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QuizQuiz
1.1. xanthoerythemoectooculoscopyxanthoerythemoectooculoscopy
2.2. SalpingophthalmosclerodermatitioscopeSalpingophthalmosclerodermatitioscope
3.3. BlepharopepicosclerotomyBlepharopepicosclerotomy
4.4. GluconeothymomotomicallyGluconeothymomotomically
5.5. PancreatectomicaolomaPancreatectomicaoloma
6.6. Only kidding, ha, ha!Only kidding, ha, ha!
MEDL 2350 Extra CreditMEDL 2350 Extra Credit
TEST on May 5, 2003TEST on May 5, 2003
First half of classFirst half of class
Topics: EVERYTHINGTopics: EVERYTHING
Format: OralFormat: Oral
Counts: Test GradeCounts: Test Grade
GeneralGeneral
Comprised of bones, joints, and muscles.Comprised of bones, joints, and muscles. Bones form a support system to provide Bones form a support system to provide
structure and protection.structure and protection. Bones store minerals, especially calcium Bones store minerals, especially calcium
and phosphorus.and phosphorus. Bones also make blood cells in the marrow.Bones also make blood cells in the marrow. The place where two bones meet is known The place where two bones meet is known
as a joint.as a joint. Joints move due to the pull of muscles.Joints move due to the pull of muscles.
Combining FormsCombining Forms
Crani/o cranium (skull bones)Crani/o cranium (skull bones)
craniotomycraniotomy
Stern/o sternum (breastbone)Stern/o sternum (breastbone)
sternocostalsternocostal
Cost/o ribsCost/o ribs
subcostal (below the ribs)subcostal (below the ribs)
Spondyl/o vertebrae (backbone)Spondyl/o vertebrae (backbone)
Vertebr/oVertebr/o
spondylitisspondylitis
vertebralvertebral
Humer/o humerus (upper arm)Humer/o humerus (upper arm)
Carp/o carpus (wrist)Carp/o carpus (wrist)
carpoptosis (dropping carpoptosis (dropping of the wrist)of the wrist)
Metacarp/o metacarpus (hand) Metacarp/o metacarpus (hand) metacarpectomymetacarpectomy excision of a metacarpalexcision of a metacarpal
Phalang/o finger/toePhalang/o finger/toe
Pelv/i pelvis (hip)Pelv/i pelvis (hip) *note the exception to the combining *note the exception to the combining vowel.vowel. pelvimetry (process of measuring pelvimetry (process of measuring
the hips)the hips)
Femor/o femur (thigh)Femor/o femur (thigh)
Patell/o patella (kneecap)Patell/o patella (kneecap) patellopexy (fixation)patellopexy (fixation)
Tibi/o tibia (shin)Tibi/o tibia (shin)Fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone)Fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone)Calcane/o calcaneus (heel)Calcane/o calcaneus (heel)Tars/o tarsalsTars/o tarsalsmetatars/o metatarsalsmetatars/o metatarsals
Ankyl/o stiff, bent, crookedAnkyl/o stiff, bent, crooked
Arthr/o jointArthr/o joint
cervic/o neckcervic/o neck
Lamin/o lamina (part of the verterbral arch)Lamin/o lamina (part of the verterbral arch)
Myel/o spinal cord, bone marrowMyel/o spinal cord, bone marrow
Orth/o straightOrth/o straight
Oste/o boneOste/o bone
The combining form oste/o refers to a bone.The combining form oste/o refers to a bone. Therefore, osteodynia refers to Therefore, osteodynia refers to
painful bones.painful bones.
Osteocytes are cells that make up Osteocytes are cells that make up bonesbones
The combining form still holds true The combining form still holds true regardless of the shape of the bone in regardless of the shape of the bone in question.question.
Shapes of BonesShapes of Bones
Long (cylindrical)Long (cylindrical) FlatFlat IrregularIrregular shortshort
Milk is source of vitamin D. A Milk is source of vitamin D. A deficiency of this vitamin results in deficiency of this vitamin results in Osteomalacia, or a softening and Osteomalacia, or a softening and weakening of the bones.weakening of the bones.
This is different than Osteoporosis, This is different than Osteoporosis, which is a deficiency of bone mineral.which is a deficiency of bone mineral.
The term osteogenesis refers to The term osteogenesis refers to producing or forming new bone.producing or forming new bone.
Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
Shaft: DiaphysisShaft: Diaphysis Epiphysis: either end, the growing part in Epiphysis: either end, the growing part in
length.length. Bone Marrow: soft tissue that fills the Bone Marrow: soft tissue that fills the
medullary cavity in the center of a long medullary cavity in the center of a long bone. This is where blood is formed and bone. This is where blood is formed and fat is stored.fat is stored.
Periosteum: thin sheet of tissue covering Periosteum: thin sheet of tissue covering the bone. This part of the bone is the bone. This part of the bone is responsible for growth in the diameter.responsible for growth in the diameter.
X-rays or radiographs are used in X-rays or radiographs are used in examining the structure of bones, in examining the structure of bones, in situ (within the body).situ (within the body).
The combining form for x-ray or The combining form for x-ray or radiation is radi/o.radiation is radi/o.
The combining forms roentgen/o also The combining forms roentgen/o also refers to x-rays. This is after the refers to x-rays. This is after the person who discovered x-rays, person who discovered x-rays, Wilhelm Roentgen.Wilhelm Roentgen.
mening/o/myel/o/celemening/o/myel/o/cele
Meninges- covering of the brain and spinal cord
Spinal cord
herniation
Spina bifida usually occurs in the Spina bifida usually occurs in the lumbar region (lower back) of the lumbar region (lower back) of the spinal cord. Bifida refers to being in spinal cord. Bifida refers to being in “2”.“2”.
Recall,Recall,
Distal: means farthest from the trunkDistal: means farthest from the trunkProximal: means closest to the trunkProximal: means closest to the trunk
Therefore, the distal epiphysis is Therefore, the distal epiphysis is located farther from the trunk than located farther from the trunk than the proximal epiphysis.the proximal epiphysis.
Within the joints, each end of the joint Within the joints, each end of the joint (epiphysis) is lined with ARTICULAR (epiphysis) is lined with ARTICULAR CARTILAGE.CARTILAGE.
Articular means jointArticular means joint Chondr/o refers to cartilage.Chondr/o refers to cartilage.
This articular cartilage provides cushioning, This articular cartilage provides cushioning, shock absorption, an area for the bones to shock absorption, an area for the bones to glide easily over each other during movement.glide easily over each other during movement.
A joint is a place where two bones meet.A joint is a place where two bones meet. Joints can be:Joints can be: Freely Moveable (shoulder)Freely Moveable (shoulder) Slightly Moveable (vertebra)Slightly Moveable (vertebra) Non-moveable (skull)Non-moveable (skull) Joints are lubricated with SYNOVIAL Joints are lubricated with SYNOVIAL
FLUID. This fluid is secreted within the FLUID. This fluid is secreted within the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.
A person with arthritis can suffer from:A person with arthritis can suffer from:
Pain in the joints - arthralgia or Pain in the joints - arthralgia or
arthrodyniaarthrodynia
Inflammation of the joints - arthritisInflammation of the joints - arthritis
Disease of the bones and joints –Disease of the bones and joints –
osteoarthopathyosteoarthopathy
Combining Forms of Specific Combining Forms of Specific BonesBones
Crani/o cranium skullCrani/o cranium skull
Stern/o sternum Stern/o sternum breastbonebreastbone
cost/o costal ribscost/o costal ribs
Vertebr/o veterbraeVertebr/o veterbrae
Humer/o humerusHumer/o humerus
carp/o carpuscarp/o carpus
Metacarp/o metacarpalMetacarp/o metacarpal
Phalang/o phalangesPhalang/o phalanges
Pelv/i pelvis hipsPelv/i pelvis hipsPelv/o Pelv/o
Femor/o femur thighFemor/o femur thigh
patell/o patella kneecappatell/o patella kneecap
Tibi/o tibiaTibi/o tibia
fibul/o fibulafibul/o fibula
Cephal/o is the combining form for the Cephal/o is the combining form for the direction “close to the head”direction “close to the head”
Cephalodynia is pain in the head, or Cephalodynia is pain in the head, or headache.headache.
The prefix en- refers to “in”. When The prefix en- refers to “in”. When combined with cephal/o, when get combined with cephal/o, when get
encephal/o which translates into “in the encephal/o which translates into “in the head”. This the another term for brain.head”. This the another term for brain.
FracturesFractures
A fracture is a break in the continuity of a A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone. They are defined according to the bone. They are defined according to the type and extent of the break.type and extent of the break.
A SIMPLE or CLOSED fracture is a broken A SIMPLE or CLOSED fracture is a broken bone with no external wound. The skin is bone with no external wound. The skin is intact.intact.
A COMPLEX or OPEN fracture is one with A COMPLEX or OPEN fracture is one with an open wound. The skin is broken.an open wound. The skin is broken.
A GREENSTICK fracture is a bone that A GREENSTICK fracture is a bone that has been bent and partially broken. has been bent and partially broken. This is more common in children than This is more common in children than adults.adults.
A COMMINUTED fracture is one that A COMMINUTED fracture is one that is in many pieces.is in many pieces.
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column
The vertebral column is made of many The vertebral column is made of many bones called vertebra.bones called vertebra.
The vertebral column is divided into 5 parts:The vertebral column is divided into 5 parts:
Cervical 7 bones cervic/oCervical 7 bones cervic/o
Thoracic 12 bones thorac/oThoracic 12 bones thorac/o
Lumbar 5 bones lumb/oLumbar 5 bones lumb/o
Sacral 5 fused bones sacr/oSacral 5 fused bones sacr/o
CoccyxCoccyx
Vertebrae are separated and Vertebrae are separated and cushioned from each other by cushioned from each other by INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS. INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS.
These disks are made of cartilage.These disks are made of cartilage. The first cervical vertebrae is called The first cervical vertebrae is called
the ATLAS. The axis holds up the the ATLAS. The axis holds up the head.head.
The second cervical vertebrae is called The second cervical vertebrae is called the AXIS. the AXIS.