The Mythological Truth Bywena

7/31/2019 The Mythological Truth Bywena

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The Mythological Truth

bywena

Jul13

The Druids

Druids were priests of an ancient Celtic religion. In the Celtic world, they were the

religious leaders teachers, judges, advisers, healers, fortunetellers and poets. The

Druids controlled the religious and political power of the time.

The earliest records in the ancient accounts of the Druids date back to the

200s B.C. Various ancient from the Greek sand Romans described the beliefs and

practices of the Celtic priests.

Caesar in around 100 B.C. wrote about the Druids and recorded some facts of the

Druids.

According to his records there were two leading classes in Celtic society: the knights

or warriors and the Druids. The Druids did not perform manual labor, serve in the

military, or pay taxes. The members of this class devoted their lives to religious

worship and were responsible of human sacrifices.

The Druids were respected and were sought for advice and instruction. They also

served as judges for most public and private disputes, and crimes. Disobeying the

Druids' decisions led to removal from the order the most severe punishment.

Training to become a Druid was a long practice which could take up to 20 years.
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Those who wanted to join the order had to learn the religious laws and traditions

and the philosophical principles of the Druids.

The Druids believed in a supreme god, whom they called Be' al. The symbol of this

Supreme Being was fire; the Druids also worshiped lesser gods.

The Druids taught that the human soul upon death passed into the body of a

newborn child. To the early Druids the oak tree was sacred and they performed

their rituals in oak forests. The Druids associated the mistletoe, which grows on oak

trees, had healing powers

Details of Druid ceremonies are not fully known.

The practice reported in detail was the practice of human sacrifice. The Druids

believed that human sacrifices were necessary to get favor of their God. In times of

illness, or war, people would be gathered, placed in wicker containers, and burned

alive.

The Druids' role in religion and society is seen in mythology. It was believed that the

Druids had magical powers and could foretell the future. It is said that the Druidsused human sacrifice and magic rituals to ensure prosperity and success.

In ancient Celtic literature, Druids were frequently symbolized as magicians and

prophets were influential royal advisers. It was believed that the Druids could read

minds and predict the future; it was also believed that they could take the form of

birds or women.

The belief of the Druids is seen in early Irish mythology. The Irish hero Finn was

raised by a Druid. Throughout the myths, Druids used their powers for both for

good and for evil.

By the 18th

century, Druids were presented in literature had lost much of their

connection with the ancient religious order. The myths of the Druids persist over


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the centuries. There are questionable facts about their history and the beliefs and

practices that dispute myth from fact. The Druids are considered to have earned a

place in the mythological world.

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1.Jul9

A History of Greek Mythology

Greek Mythology, are the beliefs and ritual practices of the ancient Grecian civilizationfrom around about 2000 BC. It was a culture full of distinct stories and legends about avariety of gods. By about the 700s BC the mythology of Greece was fully developed and

included classic collections of by the poet Hesiod and the Iliadand by Homer whoseworks began about that time.

Greek mythology has several characteristics which were different from other mythologicalstories. The Greek gods were humanlike in form and exhibited human feelings. This

differed from other ancient religions such as Hinduism or Judaism; Greek mythology didnot have structured spiritual teachings. The practice and belief was without a written code,

such as a bibles or sacred books.

In Greek mythology the weakness of humans was given emphasis compared to thepowers of nature. The Greeks believed that their gods, who were immortal, had control

over all parts of nature.The mythology was instilled in with every aspect of Greek life. Each city contained templesof worship to a particular God or group of Gods. They honored the Gods in their festivalsand other official gatherings, poets narrated legends which were learned by many about

the Gods. Most of the myths were learned orally. Different parts of the home werededicated to certain Gods, and people offered prayers to those Gods.

The Gods were also honored in holy places. Delphi was a holy site dedicated to Apollo. Atemple built at Delphi contained an oracle and the people travelled to withquestions about

the future. In addition to prayers, the Greeks offered sacrifices to their Gods.

Greek myths were built upon the primitive religions of the region of Crete which appearedaround 4000-3000 BC. They believed that objects had spirits, and, had special magical

powers. Over time, these beliefs expanded into legends involving objects, animals, andGods. These legends became a part of classical Greek mythology.

As the Greek civilization advanced the mythology was gradually altered with the influenceof neighboring civilizations which caused a variation of Greek beliefs.

The myths were passed on from generation to generation. With the appearance ofChristianity there was a transformation of the stories into myths which though
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entertaining were consider fictional. The myths are still being learned and studied whichkeeps the Greek mythology alive to this day.

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Miraculous Births in History

Miraculous births are a common myth in historical literature and religious texts. Stories of

miracle births often include miraculous conceptions by a God, the supernatural or in some

mythologies linked to creation.

In the story of Krishna, the God is the responsible for the conception and is also the result of the

conception.

The stories of Buddha and his unusual birth developed through the centuries. In Buddhism,

miraculous birth traditions were described as a series of incarnations. According to this

recorded history Buddha was the first of six incarnations. The legendary account of the birth of

Buddha is in that the Great Being decided where and when he was to be born according to the

story Maya, his mother, fell asleep and dreamed of four archangels carried her to the Himalaya

Mountains in her dream the Great Being came to her in the form of a white elephant. .'"

In the Hebrew Bible, there are stories of barren women giving birth where the God

miraculously intercedes. The birth of Moses and the Sarah in the Old Testament is one example.

The birth of Moses was foretold to Pharaoh in which caused him to command that all the male

children to be thrown into the river. Moses was born on in the year 2377.

In certain Christian beliefs, Catholic, Anglican, and Orthodox, the birth of the Virgin Mary is

miraculous. The Virgin Mary's parents, St. Anne and St. Joachim, were childless, when an angel

came to them and told them that they would give birth to a daughter Mary, she was born

without the original sin.

The Gospels record the birth of Jesus. In the Gospel of Luke, Mary was visited by the angel

Gabriel and she learned that she will conceive and bear a child called Jesus. When she asks how

this can be, since she is a virgin, he tells her that the Holy Spirit would come upon her. In the

Gospel of Matthew, the birth came to Joseph in a dream, in which he is told to name the child

Jesus.

This miraculous bit is the most well known.

The Gospel of Luke recounts that Jesus was conceived when Elizabeth was about six months

pregnant; when her cousin, the Virgin Mary, came to tell her about her news, Elizabeth's

unborn child jumped. The Catholic calendar places the feast of John the Baptist on June 24, six

months before Christmas.
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The birth of a child by a God and a mortal which results in the birth of a hero comes from the

belief of the origin of Gods. Some of the heroes who were born of a God with a mortal are Ion by

Apollo and Creus; Asclepius by Apollo and Coronis; Helen by Zeus and Leda and Romulus by

Mars and Aemila.

The majority of civilizations and cultures have stories of miraculous births in one way or

another. This belief is widespread and persists until today. Within each account of an unusual

birth there is a truth that links all of these cultures together into one sacred belief. Are

miraculous births factual or merely myths?


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3.Jul8

Myths and Legends

Myths and legends are types of stories and often with folk tales and fairy tales makeup a civilization and culture of the peoples of the world.

A myth gives an explanation for something unknown: or how the world or a particularcustom began. Myths or a cycle of myths may have a chronology; but for the mostpart is timeless and the events are sometimes symbolic. Myths are considered a

religion in certain parts of the world.Some anthropologists and scholars of religion came have ascertained that certainChristian stories shared many of the features of myth, and could be called myths.

A legend is a story which is told as a historical event. The legend may be version of ahistorical event in which the participants have become larger than life. Examples of

legends are the legends of which are set in a definite period, the reign of Richard I ofEngland (1189-99), or about King Arthur which may be based on facts. These legends

have a definite time period.Myths and legends may be passed down orally or in writing, from generation to

generation their origin or author is unknown.The concept of a myth is that it is a belief or religion of a culture and has its basis in

an attempt to explain natural events such as Creation myths.

Along the same line the Great Flood myths appear in many cultural myths as an eventwhich caused a renewal of a civilization through a great catastrophe.

Myths reinforce the beliefs of a culture and sets and example for what is often

consider to morally and symbolizes the purpose to strive for in ones life.

Myths are examples of the sophisticated stories attempting to rationalize the worldaround the people and to gain insight into what is in the realm of the unknown.


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4.Jul8

Greek History and Mythology

Greek mythologyGreek mythology is the myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks. Their

Gods, heroes, and the nature of their world are the basis of myths. The origins of theirown cults and the rituals that were practiced were a significant part of their culture.

They were a part of religion and continue to be a part of religion in modern dayGreece. Scholars study myths in order to discover and understand the religious and

political policies of Ancient Greece, as well as its civilization.

Greek mythology is a large collection of narratives, and in Greek art. Greek myths, aswith most civilizations in the world, was an attempt to explain the origins of the world

with Gods, Goddess, and heroes which made up their lives. Greek mythology hasbeen an influence on the culture, the arts, and the literature of the Western world andat the present time is a part of Western legacy along with language. Greek mythology

has changed over time to with the evolution of their culture.

A variety of myths and legends in Greek mythology the gods were essentiallyhumanistic but with ideal bodies. The Ancient Greek gods did not suffer from disease,and could be wounded. Most gods were associated with specific aspects of life. Love

tales often include incest, the rape of a mortal woman by a God which resulted inheroes Tales of punishment with the invention of the Gods as when Prometheus

steals fire from the gods to bring to humankind.

Mythology was at the heart of everyday life in Ancient Greece. Greeks regardedmythology as a part of their history. They used myth to explain natural phenomena,cultural variations, hostilities along with friendships. It was a source of pride to be

able to trace the descent from a mythological hero or a god.

The facts behind mythology and history are not as farfetched as one might think.When a civilization is confronted my mystery the myths can be a source of

comprehending and in the explaining what is unknown. The historical events such asthe Trojan War may be fact or fiction but the myths can be considered as an attempt

of a civilization to identify their status in the world around them.

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5.Jul7

The Mystery of Atlantis
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According to ancient Egyptian records the Athenians fought a war against Atlantis

and were victorious.

The rulers of Atlantis controlled Atlantis and other islands. They began a war fromtheir island in the Atlantic Ocean they sent troops to Europe and Asia. Against this

attack the men of Greece gathered men from all over Greece to prevent it. Howeverwhen there were challenges with the defense their allies deserted them and the

Athenians were forced to fight to defeat the Atlantians alone. They prevented theinvasion of their own country and freed Egypt and every other country which were

controlled by the rulers of Atlantis.

Within a short time span after the victory of the Greeks Atlantis was the victim ofhorrific earthquakes and floods and sunk into the sea in a day and a night according

to the legends.

In the stories in a history of Atlantis that shows how the rulers of Alantis wanted toconquer everyone because of the intense pride. This history that has been recordedtells of Atlantis beginning from the beginning of time. The Gods divided the world

among themselves and each ruled their own portion. The God Poseidon was allottedto rule Atlantis. His wife the mortal woman Cleito, and the royal family of Atlantis was

started from this history.

Cleito and Poseidon had ten sons, five sets of boys. Atlas the first son the twins, wasmade king. Atlas had many sons and the succession of the throne was passed down

to the eldest son.

Atlantis was peaceful and prospered over many generations. The city Metropolis andthe city of Atlantis were surrounded behind a wall splendorous and wealthy.

Poseidon placed laws for Atlantis that the rulers were to fellow. The ruling bodyjudged matters concerning the kingdom according to Poseidon's laws. As long asthey judged and lived by Poseidon's the kingdom flourished. After some time the

laws were neglected the rulers married mortals soon pride convinced the rulers thatthe need for greater power was their right. When Zeus saw what had happened to the

rulers that they had abandoned the laws of the Gods he brought all the gods ofOlympus to pronounce judgment on Atlantis.

The Gods decreed that Atlantis should be punished for their pride by having theirisland perish into the sea and so Atlantis was engulfed by the Atlantic Ocean with the

destruction of their civilization.

Whether the myth of Atlantis is true is left to the scholars and the archeologists todecipher however the myth still is strong that Atlantis did exist and is still a source of

tales throughout the centuries.


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6.Jun15
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8/16

A History of Church Denominations

For the first thousand years of its existence there was only one Christian belief. There were no

denominations until 1050 with the split of the Western and Eastern Church. From this time on

there were two major branches of Christianity. These are known as the Catholic Church and

the Orthodox Church.

The next import division occurred in the 15th

century. This division was the Protestant Reform.

This reformation was begun by Martin Luther and by 1529 the German princes who sought the

freedom to choose the faith of their territory protested against the doctrine of the church and

the denomination of Protestantism was born.

Those still in Roman Catholicism as the Reformation developed began to form various groups in

other parts of Europe. In Switzerland the teachings of Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin and in

Scotland with John Knox became Presbyterianism. Also from Switzerland were the beginnings

of Anabaptists today known as Amish, Quakers, Baptist and Mennonites?

Anglicanism was established in 1534 begun when Kin Henry VIII withdrew from the authority

of the Pope and brought about the birth of Episcopalians. In America Methodism based onJohn Wesleys movement was around the same time.

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7.Jun14

Religious History In The United States

Through the history of the United States it has always been a country of religious

diversity. This factor which has created horrendous religious wars and years of

deadly conflict in other countries the conflict in the United States seems almost

minor.

The United States has had religious clashes from the Revolutionary War to the

attacks of 9/11. The history of religious violence, intolerance, discrimination, and

persecution in the United States has not been as devastating as in other counties

and, some possible explanations for why despite its diversity may be that the United

States is a nation founded on religious conflict.

The colonies were settled by those escaping religious persecution in Europe. Some

historians have evidence that religion played a major role in the American

Revolution and that revolutionaries believed it was willed by God for the Americans

to engage in war against the British.
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The Church of England was attempting to establish one, uniform religion the

colonial America was divided, each of the colonies being bound by their own form of

Christianity. Many religions were able to establish themselves in America, colony

by colony where distinct religious characters survived and had one religious

denomination.

The American colonists saw the Revolution as a war for political independence, but

also a fight to protect the religious diversity of the colonies. It became a battle for

religious independence and freedom to exist on the American continent and a

conflict that the various American religious denominations revolting against the

Church of England, who wanted to impose the Anglican religion in America.

After the Revolutionary War there was turmoil between the various states and

Christian denominations. During and soon after the Revolutionary War thepolitical appearance of religious conflict in governing the various colonies. Some

states abolished some churches, and supported others. The state constitution of each

colony differed in its policy on religious establishment, or state-supported religion.

The 1800s was in terms of religious discord in America was relatively calm. The

one religious dispute in this period were tension between Catholics and Protestants,

which caused violence aimed at Irish Catholic immigrants. The increase of

immigration from Europe during this Century overlapped with a flood of Catholics

and the rise of the activist Protestantism in the U.S. As strong Protestant values

infused the country, immigrants who were Catholic were viewed as outsiders and

undemocratic.

In the 1830s and 1840s, anti-Catholic violence occurred in the country. In

Philadelphia in 1844, gun fights between so called Native Americans and Irish

Catholics.

Around the same time the Mormons, who materialized after the 1830 discovery of

The Book of Mormon, were a religious community driven out of New York to Utah,

where they finally settled after seeking shelter in various other states.

The Mormons prospered, adopted the doctrine of polygamy, and founder Joseph

Smith proclaimed his candidacy for president of the United States. In 1857, with

the threat of a religious state of Mormons the president ordered the installation of a

new non Mormon governor.

The tension rose in the state. However, no violence occurred and, the attention

became focused on the Civil War.

As the federal government fought the Civil War, political oppression of the

Mormons continued and by 1887 the church disbanded until the 1890s, when the

Mormons ended the practice of polygamy, and Utah obtained statehood in 1896.


10/16

The next century saw the beginning of anti Semitism; the federal government began

restricting immigration from Europe. While Jews had lived in America since

colonial times, they were only tolerated and discriminated against in small

incidents. By 1920, immigration limits had taken effect on the basis of national

origin. They were not repealed during the Holocaust, when Jewish refugees wereattempting to escape from Hitler in Europe.

During the period of the Great Depression anti Semitic increased to the magnitude

that had not been seen before in the history of the Jewish experience in America. In

New York and Boston, Jews were violently attacked. Most anti Jewish prejudice

was seen in social and political discrimination.

Racial and social injustice persisted until the 1950s, Jews were not allowed

membership in country clubs, excluded from colleges, not allowed to practice

medicine, and could not hold political office in many states.

The United States has approximately 1,500 religions and 360,000 religious centers.

Christianity dominates the countrys religions, followed by Judaism. In the past

few years Islam has surpassed Judaism and is the countrys second religion .

After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, anti Muslim sentiments sparked religiously

motivated hate crimes against Muslims in the United States.

The religious war and conflict seen in the Middle East and Europe has not been as

pervasive in the United States. Although the number of different religions has

grown over the decades, this diversity has not led to serious conflict.

The American tradition of the separation of church and state can be one of the

possible reasons for the incidences of disturbances between religions and preventing

disharmony among the religions of the United States.


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8.

Jun13

The Crusades

The Crusades were numerous Holy Wars led by the Christian European countries against the

Saracens or Muslims. The Crusades began in 1095. The Crusades were a series of military

journey by the Christian nations of Europe in the attempt to rescue the holy places of Palestine
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from the rule of the Mohammedans. There were eight in crusades, the first were called the

Principal Crusades, and the last four the Minor Crusades. There were several other missions.

The cause of the crusades was a war between Christians and Moslems revolved around the city

of Jerusalem. The City of Jerusalem was holy to the Christian religion. The Church of the Holy

Sepulcher in Jerusalem honored the hill of the crucifixion and the tomb of Christ and was

visited by Pilgrims. In 1065 Jerusalem fell to the Turks and thousands of Christians weremassacred setting off the events which contributed to the cause of the crusades.

The purpose of the crusades was at first to release the Holy Land, in namely Jerusalem, from

the Saracens, but as time progressed it was extended to taking control Spain from the Moors,

the Slavs and Pagans from Eastern Europe, and the islands of the Mediterranean.

There were nine crusades. The first four crusades were the most important. For a two hundred

years Europe and Asia were engaged almost constant battles. The first crusade lasted from

1095-1099, and established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.

The kingdom of Jerusalem was slowly lost until the last Christian city, Acre, went under in 1291.

The hopes of returning to the Holy Land persevered; the Kings of France and England often

made plans, although the endeavors were not successful.

The crusades also started the important knightly orders, the Knights Templar, the Teutonic

Knights. These were orders of religious knights, working from monastic rule to defend the holy

land and pilgrims in making retreats to Jerusalem.

The effects of the Crusades on Europe of the Middle Ages were a major factor in the progress of

the history of civilization. The effects influenced the wealth and power of the Catholic Church

politically, commerce, intellectual development, social and material effects brought about the

famous Voyages of discovery. The crusaders came from both the Upper and Lower classes. The

Holy Land Pilgrimages movement came from the pilgrimages which Christians had long been

accustomed to make to the scenes of Christ's life on earth.

All of Europe was in turmoil for two centuries because of the crusades and cost several millions

of lives, and vast depletions in treasure and suffering. But the Holy Wars were productive in

many ways the permanent effects of the good of the crusades influenced civilization on a whole.

It gave the beginning of the incentive given to geographical discovery led various travelers, such

as the famous explorer Marco Polo and others to explore the most remote countries of Asia. And

so began the age of exploration of the world and a beginning to a new era in civilization.


12/16

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9.Jun13

Roman Military and Religion

After the collapse of the Roman Republic, state religion had to adapt to the customs of a

new systems of emperors. One ofthe first Roman emperor, Augustus, justified the monarcy rule

with a program of a revival of religious reform. Oaths previously made for the security of the

republic now were for the wellbeing of the emperor. The worshiping of the emperor expanded onand the traditional reverence of the divine of individuals became an Imperial cult and was one of

the major ways Rome made its authority in the provinces. and controlled loyalty throughout the

Empire. Rejection of the state religion was the equivalent to treason. This was the major conflict

for Rome with Christianity, Romans regarded Christianityas a form of atheism.

Constantine I became the first emperor to convert to Christianity. And the era of

Christian supremacy began. Underthe rule of TheodosiusChristianity became the Romes

official religion. Christian one God belief became an element of Imperial domination. But Rome's

original religious chain of command and its ritual influenced Christian like, and many pre Christian

beliefs and practices to survive in Christian festivals and local traditions

Military success was achieved through a combination of the divine and virtures those

who lacked these traits civic or private negligence provoked divine wrath and led to

military disaster. Military success was the standard of a special relationship with the

Gods, and to Jupiter in particular.

Roman commanders offered vows to be fulfilled after success in battle and in their

failures they vowed to compensate for their lack of success.

Roman camps had a pattern for defense and religious ritual. Each camp had its own

religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants. As in Rome,

whatever Gods he served in his own time was up to the individual; the forts included

shrines to household Gods, personal deities and deities unknown.. They celebrated

Rome's official festivals. Jupiter was one typical personal shrine The efforts of military

commanders to envoke the divine will were on occasions that were less successful.


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10.Jun10

Wars in the Name of God

A religious war is a war caused by, or rationalized by, religious differences. It can involve an

established religion against a different religion or a sect in the same religion, or a religiously

inspired group trying to force its faith by violence, or suppression of another group because of

its religious beliefs or practices. The most famous of this type of war are The French Wars, the

Crusades, the Thirty Years War and the Muslim conquests.

A series of military campaigns that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries was called

The Crusades, originally, the goal was to recapture the Holy Land and suppress the expansion

into Asia Minor and Europe proper by the Muslims. Later Crusades against other societies for

religious reasons or because of political conflicts. In 1095, the Pope and church was involved in a

war that was called a Holy war. In 16th Century France there was a succession of wars between

Protestants and Roman Catholics called as the French Wars. In the first half of the 17th

century, the Germans, Sweden, and Poland were inundated by religious wars in the Thirty

Years War, Roman Catholicism and Protestantism France did take the side of the Protestants

for political reasons as the country was a country of Catholicism.

In the Middle Ages, religion was a major factor in fostering anti-Semitism. Though not part of

Roman Catholic beliefs, many Christians including members of the clergy viewed the Jewish

people responsible for the killing of Jesus. Both the Jews present at Jesus death and the Jewish

people collectively committed the sin of deicide, or God killing. For 1900 years of Christian-

Jewish history, the charge of deicide has led to hatred, violence against and murder of Jews in

Europe and America.

This status was reputed in the 1960s with the support of the Pope.

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11.Jun10

Mythological Wars

Mythological wars of the Hindu are the battles described in the Hindu text of ancient India.

They consist of many great heroes, extraterrestrial weaponry, magic, and the supernatural

beings.The major wars that were fought for perpetuation of righteousness that brings prosperity to

humanity over the wickedness that causes humanity to suffer. The wars were often to eliminate

demonic beings or lords and rulers who pursue ambition and domination for worldly pleasures

as these are considered evil. But War is taught to be of great personal and social importance,

where every warrior must do his duty, epitomizing courage, honor, and fearsome expertise even

at the cost of his life.
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The major Hindu Gods, often engaged in war, they and many mythological Hindu heroes use

celestial weapons with supernatural power to help them in the fight.The Christian and Jewish version of Heavenly war is seen in the fall of Satan and his angels who

for rebelling against God were degraded and condemned to place of punishment on Earth of in

Hell.

In The Book of Revelation the casting of Satan down from heaven, which other versions was anaction of God, is accredited to the Archangel Michael at the conclusion of a war between the two

groups of angels.

Scholars have seen a similar belief in the Dead Sea Scrolls. These are named The War Scrolls

and are also known as the War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness. In the War

Scroll, the angels of light, who are associated with Michael as the Prince of light, will fight in

heaven against the angels of darkness, who are categorized as the fallen angels, the Sons of Light

win the final victory.

Patterns in Greek mythology with the fall of superhuman beings punished for opposing the

Gods also appears in Greek mythology. Hephaestus was cast down from the Olympus by Zeus

and landed on the island of Lemnos. There are accounts recounts that the Gods, after defeating

the Titans, threw them down to Tartarus and condemned them to as far beneath the earth asearth is beneath the skies.

These different accounts can be seen in most mythologies most of the cultures of the earth. Is it a

coincidence or is there some basis for these myths? Scholars will continue to research until the

mysteries are answered or we will discover the truth behind the myths after our lifetimes.


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12.Jun

9

The Greeks and the Persians

The ancient Greeks traced their history to mythological events and their birth rights to

the Gods and Goddesses. The major event in the early history of ancient Greece was

the Trojan War. This is that most famous of ancient wars that the Greeks ended with a

crafty idea and a gift of the Trojan Horse.

The term Greco-Persian Wars against the Persians with the more common name

Persian Wars. Most of our information about the wars comes from the Greeks. It wasnot just Greeks against Persians, and not all the Greeks on the Greek side. The

Persian Wars; covers the invasions of Greece by two Persian kings from about 492

B.C. to 449/448 B.C.

Earlier attempts by the Persian kings to control Greece had extended the Persian

Empire around the Mediterranean coast by taking over Greek colonies.
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Some Greek city states joined Persia, as did other non-Greeks, such as the Egyptians,

but many, under the leadership of Sparta, on land, and under the dominance of

Athens, at sea, were in opposition of the Persian forces. Before their invasion of

Greece, there were revolts within the Persian territory.

Revolts within Persian territories continued even during the war. When Egypt

revolted, the Greeks helped the Egyptians when they rebelled against the Persians.The Persian Wars are dated 492-449/448 B.C. However, there were two mainland

invasions of Greece, in 490 and 480-479 B.C. The Persian Wars ended in 449, but by

this time Athens had developed her own empire. Conflicts between the Athenians and

the allies of Sparta continued...

The battle of the Thermopylae began when a fleet of Persian ships had sailed along

the coastline from northern Greece into the eastern Aegean Sea towards the

mountains at Thermopylae. The Greeks faced the Persian army at a pass

that controlled the only road between Thessaly and Central Greece. Spartan

King Leonias was in charge of the Greek forces that tried to hold back the Persian

army, to delay them, and keep them from attacking the rear of the Greek navy,

which was under Athenian control.

Spartan soldiers were supposed to arrive and help defend Thermopylae against thePersians. Unfortunately for after a couple of days, a traitor led the Persians around the

route behind the Greek army, eliminating the chance of Greek victory.


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