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The Muslim World
Rise of Islam and the Crusades
Prophet Muhammad
• Born in Mecca 570 AD
• Became a successful merchant
• Married a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caravan business
• Raised daughters
Visions of Angel Gabriel
• Muhammad heard Gabriel proclaim he was a messenger of God
• Began religion of Islam – Arabic word for Submission
• Rejected traditional Arabic gods
• Only one true God named Allah
Fallout
• His views anger Merchants
• Flees Mecca in 622 for his life to go to Medina
• This journey is known as the Hijra
• Beginning of Muslim calendar
• Gains many converts
Return to Mecca
• attacked Meccan caravans
• Defeated Meccans in battle
• 630 returned in triumph to Mecca
• Destroyed idols in the Kaaba (ancient shrine believed to be built by Abraham)
• Died in 632 –Abu Bakr elected Caliph – or successor
Five Pillars – basic duties
• 1. Only one God Allah and Muhammad is the messenger (last and greatest prophet)
• 2. daily prayer facing Mecca – can pray anywhere but often in Mosques
• 3. charity for the poor
Five Pillars – basic duties
• 4. fasting from sunrise to sunset on Ramadan
• 5. hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca to visit the Kaaba once in life (if possible)
Jihad
• Mistakenly translated as “holy war”
• It means an effort in Gods service
• May include acts of charity
• Or inner struggle to achieve spiritual peace as well as any battle in defense of Islam
Quran
• Islamic Holy Book
• Muslims believe it contains the sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad
• Final authority on all matters
• Complete guide to life
• Emphasizes honesty, generosity and social justice
Quran
• Also harsh penalties for crimes such as stealing or murder
• Read in Arabic, it helped unite Muslims from many regions
Sharia
• Islamic law code
• Regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices government and other aspects of a Muslim community
• Applies Quran to all legal situations
• Islam becomes a religion & way of life
Views on other religions
• Recognizes same God & prophets of other religions
• Torah and Bible contain partial revelation from God while Islam is Gods final and complete revelation
• “People of the Book” (Jews & Christians) enjoyed religious freedom in early Muslim societies
Women
• Spiritual equality of women and men
• Prohibited killing of daughters
• Ensured protection of widows
• Had right to divorce
• Right to education
• Men can have multiple wives
After Muhammad's death
• Abu Bakr and his successors began a military campaign
• Conquered parts of Byzantine empire, Syria, Palestine and Persian empire
• Continued to North Africa and into Spain
Reasons for success
• Empires weakened from fighting each other
• People welcomed Arabs as liberators from harsh Byzantine or Persian rule
• Islam unified diverse tribal people
Europe
• Muslims turned back in France at the Battle of Tours
• Retreated to Spain and remained
• Spain became center of learning and the arts
• Also a haven for Jewish scholarship
Who should have been Muhammads successor?
• Caused split within Islam
• Sunnis believed the caliph should be chosen by leaders in community
• Viewed as a leader, not religious authority
Shiites on the other hand…
• Believed the descendents of Muhammad's daughter and son in law (Ali) should be successor
• Ali became 4th caliph and was assasinated in leadership struggle as was his son
• Begat a violent rivalry that continues today
• Also Sufi’s – Muslim mystics-Spread Islam through missionary work
Umayyad Arab Empire
• After death of Ali, Umayyad family set up dynasty- lasted until 750
• Conquests and wealth flowed into Umayyad hands
• Shiites hated Umayyad’s since they killed Ali
Abbassid Dynasty
• Rising leader Aub al-Abbas
• Captured Damascus
• His generals invited members of the Umayyad family to a banquet & killed them
• Set up the Abbassid dynasty which lasted until 1258
• Islamic civilization entered a golden age
“City of Peace”
• Baghdad became new capital
• Exceeded Constantinople in size and wealth
• Poets, scholars, philosophers and entertainers from all over the Muslim world came to the Abbasid Court.
Decline of the Caliphate
• Around 850, Abbassid control began to fragment
• Independent dynasties ruled separate muslim states
• Civil wars, invasions and Chaos
Rise of Seljuk Turks
• Migrated from central Asia
• Converted to Islam
• Built large empire
• Threatened Byzantine Empire
Byzantine & the Seljuks
• Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help fight off Turks
• Urban called for the first crusade to “free the holy land”
• Thousands of knights left for the holy lands
• More crusades followed
Pope
• Pope wanted knights pillaging Muslim lands rather than Christian lands
• Wanted to heal split between Roman and Byzantine churches
• Hoped to increase his power
• Wanted an outlet for growing population
knights
• Many were second sons who were pillaging countryside
• Wanted own estates
• Forgiven for any sins they would commit BEFORE they set out
• Inspired by fiery preachers or wanted adventure
Capture of Jerusalem
• Only first crusade came close to success
• Captured Jerusalem in 1099
• Massacred Muslim and Jewish residents of the city
• Set up Christian kingdoms
• Only held onto them for a hundred years or so
• Subsequent crusades failed
Reconquista
• Efforts by Christian warriors to expel Muslims from Spain
• Slowly crushed Muslim held Spanish territories
• Last Muslim territory in Spain fell in 1492 under Ferdinand and Isabella
• They led brutal crusade against Jews and Muslims
Inquisition
• Ferdinand and Isabella set up a Church court to try people accused of heresy
• Those who refused to convert to Christianity were burned at the stake
• Over 150,000 people fled – made up the educated and skilled people who contributed to Spain's economy
Fourth crusade
• Venetian traders wanted Byzantine trade routes
• Talked crusaders into sacking Constantinople
• Constantinople never fully recovered and will eventually fall to the Ottoman Turks
Impact of Crusades
• Short term – failure… never held on to Muslim lands in middle east
• Long term successes – increased trade
• Crusaders brought back goods from the near east
• Caused a great desire for eastern goods
• This will lead to the age of Exploration
The world widens
• Marco Polo will expand European horizons since Rome fell
• Explorers will search for a way to trade directly with Asia leading to discovery of America
The Muslim World
Rise of Islam and the Crusades
Prophet Muhammad
• Born in Mecca 570 AD
• Became a successful merchant
• Married a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caravan business
• Raised daughters
Visions of Angel Gabriel
• Muhammad heard Gabriel proclaim he was a messenger of God
• Began religion of Islam – Arabic word for Submission
• Rejected traditional Arabic gods
• Only one true God named Allah
Fallout
• His views anger Merchants
• Flees Mecca in 622 for his life to go to Medina
• This journey is known as the Hijra
• Beginning of Muslim calendar
• Gains many converts
Return to Mecca
• attacked Meccan caravans
• Defeated Meccans in battle
• 630 returned in triumph to Mecca
• Destroyed idols in the Kaaba (ancient shrine believed to be built by Abraham)
• Died in 632 –Abu Bakr elected Caliph – or successor
Five Pillars – basic duties
• 1. Only one God Allah and Muhammad is the messenger (last and greatest prophet)
• 2. daily prayer facing Mecca – can pray anywhere but often in Mosques
• 3. charity for the poor
Five Pillars – basic duties
• 4. fasting from sunrise to sunset on Ramadan
• 5. hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca to visit the Kaaba once in life (if possible)
Jihad
• Mistakenly translated as “holy war”
• It means an effort in Gods service
• May include acts of charity
• Or inner struggle to achieve spiritual peace as well as any battle in defense of Islam
Quran
• Islamic Holy Book
• Muslims believe it contains the sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad
• Final authority on all matters
• Complete guide to life
• Emphasizes honesty, generosity and social justice
Quran
• Also harsh penalties for crimes such as stealing or murder
• Read in Arabic, it helped unite Muslims from many regions
Sharia
• Islamic law code
• Regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices government and other aspects of a Muslim community
• Applies Quran to all legal situations
• Islam becomes a religion & way of life
Views on other religions
• Recognizes same God & prophets of other religions
• Torah and Bible contain partial revelation from God while Islam is Gods final and complete revelation
• “People of the Book” (Jews & Christians) enjoyed religious freedom in early Muslim societies
Women
• Spiritual equality of women and men
• Prohibited killing of daughters
• Ensured protection of widows
• Had right to divorce
• Right to education
• Men can have multiple wives
After Muhammad's death
• Abu Bakr and his successors began a military campaign
• Conquered parts of Byzantine empire, Syria, Palestine and Persian empire
• Continued to North Africa and into Spain
Reasons for success
• Empires weakened from fighting each other
• People welcomed Arabs as liberators from harsh Byzantine or Persian rule
• Islam unified diverse tribal people
Europe
• Muslims turned back in France at the Battle of Tours
• Retreated to Spain and remained
• Spain became center of learning and the arts
• Also a haven for Jewish scholarship
Who should have been Muhammads successor?
• Caused split within Islam
• Sunnis believed the caliph should be chosen by leaders in community
• Viewed as a leader, not religious authority
Shiites on the other hand…
• Believed the descendents of Muhammad's daughter and son in law (Ali) should be successor
• Ali became 4th caliph and was assasinated in leadership struggle as was his son
• Begat a violent rivalry that continues today
• Also Sufi’s – Muslim mystics-Spread Islam through missionary work
Umayyad Arab Empire
• After death of Ali, Umayyad family set up dynasty- lasted until 750
• Conquests and wealth flowed into Umayyad hands
• Shiites hated Umayyad’s since they killed Ali
Abbassid Dynasty
• Rising leader Aub al-Abbas
• Captured Damascus
• His generals invited members of the Umayyad family to a banquet & killed them
• Set up the Abbassid dynasty which lasted until 1258
• Islamic civilization entered a golden age
“City of Peace”
• Baghdad became new capital
• Exceeded Constantinople in size and wealth
• Poets, scholars, philosophers and entertainers from all over the Muslim world came to the Abbasid Court.
Decline of the Caliphate
• Around 850, Abbassid control began to fragment
• Independent dynasties ruled separate muslim states
• Civil wars, invasions and Chaos
Rise of Seljuk Turks
• Migrated from central Asia
• Converted to Islam
• Built large empire
• Threatened Byzantine Empire
Byzantine & the Seljuks
• Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help fight off Turks
• Urban called for the first crusade to “free the holy land”
• Thousands of knights left for the holy lands
• More crusades followed
Pope
• Pope wanted knights pillaging Muslim lands rather than Christian lands
• Wanted to heal split between Roman and Byzantine churches
• Hoped to increase his power
• Wanted an outlet for growing population
knights
• Many were second sons who were pillaging countryside
• Wanted own estates
• Forgiven for any sins they would commit BEFORE they set out
• Inspired by fiery preachers or wanted adventure
Capture of Jerusalem
• Only first crusade came close to success
• Captured Jerusalem in 1099
• Massacred Muslim and Jewish residents of the city
• Set up Christian kingdoms
• Only held onto them for a hundred years or so
• Subsequent crusades failed
Reconquista
• Efforts by Christian warriors to expel Muslims from Spain
• Slowly crushed Muslim held Spanish territories
• Last Muslim territory in Spain fell in 1492 under Ferdinand and Isabella
• They led brutal crusade against Jews and Muslims
Inquisition
• Ferdinand and Isabella set up a Church court to try people accused of heresy
• Those who refused to convert to Christianity were burned at the stake
• Over 150,000 people fled – made up the educated and skilled people who contributed to Spain's economy
Fourth crusade
• Venetian traders wanted Byzantine trade routes
• Talked crusaders into sacking Constantinople
• Constantinople never fully recovered and will eventually fall to the Ottoman Turks
Impact of Crusades
• Short term – failure… never held on to Muslim lands in middle east
• Long term successes – increased trade
• Crusaders brought back goods from the near east
• Caused a great desire for eastern goods
• This will lead to the age of Exploration
The world widens
• Marco Polo will expand European horizons since Rome fell
• Explorers will search for a way to trade directly with Asia leading to discovery of America