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Bone
Perimysium
Endomysium(between individualmuscle fibers)
Muscle fiber
Fascicle(wrapped by perimysium)
Epimysium
Tendon
Epimysium
Muscle fiberin middle ofa fascicle
Blood vessel
Perimysium
Endomysium
Fascicle(a)
(b)
Myofibril
Myofibrils
Triad:
Tubules ofthe SR
Sarcolemma
Sarcolemma
Mitochondria
I band I bandA band
H zone Z lineZ line
Part of a skeletalmuscle fiber (cell)
• T tubule• Terminal
cisternaeof the SR (2)
M line
Features of a Sarcomere
I band I bandA bandSarcomere
H zoneThin (actin)filament
Thick (myosin)filament
Z line Z line
M line
Z line Z lineM line
Sarcomere
Thin (actin)filament
Thick(myosin)filament
Elastic (titin)filaments
Flexible hinge region
Tail
Tropomyosin Troponin Actin
Myosin head
ATP-bindingsite
Heads Active sitesfor myosinattachment
Actinsubunits
Actin-binding sites
Thick filamentEach thick filament consists of manymyosin molecules whose heads protrude at opposite ends of the filament.
Thin filamentA thin filament consists of two strandsof actin subunits twisted into a helix plus two types of regulatory proteins(troponin and tropomyosin).
Thin filamentThick filament
In the center of the sarcomere, the thickfilaments lack myosin heads. Myosin heads are present only in areas of myosin-actin overlap.
Longitudinal section of filamentswithin one sarcomere of a myofibril
Portion of a thick filamentPortion of a thin filament
Myosin molecule Actin subunits
I
Fully relaxed sarcomere of a muscle fiber
Fully contracted sarcomere of a muscle fiber
IA
Z ZH
I IA
Z Z
1
2
1
Actin
Cross bridge formation.
Cocking of myosin head. The power (working) stroke.
Cross bridge detachment.
Ca2+
Myosincross bridge
Thick filament
Thin filament
ADP
Myosin
Pi
ATPhydrolysis
ATP
ATP
24
3
ADP
Pi
ADPPi
1
Actin
Cross bridge formation.
Cocking of myosin head. The power (working) stroke.
Cross bridge detachment.
Ca2+
Myosincross bridge
Thick filament
Thin filament
ADP
Myosin
Pi
ATPhydrolysis
ATP
ATP
24
3
ADP
Pi
ADPPi
Latentperiod
Singlestimulus
Period ofcontraction
Period ofrelaxation
Myogram showing the three phases of an isometric twitch
Coupled reaction of creatinephosphate (CP) and ADP
Energy source: CP
Direct phosphorylation
Oxygen use: NoneProducts: 1 ATP per CP, creatineDuration of energy provision:15 seconds
Creatinekinase
ADPCP
Creatine ATP
Shoulder
Arm
Forearm
Pelvis/thigh
Thigh
Leg
Head Facial
Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Thigh
Leg
TrapeziusDeltoid
Triceps brachiiBiceps brachiiBrachialis
Pronator teresBrachioradialisFlexor carpi radialisPalmaris longus
IliopsoasPectineus
Rectus femorisVastus lateralisVastus medialis
Fibularis longusExtensor digitorum longusTibialis anterior
Temporalis Epicranius, frontal bellyOrbicularis oculiZygomaticusOrbicularis oris
Sternohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minorSerratus anterior
Intercostals
External oblique
Rectus abdominisInternal obliqueTransversus abdominis
SartoriusTensor fasciae latae
Adductor longusGracilis
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Masseter
Platysma
ArmTriceps brachii
Brachialis
ForearmBrachioradialis
Extensor carpiulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Iliotibial tract
LegGastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis longus
NeckEpicranius, occipital bellySternocleidomastoidTrapezius
Shoulder
HipGluteus mediusGluteus maximus
Thigh
Biceps femoris
Adductor magnus
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Latissimus dorsiRhomboid major
InfraspinatusDeltoid
Teres major
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpiradialis longus
Calcaneal(Achilles) tendon
Hamstrings:
Corrugatorsupercilii
Orbicularis oculi
Levator labiisuperioris
Zygomaticusminor and major
Buccinator
RisoriusOrbicularis oris
Mentalis
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Platysma
Galeaaponeurotica
Frontal belly
Occipitalbelly
Temporalis
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Splenius capitis
Epicranius
Tongue Styloid processStyloglossus
Hyoglossus
Stylohyoid
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid
Genioglossus
Mandibularsymphysis
Geniohyoid
Thyroid cartilage
MylohyoidAnteriorbellyPosteriorbelly
Stylohyoid (cut)Thyrohyoid
Thyroid cartilageof the larynx
Median raphe
Sternothyroid
StylohyoidHyoid bone
Omohyoid(superior belly)
Sternohyoid
Sternocleido-mastoid Omohyoid(inferior belly)
Digastric
Thyroid gland
Mastoid processof temporal bone
Semispinaliscapitis
Semispinaliscervicis
Multifidus
Quadratuslumborum
Semispinalisthoracis
Longissimus capitis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracis
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis lumborum
External oblique
Iliocostalis
LongissimusErectorspinae
Spinalis
Ligamentumnuchae
Foramen foresophagus
Costal cartilage
Lumbarvertebra
Xiphoid process of sternum
Diaphragm
Quadratuslumborum
Psoas major
Foramen for inferiorvena cava
Centraltendon ofdiaphragm
Foramenfor aorta
12th rib
Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique
External oblique
Aponeurosis of theexternal oblique
Pectoralis major
Linea alba
Tendinousintersection
Rectusabdominis
Inguinal ligament(formed by free inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis)
Serratus anterior
Transversusabdominis
Inguinalligament
Lumbarfascia
Lumbarfascia
Internaloblique
Pubictubercle
Rectusabdominis
Externaloblique
IIiac crest
Subclavius
Clavicle
SubscapularisPectoralis minor
Coracobrachialis
Serratus anterior
Humerus
Sternocleido-mastoid
Deltoid
Pectoralismajor
Sternum
Biceps brachii
Trapezius
Levatorscapulae
Supraspinatus
Clavicle
Spine ofscapula
InfraspinatusTeres minor
Humerus
Deltoid
Teres major
Latissimusdorsi
RhomboidminorRhomboidmajor
Biceps brachii
Tendon of biceps brachii
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
Flexor retinaculum
Medial head oftriceps brachii
Medial epicondyleof humerus
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmar aponeurosis
Superficial transverseligament of palm
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorumsuperficialis
Supinator
Tendon of flexorcarpi ulnaris (cut)
Tendon of flexordigitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Thenar muscles of thumb
Tendon of flexorpollicis longus
Lumbricals
Tendon of flexor digitorumsuperficialis (cut)
Pronator quadratus
Flexor digitorumprofundus
Insertion oftriceps brachii
Anconeus
Flexor carpiulnaris
Extensor carpiulnaris
Extensor digitiminimi
Extensor indicis
Tendons of extensor carpiradialis brevis and longus
Extensorexpansion
Extensor pollicislongusExtensor pollicisbrevisAbductorpollicis longusExtensor digitorum
Extensor carpiradialis brevis
Extensor carpiradialis longus
Brachioradialis
Tendons ofextensordigitorum
Psoas minorIliac crest
Psoas majorIliopsoas
12th ribQuadratus lumborum
Iliacus
Anterior superior iliac spineTensor fasciae latae
Pectineus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris• Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis• Vastus medialis
Adductor magnus
PatellaPatellar ligament
Tendon of quadriceps femoris
12th thoracic vertebra
5th lumbar vertebra
Adductor longusGracilis
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnusGracilisIliotibial tract
Long head
SemitendinosusSemimembranosus
Short headBicepsfemoris
Hamstrings
Patella
Head of fibula
GastrocnemiusSoleusFibularis longusExtensor digitorum longus
Tibialis anteriorExtensor hallucis longusFibularis tertius
Fibularis brevisFlexor hallucis longus
Fibular retinaculum
Lateral malleolus
Superior and inferior extensorretinacula
Extensor digitorum brevis
5th metatarsal
Extensor hallucis brevis