THE MUSLIM WORLDChapter 10

THE RISE OF ISLAM Deserts, Towns, and Trade

Routes Desert and Town Life

Clans provided security and support in desert

Farming communities in the fertile lands

Crossroads of Trade and Ideas

Mecca Ka’aba – site of an ancient shrie Allah – Arabic word for God

THE RISE OF ISLAM Muhammad, Prophet of

Islam Revelations

Gabriel called to him during meditation in a cave outside of Mecca

Muhammad became convinced that he was the last of the prophets

Islam – “submission to the will of Allah”

Muslim – “one who is submitted”

613 – began publically preaching in Mecca

THE RISE OF ISLAM Muhammad, Prophet of Islam

The Hijrah Migration from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed

Medina) Muhammad became the leader politically,

socially, and religiously Returning to Mecca

Muhammad led 10,000 of his believers back to Mecca in 630

THE RISE OF ISLAM Beliefs and Practices of

Islam The Five Pillars

Faith – statement of faith Prayer – mosque – an Islamic

house of worship Alms – support for the less

fortunate Fasting - Ramadan Pilgrimage – Hajj to Mecca

A Way of Life Sources of Authority

Qur’an – the holy book of the Muslims

ISLAM EXPANDS Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

Caliph – successor or deputy “Rightly Guided” Caliphs

Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs Jihad – striving and can refer to the inner struggle against

evil Also armed struggle against unbelievers

Reasons for Success Well disciplined and expertly commanded Fighting weak empires in Arabia Persecutions suffered by people under Byzantine or

Sassanid rule Treatment of Conquered Peoples

Tolerance of other religions especially Christianity and Judaism

ISLAM EXPANDS Internal conflict

Creates a Crisis Umayyads – family who

came to power after the murder of Ali in 661

Sunni-Shi’a Split Shi’a – party of Ali –

caliph needed to be a descendant of Muhammad

Sunni – followers of Muhammad’s example

Sufi – rejected the luxurious life and pursued a life of poverty

ISLAM EXPANDS

ISLAM EXPANDS Control Extends Over

Three Continents Al-Andalus – settlement in

southern Spain Abbasids Consolidate Power

Capital moved to Baghdad Rival Groups Divide Muslim

Lands Fatimid – formed by Muslims

who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima

Muslim Trade Network Sakk – notes of exchange for

any bank in the Empire

MUSLIM CULTURE Muslim Society

The rise of Muslim Cities Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, and

Cordoba Four Social Classes

Muslims at Birth Converts Protected Peoples – Jews,

Christians, and Zoroastrians Slaves – POWs and non-Muslims

Role of Women Expected to submit to men Had more property and economic

rights than most women in the world

Expected to be veiled in public

MUSLIM CULTURE Muslim Scholarship

Extends Knowledge Emphasis on

scholarship and learning House of Wisdom – a

combination library, academy, and translation center

MUSLIM CULTURE Art and Sciences Flourish

Muslim literature Poetry – bravery, love, generosity, and

hospitality Fairy tales, parables, and legends

Muslim Art and Architecture Calligraphy – art of beautiful hand writing Huge domes and vaulted ceilings

Medical Advances Al-Razi – greatest physician

Math and Science Stretch Horizons Philosophy and Religion Blend Views

The “Ideal Man”