationwithhornbeam(Carpinusbetulus)orbeech(Fagussylvatica)inassociationwithhornbeam(Carpinusbetulus),especiallyonlessfrgamentedterrain,ataltitudesbetween300and650m.Higher


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than that, oneusually findsbeech forestsup to1000m,where the beech isalreadymixingwith coniferous species like fir trees (Abiesalba) and spruce(Piceaabies).Above1200m,onefindstheborealforestsmadeupofconiferousspecies,predominantlyfirtreesandspruce.

The mixed forests including species belonging to Quercus and otherdeciduousspeciescoversmallerareas.Theyare characteristic forwatershedsbetween 400 and 500 m and the dominant species is usually the sessile oak(Quercuspetraea). In thealpinearea,above1650m, thecommonchrystallineschistsmorphologicallandscapeisharmoniouslycompletedwithsubalpinescrubandtheherbaceousalpinevegetationcreatingvastmeadows.Duringthefloweringperiod,thevariedchromaticismprovidedbytheblossomingplantsbecomespartofthespecificlandscapeoftheuppermountainareas(Pop,2006,p.147‐148).

Eachof thezonesconsistsofadiversityofspecies,whichdifferentiatetheir appearance in each season. Between forestry zones, there are contactareasmadeupbyamixtureofspeciesbelongingtoboththeupperandlowerzones.Theyleadtoanevenhigherphysiognomicandlandscapediversity.

This situation leads to the establishment of a tourist function for theforestvegetation.Theforestsalsoconstituteareasofcalmness,wherepollutionisabsent or reduced, and it becomes a destination for people escaping the urbanspace,butnotonly.Theforestisthusattractiveandisusedforleisure,recreationandentertainment,bymeansofdifferentactivities:observationofnature,photography,landscape contemplation,walks, hunting, fishing, phytotherapy, gastronomy, othertraditional activities. In the forest, one combines the characteristics of leisuretourismwithcurativeandsportingtourism.

Fromthepointofviewofforestryplanningandmanagement,theconsideredterritory,delineatedaccordingtolocalgovernmentboundaries,correspondstotheterritoryofseveralforestryunits,underthejurisdictionofClujForestryDepartment:TurdaForestryUnit–whichincludesmostoftheanalyzedarea,GilăuForestryUnitandCluj‐NapocaForestryUnit(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.25‐26).

Thecompactforestlandscapeissupplementedbytheforestryvegetationmadeupby isolated treesor clumpsof trees,dispersedwithin the forestry units.Theyhavean“islandeffect”,whichisveryimportantintourismbecauseofthephysiognomicandstructuralcontrastspecific forthecontactareabetween forestsandhayfieldsornaturalmeadows.Thegladesoropeningsintheforestrevealasimilaraspectofthe“islandeffect”astheyoftenbreakthemonotonousforestlandscape.

Unfortunately, thevastmajorityof the forests in theresearchareaarenotintegratedinthenationaltourismflowsasstand‐alonecomponents,meanttohaveanexclusive tourism function.Because theydonothave thestatusofforestsusedforleisure,recreationandsanitaryprotection,theyareincludedin


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the economic circuits. Therefore, they providewood for industrial use or forheatingthedwellingsinthevillagesthatarenotyetconnectedtothenaturalgasnetwork.

As a result, the forests induce aminor social impact. Themargin andislandeffectsassociatedwiththeforestsarelessknownandconsequentlyarenotcapitalizedbymeansofrecreationalandleisureactivitiesduringsummer.

2.4.2.Thefaunisticcomponentisanelementthatplaysapartinmaking

the territorymore diverse and attractive. In the context of this analysis, it isimportant tonote thepresenceof species that raise a scientific, aesthetic andsportinginterest(forhuntingorfishing).Thebalanceofsuchspeciesisperformedbyathoroughcontroloftheforestryandenvironmentalauthorities.

Like the vegetation, the fauna is also structured according to altitude,contributingtotheindividualizationofbiocenosesthathaveasignificantroleinmaintaining theecologicaland trophicbalance. Italsoprovides themeans forpracticingamoreexclusivetypeoftourism–cynegetictourism(hunting). It ispracticed by a rather small number of peoplewho usually have higher livingstandards. Because the proper conditions are met, the practice of hunting ispossible,aswellasthepossibilitytoacquireimportanthuntingtrophies,muchsearchedespeciallybyforeigntourists.

Thefaunaofhuntinginterestintheanalyzedareaincludesmostly(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.28):

‐ Terrestrial species: brownbear (in the forests of Gilău andMunteleMaremountainranges);reddeer(inMunteleMareRange);roedeer(consistentlypresentinalltheforestsinthearea);wildboar(inhabitingthedeciduousforestsandsometimeseventheconiferousforests),rabbits,squirrels.Onemayaddalsothecarnivorespecies: lynx,wolves, foxes,wildcats,pinemartens,beechmartens,polecatsetc.

‐ Ornithologicalspecies(birds):partridge,quails,pheasants;‐ Aquaticspeciesofinterestforfishing.

Hunting areashavebeen established in order toprotect andpreservetheendangeredcynegeticspecies,tocontrolhuntingandtofacilitatecynegetictourism,bybreedingandlocatingthegame,buildingandmaintainingthehuntinginfrastructure–lodges,watchinghuts,feeders,observationpoints,huntingtrails.

Forabettermanagement, the territoryhasbeendivided intoseveralhuntingareas.Mostofthem(12)areincludedinTurdaForestryUnit:Feleac,Turda,Moldoveneşti,Lita,Băişoara,ValeaIerii,Harcana,CeanuMare,Triteni,Luna,CălăraşiandCeanuMic.HuntinglodgesareatMoldovenești,LitaandValeaIerii,whilehutsatFeleacu.Cluj‐NapocaForestryUnitincludes13huntingareas:Stolna,


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Feiurdeni,Chinteni,Baciu,Şard,Floreşti,Someşeni,Corpadea,Suatu,Frata,VaidaCămăraş,Geaca,Cătina(PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.28).However,onlyfewofthemcoverasmallpartoftheanalyzedterritory.

Thedrainagenetworkoftheanalyzedterritorysheltersadiverserangeoffishwhichrepresentavaluableassetforthedevelopmentoffishing.

Thefishingoftroutisspecificinthemountainareas,belongingtoTurdaForestryUnit,inareassuchastheUpperIaraValley,MiddleIaraValley,VaduluiValley,BondureasaValleyandCaluluiValley.

2.5.Thelandscapeandscientificvalueofsomeofthemorphological,

hydrographical or biogeographical components and the need for their protectionhasledtotheinitiativetosetpreservationregimesfornaturalareasthathaveahigherdegreeofcomplexity.Theneedtopreservethenaturalenvironmentanditscomponentsalsohasamajortourismimpact,resultingintheindividualizationofseveralareasthatareprotectedandhaveanationalorlocal(county)importance.

ThecategorieshavebeensetatnationallevelbymeansoftheEmergencyDecreeno.236/2000regardingtheregimeofprotectednaturalareas,publishedintheOfficialBulletinno.625onDecember4,2000,annotatedbyLawno.462ofJuly2001,publishedintheOfficialBulletinno.433onAugust2,2001.Theyhavebeenestablishedaccordingtothepurposeandtypeofmanagementas:scientificreserves,nationalparks,naturalmonuments,naturereserves,naturalparks,biospherereserves, internationally importantwetlands,world heritage natural sites, specialareasofconservationandspecialprotectionareasforbirds.

Themanagement of natural protected areas of national importance isregulatedbyaspecialact:Lawno.5ofMarch6,2000,regardingtheapprovaloftheNationalMasterPlan–SectionIII–ProtectedAreas.

According to the stipulations of the EmergencyDecree no. 236/2000,annotatedasLaw462/2001,article5,annex1,therearenaturereservesintheanalyzedterritory.

InClujCounty thereare20naturereservesofnational importance,ofwhichthreearelocatedinthestudyarea(table2).

Table2.Protectedareasofnationalimportanceintheanalyzedregion

Nameoftheprotectedarea Location Value Category

TureniGorges Tureni mixed NaturereserveTurdaGorges MihaiViteazu,PetreștiideJos mixed NaturereserveDumbravaValley Ciurila botanic Naturereserve

Source:PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.32‐33.


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Turda Gorges mixed nature reserve and Tureni Gorges mixed naturereservehavebeenpresentedabove.

DumbravaValleyisabotanicnaturereservethatcoversonly0.5haontheterritoryofCiurilamunicipality.Itsheltersaspeciesoflady’s‐slipperorchid(Cypripediumcalceolus).

Table3.Protectedareasofcountyimportanceintheanalysedregion

Nameoftheprotectedarea Location Value CategoryBondureasaReservoir ValeaIerii landscape ProtectedareaBorzeștiGorges Iara landscape ProtectedareaOcolișelGorges Iara landscape ProtectedareaSurducDefile Iara mixed ProtectedareaArieșDefile Iara mixed ProtectedareaBăișoaraMountain Băișoara mixed ProtectedareaȘoimuValley ValeaIerii cynegetic ProtectedareaIaraValley ValeaIerii landscape Protectedarea

Source:PlanuldedezvoltareajudețuluiCluj,2005,p.31‐32.

In the research area there are also 8 natural protected areas of local(county)importance,declaredassuchthroughoutthetimebythelocalcountygovernment(table3).

3.CONCLUSIONSThesetofnatural factorstogetherwiththerichnessandvarietyofthe

human component generated by the existence and development of specificsocial, historical and economic conditions led to the individualization of acomplexandoriginalgeographicalregion,whichhasastrongimpactonmultipleplansasithasbeenshapedthroughoutthetime.Thisfactisreflectedanddirectlyor indirectlymaterialized in different degrees in the relatively diverse tourismsupplyandthecharacteristicsoftourismatlocalandregionalscale.

As a result of this situation, one notices a certain concentration andspecializationofthecategoriesoftourismobjectivesonthreemaincomponents,dominatingeitherthenaturalonesortheanthropogenicones,oracombinationofthetwo.


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REFERENCES

1. Cocean,P.(1995),PeșterileRomâniei,Edit.Dacia,Cluj‐Napoca.2. Fărcaş,I.,Benţe,D.,Trifa,P.(1968).Indiceleclimatic‐turistic.AplicaţiilateritoriulRepublicii

SocialisteRomânia,StudiaUniv.Babeş‐Bolyai,1,Cluj‐Napoca.3. Pop,Gr.P.(2006).CarpațiișiSubcarpațiiRomâniei,Edit.PUC,Cluj‐Napoca.4. Pop,Gr.P.(2012).DepresiuneaTransilvaniei,Edit.PUC,Cluj‐Napoca.5. Teodoreanu,Elena(1984).BioclimastaţiunilorbalneoclimatericedinRomânia,Edit,

Sport‐Turism,Bucureşti.6. ***(2005).Planuldedezvoltarea judeţuluiCluj,studiusectorial–turismul,Proiect

nr.12899/2005,Proiectant:AcademiaRomână‐FilialaCluj,ColectivuldeGeografie,beneficiar:ConsiliulJudeţeanCluj.

7. ***(2011).StrategiadeDezvoltareaJudeţuluiClujpentruperioada2014‐2020,Documentelaborat încadrulproiectului„ElaborareaStrategieideDezvoltareaJudeţuluiClujpentruperioada2014‐2020”,CodSMIS12836,finanţatdinFondulSocialEuropean,prinProgramulOperaţional„DezvoltareaCapacităţiiAdministrative”,beneficiar:ConsiliulJudeţeanCluj.

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