The National The National EconomyEconomy (1801-1850) (1801-1850)

With the help of

Mr. Johnson and Mr.

Ellington

EQ: How did industrialization EQ: How did industrialization affect the American People?affect the American People?

Era of Good Feelings (Chapter 12)Era of Good Feelings (Chapter 12)

• James MonroeJames Monroe• National National

Republican partyRepublican party• NationalismNationalism

following War of following War of 18121812

• Growing economyGrowing economy

Northern Economy: Northern Economy: Factory SystemFactory System

11stst Industrial Revolution – England Industrial Revolution – England

22ndnd Industrial Revolution – U.S.- Industrial Revolution – U.S.-Industrialization came to the U.S Industrialization came to the U.S between 1790-1820. between 1790-1820. • Merchants and Merchants and

managers managers reorganized work reorganized work and built factoriesand built factories– Capital investmentCapital investment– ManagementManagement– Mass production of Mass production of

textilestextiles– Wage laborWage labor

• Rural AmericansRural Americans• ImmigrantsImmigrants• Unmarried womenUnmarried women

Division of Labor

• Division of labor made work more efficient and lowered prices. On the downside it eroded workers’ control over the pace and conditions of work.

Part 1: The American Industrial Revolution1D: Wageworkers and the Labor Movement

• Factory wage labor undercut republican ideal of a society of individual producers (self-employment)

• Some unions were started, but they had limited success

Mill Girl, 1850

Woodworker, 1850

Lowell, MassachussettsLowell, Massachussetts

• Cradle of the American Cradle of the American Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

• Waltham SystemWaltham System--company recruited company recruited farm women and girls farm women and girls as textile workers who as textile workers who could work for low could work for low wages. wages. Consequences: Consequences: new sense of freedom for new sense of freedom for women but work was women but work was oppressiveoppressive

Immigration and Cultural Conflict

• Between 1840-1860, millions of immigrants-Irish, German and Britons poured into the U.S. (OLD IMMIGRANTS)

• Germans settled in the midwest and Irish settled the Northeast.

• Many were Catholic –met with hostility (Nativism)-America=Protestant

Irish Potato FamineIrish Potato Famine

• 1845-18521845-1852• 20-25% reduction 20-25% reduction

in Irish populationin Irish population• Flood of Flood of

immigrants to U.S.immigrants to U.S.• Cheap laborCheap labor

Know NothingsKnow Nothings

• NativistNativist• Anti-immigrant, Anti-immigrant,

anti-Catholic anti-Catholic political partypolitical party

• New England & New England & middle statesmiddle states

Southern Economy: Southern Economy: Plantation SystemPlantation System

Cotton KingdomCotton Kingdom

Plantation SystemPlantation System

InventorsInventors

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney

• Inventor of the Inventor of the cotton gincotton gin– Boosted southBoosted south’’s s

economyeconomy– Boosted demand Boosted demand

for slaves & for slaves & western landwestern land

• InterchangeablInterchangeable partse parts

Effects of the Cotton Gin on…

Productivity of cotton plantations

Demand for cotton

Demand for slaves

Settlement of western lands

Conflict with Native Americans

Directions: Circle the arrow which reflects the impact of the cotton gin. Then explain why.

Elias Howe/Isaac SingerElias Howe/Isaac Singer

• Improvements Improvements to the sewing to the sewing machinemachine– Who did this Who did this

affect?affect?

John DeereJohn Deere

• Inventor of the Inventor of the reshaped, cast-steel reshaped, cast-steel plowplow

• ““sod bustersod buster””

Samuel MorseSamuel Morse

• Inventor of the Inventor of the telegraphtelegraph

• Co-inventor of Co-inventor of Morse CodeMorse Code

Morse CodeMorse Code

• Transmitted by Transmitted by telegraphtelegraph

• Used commonly Used commonly by naviesby navies

Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick

• Mechanized Mechanized reaperreaper

Robert FultonRobert Fulton

• Inventor of the Inventor of the first first commercially commercially successful successful steamboatsteamboat

Robert FultonRobert Fulton

• First steam First steam shovelshovel

• Used to dig Used to dig canalscanals

Clipper ShipsClipper Ships

• Small, fast shipsSmall, fast ships• Transport to Transport to

California & California & Australia & AsiaAustralia & Asia

• Tea tradeTea trade• Competition Competition

with Britishwith British

ClayClay’’s American s American SystemSystem

American SystemAmerican System

• Senator Henry Senator Henry ClayClay– Protective tariffProtective tariff– National bankNational bank– Sale of public Sale of public

landslands– Internal Internal

improvementsimprovements• RoadsRoads• CanalsCanals

The American System

Henry Henry ClayClay

National Bank

Protective Tariff

Internal Improvements

Sale of public lands

Protective Tariff

National Bank

Sale of Public Lands… high prices

Internal Improvements… roads & canals

Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816

• Competition with Competition with British industryBritish industry

• First protective First protective tarifftariff– North supports tariffNorth supports tariff– South opposes tariffSouth opposes tariff

Erie CanalErie Canal

Cumberland Cumberland ““NationalNational”” Road Road

The Marshall CourtThe Marshall Court

John MarshallJohn Marshall

• Chief Justice, Chief Justice, 1801-18351801-1835

• ImpactImpact– FederalismFederalism– Economic growthEconomic growth

McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland

• National bankNational bank• Maryland state taxMaryland state tax• Decision:Decision:

– Necessary & Necessary & proper (proper (““elasticelastic””) ) clauseclause

– ““The power to tax The power to tax is the power to is the power to destroydestroy””

– National National supremacysupremacy

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

• Steamboats: Steamboats: Federal license Federal license vs. state vs. state monopolymonopoly

• Decision:Decision:– Interstate Interstate

commerce clausecommerce clause– National National

supremacysupremacy

Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck

• Old Ga. Old Ga. legislature… land legislature… land to speculatorsto speculators

• New Ga. New Ga. Legislature… Legislature… cancelcancel

• Decision:Decision:– Sanctity of legal Sanctity of legal

contractscontracts– ““Wealth vs. mobWealth vs. mob””

Dartmouth College v. Dartmouth College v. WoodwardWoodward• Royal charterRoyal charter• New Hampshire New Hampshire

attempted to make attempted to make the school publicthe school public

• Decision:Decision:– Charter standsCharter stands– Sanctity of contractsSanctity of contracts– Lack of regulation of Lack of regulation of

businessbusiness

The Market RevolutionTransportation Revolution Forges Regional Ties

• Canals, roads, steamboats, railroads, improved transportation, created larger markets, and opened new lands up to settlement

• Transportation promoted diversified economies in the Northeast and Midwest, but not in the South

The Market RevolutionThe Growth of Cities and Towns

• Cities, especially in the West, Midwest and the “fall line” grew quickly

• NYC with its harbor and Erie Canal dominated foreign and domestic trade

Painting of the Erie Canal

Changes in the Social StructureThe Business Elite

• Industrialization led to distinct social classes

• Urbanization and wealth set the elite apart

• Federal and state tax policies favored the wealthy

Early Industrialization in Ohio

Changes in the Social Structure The Middle Class

• Up to 30% of the Northeast was middle class by 1840s

• Growth in income and availability of cheap goods grew middle class

• Middle class values: education, hard work, discipline

“The Progress of the Century” by Currier & Ives

Changes in the Social Structure Urban Workers and the Poor

• In 1840, ½ of white workers were wage laborers

• The poor faced low wages, slums and alcoholism

NYC Five Points Tenement, c. 1850s

EQ: How did industrialization affect the American people?

Films and Books

• Little Women (1994, Columbia Pictures, 115 minutes)

•Directed by Gillian Armstrong, this film re- creates Louisa May Alcott’s book chronicling the values of the white middle class during the mid- nineteenth century.

•• Gangs of New York (2002, Miramax Films, 168 minutes)

•Directed by Martin Scorsese, this reenact- ment of the Five Points district of New York City also illuminates the historical context of immi- gration and nativism in 1846.

•Literature

•• Tyler Anbinder, Five Points (New York: Penguin, 2001)

•Historical fiction at its best. Anbinder illu- minates the challenges faced by Irish

immigrants in New York City (as seen in Gangs of New York).