THE MOTIVATION IN COMMITING REVENGE AS REVEALED IN DANTES’ THREE CHARACTERS SEEN IN ALEXANDER DUMAS’ THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

KRISTOFORUS HANDRIANUS SANAM

Student Number: 064214014

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2011

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THE MOTIVATION IN COMMITING REVENGE AS REVEALED IN DANTES’ THREE CHARACTERS SEEN IN ALEXANDER DUMAS’ THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

KRISTOFORUS HANDRIANUS SANAM

Student Number: 064214014

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2011

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“I slept and dreamed that life was joy” Rabindranath Tagore

“Be patient with everyone, but above all with yourself. Do not be disturbed because of your imperfections, and always rise up bravely from a fall. Daily make a new

beginning; there is no better means of progress in the spiritual life than to be continually beginning afresh, and

never to think that we have done enough”

St. Francis de Sales

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Dedicated to my beloved parents, my three charming

sisters, my two adopted sisters and my cute niece,..

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Kristoforus Handrianus Sanam

Nomor Mahasiswa : 064214014

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharna karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

THE MOTIVATION IN COMMITING REVENGE AS REVEALED IN DANTES’ THREE CHARACTERS SEEN IN ALEXANDER DUMAS’ THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain, untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 1 Mei 2011

Yang Menyatakan

Kristoforus Handrianus Sanam

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to my God, Jesus Christ who has

given me the strength, courage and patience during this thesis writing. I realize

that His eternal blessing is a miracle in my life.

My deepest gratitude goes to my whole family, both my mother side

and my father side, usi-son, nao-feto, ole-tata. Especially I thank my beloved

parents, my three lovely sisters, my two adopted sisters and my little niece. They

have supported me with prayer and attention days and nights.

I give my thanks from the bottom of my heart to Drs. Hirmawan

Wijanarka, M.Hum., my advisor who has guided me patiently. His advice and

suggestions are truly helpful in finishing this thesis writing. My thanks also goes

to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., my co-advisor, who has given a good advice.

I give my thanks to all of the lecturers and staff of the Department of English

Letters. They have taught me many things.

I express my thanks to my brothers and sisters who study in Jogja,

John Manhitu, Djuniuk Laka, Esri Laka, Fin, Rilus, Chiko, Mia, Sari. I give my

thanks to all of my friends, everywhere they are, my friends of English Letter ’06,

my friends of After 20 football team, my friends who work as teachers in BEC, all

GANDROENGERS (Gandroeng Choir), my KKN mates and PML mates. Thank

you for the nice time we shared together. I could not mention their names but I

owe them gratitude. Their presence is a gift from which I learnt many things about

friendship and togetherness.

Kristoforus Handrianus Sanam 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ............................................................................ iii MOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................ iv DEDICATION PAGE .............................................................................. v PUBLICATION PAGE ........................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. x ABSTRAK .................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1

A. Background of the Study ............................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation .................................................................. 5 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................... 6 D. Definition of Terms ..................................................................... 6

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................ 8

A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................... 8 B. Review of Related Theories ......................................................... 12

1. Theory of Character and Characterization ............................ 12 2. Theory of Motivation ............................................................ 16 3. Review of Revenge and Punishment .................................... 18 4. Theory of Justice ................................................................... 20

C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................ 22

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 23

A. Object of the Study ...................................................................... 23 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................. 24 C. Method of the Study ...................................................................... 25

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 27

A. The Characterization of Edmond Dantes ..................................... 27 1. The Characterization of Edmond Dantes before the

Accusation ............................................................................ 27 2. The Characterization of Edmond Dantes after the

Accusation ............................................................................ 35 B. The Characterization of Dantes’ Three Disguising Characters ... 41

1. Abbe Busoni ......................................................................... 43 2. Lord Wilmore ....................................................................... 45

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3. The Count of Monte Cristo ................................................... 46 C. Dantes’ Motivation in Committing Revenge Revealed in His

Three Disguising Characters ........................................................ 49 1. Abbe Busoni ......................................................................... 50 2. Lord Wilmore ....................................................................... 53 3. The Count of Monte Cristo ................................................... 54

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ................................................................ 64

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................... 68

APPENDIX ............................................................................................... 71 The Summary of Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo ............. 71

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ABSTRACT

KRISTOFORUS HANDRIANUS SANAM (2011). The Motivation in Committing Revenge as Revealed in Dantes’ Three Characters Seen in Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. This thesis discusses the novel The Count of Monte Cristo. The focus of discussion is on the motivation of Edmond Dantes as the main character in committing revenge. His motivation is revealed through his three disguising characters. Dantes’ disguising characters are Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count of Monte Cristo. In order to focus on the study, there are three objectives of the study to discuss. Firstly, the writer describes the characterization of Edmond Dantes before and after the accusation. Secondly, the discussion deals with the characterization of Dantes’s three disguising characters. Lastly, the study reveals the motivation of Edmond Dantes and his three disguising characters in committing revenge. His character changes, both physiques and behaviors during his disguise, help him to plot the series of revenge. This study is conducted using library research method. It means that the sources are taken from books, journals and written sources from the internet. These sources are aimed to provide basic study on the novel and the author. They also provide theories for this research. Psychological approach is used to support this study because Edmond Dantes’ behavior changes relates to psychological matter. There are three main conclusions based on the analysis. Firstly, before the accusation, Dantes is described as a young man with an ideal and perfect posture. He is also described as a good man with good manner. He respects everyone and hates no one. After the accusation, Dantes’ behavior slowly changes. In the prison, he easily gets angry. He loses hope, self-confidence and even wants to commit suicide. Dantes’ behavior changes continue when he escaped from the prison. He is full of revenge and thinks nothing except to punish his enemies. Dantes disguises in three different characters namely Abbe Busoni, as a Priest, Lord Wilmore, as the English noble man, and The Count, as an Italian nobleman. Abbe Busoni and Lord Wilmore are aimed to find and gather information about the enemies. These characters also reveal justice, the truth of his case. The Count is the character who executes them. He does not kill them directly, but he made them suffer deeply. So, the motivations of his disguising are to find Justice and to punish his enemies. He wants them to feel the same pain of loses and live in misery as he did.

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ABSTRAK

KRISTOFORUS HANDRIANUS SANAM (2011). The Motivation in Committing Revenge as Revealed in Dantes’ Three Characters Seen in Alexander Dumas’s The Count of Monte Cristo. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Skripsi ini membahas novel, The Count of Monte Cristo. Pokok pembahasan adalah motivasi Edmond Dantes sebagai tokoh utama dalam melakukan balas dendam. Motivasinya tersingkap lewat tiga tokoh penyamarannya. Tokoh-tokoh tersebut adalah Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore dan The Count of Monte Cristo. Agar tetap fokus pada pembahasan, ada tiga rumusan masalah yang akan dikaji. Pertama, penulis secara khusus menggambarkan penokohan Edmond Dantes sebelum dan sesudah tuduhan. Kedua, pembahasan berkaitan dengan penokohan tiga tokoh penyamaran Dantes. Terakhir pembahasan menyingkap motivasi Dantes dan tiga tokoh penyamarannya dalam melakukan balas dendam. Perubahan karakternya baik fisik maupun perilaku selama penyamarannya membantu dia dalam melakukan balas dendam. Studi ini dibahas dengan menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Maksudnya bahwa sumber-sumber diambil dari buku, journal dan berbagai sumber tertulis dari internet. Sumber-sumber ini dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan kajian pokok tentang novel dan penulisnya. Sumber-sumber ini juga manyajikan teori-teori untuk studi ini. Pendekatan psikologi digunakan untuk mendukung studi ini karena perubahan perilaku Edmond Dantes berkaitan dengan masalah psikologi. Ada tiga kesimpulan utama berdasarkan hasil analisis. Pertama, sebelum tuduhan, Dantes digambarkan sebagai anak muda dengan postur yang ideal dan sempurna. Dia juga digambarkan sebagai orang baik yang memiliki sikap yang baik. Dia menghargai siapa saja dan tidak membenci orang lain. Setelah tuduhan, perilaku Dantes berubah perlahan-lahan. Di penjara, dia mudah marah. Dantes hilang harapan dan rasa percaya diri bahkan dia berniat untuk bunuh diri. Perubahan perilakunya berlanjut ketika dia melarikan diri dari penjara. Dantes dipenuhi oleh rasa balas dendam. Dia tidak memikirkan yang lain kecuali ingin menghukum musuh-musuhnya. Dantes menyamar menjadi tiga tokoh yakni Abbe Busoni sebagai Imam, Lord Wilmore sebagai bangsawan Inggris dan The Count of Monte Cristo sebagai bangsawan Italia. Abbe Busoni dan Lord Wilmore dimaksudkan untuk mencari dan mengumpulkan informasi tentang musuh-musuhnya. Tokoh-tokoh ini juga menyingkap keadilan, yakni kebenaran tentang masalahnya. The Count adalah orang yang menghukum mereka. Dia tidak membunuh mereka secara langsung tetapi dia membuat mereka sangat menderita. Jadi motivasi penyamarannya untuk mencari keadilan dan menghukum musuhnya. Dantes ingin agar mereka merasakan sakitnya kehilangan dan hidup dalam penderitaan, sama seperti yang dia rasakan.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

A statement about literature comes from Wellek and Warren in their

book Theory of Literature (1985: 10). They state, “Literature is not philosophical

knowledge translated into imagery and verse, but literature expresses a general

attitude toward life.” Furthermore, they say, “Literature represent life and life is a

large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner of

subjective word of individual have also been object of literary imitation” (1985:

56).

Wellek and Warren underline human’s life as an important topic which is

usually presented in novels or other works of literature. It means that human’s life

and attitude always become good topics to be discussed deeply. Novels or other

kinds of literature always arouse reader’s imagination to make interpretations and

critics toward these aspects. Human’s life can cover the past life, present or

imagination about the future. Human’s attitude can refer to characteristics shown

in the work of literature.

Hudson says in his book An Introduction to the Study of Literature “A

great book is born of the brain and heart of its author; he has put himself into its

pages; they partake of his life and are instinct with his individuality” (1958: 15).

Hudson states a simple understanding that the work of literature is born from a

deep reflection of the author. The author involves himself into human life’s

experiences and brings it out with massages and values included in that story.

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From this simple understanding, it is certain that the works of literature

come from the reflection of human’s life experiences. Therefore, the works of

literature, such as novel, drama and poetry are different from many other writings

either in the forms or in the contents. ‘Other writings’ refers to nonfiction books

(philosophies, sciences, and culture), opinions, journals or criticisms of the works

of literature. Besides, the works of literature are also different one another. Novels

are distinct from poems and drama in forms and contents and vice versa.

Nevertheless, they have the same characteristic as works of literature which can

raise readers’ imagination.

The Count of Monte Cristo is a novel that shares many aspects related to

human’s life. It comes from a deep reflection of a French writer, Alexander

Dumas. He had partaken himself into human’s experiences and tried to reflect it in

a form of story. Undoubtedly, he shares many aspects which can arouse readers’

imagination.

Actually, this novel was first written as a series story and published in a

French magazine named Journal des débats. This series story later was extracted

into the form of novel. “The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) first serialized in the

weekly Journal des débats was also a huge literary and financial success for

Dumas Père” (http://www.online-literature.com/dumas/cristo/html). This

quotation also shows how this story received good impression in that era. Not

only did the book success but also Alex Dumas as the writer gained much

impression because of this novels. He successfully gained enough financial

income.

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Dumas’ The count of Monte Cristo is an influential adventure story, and

this story is of course different from his other adventure stories such as The Three

Musketeers and The man in the Iron Mask. In this novel, the author presents the

action of Edmond Dantes as the main character who develops with three

disguising characters. Those characters are Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The

Count of Monte Cristo. Each character is characterized differently although they

are the same man, Edmond Dantes. There are some similarities in characteristics,

but basically, there are also some differences especially in physical appearance

and motive of revenge.

These three disguising characters are of course presented on purpose.

Edmond Dantes uses these characters to achieve his main motivation. Gerring and

Zimbardo in their book Psychology and Life state a simple understanding of

motivation. “Motivation is the process of starting, directing and maintaining

physical and psychological activities toward a certain goal” (2002: 364).

Gerring and Zimbardo underline that motivation is the basic, which

becomes the reason to do something. They mean that to reach a certain purpose,

people usually have motivation, which urges them to star and act both physically

and psychologically. Undoubtedly, Edmond Dantes’ motivation using these three

characters is to commit ‘revenge’.

In The Count of Monte Cristo, revenge is a prominent topic which arouses

readers’ mind. In this story, it seems that the author brings out revenge as an

important matter revealed in the main character’s action. “The word "vengeance"

is nice compared to which Edmond Dantes reigns on his enemies. With the help

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of his former prison mate and a few pirates, Dantes uses his newfound fortune to

eradicate his enemies” (http://www.online-literature.com/dumas/cristo/html).

Dantes’ revenge is quite strong. He thinks nothing except to make his

enemies, the people who had caused his misery, feel the same pain. To achieve

this aim, he disguises in three different characters which help him to achieve his

revenge. He starts from seeking the information, maintaining the process until

executes his enemies.

Edmond Dantes’ disguising is the process to maintain his revenge.

Throughout these characters, he seeks and gathers information about his enemies

as much as possible and finally he achieves his motivation of revenge. His

motivation of revenge is stated in the following quotation.

“To seek justice for the three men who so selfishly stole 14 years of his life, Edmund Dantes uses deception to emotionally and financially destroy his foes. The Count of Monte Cristo operates very much like the Russian mafia; if a wrongful act is committed, the wrong-doer's entire family and fortune is extinguished before his or her very eyes” (http://www.online-literature.com/dumas/cristo/html).

His motivation is ‘to find justice and declare punishment on his enemies’.

Justice he achieves is the truth of his guiltless. He proofs that he is not guilty as

accused. He makes his enemies confess their faults and confess that Dantes is not

guilty. During his disguising, Dantes also implicitly restores his good name as a

good man with good manner. He does not only disguise to punish his enemies, but

he also makes some kindness such as help Monsieur Morrel, his former boss,

from bankruptcy and Bertuccio from his imprisonment.

Another motivation of his revenge is to punish his enemies. He makes his

enemies feel and live in misery as they did to him. Dantes commits punishment as

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the right justice as well. He thinks that justice is only done when he can revenge

his enemies who had trapped him with the false accusation. Even he said, “Human

justice is sadly lacking in consolation; it can only shed blood in exchange for

blood” (Dumas, 1997: 115). This quotation shows how Dantes’ vengeance is quite

strong. He commits his own justice, which means blood changes to blood. When

people do something wrong which causes much misery, then they must pay back

what they have done.

Since Edmond Dantes plots revenge using three different characters, in

which each of them has their own motive, it is close to the topic of this research

‘The Motivation In Committing Revenge as Revealed in Dantes’ Three Characters

Seen in Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo.’ Throughout this research,

the writer will find out what motivation and jobs revealed by Dantes’ three

disguising characters. The writer will provide many proofs about motivation

behind his revenge.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to focus on the topic, thus the writer provides some problems to

discuss deeply. The problems are stated in questions that will lead the writer

directly to the main analysis. The problems are namely:

1. How is Dantes characterized in the story?

2. How are Dantes’ three disguising characters described in the story?

3. How do Dantes’ three disguising characters reveal his motivation in

committing revenge?

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C. Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is obviously to answer the formulated problems.

The first problem guides the writer to find out Edmond Dantes’ characterization.

The writer will provide evidences as well how he is described in the novel The

Count of Monte Cristo.

The second problem formulation will cover Dantes’ three disguising

characters. The writer will focus specifically to the characterization of these three

characters. The third problem deals with the topic discussed in this research. In

this part, the writer will provide the proofs and answers of the third problem

formulation. The writer will find out the motivation of these characters, why the

main character uses them differently. Besides, the writer also will give proof on

how Dantes’ three characters reveal his motivation in committing revenge.

D. Definition of Terms

Since this research explicitly explores the stated problems, thus the writer

will explain some terms related to the topic. It is purposed to avoid

misunderstandings and misinterpretations. In order to make them clear and

comprehensible, the related terms will be explained based on sources. Those terms

are Motivation, Revenge and Character.

1. Motivation

Gerring and Zimbardo in their book Psychology and Life describe,

“Motivation is the process of starting, directing and maintaining physical

and psychological activities toward a certain goal” (2002: 364).

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2. Revenge

Linda Ross Meyer in her review on Ayyildis and Hine’s book states,

“Revenge is a necessary part of maintaining norms, and the

reinterpretation of criminal wrongs as wrongs to the victim”

(http://www.citeulike.org/user/puslit/article/4853048).

3. Character

M. H. Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms states, “characters

are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are

interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and

emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue and by

what they do-the action” (1993: 23).

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

In this chapter, the writer will deal with the three important parts. They

are review of related studies, review of related theories and theoretical framework.

Firstly, review of related studies will discuss the previous analysis on the same

book, Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo, but on the different topic.

This part also will cover the discussion on the same topic with this research,

including review on Alexander Dumas as the author of The Count of Monte

Cristo. Secondly, review of related theories discuses some related theories used in

this research. Thirdly, theoretical framework explains how the theories in this

research support the analysis in Chapter IV.

A. Review of Related Studies

A work of literature is said to have quality when it gets more criticisms.

It means that a criticism whether it is an agreement or disagreement can help both

the authors and readers to understand more about a work of literature. Criticism

can be a good discussion or information, which explicitly reveals the main ideas

of the author, so that readers with no confusion can easily obtain and understand

that work of literature.

There are some criticisms directed to Alexander Dumas and his novel

The Count of Monte Cristo as a work of literature.

Alexander Dumas will be remembered not only for The Count of Monte Cristo, but also for his other major novels, The Three Musketeers and

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The Man in the Iron Mask. Although on the surface, much of Dumas's writing is simple adventure; most of Dumas's works have deeper meanings. These meanings include man's relationship to God and one another, man's sinful nature and greed, and man's ability to forgive and be forgiven. Dumas will go down in history as the most famous French novelist of his era and perhaps of all time (http://www.novelguide.com/thecountofmontecristo/biography.html).

Dumas’ novels are commonly well known as the works of adventure

such as The Three Musketeers and The Man in the Iron Mask. These novels

describe about French Revolution at that time. He also talks about the way people

earn a living, which people compete to gain power and wealth even in the impolite

ways. He shares about people’s relationship in society at that time, the

relationship between people and government. He shares about the vertical

relationship as well between God and human being.

Another comment on Dumas comes from Kuiper. Alexander Dumas is “One of the most prolific and the most popular French authors of the 19th century. Without ever attaining indisputable literary merit, Dumas succeeded in gaining a great reputation first as a dramatist and then as a historical novelist. He was the father of dramatist and novelist” (Kuiper, 1995: 354-355).

Kuiper expresses his admiration for Dumas as a most influential French

author at 19th century. Firstly, Kuiper admits that Dumas produced good works of

literature, which must be appreciated. Secondly, he agrees to name Dumas as a

dramatist and novelist, who always related his works with history of French

Revolution. Dumas explicitly described human being in their social life, which

were always influenced by their natural greediness of financial needs and power.

H.W Fowler and F.G Fowler in the book “The Concise Oxford

Companion to Theatre” states his agreement with Kuiper by saying that

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“Alexander Dumas as prolific writer of Greek parentage, now mainly remembered

for his novels, but whose dramas played an important past in French Romantic

movement” (1972:151).

Fowler and Fowler, with no doubt, equalize Dumas with writers of Greek

parentage. Undoubtedly, many Greek scientists were well known around the

world with their ideas and inventions of sciences and many branches of

philosophical studies. Therefore, Dumas was regarded with the same title as one

of the influential writers who will be remembered around the world.

Dumas' books were also an influence on countless authors around the world, including Mark Twain, who emulated Dumas' brand of fiction in The Prince and the Pauper and japed at it in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. More than 130 years after the author's death, phrases such as "One for all and all for one" are still almost universally understood and recognized from his stories of the Musketeers (http://www.answers.com/topic/alexandre-dumas).

Alex Dumas is so well known around the world. Nowadays, people are

surely familiar with his influential phrases ‘One for all and all for one’. He also

gained much impression from other famous writers such as Mark twain. Dumas’

adventure novels inspired Mark Twain’s novels such as The Prince and the

Pauper and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. These two books of course have

the same characteristic with Dumas’ book, which share about ‘adventure’.

Some criticisms are also directed to Alex Dumas’ The Count of Monte

Cristo. One criticism comes from Marc Auge which quoted by Simona Mitroiu.

One example is given by Marc Augé who analyses in this context the book The Count of Monte-Cristo by Alexander Dumas. This is considered to be the book of the impossible oblivion, of the desire of revenge. The main character of the book is a symbol of the incapacity to renew the bonds with the past. The return implies at list two participants, but Mercédès (the feminine character) is not really gone and Edmond

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(the count of Monte-Cristo) will never return (http://international-journal-of-axiology.net/articole/nr9/art9).

Mitroiu shows the idea of Marc Auge that The Count of Monte Cristo is

an unforgettable memory, which will be remembered by the main character to

revenge his enemies. Therefore, the comeback of the character is considered as a

renewal of the past memory.

Another analysis comes from Surono in his undergraduate thesis entitle

‘Moral Lesson Reflected in Edmond Dantes’ Character Development In

Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo’. Surono explores the moral values

seen in The Count of Monte Cristo. Throughout the character development of the

main character, Edmond Dantes, Surono finally finds out that revenge is not

always valued as a good reason in solving problems especially based on the

Christian morality or Christian values. Therefore, at the end of his revenge,

Edmond Dantes feels regret about what he had done toward his enemies (2003:

50).

The criticisms and analysis above of course discuss the same writer,

Alexander Dumas and his novel The Count of Monte Cristo, but those criticisms

are of course different with this research. This research will focus on the finding

of the motivation of the main character’s action to plot revenge. The writer will

also find out why Edmond Dantes commits revenge which he regards as justice.

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B. Review of Related Theories

There are some related theories, which will be reviewed in this part.

These theories are aimed to give much understanding about the topic formulated

in the problem formulation.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Character and characterization are two sides that cannot be separated.

Both of them have the relation which character refers to the role of a person in

the story, while characterization refers to the description of the characters in the

story.

a. Character

M.H. Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms states,

“characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are

interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and

emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue and by what

they do-the action” (1993: 23).

Abrams states clearly that characters in a work of literature such as

dramas or novels are usually persons who are presented by the author with certain

moral values, dispositions and emotions. These qualities are of course expressed

throughout their dialogue and action in the story.

Holman in his book A Handbook to Literature gives the same comment

about character. He says,

Character is a brief descriptive sketch of personage who typifies some definite quality. A person is described not as an individualized personality but as an example of some vice or virtue or type, such as a

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busybody, a glutton, a fop, bumpkin, a garrulous old man, a happy milkmaid, etc (1986: 81).

Holman strengthens Abrams idea that character is a person who always

has some definite qualities. Those qualities can be categorized into bad or good

characters.

Another definition comes from Rohrberger and Woods in their book

Reading and Writing about Literature. “A narrative, of course, is a story, and

stories involve person, called character.” Therefore, they add, “characters must

be credible, that is, readers must accept them as believable people” (1971: 20).

Rohrberger and Woods still give the same opinion about the existence of

character in a story. They underline that characters are more or less can evoke

readers as if they are real in the real life. More, they say, “characters have

particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other

characters” (1971: 20). They mean that characters must be different one another,

either in behaviors or in physical appearances in which readers can easily

recognize them.

It is therefore literally impossible for any dramatically imagined character to lack all determinants of human status and identity. He or she must have those minimal features – notably embodiment and gender – without which, as Parmenides might have said, a person cannot be conceived or spoken of (Blondell, 2003: 54).

Blondell expresses the same opinion about the nature of character, which

he or she must have a minimal feature, physic or another attitude that can be

identified by readers. Without these features, characters cannot be imagined by

readers.

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b. Characterization

Characterization is the way an author creates or describes characters in

detail, about what they do and what they talk. Rohrberger and Woods states “The

process by which an author creates a character is called characterization” (1971:

20). Holman in A Handbook to Literature conveys a statement. “In fiction, the

author reveals the characters of imaginary persons. The creation of these

imaginary person so that they exist for the reader as lifelike is called

characterization” (1986: 81).

Since the characterization describes about what they do and what they

tell, Abrams elaborates two methods about characterization. The two methods are

showing and telling.

In showing (the dramatic method), the author presents the characters talking and acting and leaves the reader to infer what motives and dispositions lie behind what they say and do. In telling, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe and often to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters (Abrams, 1993: 24).

Abrams means that in showing or dramatic method, the author shows the

characters’ physical action including their conversation. In this method, the

readers participate actively to find motives and dispositions of the characters in

what they do and what they speak. While in telling, the author describes the

characters directly and clearly. The readers need not to participate to find what

behind the characters’ action and their physical appearances because the author

has described them specifically.

Specifically, Murphy (1972: 161 -173) conveys nine methods in which

the readers can understand a character. Those methods are:

15  

 

a. Personal Description

The author describes the appearance of a character in details such as the

face, the skin color, the hair, etc.

b. Character as seen by others

The author describes the character of the person through the other’s eyes

and opinion. There the opinion may come from people around the person

about his personality which can also determine his characteristics.

c. Speech

The author gives the readers some clue about the character through what

the character says.

d. Past Life

In certain events of the character’s past life, the readers will know the

characteristic of him/her. Here we learn that a character’s past experiences,

particularly those which are really meaningful can cause several effects to

the person’s future life even may change his character.

e. Conversation of others

Through the conversations done by other people, the readers will know

what they say about the character.

f. Reactions

The readers will know what kind of person the character is by seeing how

he/she reacts to various situations in the story. The readers here can

conclude if a person is temperamental or patient and etc.

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g. Direct Comment

The author gives direct comment to the character. However, the author

will not give lots of direct comment otherwise the novel will be

uninteresting to deeply read.

h. Thoughts

The author directly gives what a person is thinking about. By knowing

what in the character’s mind, the readers will know his characteristic.

i. Mannerism

The author creates the character’s behaviors where each and every one of

the behaviors will show the characteristic of the character. A person’s

habits of idiosyncrasies may also tell us something about someone’s

characteristic.

Murphy (1972:161) also adds that characterization is the presentation of

the characters’ personalities including their attitudes, appearance, motives, and

actions, which are created to be life like.

2. Theory of Motivation

Shamir states a theory of motivation as quoted by Perry “Motivation can

be self-expressive. Behavior is not goal directed or purposive, but rather is

expressive of feelings and self-concept” (Perry, 2000: 6). Shamir underlines

motivation as a part of human’s behavior to express feeling toward a certain

experience in society. In order to strengthen this theory, Perry quotes another

theory from Knoke and Wright-Isack (1982) “Motivation is the process effective

bonding which refers to behavior that is grounded in emotional responses to social

17  

 

context” (Perry, 2000: 6). These two authors support Shamir’s theory, which

emphasizes motivation as behavior to express feeling or emotional responds

toward a certain situation.

Adair defines another theory of motivation in his book Leadership and

Motivation, “A man, woman or child is motivated when he or she wants to do

something. Motivation covers all the reasons which cause a person to act,

including negative ones like fear along with the more positive motives, such as

money, promotion or recognition” (2006: 89). Adair points out that motivation is

the basic reason of people to do something or act negatively or positively.

Schutz et al. equalize motivation with goal concept in Urdan and

Karabenick’s book. They say, “Our assumption is that human activities (e.g.

behaviors, thoughts, etc.) are intentional and directed toward something. For us,

that ‘something’ is the goals, values and beliefs that people attempt to attain and

maintain” (Urdan and Karabenick, 2010: 44). Schuts et al. mean that motivation is

expressed through certain behaviors and thoughts, which are directed toward the

goals. Motivation also can be directed toward certain values and beliefs.

Karen Huffman et al. note an important notion that motivation refers to

some factors within an individual (such as needs, desires and interests) that

activate, maintain and direct behavior toward a goal. Furthermore, they state that

motivation is closely related to emotion which is valued as effective responses

that result from psychological arousal, thoughts and beliefs, subjective evaluation

and bodily expression. Motivation energizes and directs behavior, emotion is the

feeling response (2000: 392).

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3. Review of Revenge and Punishment

The word revenge can be interpreted into various meanings based on the

context. In football context the word revenge can be interpret as to win back the

match.

This example is of course different from the context in this research. The

word revenge in this context refers to vengeance, which means ‘paying back’

miseries that someone has made to the victim. Linda Ross Meyer in her review

on Ayyildis and Hine’s book states, “Revenge is a necessary part of maintaining

norms, and the reinterpretation of criminal wrongs as wrongs to the victim”

(http://www.citeulike.org/user/puslit/article/4853048). In the following quotation,

Meyer stresses revenge as a part of norm that should be constructed in order to

sentence the wrong person as the wrong one who has made a misery toward the

victim.

Solomon notes his perspective that “revenge plays on three metaphors:

debt, balance, and pollution. The debt metaphor requires a “paying back” of like

for like, the balance metaphor a “felt need to put the world back into balance,” and

the pollution metaphor a “cleansing” (Solomon, 1999: 141).

Solomon underlines the three things that can be understood from

revenge. Those are debt, balance and pollution. Debt refers to paying back

something that someone has made. Balance refers to normalizing the situation that

has been harmed by someone. Pollution can refer to cleansing. Someone who

always inhibits another person to do something is considered as pollution, which

must be cleaned up.

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Solomon states another idea. He emphasizes vengeance as “a socially

constructed emotion that can be cultivated to contain not only its own limits but a

full appreciation of the general good and the law as well” (Salomon, 1999: 144).

Solomon gives a positive perception on revenge as well. He means that revenge is

a part of emotion constructed normally in the social life, therefore it can be

cultivated well to give the good result and law protection for the victim.

However, the word revenge commonly hints a negative perception

referring to punishment. In this research, revenge can be understood as a kind of

punishment from the main character’s action. But since the main character’s

action is the result of emotional arousal, therefore, his action can be just as the

right solution to end his troubles.

The retributivism theory notes an interesting point of view on

punishment. “Retributivism generally holds that the reason to punish is desert-

wrongdoing merits punishment, and punishing a wrongdoer is good, irrespective

of any consequences of punishing that wrongdoer” (Barnes, 1999: 9).

Smith defines punishment as same as reward. Reward is recompensing or

repaying, returning good for good received. Punishment is also recompensing or

repaying, though in a different manner; it is returning evil for evil that has been

done. Furthermore, he says what most immediately and directly prompts us to

punish someone is resentment (2010: 36).

This statement stresses resentment as the basic influence to arouse the

punishment. Resentment forces someone not only to be punished in formal

judgment but also to be punished by the victim himself or herself, because of the

20  

 

particular injuries that he or she did to the victim. It means that if a person causes

a misery and makes us to hate or dislike him, resentment leads us to take a

malicious pleasure or rejoice on his or her misfortune and distress. Smith adds that

if the resentment does not lead someone to the more tragic punishment such as

killing, more or less he or she will be adequately justice to be the instrument of

unintentional distress (Smith, 2010: 37).

Smith notes clearly that someone who had made miseries for someone

else should be punished with the same thing he or she did for the victim.

Therefore, this kind of punishment is considered as the good solution. And for

Dantes, this kind of punishment is absolutely considered as the right fairness.

“Punishment is a necessary evil, but we should inflict and support it with

regret and without any sense of having embarked on a righteous moral crusade”

(Murphy, 1987: 518). Murphy states another positive argument. He suggests that

punishment is a necessary in human being life, but it should not be always valued

as the right moral action. And therefore, people should feel regret after

committing the punishment.

4. Theory of Justice

There are many concepts of justice. David Schmidtz in his review of

John Rawls theory says, “It seems natural to think of the concept of justice as

distinct from the various conceptions of justice and as being specified by the role

which these different sets of principles, these different conceptions, have in

common” (2006: 8).

21  

 

This quotation means that justice can be understood from different

concept or different context. John Rawls in his book A Theory of Justice (1971: 7)

firstly states,

Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgments, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust.

Rawls explains that justice has wide concept in social life not only in

law, institution and social system, but also in other aspects such as in decision-

making, judgment, including personal behavior. Therefore, justice must be

understood according to the context or the background where justice is

constructed. Justice in law is certainly different from either justice in institutions,

such as politic and economic, or justice in social system or justice in the personal

behavior.

Since justice has different context, Schmidtz emphasizes, “To argue

about justice is to argue about what people are due” (2006: 8). Schmidtz explicitly

argues that when people talk about justice, people talk about the reason why

people commit ‘something’ which is valued as justice. The reason is of course to

find the truth.

Another notion of justice comes from Linda Ross Meyer, “Justice is the

search for a perfectly rational, perfectly fair, perfectly meaningful universe”

(http://www.citeulike.org/user/puslit/article/4853048). Meyer also has another

understanding of justice. She states justice as the searching of something that can

22  

 

be explained rationally, the searching of fairness and the searching of the meaning

of life in the universe.

C. Theoretical Framework Undoubtedly, reviews of theories above are the basic understanding of

this research. Theories of character and characterization are needed because in the

first and the second part, the writer deals with the description of the main

character, Edmond Dantes and his three disguising characters in the novel The

Count of Monte Cristo. These theories will help the writer to understand the

concept of character and characterization in the novel.

The other theories such as theories of motivation and review of revenge

are aimed to answer the third problem formulation. Since the writer deals with the

main character’s motivation in committing revenge, these theories are needed to

provide the basic understanding of these concepts. Theories of justice and

punishment are aimed to give strong understanding of the Dantes’ motivation in

committing revenge. His motivation is to find justice and punish his enemies

therefore these theories are needed.

23

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is absolutely the novel The Count of Monte

Cristo written by Alexander Dumas - a French author. This novel was firstly

written on 1844 and published in 1846. This novel was actually published as

series story in French weekly journal named Journal des débats. Therefore, the

original of this novel was written in French language. Around 1847, this novel

was translated into English. It gained much impression because of its amazing

story.

The novel used in this research is the new English edition published by

Wordsworth Ltd in 1997. This novel contains 440 pages and consists of 73

chapters.

The Count of Monte Cristo is a story of an innocent young man named

Edmond Dantes who trapped into false accusation. As the result, he was sent into

jail and got imprison for about 14 years. Edmond Dantes, the main character, was

actually a fine and kind man. He got success as a captain of Pharaon ship. He also

married a beautiful girl named Mercedes.

Throughout these successes, Edmond Dantes became an important man,

but this fame did not stay long. This fame brought him into trouble. Some people,

which Dantes called them as friends, are burnt with jealousy. Then these people

made a fake letter containing false accusation, which brought him into jail.

24  

 

During his imprisonment, Dantes changed significantly. He was a bit

going mad and trying to suicide. Fortunately, he did not. He was burnt with anger

and hatred. When he escaped from the jail, he plotted revenge toward his enemies,

the people who have trapped him with the fake letter. Without mercy, he made

these people to feel the same pain he did. He wanted these people to pay back the

misery they have done to him. Although, he did not kill them by his own hand,

but his action made these people lived in misery and some committed suicide.

Dantes assumed that his action was the way of justice.

B. Approach of the Study

This research will deal with psychological approach. This approach is

more suitable applied in this research because the writer will analyze the

motivation of the main character, Edmond Dantes, using three disguising

characters in plotting revenge. Actually, his main motivation is to revenge, but his

three characters give clue as well about his motivation in plotting revenge.

Since the writer deals with the main character changes both physical and

psychological and these changes also influence his motivation, psychological

approach is more appropriate to be applied in the analysis. “A psychological

approach is an approach that applies principles of modern psychology to

characters or situation within a literary work or to the person who wrote that

work” (Leary, 1976: 57).

Leary means that psychological approach can be applied to the characters

of the novel including their situation. This approach also can be applied to the

25  

 

author. But in this research, the psychological approach will be applied to the

main character’s changes and his emotional behavior. His rapid transformation

from a good man into a bad man is an interesting point, which will be analyzed

deeply using psychological approach.

C. Method of the Study

  In this research, the writer uses library research as the method of the

study. It means that both primary data and secondary data in this research is taken

from written sources. The primary data is The Count of Monte Cristo, the novel

which is used as the main data to do the research. The secondary data are books or

various sources from articles and internet which can provide much information or

studies on the primary data. Secondary date also cover criticisms and related

theories used in this research.

In order to do the analysis properly, the writer took some steps. Firstly,

the writer read the novel The Count of Monte Cristo several times so that the

writer can understand it deeply. Throughout reading, the writer also can make

some important notes, determine the appropriate topic and formulate problems to

discuss.

Secondly, the writer read and chose some suitable studies on the author,

Alexander Dumas, and his work The Count of Monte Cristo. The writer also read

and quoted some related theories such as theories of character and

characterization, theories of motivation, revenge, punishment and justice.

26  

 

Thirdly, the writer applied the theories and approach in the analysis.

Theories and approach, which have been chosen, are applied rightly accordance

with the formulated problems. In this step, the problem formulation will be

answered using theories which have been reviewed previously.

Lastly, the writer drew a conclusion after doing the analysis. In the part

of analysis, the writer answered the formulated problems, therefore, the last part to

do is to give a clear conclusion about what have been analyzed.

27

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this part, the writer deals with the analysis of the work of the literature

and the answer of the formulated problems. The first part deals with the

description of the characterization of Edmond Dantes before and after the

accusation. The second part covers the characterization of Dantes’ three

disguising characters. And the last part deals with the motivation in committing

revenge revealed through Dantes’ three disguising characters.

A. The Characterization of Edmond Dantes

The characterization discussed in this part will cover Edmond Dantes’

life before and after the accusation. The writer tries to differentiate Dantes’

characterization before and after the accusation.

1. The Characterization of Edmond Dantes before the Accusation

The main character of Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo is Edmond

Dantes. As depicted by Rohrberger and Woods, “Characters have particular

personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters”

(1971: 20). In this novel, Dantes is presented dominantly and described differently

from the other characters. He is different both physiques and personality.

Dantes is presented realistically. Dumas presents this character as if he

lives and experiences all of these happenings. Holman states, “In fiction, the

author reveals the characters of imaginary persons. The creation of these

28  

imaginary person so that they exist for the reader as lifelike is called

characterization” (1986: 81).

As same with Holman, Murphy mentions nine ways to recognize a

character but not all of them are used in this part. There are some methods which

can describe Dantes’ characterization such as personal description, speech,

conversation of others, reaction, direct comment and mannerism.

Physically, Edmond Dantes is described as a young man in age of

nineteen. He has an ideal and perfect posture. He has a good and proportional

body. Dumas describes him as a tall and slender man. He has good and vigilant

black eyes. He has good black hair. He has rapid gesture as well. These are

described by the author in the following quotation.

He was a tall, slender young man, no more than twenty years old, with dark eyes, and hair as black as ebony…... A young man who with vigilant eyes and rapid gesture…. (p. 1) “I’m only nineteen, as I’ve told you, and I know very little” (p. 21)

Before the accusation, Dantes is described as a man with good

personality. His good personality is shown in some characteristics. Firstly, Dantes

is described as a hard worker. He works in a ship named Pharaon. He works

seriously. There is no clear definition about his position in the ship, especially

before the death of Captain Leclere. He is just mentioned as one of the ship crews.

When he takes Captain Leclere’s position, he still shows this characteristic. He

works seriously and helps the crews to load the cargo. The following quotation

shows how serious he is to work.

“But,” said the ship owner, watching Dantes preparing to drop anchor…(p. 2).

29  

“Dantes,” said Morrel, turning toward the young man, “come here, please.” “Excuse me sir, I’ll be with you in a moment,” said Dantes. Then, turning to the crew, he called out, “Let go!” The anchor dropped immediately and the chain rattled noisily (p. 3).

This characteristic can be understood from his economic background.

Dantes comes from a poor family. He just lives with his father who has become

old. Besides, his father always gets drunk. He borrows money more often,

therefore they lives in debts. This situation of course forces Dantes to work hard

not only for his own sake but also for his father. The following quotation

implicitly shows how Dantes has to work hardly to pay their debts.

“But-but I gave you two hundred French when I left three months ago,” stammered Dantes. “Yes, that’s true, Edmond, but you forget a little debt you owe to our neighbor Caderousse (p. 7).

Dantes is a hard worker therefore this characteristic describes him further

as a responsible man. He is responsible not only to command but also to work

with the other crews. Besides, his great responsibility has been shown through his

success to bring back Pharaon ship safely including the cargos. He reports

everything responsibly as a captain who appointed by the dying Captain Leclere.

“A great misfortune, Monsieur Morrel!” replied the young man. “We lost our brave Captain Leclere off Civitavecchia.” “What about the cargo?” asked the shipowner eagerly.

“It arrived safely…(p. 1).

Another characteristic of Dantes is bravery. Dantes is so young but he

has done a hard and challenging job. He has a new duty to stir the ship he works

in. The sudden death of the main captain forces him to accept the job as the new

30  

temporary Captain of Pharaon ship. Fortunately, his good physique supports him

to take this duty.

“As soon as the captain was dead he took command…” “He’s a young and he has no doubt about anything” (p. 2). This quotation implicitly shows characteristics of young Dantes as a

brave man. He encourages himself to take Captain Leclere’s position. He knows

that to be a captain is not easy, but his bravery forces him to go on Leclere’s

command. His bravery is also shown when he had to stop over the Isle of Alba.

This island is known as the land of traitors but Dantes is not afraid of them.

Above all, Edmond Dantes has the quality of a loyal man. Dantes is so

loyal that he did a job as asked by Captain Leclere to stop in an island named the

Isle of Alba. The stopping was to deliver a package for someone there who he did

not know exactly. As a loyal man, Dantes of course did not fear of the danger

which may happen. The evidence here shows how Dantes did his duty asked by

Captain Leclere.

“I wanted to ask you why you stopped at the Isle of Alba.” “It was to carry out an order from Captain Leclere. As he was dying, he gave me a package to deliver into the Marshal Bertrand there…” (p. 3). “You were quite right to follow Captain Leclere‘s instructions and stop at the Isle of Alba, although you might get into trouble if it became known that you gave the marshal a package and spoke to the emperor” (p. 3).

This quotation indicates how dangerous the Isle of Alba is. As stated before that,

this island is named as the place of traitors, therefore anyone who goes there is

suspected as a traitor. As a loyal man, Dantes must do his job without doubt about

the condition there.

31  

Dantes’ loyalty is continued when he did a sacred job asked by Captain

Leclere. Although, he just arrived in Marseille, met his beloved father and

Mercedes, Dantes continued his trip to Paris immediately. He had to deliver

Leclere’s last request.

His loyalty to Leclere can be valued as a kind of responsibility as well.

He does not want to disappoint Leclere who had trusted him. Although he had

died, Dantes does this duty to honor the Captain Leclere as well. The quotation

below shows Dantes’ willingness to go on his unfinished duty.

“I must go to Paris….” Our poor Captain Leclere asked me to do something for him there. As you can understand, it’s a sacred duty. But don’t worry, I’ll come straight back” (p. 14).

Basically, Dantes is a kind man. He is dominantly described as an

innocent and good man with good manner. This behavior is seen through his

conversation, the way he speaks to others clearly describes his good manner.

When the ship arrived home, Monsieur Morrel came to meet him. Dantes

explained humbly to the ship owner about their misfortune during their sailing.

Dantes explained humbly about the death of Captain Leclere. Another matter was

about their stopping over the Isle of Alba. The following conversation is one the

proofs showing Dantes’ good manner. The way he utters Morrel’s name implicitly

reflects his humble and good manner.

“A great misfortune, Monsieur Morrel!” replied the young man. “We lost our brave Captain Leclere off Civitavecchia…...” “It arrived safely, Monsieur Morrel, and I think you’ll be satisfied on that score, but poor Captain Leclere…..” (p. 1).

32  

One way of understanding characters as stated by Murphy is through

other characters’ opinion. The description of Dantes’ good personality can be seen

through other characters’ statements. Monsieur Morrel states directly that Dantes

is a fine man in every way. “Good, good, Dantes! I see you’re a fine man in every

way” (p. 6). Morrel states this openly to Dantes after he heard the good

explanation from Dantes. Morrel sees how Dantes speaks so humbly and full of

respect.

Not only to Monsieur Morrel as his boss does Dantes show his good

manner he also shows this good behavior to his friends, the people who will

betray him. He speaks to them as usual. As a good man, of course, Dantes has no

hatred. He treats them kindly as friends. His kindness and good manner toward his

friends here can be understood as a great patience.

Dantes’ good manner is shown to Danglars not only as a friend but also

as a partner in the Pharaon ship. Danglars is one of the influential people in the

ship which he respects kindly. Although, Dantes has ever quarreled with him, he

never shows his hatred to Danglars. Even, Dantes gives a positive comment on

Danglars to Monsieur Morrel. Here are some evidences that provide proof about

his kindness to Danglars.

“And now, if you’d like to come aboard, Monsieur Morrel’ said Dantes, seeing shipowner’s impatience, “you can talk to your purser, Monsieur Danglars, who’s just coming out of his cabin. He can give you all information you want” (p. 2). “If you’re speaking of him as a purser, I think there’s nothing to be said against him and that you’ll be quite satisfied with the way he’s done his work” (p. 5).

33  

Dantes has another friend named Caderousse. He is Dantes’ neighbor

who always does favor on Dantes and his father. Caderousse lends them some

money. However he is not a patient man. During Dantes’ voyage, Caderousse

always presses Dantes’ father for payment. Nevertheless, as his father tells him,

Dantes keeps showing his good manner. He respects Caderousse as a good man

who had done favor on them. He does not show hatred at all on Caderousse. He

welcomed him humbly in his house.

“Just the same, though, he’s a neighbor who once did us a favor, so he’s welcome here…” (p. 7). “Even when we no longer owe them money, we still owe them gratitude” (p. 8).

Dantes’ good behavior is also shown to Fernand when Dantes met him in

Mercedes’ house. His good manner to Fernand is a kind of patience. Although,

Fernand hates him obviously, Dantes keeps trying to respect him. Fernand is

Mercedes’ cousin therefore he has to respect and love him as he does to Mercedes.

Since Mercedes is Dantes fiancée, so Fernand belonged to his friend. Dantes has

no hatred on him. The way Dantes shows his good manner can be seen in the

conversation between Mercedes and Dantes and through the author description.

“He’ll be you friend, Edmond, because he’s my friend. He’s my cousin Fernand…” “Ah, yes!” said Edmond. Keeping Mercedes’ hand clasped in his, he held out his other hand to Fernand. But Fernand remained as motionless and silent as a statue (p. 11).

Dantes’ kindness and good manner are of course shown to his beloved

father. His kindness toward his father can be valued as a kind of responsibility and

duty which he must do first than anything. It is a natural consequence which a son

must take care and give a comfortable life to his parents. In this novel, Dantes

34  

only lives with his father, therefore, he has a great responsibility to make his

father happy. Dantes guarantees his father sincerely with a lot of money. Dantes

expects that with this money, he would not borrow money anymore. The

quotation below can describe Dantes’ responsibility to comfort his father.

“Yes, I’m here now, with a good future before me and a little money already. Here, father, take this and send for some things right away.” He emptied the content of his pockets onto the table: a dozen pieces of gold, five or six five-French coins and some small change. The old man’s face brightened. “Whose is that?” he asked. “It’s mine-yours-ours. Take it and buy provisions. And don’t worry: tomorrow there will be more…. (p. 7)

Dantes also has Mercedes, whom he loves deeply. His kindness and good

manner on her can be defined as a great fidelity. Although he goes everywhere

and leaves her for a long time, he always remembers Mercedes as his beloved

fiancée. When he arrived in Marseille, he told Monsieur Morrel to visit some

people whom he loved much. Those people are of course his father and Mercedes.

His father is number one, then Mercedes. This evidence shows how Dantes truly

loves Mercedes.

“Please excuse me, Monsieur Morrel, but I think I owe my first visit to my father. … “Excuse me again, Monsieur Morrel, but after that first visit there’s another one that’s equally important to me” (p. 4). Edmond and Mercedes fell into each other’s arms. At first, they saw nothing around them; their overwhelming happiness isolated them from rest of the world” (p. 6).

The description of Dantes’ kindness and good manner above also reflects

his calmness. He is a calm man. His calmness means that Dantes is not easy

anxious with his surroundings. Although, he knows that some people envy and

really hate him, he remains calm. He is not anxious as well when he left his father

35  

and Mercedes for a long time. It seems that he is always accustomed to facing the

similar situation before so that he stays calm. An interesting quotation from the

novel can describe Dantes’ calmness.

His whole manner gave evidence of that calmness and resolution peculiar to those who have been accustomed to facing danger ever since their childhood (p. 1).

These all are the description of Dantes’ characterization. Shortly, before

the accusation, Edmond Dantes is described as a hard worker, responsible man,

brave man and a loyal man. He is also described as a fine young man with good

manner. He is so calm and full of patience. He hates no one. He respects

everybody, not only people whom he loves, but also his boss and his friends who

will trap him. Because of this good personality, Dantes is said as a man with good

fortune. He is lucky to be a captain in age of nineteen and marry a beautiful

woman. These two things are the reasons which envy his friends, Danglars,

Fernand and Caderousse. Here is the quotation which Dantes is reminded about

his good fortune.

“You’re about to become a captain at age of nineteen and you’re about to marry a beautiful woman who loves you, which is a rare stroke of good luck on this earth. Either of these two things may have made certain people envious of you” (p. 22).

2. The Characterization of Edmond Dantes after the Accusation

Since Dantes’ changes in personality are the result of the wrong

accusation, the characterization after the accusation covers his life during the

imprisonment. In this part, theory of character and characterization are still

applied. Murphy’s description of understanding character is still applied as well.

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From what Dantes said and what he did, the readers can imagine his personality

changes after the accusation.

The story describes clearly that Dantes absolutely does not know the

reason why he is arrested. Unexpectedly, Dantes is caught and arrested when he

was celebrating his wedding reception. This happening absolutely shocks Dantes

and many people who join the party. Of course, Mercedes and Dantes’ father are

also shocked. Soon Dantes is brought to the Public Prosecutor.

“Edmond Dantes, you are under arrest.” “Under arrest!”Cried Dantes, turning pale. “But why?” (p. 16)

This quotation shows the moment when Dantes was arrested. It is

described in the story that he is arrested because of the letter sent by his friends,

Danglars, Fernand and Caderousse. They make a fake letter containing an

accusation. The letter simply states that Dantes is one of the traitors belonging to

Bonapartist. This letter is sent to the State Prosecutor. Dantes is caught and sent in

to jail immediately.

In the prison, Dantes’ behaviors change slowly both negatively and

positively. Dantes is described differently with some changes. Negatively, Dantes

becomes a bad temper man. His emotion is uncontrolled. He easily gets angry.

Dantes has the nature of calmness and patience, but the situation he was now

facing caused his uncontrolled emotion.

His uncontrolled emotion can be understood from the moment he is

arrested. As stated previously that Dantes is arrested during his wedding reception

which his happiness is broken in a sudden. At that moment, he assures Mercedes

that everything is all right, and he will be back soon. However, the unexpected

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situation happened. He is sent into jail and never goes back to Mercedes. He never

goes back to his happiness, his job and his honor. He loses Mercedes and his

future.

The following quotation describes how Dantes wants to send a letter for

Mercedes to tell her about his condition and his troubles in the jail as well.

However, the jailer rejects his willing to send a letter for Mercedes. This situation

which arouses Dantes’ anger and he utters threatening words.

“Listen, then: if you refuse to deliver a letter to Mercedes, or at least let her know I’m here, someday I’ll be hiding behind the door when you come in, and I’ll break open your head with this stool….” (p. 28). the door of the cell was opened and he entered, mumbling to himself, “He’s right: they have to put madmen with madman” (p. 29).

Dantes’ uncontrolled emotion is also aroused after Abbe Faria, his jail

mate, solves the problem he face. Abbe Faria finds the answer of his problem. He

finds who are behind all of his miseries and the reasons why they plot the wrong

accusation. Faria magnificently finds the correlation between his success and the

people who has plotted the accusation. Faria finds out that his disappearance must

be useful for some people. The following quotation is the process which Farria

finally solved Dantes’s problem.

Faria remained silent, lost in thought. After a time he said, “There is a maxim of jurisprudence which says, ‘if you wish to discover the guilty person, first find out to whom the crime might be useful (p. 45).

Faria is helpful of course but on the other hand, he arouses Dantes’

emotion immediately on those people. Soon Dantes is burnt with anger and

hatred. More negatively, his mind and heart are filled with vengeance as well.

These behaviors are not parts of his nature because he used to be a good man,

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calm and patient but Dantes now is fully changed by the situation and problem he

face. This quotation describes how Dantes gets angry after hearing Faria’s

explanation.

“He uttered a cry and reeled like a drunken man for a moment, then he rushed into the passage leading back to his own cell, crying out as he left…” “Faria looked at him steadfastly and said, “I regret having helped you clarify your past and having told you what I did. Because I’ve instilled in your heart a feeling that wasn’t there before: vengeance” (p. 48).

Another negative behavior appears on Dantes is losing hope and self-

confidence. In the prison, he is described as a weak person who loses hope and

confidence easily. Living in jail does not only make him frustrated but also makes

him lose hope easily. He seems lose both hope to live and faith to God. He is not

strong enough to bear his life in the prison. Days and nights are passed in the

narrow and dirty jail which makes him to doubt about his existence. He cries and

roares in every late night. He even dashes himself against the wall. He wants to

commit suicide to end his life directly.

This behavior is of course another unusual behavior of Dantes who used

to be a strong man in both physic and mental. He used to be calm and patient to

face any situation but living in jail made him to end his life soon. The quotation

below explains his frustration which he wants to commit suicide.

Finally his pride collapsed and he begun to pray, not yet to God, but to men… He roared blasphemies which made his jailer recoil in horror, and dashed himself furiously against the wall of his prison… (p. 34). The thought that death brings release from suffering led him to the idea of suicide…. From that day onward, twice a day, he threw his food out the small barred window…” (p. 35).

39  

As stated previously that living in jail does not only change Dantes

negatively but also positively. There are some positive aspects which Dantes

should be proud of. In the prison, positively Dantes is described as a sociable

man. He easily makes friend with a stranger named Abbe Faria. Abbe Faria is an

Italian priest who is also arrested with no apparent reasons.

Actually, their meeting occurs accidentally. Dantes sat sadly in his cell

and suddenly he heard a scratching noise across the wall. The sound was

continuously louder. He thought that someone tried to escape from the prison.

Dantes then tried to find where that sound came from. He finally found Abbe

Faria, the person who scratched the wall. This quotation depicts how Dantes first

heard the scratching sound and found Faria.

He heard a regular scratching sound which might be coming from a large claw…(p. 35-36). A moment later, Dantes heard the sound of a mass of stones… Then he saw a head emerge through his hole, and soon a man had climbed up out of it and into his cell (p. 40).

This quotation gives the clue that their meeting happens in the right

moment and the right time. Before their meeting, Dantes lived alone in a separated

cell. He almost committed suicide there, but Faria appeared which seemed to give

him a new hope to live more. He seemed getting back his self-confidence and he

gradually regained his power and rehabilitated his life. Faria’s appearance inspired

him to think brightly about the future.

Dantes threw his arms around his new friend for whom he had waited so long and impatiently...(p. 40).

This quotation directly means that Dantes misses someone. He misses a

truly friend with whom he could share his loneliness and misery life. Therefore,

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since he met Faria, both of them lived happily in the jail. They trusted each other.

Dantes shared all his happy and sad experiences to Faria, while Faria also shared

his. He trusted and treated Dantes such a son. Faria taught him many things. The

most valuable thing, which would not be forgotten, is the treasure. Faria inherited

Dantes lots of treasure which he would find in an island named Monte Cristo.

Faria explained him much about how he could reach there if he could free

someday.

Another positive change from Dantes is that he becomes smarter than

before. He is described as a quick-learnt man. He easily learns many things from

Faria. He learns lots of science and knowledge such as mathematics and literature

including to some languages. He learns and masters some languages such as Italy,

Greek, Spain, Germany and English. Faria inspires Dantes with his intelligence

that makes Dantes eager to learn more. The following quotation mentions some

languages and knowledge he studied from Abbe Faria.

He already knew Italian and a little modern Greek… within six months he was beginning to speak Spanish, English and German…. Dantes had a prodigious memory and a quick, keen intelligence. His mathematical turn of mind gave him a facility for all kinds of calculation, while the poetic strain which in every sailor breathed life into demonstrations reduced to numbers and lines (p. 49).

This quotation explicitly describes that Dantes is a smart man. He has the

basis of intelligence that helps him during his study. He has no difficulties to learn

something new, so that within two years he is able to master these knowledge and

languages. “It would not take more than two years to teach you all that” (p. 49).

This statement is uttered by Faria, which he is sure that Dantes is able to learn

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much knowledge from him. Moreover, Dantes has ever worked in the ship which

help him understand every knowledge and science.

This is the characterization of Edmond Dantes after the accusation.

Shortly, this explanation shows that Dantes is really changed negatively and

positively. Living in jail fully affects his bad tempered in which he does not

control his emotion. Dantes almost loses hope and self-confidence as well but

fortunately, he does not.

In Jail, Dantes’ natural good manner is shown again. His goodness is

shown again to his new friend Abbe Faria. Although he does not know Faria,

Dantes shares all of his experiences. He trusts Faria whole-heartedly. He is a

sociable man. Continuously, within Faria’s help, Dantes learns many things.

Dantes then becomes a smart man. Faria of course responds positively. Faria does

not only teach him but also treats Dantes kindly as his son.

The characterization of Edmond Dantes here can be understood from

Murphy’s theory. There are nine ways but only some of them are applied in this

part. They are personal description from the author, the character’s speech, direct

comment from the author and conversation of other characters.

B. The Characterization of Dantes’ Three Disguising Characters

Dantes’ changes do not only occur during his imprisonment but also after

the imprisonment. Dantes’ life continuously changes both physique and behavior.

Physically, Dantes grows old. He becomes thin. Moreover, he is looked like a

man with no spirit of life, so that his physical appearance is impossible to be

42  

recognized as Edmond Dantes. Fourteen years living in jail seems to loosen his

weight and his good posture. He entered the prison in age of nineteen but then he

successfully escaped in age of thirty-three years old. The following quotation is

the description from the author about Dantes physical appearance, a moment after

he escapes.

He was now thirty-three years old, as we have said, and his fourteen years of prison had greatly altered his face. All that was now changed. His oval face had lengthened; his smiling lips had taken on the firm lines of resolution; his eyebrows had become arched beneath a single thoughtful wrinkle; his eyes wore a look of deep sadness, with occasional flashes of dark hatred; his skin, which had been away from the sunlight for so long, had grown pale. Furthermore, although he was naturally tall, he had acquired that stocky vigor of a body which constantly concentrates its strength within itself (p. 71).

Dantes’ behaviors of course change as well. Although he has the nature

of good manner and good personality, but these attitudes are also parts of his

disguising which are helpful in plotting revenge. Especially his kindness shown to

people who had caused his misery is one of ways to reach his main motivation to

revenge them.

Dantes is really motivated to revenge his enemies, but he does not do it

directly after his escapee. In order to reach this purpose, Dantes disguises in three

different characters namely Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count of Monte

Cristo. His disguising is meant to reach the perfect revenge started from finding

the information until executing his enemies.

Dantes can disguise easily using these three different characters because

his physical changes are hardly known as Dantes. On the other hand, he has

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financial support. He successes to find the treasure told by Abbe Faria which

helps him much to go everywhere and buys his needs.

To know these three characters deeply, theory character and

characterization are still applied. Murphy’s theory can depict the understanding of

Dantes three disguising characters as well.

1. Abbe Busoni

Abbe Busoni is one of Dantes’ disguising characters. In this character,

Dantes disguises as an Italian priest who always uses Italian accent in his

speaking. To support this character, Dantes uses the clothes of priest and acts such

as a real priest.

The rider was a priest, dressed in black and wearing a three-cornered hat despite the fierce heat of the sun….(p. 80).

The priest is of course characterized as a good and polite man. These

characteristics are known through his conversation with Caderousse. The way he

addresses Caderousse is a kind of politeness. Besides, the term priest commonly

receives positive address, therefore Caderousse accepts him passionately in his

house. Although he is a stranger, the priest is served well and privately in his

house because he knows that the priest is a good man. He serves the priest good

wine. Moreover, they chat enthusiastically.

“You’re Monsieur Caderousse, aren’t you?” Caderousse eagerly came to meet him… His host set a glass and a bottle of wine in front of him (p. 80).

Throughout the conversation with Caderouse, the priest can be described

as a concern person. He fully shows his concern to Caderousse as if he knew him

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before. He concerns with his past life including his job and his household.

Actually, Dantes knows Caderousse well, but this character is merely aimed to

find the information about his enemies. The way he uttered some rhetoric

questions can signify the priest’s concern in the following quotation.

“Weren’t you once a tailor?” “Yes, but that turned out badly. “Are you alone?”asked the priest… “Oh, you’re married?” said the priest with a certain interest (p. 80-81).

The priest’s concern can also be described as a generosity. His generosity

is depicted in his kindness to offer a gift for Caderousse. During their

conversation, the Priest introduces himself as a friend of Edmond Dantes. He told

that he met Dantes in the prison which later told the Priest about his friends. One

of his good friends was Caderousse. Therefore, as the Priest now met Caderousse,

he shared a diamond for him as a gift.

So saying, he took out the diamond from his pocket, handed it to Caderousse. “Take this, my friend,” he said, “it’s yours” (p. 92).

The Priest’s concern is shown to Bertuccio. His concern to this man is his

true kindness to help Bertuccio. The Priest really helps him to free from his

trouble. Bertuccio was one of the smugglers accused as the murderer of

Caderousse’s wife. He then was sent into the prison. Soon, he would face the trial

and be examined. Fortunately, the Abbe Bussoni was well known as the good

Priest, therefore, Bertuccio invited the priest to confess all of his faults including

told him the truth about the murder. The Priest concerned with him after hearing

Bertuccio’s story. The Priest helped him and promised that he would not be

committed as the guilty. As the proof, Bertuccio’s trial was postponed.

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“Abbe Bussoni came to my prison…I told him everything I witnessed…” “I had the proof of his efforts when my trial was postponed…” (p. 163-164).

2. Lord Wilmore

Lord Wilmore is another character of Dantes. Lord Wilmore is

characterized as an Englishman. In this character, Dantes of course must pretend

using English accent. The physical appearance of this character is tall and thin. He

always wears high collar and holds a pencil in his hand. The complete description

of this character can be seen in the following quotation. It is the Count of Monte

Cristo’s description of the character of Wilmore in his second visiting to Morrel’s

house.

“Let’s see,” said Monte Cristo, “was he a man about my size, slightly taller and thinner, perhaps, who always wore a high collar and always had a pencil in his hand?” (p. 183). A man in his early thirties, with both the appearance and the accent of an Englishman…(p. 93).

This character is described as a confidence English nobleman. He had no

anxiety when he first came to Marseille after his escaping. He feared nobody. He

encouraged himself to go into the Chateau d’If, the prison where Faria and Dantes

were arrested. He also visited their cell. In the prison, Wilmore met the Inspector

of the Prisons. He asked the inspector to see the record of the prisoners. Without

anxiety, he stole the record of Dantes’s examination and his denunciation. These

quotations show how Lord Wilmore encouraged himself with bravery when he

first came to Marseille and went to find the information in the prison.

Dantes saw a genderman coming out to meet him in the quarantine boat, but, with the perfect self-assurance which he had acquired, he presented and English passport… (p. 79). went off to see the Inspector of Prisons…. (p. 93).

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He quietly folded the letter of denunciation and put it in his pocket (p. 96).

Lord Wilmore is described as a rich and helpful man. He is presented as

the representation of one of the rich firms in Rome named Thomson and French.

Throughout this character, Dantes helps Monsieur Morrel, his former boss and the

ship owner of Pharaon. He pretends as the clerk of Thomson and French firm who

wants to ask for payments from Morrel and Son firm. But since he knows that

Morrel has fallen into bankruptcy, he then cancels his aim. The Englishmen

releases all of his debt from Thomson and French firm. More surprisingly, he

returns Morrel’s Pharaon ship which has been said to lose in the sea.

This kind of help is undoubtedly to express his gratitude to Monsieur

Morrel who has done lots of kindness to his father and Mercedes during his

imprisonment. Although, Morrel does not know that the Englishman is Dantes,

but Dantes always knows him as the true angel in his life. Some quotations below

describe how Dantes introduces himself to Morrel’s firm and helps him.

”Monsieur,” he said, “I am the head clerk of the firm of Thomson and French, of Rome. For the past ten years we have been dealing with the firm of Morrel and Son here in Marseilles (P. 93). “I saw,” said the Englishman, “that you have just been the victim of a new disaster which was undeserved as the others, and this has confirmed me in my desire to be helpful to you… (p. 102).

3. The Count of Monte Cristo

The Count of Monte Cristo is also Dantes’ disguising name. This name is

taken from the place where he found the treasure as told by Abbe Faria. The

place’s name is Monte Cristo. In this place also, Dantes later builds a castle and

names himself as the Count of Monte Cristo.

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Dantes uses this name more often than the other two names. Typically,

they are same in some characteristics but there are also differences especially in

motive of the disguising. As same with the other two characters, the count is also

described as a rich and noble man from Monte Cristo. The Count is so popular

and important that Roman bandits know him as well. When his guesses were

kidnapped, he went to the bandits and asked them to release his guesses. The

following quotations show how the Count was said as a rich and noble gentleman

that was known even by bandits.

“He is a very great lord, either Sicilian or Maltese, I don’t know which; but in any case he’s as noble as a Borghese and as a rich as a gold mine” (p. 112). “You’re right, Signor Pastrini, your Count of Monte Cristo is a very noble gentleman” (p. 112). “What agreement has I forgotten, Count?” asked the bandit…. “You have seized Viscount Albert de Morcerf and taken him here. That young man is a friend of mine” (p. 130).

As a nobleman, The Count surely has the quality of respecting people.

He is a kind and humble man as same as the two characters. His kindness is

shown to his guesses named Baron Franz d’Epinay and Viscount Albert the

Morcerf, the two young French gentlemen when they visited Rome. The Count

invited them and served them well in his palace. Not only did he serve them, but

also he went with them in the city. He also gave them his carriage to walk around

the city. The Count’s humble and kindness behavior can be seen through his

utterance, the way he speaks to his guesses.

“Gentlemen,” said the Count of Monte Cristo as he entered, “please accept my excuse for making you call for me, but I was afraid I might disturb you if I visited you at an earlier hour…. (p. 113). “Gentlemen, I’ve come to tell you that I leave my carriage…(p. 121).

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The Count’s kindness to his guesses here is probably understood because

they are the same noblemen, but there is another evidence showing how the Count

also respects people who does not belong to nobleman. His respect as a kind and

humble man is shown to Bertuccio, who now becomes his servant. An unusual

situation which a nobleman humbly spends his time to hear his servant’s story.

Bertuccio told his sad experiences fervently in front of the Count without knew

that he was also Abbe Busoni who had helped him once. The Count heard him

precisely and pretended he never knew Bertuccio before.

“The Abbe Bussoni did well to send you to me,” said Monte Cristo, “and you did well to tell me your story, for I’ll have no more bad thoughts about you” (p. 165).

The Count is described as a well educated and intelligent man. These

characteristics were shown in the way he talked to people and how he uttered

sentences. The Count was so intelligent that he was appraised by his guesses

Franz and Albert. Both of them were pleased to hear him talked but they did not

express their admiration directly to the Count. They kept it in their mind.

He was very acquainted with the literature all countries. A glance at his walls had proved to Franz and Albert that he was connoisseur of painting. Several words he spoke in passing during their conversation proved to them that the science were not unknown to him; he seemed to have made an especially thorough study of chemistry (p. 121).

Throughout this description, it is clear that Dantes’ characterization is

different from the characterization of his three disguising characters. Dantes’ three

characters have a bit similarity but they also have differences especially in their

motivation that will be discussed later.

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C. Dantes’ Motivations in Committing Revenge Revealed in His Three

Disguising Characters

As described in The Count of Monte Cristo that after Dantes’ escaping

from the jail, he kept his promise to revenge the people who had trapped him with

the false accusation. He was burnt with great anger and hatred which seemed he

thought nothing else except to revenge his enemies named Danglars, Fernand and

Caderousse including Villefort, the assistant of State Prosecutor who complicated

his case.

Since he was trapped and accused as a criminal and traitor which caused

his long imprisonment, Dantes then was motivated to plot revenge on his enemies.

Adair underlines a significant theory of motivation. He states that “A man, woman

or child is motivated when he or she wants to do something. Motivation covers all

the reasons which cause a person to act, including negative ones like fear along

with the more positive motives, such as money, promotion or recognition” (2006:

89). This opinion directs to the reason in doing any action whether it is good or

bad. Huffman underlines the same idea. He adds that motivation is psychological

activated by some factors. Motivation is related to emotion which becomes the

normal response of certain experience.

Undoubtedly, Dantes is motivated in his action of vengeance. Meyer

notes an interesting point of view of revenge, “Revenge is a necessary part of

maintaining norms, and the reinterpretation of criminal wrongs as wrongs to the

victim” (http://www.citeulike.org/user/puslit/article/4853048). Dantes has the

great reasons to plot revenge. Dantes’ plotting revenge is part of his effort to

50  

maintain norm that is broken by his friends and to declare them as the

wrongdoers.

To realize this aim, Dantes then disguises in three different characters as

Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count of Monte Cristo. Although they are

different characters with different appearance, these characters cannot be

separated. They are a unity which is related to one another. They are used on

purpose and each character has its own motive which directs toward another

motive of Dantes whole motivation of revenge.

a. Abbe Busoni

Abbe Busoni is characterized previously as a good, polite, concern,

respect and generous priest. He met one of Dantes’ enemies named Caderousse.

Throughout their conversation, Abbe Busoni showed his concern and respect to

Caderousse. He concerned about Caderousse’s job and household. He also gave

him a valuable gift.

This characterization simply arouses perception that Father Busoni is

really a good priest. But actually, Abbe Busoni’s purpose is to find information

about his targets especially Danglars and Fernand. Since he knows well that

Caderousse belongs to them in the meeting before his accusation, he wants to

know directly from him about these people’s latest job and career.

Having information about his enemies will help him easily to plan the

revenge. Firstly, he asks information about Danglars and Caderousse tells him

much about this person. Caderousse tells the Priest that this person has become

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rich and changed his name as Baron. The quotation below shows how Father

Busoni receives information from Caderousse about Danglars.

“And what became of Danglars?” “He left Marseilles and went to work for a Spanish banker…he’d already made himself a millionaire; he was now made a baron. Today he’s Baron Danglars, he has a mansion in the Rue du Mont-Blanc, ten horses in his stable, six lackeys in his antechamber, and I don’t know how many millions in his coffers” (p. 88-89).

The second person he wants to know much is Fernand. As analyzed by

Faria, this person hates him because of his lose to win Mercedes love. But when

he succeed to remove Dantes, he became a rich lieutenant general. He changed his

name as the Count of Morcerf. He also married Mercedes and they had a son

named Albert de Morcerf. As told by Caderousse, Fernand was happy but

Mercedes was not. She still kept his sadness of her true love Dantes. This

quotation describes about Fernand.

“And what about Fernand?” asked the Priest. “Fernand returned to French and was promoted to lieutenant general. Today he lives in a magnificent mansion in Paris, at 27 Rue du Helder….The Count of Morcerf – this was the name now he bore” (89-90).

There is another motive of the Priest’s visiting to Caderousse house.

Since Dantes knows that he belongs to one of the conspirators, then he wants to

warn them. The Priest reminds them that the right moment is close. Sooner or

later, Dantes will appear and revenge them.

Caderousse himself does not understand what the Priest says. He does

not absorb the meaning because he only knows that Dantes has died. Actually he

also worries if someday Dantes appears, but it is impossible. The quotation below

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shows how the Priest directly reminds Caderousse as the representative of the

enemies.

Said the Priest, “because I am firmly convinced that, sooner or later, the good are rewarded and the wicked are punished….” “for I myself may soon give you proof of what I say” (p. 81).

Throughout the conversation with Caderousse, it is clear as well that

Dantes does not only want to gather information and waste his time to warn his

enemies but he is on the other hand motivated to seek Justice. Justice that he

means is as argued by Schmidtz, “To argue about justice is to argue about what

people are due” (2006: 8). Schmidtz underlines the right expectation of justice that

throughout justice, people fulfill his expectation of truthfulness.

Dantes’ commitment to find Justice is also reflected in Meyer’s opinion.

She says, “Justice is the search for a perfectly rational, perfectly fair, perfectly

meaningful universe” (http://www.citeulike.org/user/puslit/article/4853048).

Meyer stresses his opinion about fairness and rational explanation of unfair

situation.

Dantes’ action in plotting revenge to Caderousse is the proof how he

really wants justice. Therefore throughout the character of the priest, he tries to

seek the truthfulness and fairness. Since he had been trapped with false accusation

and sent into jail which causes his misfortune, so he wants to restore the truth. The

truth he wants is the confession of his enemies that Dantes is not guilty. In fact,

Dantes had known from Faria that his enemies were his own friends, but his

meeting with Caderousse was merely aimed to hear the direct and honest

confession that Dantes was not guilty as accused. Caderousse admited openly that

53  

he envied Dantes’ happiness. He makes conspiracy with Fernand and Danglars to

overthrow him. Caderousse represents the confession of the enemies in the

following quotation.

“…he swore to me by Jesus Christ that he did not know the cause of his imprisonment.” “That’s true, he couldn’t know it,” said Caderousse. “No, he wasn’t lying, poor boy.” “Although I must admit I envied his happiness for a short while. But since then, I can assure you, I’ve felt great pity for his misfortune” (p. 81).

b. Lord Wilmore

This character is a rich noble Englishman. He is full of confidence and

helpful. Implicitly, this character reveals Dantes’ motivation to restore his good

name as a good man with good manner. It is achieved when Wilmore helps

Monsieur Morrel who had great debt. Besides this kindness, Dantes uses this

character to do something the same as Abbe Busoni did. Lord Wilmore is firstly

used when Dantes went to France after his escaping. He uses this name in his

passport, so that he can easily go in and out of French and some places without

recognized as Edmond Dantes.

This character is basically used the same as the Abbe Busoni. This

character contributes well for Dantes to find and gather the information. Dantes

uses this character confidently when he went into the Chateau d’If to find the

information directly in the jail where he was arrested. There, he found the records

of his imprisonment. He found the denunciation, the examination and Villefort’s

recommendation. Throughout these records, he understood well and surer about

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Faria’s remark that he had been trapped and used by Villefort. The following

quotation shows how Lord Wilmore finds information in the jail.

After perusing these documents, he continued to leaf through the records until he came to those concerning Edmond Dantes. Everything was there, the letter of denunciation, the examination and Villefort recommendation (p. 96).

Implicitly, Dantes tries to find information about Villefort’s involvement

in his case. Lord Wilmore presents Dantes’ aim to gather information and proof

about his accusation. Fortunately, he finds Villefort’s recommendation which then

he declares Villeforts as the responsible man for his long imprisonment.

Dantes’ motivation to revenge Villefort is to restore his good name. He

wants to show him that he is really a good man. He never hates him. Furthermore,

Dantes wants to declare justice on him. The justice he wants is stated by Meyer

who stresses the truthfulness and fairness. Therefore, Dantes really wants Villefort

confess his guilty on him. Shortly, he commits revenge to find the truth that he is

not guilty; he is not a traitor and follower of Bonaparte as accused.

c. The Count of Monte Cristo

Stated previously, this character appears more often than the others do.

This character is described as same as the others who has good manner, respect,

kind, well educated and intelligent. However, these characteristics are his

disguising as well to reach his motivation of revenge. Dantes is naturally a good

man with good manner but this character leads him to realize his revenge.

The Count of Monte Cristo is Dantes’ significant character. The other

characters are Dantes’ informants while this character is the executor. It means

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within the information he gets when he disguised as Abbe Busoni and Lord

Wilmore, Dantes now declares revenge on the people who had caused his

miseries.

Solomon notes his perspective on revenge, “revenge plays on three

metaphors: debt, balance, and pollution. The debt metaphor requires a “paying

back” of like for like, the balance metaphor a “felt need to put the world back into

balance,” and the pollution metaphor a “cleansing” (Solomon, 1999: 141). Dantes’

revenge is related to these metaphors, debts, balance and pollution. Dantes wants

his enemies paying back what they have done; besides he wants to restore the

truth and his good name. And his revenge is to clean the enemies which he

considers them as pollution in this world.

Throughout this character, Dantes then starts his revenge which he

punishes his enemies with the similar ways they did to him. Since they had caused

his long misery and misfortune, thus he wanted those people felt the same pain.

Barnes quotes retributive theory about punishment, “The reason to

punish is desert-wrongdoing merits punishment, and punishing a wrongdoer is

good, irrespective of any consequences of punishing that wrongdoer” (Barnes,

1999: 9). Smith underlines the same idea. He equalizes punishment as rewards

which means recompensing or repaying. However, these two things are based on

the resentment which forces someone to rejoice on the wrongdoers’ distress.

Dantes’ punishment is quite right in his perception. He can rejoice if his enemies

live in distress. Smith also underlines the following quotation in his book The

Theory of Moral Sentiments.

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“If a man has tortured and killed your father, your mother and your sweetheart, in short, one of those beings who leave an eternal emptiness and a perpetually bleeding wound when they are torn from your heart, do you think society has given you sufficient reparation because the blade of the guillotine has passed between the murder’s trapezium and his occipital bone, because the man who made you undergo long years of mental and emotional suffering has undergone a few seconds of physical pain?”…..

“Human justice is sadly lacking in consolation; it can only shed blood in exchange for blood.” (p. 115)

The Count starts to plot the punishment when he made an acquaintance

with Fernand’s son, Albert the Morcerf in Rome. The Count later welcomed him

in his palace, served him and even set him free when the bandits robbed him.

Albert really thanked him and as the return, he invited the Count to his house in

Paris. Actually the Count pretended that he had never been in Paris, therefore,

Albert immediately invited him. He promised the Count to be introduced to both

his parents and his father’s friends. His father is Fernand or the Count Morcerf,

Danglars and Villefort.

“Count, I never forget how you came to my aid and that I will always remember that I owe my life to you.” “Oh, gladly! I and all of my friends are at your disposal.” “I accept your offer then,” said the count. “I’ve been making my plans for quite some time and this is the opportunity I needed in order to carry them out” (p. 132-133).

The acquaintance with Albert de Morcerf of course means much when he

can meet his enemies directly. He met Albert’s father, the count Morcerf and he

was introduced to Danglars’s family and to Villefort’s family. This acquaintance

then led him to realize his punishment slowly and orderly. He spent years to get

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information about these people then he executed them. Dantes did not kill his

enemies directly, but he made them suffer and suffer.

Dantes begins his punishment to Caderousse. Caderousse actually got

forgiveness from Dantes when he disguised as Father Busoni, but the day after he

received the gift, Cadereousse became arrogant and cruel. He even killed his wife.

Soon, he was arrested but then he escaped from the jail. He made another crime.

He tried to rob The Count of Monte Cristo’s house.

“That’s right, I’m the Abbe Busoni in person,” said Monte Cristo. “And now you are about to rob the Count of Monte Cristo” (p. 276).

The Count saw Caderousse entered the house, but immediately he disguised as

Abbe Busoni. He once again forgave him. However, before Caderousse went out

from the Count’s house, he was murdered by Andrea Cavalcanti, Caderousse’s jail

mate. The Count who saw the incident let him die. The Count thought that he

deserved his punishment for his crimes. His crimes belonged to what he did for

Dantes.

“I am neither the Abbe Busoni nor Lord Wilmore,” said Monte Cristo. “Look still more closely, look further, look back into your memory.” “But who are you then? If you used to know me, why are you letting me die?” The Count had been carefully watching Caderousse’s death….. “I am Edmond Dantes” (p. 285).

Dantes continues his punishment to Fernand or the Count Morcerf who

now becomes a member of the Chamber. He trapped him with his past occupation

as a French officer. It happened when Danglars’s daughter will be married to

Albert the Morcerf. Danglars doubt about this marriage, therefore he had to ask

information about Morcerf’s family from the Count of Monte Cristo. The Count

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certainly explained all about his life including his betrayal to Ali Pasha, the

Turkish emperor when he worked as French officer. Fernand was also about to

kill him and sold his wife and daughter as a slave.

This information led Danglars to cancel the marriage. Moreover, this

story was posted in the newspaper and everyone knew who the Count Morcerf

was. Morcerf himself was shocked by this news. Soon he was called into

Chamber to explain the truth. Morcerf tried to defense himself but he found

failure when Ali Pasha’s daughter appeared as the witness of this case. Since then,

Morcerf admitted his fault in following quotation.

Then he raised his eyes to the ceiling, as though he was afraid the ceiling might open to reveal the Supreme Judge Himself. He tore open his coat and walked out of the room like a sober madman” (p. 299).

Not only was he found guilty which made him mad, but he also lost

Mercedes and his son Albert. They did not want to stay and decided to leave their

house immediately. Fernand knew they were leaving but he was unable to stop

them. He hid himself and looked them leaving. As they left, he shot himself.

He saw Mercedes leaning on Albert’s arm. They were leaving the house. “Courage mother,” he heard his son say. “This is no longer our home.” Just as the carriage was passing beneath the arch of the gate, a shot rang out and dark smoke floated out….(p. 327-328).

Dantes’ punishment is continued to the next man named Villefort.

Fortunately, Dantes once did a favor for a man named Benedetto when he

disguised as Abbe Busoni. Abbe Busoni asked him to use a new name, Andrea

Cavalcanti an Italian name. He was asked as well to meet The Count of Monte

Cristo in Paris. The Count of course used him for purpose while Andrea did not

know that the Count was also the Abb Busoni. The Count then arranged Andrea to

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marry Danglars’ daughter. The situation changed when he saw Andrea murdered

Caderousse. As Caderousse was dying agony, he told Abbe Busoni that the man

who stabbed him was Benedetto, Andrea Cavalcanti’s real name. An idea of

revenge then appeared in his mind.

“The man who stabbed me is the Corsican named Benedetto, my fellow prisoner at Toulon.” His eyes shining at the idea of that posthumous vengeance (p. 282).

This quotation is Caderousse’s confession written on a piece of paper by

the Count and Caderousse signed it. The Count of course took advantage of this

letter. He would use it plot a nice punishment for Danglars and Villefort. This

letter then was sent to the Public Prosecutor, where Villefort was the head. Soon,

Andrea was arrested and would be judged.

The day of punishment came to Villefort, when Andrea was judged in the

court. He did not worry about his faults and crimes when the presiding magistrate

read the accusation. Andrea seemed have no reasons to dispute. He even

encouraged himself to tell the judge and spectators that Villefort was his father.

Actually, Andrea got this information from Bertuccio when he was in jail.

Bertuccio told him everything including why he always deserved misfortune and

troubles.

“I can’t tell you my name because I don’t know what it is, but I do know my father’s name…..”My father is a Public Prosecutor,” replied Andrea calmly (p. 395).

Andrea mentioned his father’s name because he thought that this name

was the cause of his misfortune and disgrace. Therefore in the court, he told that

his father used to kill him but Bertuccio saved him unexpectedly. All people in the

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court were of course shocked with this confession, while Villefort himself was

unable to deny the confession. Andrea’s confession was a great humiliation for

Villefort. He went out the court like a madman.

“I mean,” cried Villefort, “that I realize it would be useless for me to struggle against the vengeance of God…There is no need for proof-everything this young man has said is true” (p. 398).

Besides this bad luck, Villefort gained other misfortunes. He lost his

daughter a few days before the trial. When he went home, he found his second

wife had died as well. Villefort then burst into great grief. He tried to relate his

misfortunes and questioned himself why it happened. But suddenly he saw Abbe

Busoni in his house. In this moment, the Priest introduced himself as Edmond

Dantes. Although he did not mention his name directly, Villefort seemed to

recognize the voice.

“That’s not the voice of the Abbe Busoni!” “That’s the face of the Count of Monte Cristo!” cried Villefort wildly. “That voice! You’re not Bussoni? You’re not Monte Cristo? “Ah! I recognize you! …..You’re Edmond Dantes! cried Villefort (p. 403).

Villefort’s miseries are of course the cause of Dantes vengeance. He

makes a perfect punishment which from the day after this tragedy, Villeford is

going mad.

The last man who perceives the same punishment is Danglars. The Count

made him fall into Bankruptcy. Danglars did not know that the Count caused his

bankruptcy. Danglars still had confidence and thought that the marriage between

his daughter, Eugenie, and Andrea Cavalcanti would make him rich. He assumed

that Cavalcanti was a rich nobleman.

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His expectation failed when Cavalcanti was caught during his marriage

and arrested as the murderer. Danglars was hopeless. He was frustrated not only

of this happening, but his daughter also left the house forever. Immediately,

Danglars decided to go far away. He had known his friends falling; therefore he

did not want to get the same misery. He left his wife and went to Italy. A letter

from Danglars here explains his leaving.

When you read this letter, you will no longer have a husband. ……You will no longer have a husband in the same sense that you no longer have a daughter; in other words, I will be on one of the thirty or forty roads that lead out of French (p. 377).

The punishment for Danglars was continued when he was in Italy. The

bandits caught him and arrested him in a cave. He was left with no food and drink.

Food and drink was only given if he paid much money. The Count stirred the

bandits to torture Danglars slowly so that Danglars can felt the misery deeply.

Danglars was of course frustrated because the bandits did not kill him but they

made him suffer and suffer. The Count later appeared and introduced himself as

Edmond Dantes which made him cried like a mad man. The Count then ordered

the bandits to leave him in the road like a beggar.

The following evidence shows Danglar’s suffering.

“Take the last of my money and let me live here in the cave. I’m not asking for freedom; I’m asking to live.” “Are you suffering?” asked Vampa. “Yes, I’m suffering. I’m suffering horribly!” “I’m the man you betrayed and dishonored…I’m Edmond Dantes!” Then Vampa drove him away in his carriage and abandoned him on the road (p. 433-434).

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Within the last punishment on Danglars, Dantes completely finishes his

motivation of vengeance. He completes his motivation to seek justice. As

Schmidtz notes, the reason to seek justice is to find the truth, while Meyer notes

that justice is the search of perfectly rational and perfectly fairness. Dantes finds

the truth that he is not guilty through his enemies’ confession represented by

Caderousse. In the other hands, at the end of his punishment, Dantes always

introduces his real name which makes his enemies shocked. This simply means

that they know Dantes is not guilty as accused. This expression means a

confession of their faults to Dantes.

He also finds a perfect fairness of what he did. He finds a perfect rational

explanation and the meaning of universe as stated by Meyer. He finds that his

enemies’ downfall is a perfect fairness of God’s will. He assumes that God always

does a right justice on the right moment and the right place. Dantes is once

condemned as a false person, but now he is right in God’s presence.

Dantes’ belief in Justice of God is stated in the following quotation.

”His justice is inactive, but He always remembers sooner or later, and here’s the proof” (p. 92). “It may be that the Justice of God has entered that house. If so, turn away your eyes and let that Justice do its work” (p. 333).

Another motivation of Dantes’ revenge is to punish his enemies. His

punishment is revealed in Barnes and Smith’s statement which he commits his

enemies as wrongdoers who deserve punishment. This perspective then

appropriates to Solomon’s perspective of revenge as well who states three

metaphors, debt, balance and pollution. Dantes commits the enemies as the

wrongdoers, which they must payback miseries they did to him.

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Dantes’ punishment is of course perfect, deep and painful. Each enemy

suffers as Dantes did. They also experiences and feels a deep lost which they lose

their pride and people whom they love. Dantes makes these people feel the

consequences of their own evil envious.

Dantes punishment is complete, but at the end of his punishment, he

regrets that his revenge has gone beyond the limit. This kind of feeling is stated by

Murphy, “Punishment is a necessary evil, but we should inflict and support it with

regret and without any sense of having embarked on a righteous moral crusade”

(Murphy, 1987: 518). Dantes feels the same thing. He absolutely regrets, but he

thinks also that this is God’s will.

The following quotation shows how Dantes regrets about his revenge and

punishment.

Monte Cristo pale at the horrible sight. He realized that he had gone beyond the limits of rightful vengeance and that could no longer say, “God is for me and with me” (p. 403).

In short, Dantes’ motivation in committing revenge is to find Justice. The

justice he wants is the truth about his case. He wants his enemies to confess their

faults and declare that he is guiltless.

On the other hand, Dantes’ motivation is to punish his enemies. He

makes them suffer and live in misery as he did. He punishes them slowly but

deeply hurt. Each of his enemies feel the pain of loses. They lose people whom

they love and lose pride as well. Even, some of his enemies died because of his

action of revenge.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This part directs the writer to the conclusion of the analysis. There are

three parts that can be concluded based on the analysis of the problem

formulations. Those three parts are the conclusion of the characterization of

Edmond Dantes before and after the accusation, the characterization of Dantes’

three disguising characters and the conclusion of the motivation of Edmond

Dantes revealed in his three disguising characters.

The first is the conclusion of Dantes’ characterization. Before the

accusation, physically, Dantes is described as a young man with an ideal and

perfect posture in his age of nineteen. He works in a ship named Pharaon. Dantes

is also described as a fine man with good personality. He has good manner and

respect which is shown to everyone. He hates no one. He is a responsible man,

loyal and a hard worker.

After the accusation, Dantes is a bit different in behavior. Actually he has

the nature of good personality but the situation where he lives and spends days

and nights in jail shapes him into a man with bad tempered. He easily gets angry,

loses hope and self-confidence. Besides these negative behaviors, Dantes gets

some positive achievements during his imprisonment. He is a sociable man. He

easily makes friend with Abbe Faria. Even he regards him as his father. He learns

many languages and sciences from Faria which makes him smart.

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The analysis of the of the second problem deals with the characterization

of Dantes’ three disguising characters. Dantes disguises in three different

characters named Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count of Monte Cristo.

Although they are the same Dantes, but there are some differences especially,

about the motive and the job done by each character. Abbe Busoni is

characterized as an Italian Priest. He is a kind, concern and generous Priest. Lord

Wilmore is characterized as an English noble man. He uses English accent.

Wilmore is a rich and a kind man which does a lot of help to Morrel’s family.

Wilmore is also a brave and a confidence man. Throughout this character, Dantes

can go in and out French and some countries easily.

The Count of Monte Cristo is described as an Italian nobleman. The

Count is rich and popular among Roman bandits. Besides, he respects people who

are not only from the nobleman but also ordinary people. The Count is also well

known as an educated and intelligence man. The way he speaks and utters worlds

and sentences signify his intelligence.

Dantes’ three disguising characters clearly explain his motivation. His

general motivation of disguising is to plot revenge on his enemies who had

trapped him with the false accusation. Therefore, his three disguising characters

are parts of his revenge aimed to find and gather information and finally execute

them. Actually, Dantes has the nature of good man with good manner, but his

kindness during his disguising is part of his pretending as well. Sometimes he

must be kind to get what he wants.

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Specifically, the purpose of Abbe Busoni is directed to find information

about his enemies. Abbe Busoni meets Caderousse, one of his enemies, who gives

lots of information about Fernand or the Count Morcerf and Danglars. Besides,

Abbe Busoni implicitly reveals justice. He directly gets the truthfulness of how he

was trapped by his enemies. He hears Caderousse’s confession directly that his

enemies envy him because of his success.

Lord Wilmore is also used on the same purpose. Lord Wilmore is used

when Dantes first came to French after his escaping. Wilmore is a brave and self-

confidence person, therefore he goes into the prison to gathers information.

Fortunately, he finds Villefort’s involvement in his long imprisonment. Wilmore

is also the person who helps Monsieur Morrel when he fell into bankruptcy.

The Count of Monte Cristo is the character who executes his enemies.

Within the information he gets, the Count later punishes his enemies slowly. The

Count does not murder them, but he makes them deeply wounded. Caderousse

dies when he tries to rob the Count’s house. Fernand commits suicide when his

wife and son left him. Villefort becomes insane, when his daughter and son died

and his second wife committed suicide as well. Danglars fell into bankruptcy and

he is robbed and left in the road with no food and drink.

The series of these miseries are of course plotted by Dantes in his there

disguising characters. His motivation to revenge is to find justice. The justice he

wants is the truth of his guiltless. He wants his enemies confess directly about

their faults.

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Another motivation is to punish his enemies. Dantes makes them suffer

as he did during his imprisonment. He makes each of them feel a deep lose; they

lose pride, people they love and materials. Dantes makes them live in a great

misery.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Fourth Edition. New Work: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1993.

Adair, John. Leadership and Motivation. London: Kogan Page Limited, 2006. Barnes, William L. Jr. Revenge on Utilitarianism, Vol. 74: 627, New York: Indiana

Law Journal, 1999. Blondell, Ruby. The Play of Character in Plato’s Dialogues. New York: Cambridge

University Press, 2003. Dumas, Alexander. The Count of Monte Cristo. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Edition

Ltd, 1997. Fowler, H.W and F.G Fowler. The Concise Oxford Companion to Theatre. New

York: Oxford University Press, 1972. Gerring, Richard J. and Philip G. Zimbardo. Psychology and Life. 16th ed. Boston:

Allyn and Bacon, 2002. Holman, C. Hugh. A Handbook to Literature. Fifth Edition. New York: Macmillan

Publishing Company, 1986. Hudson, William H. An Introduction to the Study of Literature. London: George &

Harrap. Co. LTD, 1958. Huffman, Karen et al. Psychological in Action. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

2000. Kuiper, Kathleen. Meriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield:

Meriam Webster Inc, 1995. Leary, Lewis. American Literature: A Study and Research Guide. New York: St.

Martin’s Press, 1976.

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Merriman , C. D.  http://www.online-literature.com/dumas/cristo/html, (Accessed on December 12th, 2010).

Meyer, Linda Ross. The New Revenge and the Old Retribution.

(http://www.citeulike.org/user/puslit/article/4853048), (Accessed December 2nd, 2010).

Mitroiu, Simona. http://international-journal-of-axiology.net/articole/nr9/art9,

(Accessed on December 12th, 2010). Murphy, Jeffrie G. Does Kant have a Theory of Punishment?. Columbia: Columbia

Law Review Association, Inc., 1987. Murphy, M.J. Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and the

English Novel for the Overseas Students. London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1972.

Perry, James L. Bringing Society In: Toward a Theory of Public-Service Motivation.

New York: Indiana University Press, 2000. Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. London: the Belknap Press of Harvard University

Press Cambridge, 1971. Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. Reading and Writing about Literature.

New York: Random House, Inc., 1971. Schmidtz, David. Elements of Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. New York: Bennett, Inc., 2010. Solomon, Robert. Justice v. Vengeance: On Law and the Satisfaction of Emotion. In

Meyer, (Ed.), The New Revenge and the Old Retribution. New York: New York University Press, 1999.

Surono, Tejo. “Moral Lesson Reflected in Edmond Dantes’ Character Development

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Urdan, Timothy C. and Stuart A. Karabenick. The Decade Ahead: Applications and

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Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. New York: Penguin Books.

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September 9th, 2009). (http://www.answers.com/topic/alexandre-dumas), (Accessed September 9th, 2009).

APPENDIX

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APPENDIX

The Summary of Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo

The story is begun with the arrival of Pharaon ship in Marseille. Pharaon

has sailed for a few months and finally comes home safely. A young man named

Edmond Dantes commands Pharaon during its sailing to Marseille. The bad news

is that the main captain, Captain Leclere, died during his sailing, therefore Dantes

is pointed to take over his position. Captain Leclere also orders Dantes to deliver a

package in an island named Isle of Alba. Dantes just does what asked by his

Captain. He also delivers another package when he arrived in Marseille. The

package is addressed to someone in Paris.

Before he goes to Paris, Dantes has to explain all about the Pharaon

ship’s condition including to the death of Captain Leclere to Monsieur Morrel, the

owner of the ship. Dantes impresses Monsieur Morrel with his explanation. He

receives praise even Morrel makes appointment to choose him as the new captain

of Pharaon.

Dantes is of course filled with joy. He asks permission and meets his

father and his fiancée named Mercedes. To his father, Dantes gives him a

comfortable life. He gives him a lot of money and hopes that his father will not

owe money anymore from their neighbor. Dantes also tells his father that soon he

will become a captain of Pharaon in his age of nineteen. His father is surely happy

to hear this good news. He only utters blessing for his only son. Dantes also meets

his true love, Mercedes. They have never met for a long time, therefore their

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meeting means much for them. They plan to get married immediately before

Dantes sails to other places as the new captain.

In this moment, Dantes is absolutely filled only with joy because of his

good luck. He does not realize that his own friends Danglars, Caderousse and

Fernand have plotted a crime on him. He does not realize that these people envy

and hate him because of his success. Danglars envies Dantes’ success to be a new

captain of Pharaon. Fernand is burnt with jealousy because he is unable to win

Mercedes’ love. While Caderousse is Dantes’ neighbor who always lends his

father money. He envies Dantes on both of his good luck. These people then make

a fake letter containing a fake accusation that Dantes is one of Bonaparte’s

followers. This letter is sent to the State Prosecutor.

Dantes is immediately arrested in his wedding party. Not only he is

shocked, but his father, Mercedes and everyone in the party are also shocked. His

happiness soon changes into sadness. He is brought to the State Prosecutor

represented by the assistant named Villevort. He handles Dantes’ case, but when

he sees Dantes’ innocence and finds out that Dantes is not guilty, he then plots an

evil advantage. He thinks that Dantes’ case will give him good luck about power

and riches.

Then Dantes is sent into the most horrible jail, Chateau d’If. In this jail,

Dantes behaviors slowly changed into negative. He loses hope easily and wants to

commits suicide. Fortunately, he meets Abbe Faria who tries to escape by

tunneling. Their meeting means much. Abbe Faria treats him kindly like a son. He

teaches him many things. Faria reveals his case and finds out who are behind his

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misery. He also tells him about a treasure which he could find in an island named

Monte Cristo. Faria then dies because of his illness.

He is imprisoned about fourteen years. Finally, he can escapes from the

jail. He firstly finds out the treasure told by Faria. Within this wealth, he begins to

plot revenge on Danglars, Fernand, Caderousse and Villefort. Dantes disguises

into three different characters named Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count

of Monte Cristo.

These characters are used differently in different time and place. The

Abbe Busoni and Lord Wilmore are presented as an Italian Priest and an English

nobleman. Both of these characters find and gather information about his enemies.

The Abbe Bosoni asks information from Caderousse, while Lord Wilmore gathers

information in the jail. The Count of Monte Cristo is the character who executes

them. Dantes actually doest kill them directly, but his action has caused them to

suffer and even some die.

Dantes destroys Caderousse using his greediness. Benedetto stabs him to

death. Dantes continues his revenge to Fernand. He ruins him by revealing his

past crime when he was in military. His wife Mercedes and his son left him and

immediately he shoots himself. The third person is Villefort. He is ruined in front

of the court by revealing his crime to the born baby named Benedetto. Villefort

then goes mad. The last enemy is Danglars. Dantes makes him fall into

bankruptcy. His daughter fails to marry Calvacanti. Later he left his wife and went

far away. But he is robbed in Italy by bandits. Danglars is left with little money

and he becomes poor. Dantes finishes his revenge on people who have made him

suffer. He makes them suffer as he did.