The Muscular System Manual: The Skeletal Muscles of · PDF fileKinesiology Terminology • The language of kinesiology helps us discuss muscle function. • Specific kinesiology terms

Chapter 1 Basic Kinesiology Terminology ________________________________________________________________________________________

Joseph E. Muscolino, DC

Copyright ©2012 by Mosby, an Imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Lesson 1.1 Objectives

• Describe the importance of kinesiology terminology.

• List and locate the major parts of the human body.

• Describe anatomic position. • Define the pairs of location terminology

terms.


Kinesiology Terminology

• The language of kinesiology helps us discuss muscle function.

• Specific kinesiology terms help us avoid ambiguities of lay language.

• Using these terms is extremely important in the health field where someone’s health is dependent upon clear communication.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

What does the term kinesiology literally mean? The study of motion What does the field of kinesiology cover? Kinesiology is the study of the musculoskeletal system. Note: It is more accurate to define kinesiology as the study of the neuromusculoskeletal system.

Kinesiology Terminology

• The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the basic terms of kinesiology that are needed.

• Further explanation of kinesiology terminology is provided on the Evolve website that accompanies your textbook.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●For an in depth and thorough discussion of the terminology of kinesiology, please see Kinesiology, The Skeletal System and Muscle Function.

Body Parts

• To be able to describe the body part’s motion, we must be able to accurately name the body part.


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Presentation Notes

What are the two major divisions of the body? Axial body and appendicular body Can the appendicular body be subdivided? Yes. It is composed of the upper extremities and the lower extremities.

Body Parts


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Presentation Notes

The major divisions of the human body and the body parts within these major divisions.

Body Parts


Body Parts

• However, there are a few cases where kinesiology terms and lay terms are different. – For example, the terms arm and forearm… – And the terms leg and thigh…


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Where is the arm? Between the glenohumeral and elbow joints Where is the forearm? Between the elbow and wrist joints Is the forearm part of the arm? No. It is a separate body part. ●Where is the leg? Between the knee and ankle joints Where is the thigh? Between the hip and knee joints Is the thigh part of the leg? No. It is a separate body part.

Anatomic Position

• Anatomic position is a standard reference position that is used to define terms that describe the physical location of structures of the body and points on the body.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

How else is anatomic position important? Because movement terminology is based upon location terminology, anatomic position is ultimately the foundation for movement terminology as well.

Anatomic Position


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Presentation Notes

How would you describe anatomic position? The person is standing erect, facing forward, with the arms at the sides, the palms facing forward, and the fingers and the toes extended.

Location Terminology

• Anatomic position can be used as the reference position for location terms that describe the relative locations of body parts, body structures, and points on the body to each other.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What are location terms? Location terminology is composed of directional terms that come in pairs, each member of the pair being the opposite of the other. ●What is an example of location terms? Anterior and posterior; superior and inferior; medial and lateral, proximal and distal

Location Terminology


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Anterior view illustrating the terms of relative location as they pertain to the body.

Anterior/Posterior

• Anterior means farther to the front.

• Posterior means farther to the back.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●These terms can be used for the entire body, axial and appendicular. ●The term ventral is sometimes used for anterior, and the term dorsal is sometimes used for posterior. The true definition of ventral is the soft belly surface of a body part; dorsal refers to the harder surface on the other side of the body part. In the lower extremity, anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal are not synonymous. Speaking of the thigh, the ventral surface is the medial surface; of the leg it is the posterior surface; and of the foot it is the plantar surface.

Ventral/Dorsal

• Ventral is sometimes used for anterior.

• Dorsal is sometimes used for posterior.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

Are ventral and dorsal synonyms for anterior and posterior? Not always The true definition of ventral is the soft belly surface of a body part; dorsal refers to the harder surface on the other side of the body part. For example, are the anterior and ventral surfaces of the leg the same? No. The ventral surface of the leg is posterior.

Medial/Lateral

• Medial means closer to an imaginary midline that divides the body into left and right halves.

• Lateral means farther from this imaginary midline.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Can these terms be used for the entire (axial and appendicular) body? Yes.

Superior/Inferior

• Superior means above (toward the head); inferior means below (away from the head).

• These terms are usually used for the axial body only.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●If superior and inferior are only used on the axial body, what terms are used for the appendicular body? Proximal and distal

Proximal/Distal

• Proximal means closer to the axial body; distal means farther from the axial body.

• These terms are used for the appendicular body only.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Proximal refers to actually having more “proximity” to the axial (core of the) body. ●Distal refers to actually having more “distance” from the axial (core of the) body.

Superficial/Deep

• Superficial means closer to the surface of the body; deep means farther from the surface of the body (i.e., more internal).

• These terms can be used for the entire body, axial and appendicular.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●When employing the terms superficial and deep, it is recommended to always state from which perspective you are viewing the body. Why? A structure can be superficial from one perspective and deep from another.

Radial/Ulnar

• The terms radial and ulnar can be used for the forearm and the hand in place of lateral and medial, respectively.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Why? The radius is the lateral bone of the forearm; the ulna is the medial bone.

Tibial/Fibular

• The terms tibial and fibular can be used for the leg and sometimes the foot in place of medial and lateral, respectively.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Why? The tibia is the medial bone of the leg; the fibula is the lateral bone.

Palmar/Dorsal

• The terms palmar and dorsal can be used for the hand in place of anterior and posterior respectively.


Plantar/Dorsal

• The terms plantar and dorsal can be used for the foot.

• The dorsal surface is the top or dorsum of the foot.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Why is the bottom of the foot termed the “plantar” surface? It is the surface that is planted on the ground.

Cranial/Caudal

• Cranial means toward the head; caudal means toward the ‘tail’ of the body.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Where are these terms used? Axial body only

Combining Terms

• Terms that describe location can be combined together. – Similar to combining terms such as north and west

to create northwest – End of the first word is usually dropped and the

letter o is placed to connect the two words


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●For example, anterior and lateral combine to become anterolateral. Although there is no hard and fast rule, anterior and posterior are usually placed first when combined with other terms.

Lesson 1.2 Objectives

• Describe the planes and how motion of a body part occurs within a plane.

• Describe the axes and state which axis corresponds with each plane.

• Describe movement terminology and define the pairs of movement terms.


Planes

• Planes are flat surfaces that cut through and can be used to map three dimensional space.

• Because space is three-dimensional, there are three major planes, known as cardinal planes.

• The three cardinal planes are the sagittal plane, the frontal plane, and the transverse plane.


Sagittal Plane

• A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions.


Frontal Plane

• A frontal plane divides the body into front and back (anterior and posterior) portions.


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Presentation Notes

What is another name for the frontal plane? The coronal plane

Transverse Plane

• A transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower (superior and inferior or proximal and distal) portions.


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Presentation Notes

What is another name for the transverse plane? The horizontal plane

Oblique Planes

• Any plane that is not perfectly sagittal, frontal, or transverse is described as an oblique plane and has components of two or three cardinal planes.


Planes


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Presentation Notes

●What is the relationship between the three cardinal planes? Each cardinal plane is perpendicular to the other two cardinal planes.

Motion within Planes

• Planes are extremely important. • Motion of a body part through space moves

within a plane. • By defining the planes of space, we can

describe the path of motion of a body part when it moves.



• Note that the sagittal and frontal planes are vertical and the transverse plane is horizontal.

• Motions within the sagittal and frontal planes move vertically up and down.

• Motions within the transverse plane move horizontally.


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Presentation Notes

●Examples? Flexion and abduction of the arm at the glenohumeral joint move up and down within the sagittal and frontal planes, respectively. Rotations occur horizontally within the transverse plane.



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Presentation Notes

●What motions are occurring here? A, Motions of the head and the neck and the forearm within the sagittal plane B, Motions of the head and the neck and the arm within the frontal plane



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Presentation Notes

●What motions are occurring here? C, Motions of the head and the neck and the arm within the transverse plane D, Motions of the head and the neck and the arm within an oblique plane

Axes

• An axis (plural: axes) is an imaginary line around which a body part moves.

• If the body part moves in a straight line, it is described as a nonaxial motion.

• Both axial and nonaxial motions of a body part move within a plane.

• However, an axial motion moves within a plane and moves around an axis.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What shape does an axial motion create? Circular What is the orientation of the axis of movement compared to the plane in which the movement is occurring? The axis of movement is always perpendicular to the plane within which the movement is occurring.

Planes and Their Corresponding Axes

• Each plane has its own corresponding axis.

• Three cardinal axes: – Sagittal plane: oriented side to side. – Frontal plane: oriented front to back. – Transverse plane: oriented up and down.

• Each oblique plane will also have its own corresponding axis that is perpendicular to it. Copyright ©2012 by Mosby, an Imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37

Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Can you provide the name for the axis for each of the cardinal planes? A: Sagittal plane – mediolateral axis B: Frontal plane – anteroposterior axis C: Transverse plane – superoinferior axis, or vertical axis D. Oblique plane – oblique axis (its direction could be more specifically described)

Axial Motion


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Let’s describe the axis for motion in each of the planes shown here. The axes are shown as red tubes. A: Motion occurring in the sagittal plane – mediolateral axis. B: Motion occurring in the frontal plane – anteroposterior axis. C: Motion occurring in the transverse plane – superoinferior axis, or vertical axis. D. Motion occurring in an oblique plane – oblique axis for this oblique plane.

Movement Terminology

• Using anatomic position, we are able to define terms that describe static locations on the body.

• We now need to define terms that describe dynamic movements of the body.

• These movement terms are called joint actions. • Similar to location terms, they come in pairs in

which each member of the pair is the opposite of the other.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●It is extremely important to understand that these joint action terms describe cardinal plane motions. For example, if the arm moves in a straight line that is forward and toward the midline, then it would be described as flexing and adduction, even though it moved in only one direction.

Movement Terminology

• Movement terms do not describe a static location; they describe a direction of motion.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

For more information on movement terms, please go to the Evolve website that accompanies this book or see Kinesiology, The Skeletal System and Muscle Function. Following the definitions are illustrations that demonstrate all the joint actions of the body.

Flexion/Extension

• Flexion is generally an anterior movement of a body part within the sagittal plane; extension is generally a posterior movement within the sagittal plane.

• Exceptions include movements of the leg, the foot, the toes, and the thumb.

• The terms flexion and extension can be used for the entire body, axial and appendicular.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

From the knee joint and further distally, flexion of a body part moves posteriorly (extension is therefore an anterior movement). The thumb moves medially within the frontal plane when it flexes, and laterally within the frontal plane when it extends.

Abduction/Adduction

• Abduction is generally a lateral movement within the frontal plane that is away from the imaginary midline of the body; adduction is a medial movement toward the midline.

• The terms abduction and adduction are used only for the appendicular body.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Are there exceptions? Yes. Exceptions include the toes and the fingers, including the thumb.

Abduction/Adduction of Fingers

• Fingers two through five adduct toward an imaginary line that goes through the center of the middle finger when the middle finger is in anatomical position; they abduct away from this imaginary line.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Can the middle finger adduct? No. The middle finger can only abduct; it can do radial and ulnar abduction.

Abduction/Adduction of the Thumb

• The thumb abducts within the sagittal plane by moving away from the palm of the hand; it adducts within the frontal plane by moving back toward the palm.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

Why does the thumb abduct/adduct in the sagittal plane instead of the frontal plane? Because the thumb rotates approximately 90 degrees embryologically

Abduction/Adduction of Toes

• The toes adduct toward an imaginary line through the center of the second toe when the second toe is in anatomic position; they abduct away from this imaginary line.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

Can toe number two adduct? No. Toe number two can only abduct; it can do tibial and fibular abduction.

Right Lateral Flexion/Left Lateral Flexion

• Right lateral flexion is a side-bending movement toward the right within the frontal plane.

• Left lateral flexion is the opposite.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Where can the term lateral flexion be used? Only for the axial body ●What body parts can laterally flex? Head, neck, and/or trunk

Lateral Rotation/Medial Rotation

• Lateral rotation is a movement within the transverse plane in which the anterior surface of the body part moves to face more laterally (away from the midline).

• Medial rotation moves the anterior surface to face more medially.

• These terms are used only for the appendicular body.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What are synonyms for lateral and medial rotation? Lateral rotation is also known as external rotation; medial rotation is also known as internal rotation.

Right Rotation/Left Rotation

• Right rotation is a movement within the transverse plane in which the anterior surface of the body part moves to face more to the right; left rotation moves the anterior surface to face more to the left.

• These terms are used for the axial body only.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What are the terms ipsilateral rotation and contralateral rotation? They are used to describe muscles that produce right or left rotation. They are not joint action terms. They are ways to describe that a muscle on one side of the body produces rotation to that same (ipsilateral) side, or to the opposite (contralateral) side.

Elevation/Depression

• Elevation is a movement wherein the body part moves superiorly.

• Depression occurs when the body part moves inferiorly.


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Presentation Notes

●Example? Elevation of the scapula or the mandible

Protraction/Retraction

• Protraction is a movement wherein the body part moves anteriorly.

• Retraction is a posterior movement of the body part.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Example? Protraction of the scapula or the mandible

Right Lateral Deviation/Left Lateral Deviation

• Lateral deviation is a linear movement that occurs in the lateral direction.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Example? The mandible can laterally deviate to the right or to the left.

Pronation/Supination

• The terms pronation and supination can be applied to motion of the forearm at the radioulnar joints and motion of the foot at the tarsal joint.


Forearm Pronation/Supination

• Pronation of the forearm results in the posterior surface of the radius facing anteriorly (when in anatomic position); supination is the opposite.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●How can pronation/supination of the forearm and rotations of the arm be confused with each other? Both movements change the orientation of the palm of the hand. ●How can we prevent this confusion? If we first flex the elbow joint to 90 degrees, then forearm pronation will be very different from arm medial rotation.

Foot Pronation/Supination

• Pronation of the foot at the tarsal joint is a triaxial motion that is made up primarily of eversion.

• Supination of the foot is primarily made up of inversion.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Are pronation and eversion synonyms? Are supination and inversion synonyms? No. Eversion is the major component of pronation; inversion is the major component of supination. ●What else is involved with pronation? Pronation also includes dorsiflexion and lateral rotation (abduction) of the foot at the tarsal joint. ●What else is involved with supination? Supination also includes foot plantarflexion and medial rotation (adduction) at the tarsal joint.

Inversion/Eversion

• The foot inverts at the tarsal joint when it turns its plantar surface toward the midline of the body.

• It everts when its plantar surface is turned outward away from the midline.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Within what plane do inversion and eversion occur? The frontal plane

Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion

• The foot dorsiflexes when it moves superiorly (in the direction of its dorsal surface).

• It plantarflexes when it moves inferiorly (in the direction of its plantar surface).


Presenter

Presentation Notes

● What are flexion and extension of the foot? Technically, dorsiflexion is extension and plantarflexion is flexion. Compare the direction of motion of flexion at the knee and toe joints and it will be seen to be the same direction as plantarflexion.

Opposition/Reposition

• The thumb opposes at the saddle (carpometacarpal) joint when its pad meets the pad of another finger.

• It repositions when it returns back toward anatomic position.

• Opposition is a composite of abduction, flexion, and medial rotation of the thumb.

• Reposition is a composite of adduction, extension, and lateral rotation of the thumb.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Can any other finger oppose and reposition? The little finger can at its carpometacarpal joint. ●What is opposition of the little finger? A combination of flexion, adduction, and lateral rotation; little finger reposition is composed of extension, abduction, and medial rotation

Upward Rotation/Downward Rotation

• The scapula upwardly rotates when its glenoid fossa is moved to face more superiorly; downward rotation is the opposite motion.

• The clavicle upwardly rotates when its inferior surface moves to face anteriorly; downward rotation is the opposite motion.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Can we isolate these motions? No. These actions must couple with motions of the arm at the glenohumeral joint.

Lateral Tilt/Medial Tilt

• The scapula laterally tilts when its medial border lifts away from the body wall.

• Medial tilt is the opposite motion - when the medial border moves back toward the body wall.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What common lay term is used to describe someone who has laterally tilted scapulae? Winging

Upward Tilt/Downward Tilt

• The scapula upwardly tilts when its inferior angle lifts away from the body wall.

• Downward tilt is the opposite motion - when the inferior angle moves back toward the body wall.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●When is upward tilt of the scapula valuable to a manual therapist? When working the soft tissues deep to the scapula (from a posterior perspective), it helps to upwardly tilt the client’s scapula.

Horizontal Flexion/Horizontal Extension

• Horizontal flexion is a movement of the arm or thigh in which it begins in a horizontal position (i.e., abducted to 90 degrees) and then moves anteriorly toward the midline of the body.

• Horizontal extension is the movement in the opposite direction.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●Horizontal flexion is also known as horizontal adduction; horizontal extension is also known as horizontal abduction.

Other Terms

• There are two other terms that are often used and should be discussed.

• These terms are hyperextension and circumduction.


Hyperextension

• Hyperextension is often used to describe extension beyond anatomic position.

• Our text does not use hyperextension in this manner.

• Extension beyond anatomic position is called extension, just as flexion and abduction beyond anatomic position are called flexion and abduction.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What does the prefix hyper- mean? The prefix hyper- denotes excessive, therefore the term hyperextension actually refers to a range of extension motion that occurs beyond what is normal or beyond what is healthy.

Circumduction

• Circumduction is not a joint action.

• Circumduction is a sequence of four actions performed one after the other. – For example, if a person moves his arm at the

glenohumeral joint into flexion, then abduction, then extension, and then adduction, and does this by rounding the corners of the four motions, it creates a circular motion pattern that is called circumduction.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●It should also be noted that circumduction does not contain any rotation motion. Any joint that allows motion within two or more planes (biaxial or triaxial joints) can allow circumduction to occur. ●Circumduct your arm and then rotate your arm. Note the difference.

Lesson 1.3 Objective

• State and demonstrate the joint actions possible at each of the major joints of the body.


Upper Extremity • Scapula at scapulocostal joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Elevation and depression of the scapula at the scapulocostal joint

Upper Extremity

• Scapula at scapulocostal joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Protraction and retraction of the scapula at the scapulocostal joint

Upper Extremity • Scapula at scapulocostal joint


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Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Upward rotation of the scapula at the scapulocostal joint

Upper Extremity

• Scapula at scapulocostal joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Upward tilt and lateral tilt of the scapula at the scapulocostal joint

Upper Extremity

• Clavicle at sternoclavicular joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Elevation and depression of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint

Upper Extremity

• Clavicle at sternoclavicular joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Protraction and retraction of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint

Upper Extremity • Clavicle at sternoclavicular joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●The arm is raised because we cannot isolate upward rotation of the clavicle. It accompanies motion of the arm at the glenohumeral joint.

Upper Extremity

• Arm at glenohumeral joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the arm at the glenohumeral joint ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Sagittal ●Around what axis? Mediolateral

Upper Extremity • Arm at glenohumeral joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Abduction and adduction of the arm at the glenohumeral joint ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Frontal ●Around what axis? Anteroposterior

Upper Extremity • Arm at glenohumeral joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Lateral rotation and medial rotation of the arm at the glenohumeral joint ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Transverse ●Around what axis? Vertical (superoinferior)

Upper Extremity

• Reverse action of scapula


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Presentation Notes

●Right lateral deviation of the trunk is occurring here. The scapula (and trunk) is moving toward the arm.

Upper Extremity

• Reverse action of scapula


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Presentation Notes

●Right rotation of the trunk is occurring here. The scapula (and trunk) is moving toward the arm.

Upper Extremity • Reverse action of scapula


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Presentation Notes

●Elevation of the trunk is occurring here. The scapula (and trunk) is moving toward the arm.

Upper Extremity • Forearm at elbow joint


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the forearm at the elbow joint

Upper Extremity

• Forearm at radioulnar joints


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Pronation and supination of the forearm at the radioulnar joints

Upper Extremity

• Hand at wrist joint


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the hand at the wrist joint ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Sagittal ●Around what axis? Mediolateral

Upper Extremity • Hand at wrist joint


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Radial deviation (abduction) and ulnar deviation (adduction) of the hand at the wrist joint ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Frontal ●Around what axis? Anteroposterior

Upper Extremity

• Fingers at metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of fingers two through five at the MCP and IP joints

Upper Extremity

• Fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Abduction and adduction of fingers two through five at the MCP joints

Upper Extremity

• Middle fingers at metacarpophalangeal joint


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Radial abduction and ulnar abduction of the middle finger at the MCP joint

Upper Extremity • Thumb at carpometacarpal joint


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Opposition and reposition of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint ●What is another name for the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb? Saddle joint



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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the thumb at the saddle joint ●Flexion is always accompanied by medial rotation; extension is always accompanied by lateral rotation. ●What plane do flexion and extension of the thumb occur within? Frontal ●Around what axis? Anteroposterior



Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Abduction and adduction of the thumb at the saddle joint ●What plane do abduction and adduction of the thumb occur within? Sagittal ●Around what axis? Mediolateral

Axial Body • Head at atlanto-occipital joint


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the head at the atlanto-occipital joint

Axial Body

• Head at atlanto-occipital joint


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Left lateral flexion and right lateral flexion of the head at the atlanto-occipital joint

Axial Body

• Head at atlanto-occipital joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Left rotation and right rotation of the head at the atlanto-occipital joint

Axial Body

• Neck at cervical spinal joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the neck at the spinal joints ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Sagittal ●Around what axis? Mediolateral

Axial Body



Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Left lateral flexion and right lateral flexion of the neck at the spinal joints ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Frontal ●Around what axis? Anteroposterior

Axial Body



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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Right rotation and left rotation of the neck at the spinal joints ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Transverse ●Around what axis? Vertical

Axial Body • Trunk at thoracolumbar spinal joints


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the trunk at the spinal joints

Axial Body

• Trunk at thoracolumbar spinal joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Right lateral flexion and left lateral flexion of the trunk at the spinal joints

Axial Body • Trunk at thoracolumbar spinal joints


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Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Right rotation and left rotation of the trunk at the spinal joints

Axial Body • Pelvis at lumbosacral joint


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Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Posterior tilt of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint ●Note that the lower trunk flexes at the spinal joints, too. ●What plane is this action occurring within? Sagittal

Axial Body

• Pelvis at lumbosacral joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Anterior tilt of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint ●Note that the lower trunk extends at the spinal joints, too.



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Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Elevation of the right pelvis at the lumbosacral joint ●Note that elevation of the right side causes depression of the left side. ●What plane is this action occurring within? Frontal



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Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Elevation of the left pelvis at the lumbosacral joint ●Note that elevation of the left side causes depression of the right side.



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Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Right rotation of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint ●Note that the lower spine right rotates, too. ●What plane is this action occurring within? Transverse



Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Left rotation of the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint ●Note that the lower spine left rotates, too.

Axial Body

• Mandible at temporomandibular joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Elevation and depression of the mandible at the temporomandibular joints

Axial Body • Mandible at temporomandibular joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Protraction and retraction of the mandible at the temporomandibular joints

Axial Body • Mandible at temporomandibular joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Right lateral deviation and left lateral deviation of the mandible at the temporomandibular joints

Lower Extremity • Thigh at hip joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the thigh at the hip joint ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Sagittal ●Around what axis? Mediolateral

Lower Extremity • Thigh at hip joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Abduction and adduction of the thigh at the hip joint ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Frontal ●Around what axis? Anteroposterior

Lower Extremity

• Thigh at hip joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Lateral rotation and medial rotation of the thigh at the hip joint ●What plane are these motions occurring within? Transverse ●Around what axis? Vertical

Lower Extremity • Pelvis at hip joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Posterior tilt of the pelvis at the hip joint



Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Anterior tilt of the pelvis at the hip joint



Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Depression of the right side of the pelvis at the right hip joint



Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Elevation of the right side of the pelvis at the right hip joint

Lower Extremity • Pelvis at hip joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Right rotation of the pelvis at the hip joints

Lower Extremity • Pelvis at hip joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What action is being done here? Left rotation of the pelvis at the hip joints

Lower Extremity

• Leg at knee joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the leg at the knee joint

Lower Extremity

• Leg at knee joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Lateral rotation and medial rotation of the leg at the knee joint

Lower Extremity • Foot at ankle joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle joint

Lower Extremity • Foot at tarsal joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Pronation and supination of the foot at the tarsal joint

Lower Extremity • Foot at tarsal joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Eversion/inversion, dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, and lateral rotation/medial rotation of the foot. These are the components of pronation and supination.

Lower Extremity

• Toes at metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Flexion and extension of the toes at the MTP and IP joints

Lower Extremity

• Toes at metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Abduction and adduction of the toes at the MTP joints

Lower Extremity

• Second toes at metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint


Presenter

Presentation Notes

●What actions are being done here? Fibular abduction and tibial abduction of the second toe at the MTP joint

Documents

The Muscular System Manual: The Skeletal Muscles of · PDF fileKinesiology Terminology • The language of kinesiology helps us discuss muscle function. • Specific kinesiology terms