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Ground Source Heat PumpsGround Source Heat Pumpsin Scandinavia in Scandinavia
-- a success storya success story
Göran HellströmGöran HellströmLund University, SwedenLund University, Sweden
Geoenergy Ltd, UKGeoenergy Ltd, UK
The National Energy Foundation, 12The National Energy Foundation, 12thth May 2005May 2005 GroundGround--Source Heat PumpsSource Heat PumpsCountry Number of installations Country Number of installations
nn USA 900,000USA 900,000
nn Sweden 275,000Sweden 275,000
nn NorwayNorway 13,00013,000
nn UKUK 3,0003,000
nn Rest of Europe 250,000Rest of Europe 250,000
GroundGround--Source Heat PumpsSource Heat Pumps
30,000 ground30,000 ground--source heat source heat pumps with pumps with verticalverticalboreholes are installed boreholes are installed each year in Swedeneach year in Sweden
Sweden’s total demand for heating and cooling is ca 100 TWhSweden’s total demand for heating and cooling is ca 100 TWh
In 2000 about 15% of this energy was produced by groundIn 2000 about 15% of this energy was produced by ground--source systemssource systems
In 2010 the groundIn 2010 the ground--source contribution is expected to have doubledsource contribution is expected to have doubled
10,000 ground10,000 ground--source heat source heat pumps with pumps with horizontalhorizontalloops are installed each loops are installed each year in Swedenyear in Sweden
Single or Block ResidentsØ Number of systems (5-100 kW) 275 000
Ø Average load capacity 12 kW
Ø Full load hours 3 600 h
Ø Extraction of ground heat at COP 3,0 7 900 GWh
Larger SystemsØ Number of systems (100 –20 000 kW) 700
Ø Average load capacity 1 000 kW
Ø Full load hours 4 500 h
Ø Extraction of ground heat at COP 3,0 2 100 GWh
Total energy extracted 10 TWh/year
Total energy produced 15 TWh/year
GroundGround--Source Heat PumpsSource Heat Pumps
Natural Heat Extraction (2004)
⌦ For Single Residents, 7 900 GWh
⌦ Larger Distribution Systems, 2 100 GWh
Corresponds to
⌦ 10 % of total space heating demand
⌦ CO2 reduction with 2,3 Million tons
⌦ or 3,5 % of the total emission
GroundGround--Source Heat PumpsSource Heat Pumps
Ground-source heat pumps in Stockholm
Swedish Geological Survey
2
Ground source heat pumps in Stockholm
Swedish Geological Survey
Ground source heat pumps in Gothenburg
Swedish Geological Survey
GroundGround--Source Heat PumpsSource Heat Pumps⌦ 275 000 Installations⌦ 80 000 km Plastic Pipe Installed⌦ Annual Growth Rate > 30 %⌦ Drilling Industry Doubled in 10 years⌦ Side Industrial Growth Considerable
nl
ee
r
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1985
Accumuleratfram till 1985
Prognosuntil 1985 2004
Inst
alla
tions
/yea
r
Borehole Heat ExchangerBorehole Heat Exchanger
Developed industrial production of borehole heat exchangerDeveloped industrial production of borehole heat exchanger
⌦ Groundwater Heat ⌦ Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage
(ATES) ⌦ High Temperature Underground
Storage under Development
Open Loop SystemsOpen Loop Systems TypicalTypical Swedish GSHP InstallationSwedish GSHP Installation
⌦ Ground Source Temp, 7 oC⌦ Borehole Length, 150 m⌦ Borehole Capacity, 7 kW⌦ Ground Loop Temp Design, -3/0 oC⌦ Distribution Temp, 50/40 oC⌦ Heat Production, 30 000 kWh/a⌦ System COP 3.3⌦ Energy savings, 21 000 kWh/a⌦ Heat pump technical life 15-20 years⌦ Borehole technical life 30-50 years⌦ Payback time, 7 years
3
⌦⌦ Ground Source Heating (and Cooling) is well established Ground Source Heating (and Cooling) is well established
⌦⌦ Technologies are proven to be energy efficient, profitable and Technologies are proven to be energy efficient, profitable and environmentally beneficial by scientific evaluationsenvironmentally beneficial by scientific evaluations
⌦⌦ Main obstacles for further market deployment are:Main obstacles for further market deployment are:
üü Lack of recognition by authorities, politicians, etc.Lack of recognition by authorities, politicians, etc.
üü Lack of education, general knowledge and competent designersLack of education, general knowledge and competent designers
üü Resistance from the established energy industry, who represent Resistance from the established energy industry, who represent the “conventional systems”the “conventional systems”
General ObservationsGeneral Observations Shallow horizontal Shallow horizontal ground heat exchangersground heat exchangers
Average length 350 m
Important factors:
climate, snow cover, soil type, water saturation
Shallow horizontal Shallow horizontal ground heat exchangersground heat exchangers
Passive solar regeneration of cooled soil
Shallow horizontal Shallow horizontal ground heat exchangersground heat exchangers
Horizontal loopsHorizontal loops
Can the trench be shortened?
Ditch ground heat exchangerDitch ground heat exchanger
Compact ditch GHE (Austria)
4
Field testsField testsnn Nordic climate Nordic climate nn Long heating seasonLong heating seasonnn Low ground temperaturesLow ground temperatures
nn Heat pump covers 60Heat pump covers 60--70 % of peak 70 % of peak demanddemand
nn Typical heat pump run times 3500Typical heat pump run times 3500--4000 4000 hourshours
nn Freezing of the groundFreezing of the groundProject: Swedish Geotechnical Institute/Lund University and industrial partners
nn Two pipes at different depthsTwo pipes at different depths
nn Horizontal Slinky coilsHorizontal Slinky coils
nn Vertical installation of pipes in clayVertical installation of pipes in clay
Field tests of compact GHEField tests of compact GHE
Ground heat exchangers considered in the project:
Compact GHECompact GHE
Two pipes at different depths
SlinkySlinky
Flistad, jordtemp, dygnsmedel. T1=närmast fördelningbrunn
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
35
2002
-11-
01
2002
-12-
01
2002
-12-
31
2003
-01-
31
2003
-03-
02
2003
-04-
02
2003
-05-
02
2003
-06-
01
2003
-07-
02
2003
-08-
01
2003
-09-
01
2003
-10-
01
2003
-11-
01
2003
-12-
01
2003
-12-
31
2004
-01-
31
2004
-03-
01
2004
-04-
01
2004
-05-
01
2004
-05-
31
Tem
pera
tur,
°C
T1-0,25 T1-0,5 T1-1,0 slang T1-1,5 T1-1,0 brevid 0,5 Ref-1,0 Lufttemp
Flistad – Slinky coils
Measured soil temperatures Vertical U-pipes in clay
Vertical installationVertical installation
5
Installation of vertical U-pipes in clay (SGI/LTH)
Vertical installation Vertical installation -- LidingöLidingö Compact collector (IVT)Compact collector (IVT)
Vertical installationPEM DN40PN6 (2 m high)
nn Compact GHE design can be achievedCompact GHE design can be achievednn Verified in Swedish climateVerified in Swedish climatenn Cheaper than boreholesCheaper than boreholesnn No thermal influence on neighborsNo thermal influence on neighbors
nn Hybrid system Hybrid system –– horizontal loops horizontal loops combined with vertical boreholescombined with vertical boreholes
Compact Ground Heat ExchangersCompact Ground Heat Exchangers
nn HeatingHeating of of domesticdomestic hot hot water (substitution of water (substitution of energyenergy from heat pump)from heat pump)
nn ProvideProvide lowlow--temperaturetemperaturefloorfloor heatingheating
nn NaturalNatural regeneration of regeneration of boreholeborehole duedue to to decreaseddecreasedrunrun time of heat pumptime of heat pump
nn IncreaseIncrease of fluid of fluid temperaturetemperature to evaporator to evaporator and COP of heat pumpand COP of heat pump
Solar Heat and Solar Heat and GroundGround SourceSource Heat PumpHeat PumpBenefitsBenefits of of GlazedGlazed Solar Solar CollectorsCollectors
nn IncreaseIncrease of of seasonalseasonalperformance performance factorfactor and and savingssavings of electricity (?)of electricity (?)
nn Regeneration of Regeneration of boreholeboreholewith heat from solar with heat from solar collectorscollectors
nn IncreaseIncrease of fluid of fluid temperaturetemperature to evaporator to evaporator and COP of heat pumpand COP of heat pump
nn IncreaseIncrease of of seasonalseasonalperformance performance factorfactor and and savingssavings of electricity (?)of electricity (?)
Solar Heat and Solar Heat and GroundGround SourceSource Heat PumpHeat PumpBenefitsBenefits of of UnglazedUnglazed Solar Solar CollectorsCollectors
Large systemsLarge systems
Increased interest for large installations requiring multiple boIncreased interest for large installations requiring multiple boreholesreholes
6
Closed loop systemClosed loop system
COOLINGAUTUMN - WINTER
The heat pump (HP) extracts energyfrom the boreholes
1 kW input (electricity) – 3 kW output (heat)Free cooling if needed
COOLING
HP
HEATING
Closed loop systemClosed loop system
HP
COOLINGHEATINGEARLY SUMMER
Free cooling
1 kW input => 30-50 kW output (cold)
COOLING
Closed loop systemClosed loop system
HP
COOLING(HEATING)LATE SUMMER
The heat pump operates as a cooling machine
Waste heat from condenseris stored in the ground
Large BTES projectsLarge BTES projectsSwedenSweden
Number of borehNumber of boreholes Borehole deptholes Borehole depth
nn Kemicentrum (IKDC), Lund Kemicentrum (IKDC), Lund 165165 230 m230 mnn Vällingby Centrum, Stockholm Vällingby Centrum, Stockholm 133133 200 m200 mnn Musikhögskolan, ÖrebroMusikhögskolan, Örebro 6060 200 m200 mnn Näsby Parks Slott, Stockholm Näsby Parks Slott, Stockholm 4848 180 m 180 m nn Projekt Lulevärme, Luleå Projekt Lulevärme, Luleå 120120 65 m65 mnn QQ--MED, UppsalaMED, Uppsala 3838 200 m200 mnn InfraCity, UpplandsInfraCity, Upplands--Väsby Väsby 6464 110 m110 mnn Anneberg, Stockholm Anneberg, Stockholm 100100 65 m65 mnn SpråkSpråk-- och litteraturcentrum, Lund och litteraturcentrum, Lund 3636 150 m150 mnn IKEA, HelsingborgIKEA, Helsingborg 3636 150 m150 mnn Hotellet, StorforsenHotellet, Storforsen 3333 160 m160 mnn Stadsgårdskajen, StockholmStadsgårdskajen, Stockholm 2828 185 m185 mnn Astronomihuset, LundAstronomihuset, Lund 2020 180 m180 m
Large BTES projectsLarge BTES projectsNorway Norway
Number of boreholes Borehole depthNumber of boreholes Borehole depth
nn AvantorAvantor--Nydalen, OsloNydalen, Oslo 160 (90+70) 200/260 m160 (90+70) 200/260 mnn Ericsson, AskerEricsson, Asker 5656 230 m230 mnn Alnafossen, OsloAlnafossen, Oslo 5454 200 m200 mnn Rutebilplata/Hönefoss, BuskerudRutebilplata/Hönefoss, Buskerud 5050 160 m160 mnn Greverud senter, OsloGreverud senter, Oslo 4040 200 m200 mnn Brönnöy, NordlandBrönnöy, Nordland 4040 200 m200 mnn Röyken, AskerRöyken, Asker 4040 200 m200 mnn Björåsen school, OsloBjöråsen school, Oslo 2424 200 m200 mnn Kastellet school, OsloKastellet school, Oslo 2424 200 m200 mnn Ulsrud school, OsloUlsrud school, Oslo 2020 220 m220 mnn Apallökka, OsloApallökka, Oslo 22 22 200 m200 mnn Rove, HolmestrandRove, Holmestrand 1818 300 m300 mnn Nedre Bekkelaget school, OsloNedre Bekkelaget school, Oslo 1818 200 m200 m
Energy StorageEnergy Storage
Large and cheap energy storage unitLarge and cheap energy storage unit
7
UUnderground nderground TThermal hermal EEnergy nergy SStoragetorage
ATESATES – Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage
BTESBTES – Borehole Thermal Energy Storage
CTESCTES – Cavern Thermal Energy Storage
Energy balance?Energy balance?
HEAT COLD
Energy balance for the ground determines choice of system design of ground source
Renewable energy rechargeRenewable energy recharge
Winter coldWinter coldnn Outdoor airOutdoor airnn Surface waterSurface waternn Snow and iceSnow and ice
Summer heatSummer heatnn Outdoor airOutdoor airnn Surface waterSurface waternn Solar heatSolar heat
MarkHEATINGHEATING COOLINGCOOLING
GROUNDGROUND
Project Project LulevärmeLulevärme, , LuleåLuleå
HighHigh--temperature seasonal storage of waste heattemperature seasonal storage of waste heat
Project Project LulevärmeLulevärme
Ø Summer: Storage of waste heat from steel plant
Ø Stored heat: ca 2000 MWh (maximum temp 82 °C)
Ø Winter: University building heated with/without heat pump
Ø Extracted heat: 1000-1200 MWh
Ø In operation 1983-1989
Seasonal storage of waste heatSeasonal storage of waste heat
Project Project LulevärmeLulevärme
Connection pipes and manifoldConnection pipes and manifold
8
Project Project LulevärmeLulevärme
Borehole heat store: 120 boreholes depth 65 mBorehole heat store: 120 boreholes depth 65 m
Project Project LulevärmeLulevärme
Measured temperature in center of storeMeasured temperature in center of store
Project Project LulevärmeLulevärme
Estimated ground temperature after chargingEstimated ground temperature after charging
Project Project AnnebergAnneberg, , DanderydDanderyd
Seasonal storage of solar heatSeasonal storage of solar heat
Project Project AnnebergAnneberg, , DanderydDanderyd
Ø 70 single-family houses
Ø Summer: Storage of excess solar heat in ground store
Ø Winter: Heating without heat pump using under-floor heating
Ø 100 borehole to 65 meters depth
Ø In operation: March 2002
Ø Solar fraction estimated to 70 % of total energy demand
Seasonal storage of solar heatSeasonal storage of solar heat
Project Project AnnebergAnneberg, , DanderydDanderyd
Drilling and installation of double UDrilling and installation of double U--pipe BHEpipe BHE
9
Project Project AnnebergAnneberg, , DanderydDanderydStorage performance
0
50
100
150
200
250
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Heat
[MW
h/m
onth
]
0
15
30
45
60
75
Tem
p. [°
C]
Coll. Gain Storage losses
To coll. Temp. Storage temp.
Temperatures in solar collectors and borehole heat storeTemperatures in solar collectors and borehole heat store
DärlingenDärlingen, Switzerland, Switzerland
Solar heat collection from road surfacesSolar heat collection from road surfaces
DärlingenDärlingen, Switzerland, Switzerland
Summer: heat from bridge deck stored in borehole heat storeSummer: heat from bridge deck stored in borehole heat store
Winter: heat from store keeps the road frost freeWinter: heat from store keeps the road frost free
Infra CityInfra CityUpplandsUpplands--VäsbyVäsby, Sweden, Sweden
Infra CityInfra CityUpplandsUpplands--VäsbyVäsby
Ø Offices 100.000 m2
Ø Winter: ground heat extraction and district heating
Ø Summer: cooling machine with ground and air
Ø 64 boreholes to 110 meters depth
Ø In operation: 1989-2001
Infra CityInfra CityUpplandsUpplands--VäsbyVäsby
Borehole configuration Borehole configuration –– spacing 4 mspacing 4 m
10
Infra CityInfra CityUpplandsUpplands--VäsbyVäsby
Fluid temperatures and mean store temperature (measured)Fluid temperatures and mean store temperature (measured)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Days
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
Outlet temperature
Inlet temperature
Mean store temperature
Näsby Parks Slott, StockholmNäsby Parks Slott, Stockholm
Hybrid system Hybrid system -- Boreholes with summer recharge from lakeBoreholes with summer recharge from lake
Näsby Parks SlottNäsby Parks Slott
Heat load from buildings (18.000 mHeat load from buildings (18.000 m22) marked in yellow) marked in yellow
Boreholes
Water intake
Water outlet
Näsby parks slott Näsby parks slott GroundGround--coupled heat pump with recharge from the seacoupled heat pump with recharge from the sea
HP48 boreholes
Lake
48 boreholes x 180 m
Granite 3,9 W/m,K
Temperature 8,5 C
Heat pump 400 kW
Run hours 6000 h
Heat supply 2400 MWh
Cost of borehole storage
230,000 EUR Borehole storage without lake recharge:80 boreholes400,000 EUR
Lake water temperatureLake water temperature
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month
Wat
er te
mpe
ratu
re (C
)
Normal water temperature
High water temperature
Näsby parks slott Näsby parks slott GroundGround--coupled heat pump with recharge from the seacoupled heat pump with recharge from the sea
Energy flows and temperatures 040927Energy flows and temperatures 040927
HP48 boreholes
+13,2+9,8
+9,7
+5,8
Lake
+11,2
17 l/s
11 l/s +38,0
+41,8
263 kW180 kW
250 kW
70 kW
6 kW
2,2 kW
83 kW
11
Näsby parks slott Näsby parks slott GroundGround--coupled heat pump with recharge from the seacoupled heat pump with recharge from the sea
Energy flows and temperatures 041117Energy flows and temperatures 041117
HP48 boreholes
+4,3+3,4
+5,5
+2,5
Lake
+3,6
17 l/s
15 l/s +38,7
+42,8
284 kW177 kW
62 kW
115 kW
10 kW
2,2 kW
102 kW
ProfitabilityProfitabilityEstimated based on first seven months of operation Estimated based on first seven months of operation (june(june--december 2004)december 2004)
Alternative 1. Oil Alternative 1. Oil Alternative 2. GroundAlternative 2. Ground--source heat pump and oil (peak)source heat pump and oil (peak)
Additional investment cost:Additional investment cost: 750.000 EUR750.000 EURReduced operational cost:Reduced operational cost: 180.000 EUR/year180.000 EUR/year
Straight Straight paypay--off off time:time: 4,2 years4,2 years
Reduced oil consumption 79 %Reduced oil consumption 79 %Reduced bought energy (oil & electricity) 57 %Reduced bought energy (oil & electricity) 57 %
QQ--MED, UppsalaMED, Uppsala
nn New facilities for New facilities for manufacturing of manufacturing of medicinemedicine
nn Building consists of four Building consists of four storeys incl. basementstoreys incl. basement
nn Total areaTotal area ca 7020 mca 7020 m22
nn Energy service rooms Energy service rooms prepared for future prepared for future storage space of ca storage space of ca 2000 m2000 m22
Design load & criteria Design load & criteria
Annual energy loadAnnual energy loadCapacityCapacity
330 kW330 kW
90 kW90 kW
160 kW160 kW
410 kW410 kW
305 MWh305 MWhCool load Cool load summersummer
190 MWh190 MWhCool load Cool load winterwinter
50 MWh50 MWhHeat load Heat load summersummer
925 MWh925 MWhHeat load Heat load winterwinter
Design loadsDesign loads
Criteria for system design:l Boreholes designed for max entering fluid temp +14 °Cl All air cooling coils designed for 14-17 °Cl All air heating coils designed for 50-35 °C
Geological conditionsGeological conditions
nn 00--25 meter soft clay25 meter soft clay
nn 2525--30 meter silt / sand30 meter silt / sand
nn 3030--200 meter granite200 meter granite
Ground water level ca 4 meter below ground surface
Borehole configurationBorehole configuration
Boreholes are drilled from a trench along the property border and gradedunder the building to achieve suitable borehole spacing in the ground
12
BoreholesBoreholes
nn 38 boreholes for heat pump and 38 boreholes for heat pump and direct coolingdirect cooling
nn 168 mm steel casing to a depth 168 mm steel casing to a depth of ca 30 mof ca 30 m
nn 140 mm borehole to a depth of 140 mm borehole to a depth of 200 m200 m
nn 2 x 40 mm PEM U2 x 40 mm PEM U--pipe in each pipe in each boreholeborehole
nn Boreholes are filled with Boreholes are filled with groundwatergroundwater
168 mm ODEX drilling for casing.Removal of water and cuttings to container
BoreholesBoreholes
Fitting of 168 mm cap on the casing fora single U-pipe with PEM 40 mm pipes
Installation equipment for U-pipe PEM 40 mmU-pipe filled with 29% ethanol/water solution
Header pipesHeader pipes
Testing horizontal pipes from boreholesbefore connecting to manifold
Horizontal pipes (PEM 50 mm) before being covered with thermal insulation sheets
Electric welding to join borehole pipes (PEM 40 mm)with horizontal pipes (PEM 50 mm) connecting boreholeswith manifold in energy service room
ManifoldsManifolds
Manifolds of stainless steel with throttle valves for each header pipe (borehole)
Energy service roomEnergy service room
nn 6 heat pumps with 41 kW capacity6 heat pumps with 41 kW capacity
nn Three of the heat pumps fitted Three of the heat pumps fitted with desuperheaters forwith desuperheaters forheating of tap waterheating of tap water
nn Refrigerant R407CRefrigerant R407C
nn Electric heater 255 kWElectric heater 255 kW
Heat pumps (IVT Greenline F40H) in the service room
ProfitabilityProfitability
Additional investment cost:Additional investment cost: 900.000 900.000 SEKSEK100.000 100.000 EUREUR
Reduced operating cost:Reduced operating cost: 360.000 360.000 SEK/yearSEK/year40.000 40.000 EUR/yearEUR/year
Straight payStraight pay--backback timetime 2,5 2,5 yearsyears
13
Astronomy Department, LundAstronomy Department, Lund
BTES heating and free cooling combined with district heatingBTES heating and free cooling combined with district heatingOffice space 4.900 mOffice space 4.900 m22
Borehole
20 boreholes, depth 200 m, moraine/shale
BoreholesBoreholes
Energy balanceEnergy balance
4,84,8Seasonal performance factor Seasonal performance factor –– ground source (heat pump + free cooling)ground source (heat pump + free cooling)
100 kWh/m100 kWh/m22,yr,yrHeating and cooling demandHeating and cooling demand
25 kWh/m25 kWh/m22,yr,yrBought energyBought energy
Key factors Normal year (adjusted)Key factors Normal year (adjusted)
4,04,0Seasonal performance factorSeasonal performance factor–– total (ground source + district heating)total (ground source + district heating)
4747Seasonal performance factor Seasonal performance factor -- free coolingfree cooling
3,53,5Seasonal performance factor Seasonal performance factor -- heat pump (incl. circulation)heat pump (incl. circulation)
95 MWh95 MWhElectricity to heat pump compressorElectricity to heat pump compressor
20 MWh20 MWhDistrict heating (hot water + peak load)District heating (hot water + peak load)
Energy balance Normal year (adjusted)Energy balance Normal year (adjusted)
7 MWh7 MWhElectricity to circulationspumps (ground and condensor side)Electricity to circulationspumps (ground and condensor side)
140 MWh140 MWhCold from ground source (free cooling)Cold from ground source (free cooling)
350 MWh350 MWhHeat from heat pumpHeat from heat pumpProfitabilityProfitability
Additional investment:Additional investment: 180.000 EUR180.000 EURReduced operating cost:Reduced operating cost: 18.000 EUR/yr18.000 EUR/yrStraight payStraight pay--back time: 10 yearsback time: 10 years
Grants: 80.000 EURGrants: 80.000 EURStraight payStraight pay--back time (with grants): 6 yearsback time (with grants): 6 years
⌦ New office, Helsingborg, Sweden⌦ 36 boreholes á 140 m⌦ Limestone⌦ 340 kW heat and 450 kW cold capacity⌦ 600 MWh heat / 400 MWh cold annually⌦ Pay-back time approx 6 years
IKEA Meeting PointIKEA Meeting Point
WINTER HEATINGWINTER HEATING
RESIDENTIAL OFFICE
GROUND GROUND
Combining groundCombining ground--source for buildings source for buildings with different load characteristicswith different load characteristics
14
SPRINGSPRING
RESIDENTIAL OFFICE
Combining groundCombining ground--source for buildings source for buildings with different load characteristicswith different load characteristics
SUMMER COOLING: Combining sources to achieve SUMMER COOLING: Combining sources to achieve free cooling of officefree cooling of office
RESIDENTIAL OFFICE
FREE COOLING
Combining groundCombining ground--source for buildings source for buildings with different load characteristicswith different load characteristics
AUTUMNAUTUMN
RESIDENTIAL OFFICE
Combining groundCombining ground--source for buildings source for buildings with different load characteristicswith different load characteristics
Common ground sourceCommon ground source
RESIDENTIAL OFFICE
Combining groundCombining ground--source for buildings source for buildings with different load characteristicswith different load characteristics
Chemistry Department, LundChemistry Department, Lund
Chemistry
IKDC
Architecture
Energy balance by combining buildings with different load profiles
Energy store 165 boreholes
Heating loadHeating load
ChemistryIKDC
15
Cooling loadCooling load
ChemistryIKDC
Architecture
Building area : 180.000 m2Energy wells :180 wells, 200 m deepCentral heating and cooling stationDistrict heating and cooling
Energy storage (wells)
Housing flats
Office building
Radisson Hotel
University
AvantorAvantor--Nydalen, OsloNydalen, Oslo
Avantor – Nydalen, april 2003
AvantorAvantor--Nydalen, OsloNydalen, Oslo
View of completed borehole installation with connection pipesView of completed borehole installation with connection pipes
Avantor - Nydalen
Connection pipes from boreholes to field headerConnection pipes from boreholes to field header
AvantorAvantor--Nydalen, OsloNydalen, Oslo
Manifolds from field headers to energy plant roomManifolds from field headers to energy plant room
AvantorAvantor--Nydalen, OsloNydalen, OsloProfitabilityProfitability
Additional investment cost: Additional investment cost: 1.950.000 EUR1.950.000 EUR
Reduced operating cost:Reduced operating cost: 480.000 EUR480.000 EUR
Straight payStraight pay--backback time:time: 4,1 years4,1 years
16
BTES design toolBTES design toolEED EED –– Earth Energy DesignerEarth Energy Designer
nn easy and fast to use (GUI)easy and fast to use (GUI)
nn ground propertiesground properties
nn borehole heat exchanger (type, depth, material, filling materialborehole heat exchanger (type, depth, material, filling material ))
nn 307 predefined borehole configurations307 predefined borehole configurations
nn heat carrier fluidheat carrier fluid
The model provides databases for the input data and also reThe model provides databases for the input data and also re lies on a database lies on a database
of preof pre--calculated response functionscalculated response functions
Results:Results: fluid temperature variation and required borehole lengthfluid temperature variation and required borehole length
Base loadPeak cool loadPeak heat load
Year 25JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Flui
d te
mpe
ratu
re [º
C]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
BTES simulation modelBTES simulation model
SBM SBM –– Superposition Borehole ModelSuperposition Borehole Model
nn homogeneous ground propertieshomogeneous ground properties
nn borehole heat exchanger (depth, material, filling material)borehole heat exchanger (depth, material, filling material)
nn arbitrary placement of boreholes (vertical or graded)arbitrary placement of boreholes (vertical or graded)
nn ValidatedValidated
Results: Results:
nn fluid temperature variation and required borehole lengthfluid temperature variation and required borehole length
nn temperature in the groundtemperature in the ground
nn energy balanceenergy balance
Site Investigation TechniquesSite Investigation Techniques
ThermalThermal responseresponse test for dtest for determinationetermination of ground thermal propertiesof ground thermal properties
Ø Heating and coolingØ 18 boreholes, 300 mØ Heat pump: 280 kWØ Built 2002-2003
Rove nursing home, Norway
Very deep boreholes (300 m)Very deep boreholes (300 m)
Office parkOffice park
ØØ HeatingHeating and and coolingcoolingØØ 54 54 boreholesboreholes, 200 m, 200 mØØ Heatpump: 1200 kWHeatpump: 1200 kWØØ Built: 2002Built: 2002--20032003
Alnafossen, NorwayAlnafossen, Norway
Excess solar heat through glassExcess solar heat through glass--frame stored in the groundframe stored in the ground
Hønefoss (Oslo), NorwayHønefoss (Oslo), NorwayShopping Shopping centercenter and and apartmentsapartments
ØØ Heating and Heating and coolingcoolingØØ 50 50 boreholesboreholes, 160 m, 160 mØØ Heatpump: 600 kWHeatpump: 600 kWØØ Built: 2004Built: 2004--20052005
Buildings built on top of ground loop fieldBuildings built on top of ground loop field
17
Nursery homeNursery homeØØ 4 4 wellswells, , openopen systemsystemØØ Heat pump : 180 kWHeat pump : 180 kWØØ Built: 2002Built: 2002--20032003
Sande, NorwaySande, Norway
Open loop system in hard rockOpen loop system in hard rock CoolingCooling in industrial processesin industrial processes
BTES ApplicationsBTES Applications
nn Based on developed techniques and parts Based on developed techniques and parts nn Low operational costsLow operational costsnn Reasonable payReasonable pay--back timesback timesnn Seasonal energy storageSeasonal energy storagenn Potential for further developmentPotential for further development
nn Heating Heating andand coolingcoolingnn Large fraction renewable energy (75Large fraction renewable energy (75--80 %)80 %)
nn HeatingHeatingnn Recharging with renewable (water, air, solar)Recharging with renewable (water, air, solar)
A sustainable and cost effective choice!A sustainable and cost effective choice!
Large hybrid groundLarge hybrid ground--source systemssource systems