The Most Tough Undesired Components and Pollutants in Water Pipes

The Most Tough Undesired Components and Pollutants in Water

Pipes1. Scale and Water Hardness

2. Corrosion and Rust

3. Bacteria and Algae

1. Scale and Hard Water Problems

Water with higher content of Water with higher content of alkali earth (Ca, Mg), alkali earth (Ca, Mg), bicarbonates is called hard bicarbonates is called hard water.water.

How do you recognize hard water?

How do you recognize hard water?

•Hard water prevents soap Hard water prevents soap from lathering by causing from lathering by causing the development of an the development of an insoluble precipitate in the insoluble precipitate in the water.water.

Origin of ions that cause hardness in natural waters

Origin of ions that cause hardness in natural waters

•As ocean water evaporates, it form clouds, which condenses and precipitates rain.

•As ocean water evaporates, it form clouds, which condenses and precipitates rain.

•As rain water falls it encounters carbon dioxide and reacts with it to form a mild acid (Carbonic Acid).

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

•As rain water falls it encounters carbon dioxide and reacts with it to form a mild acid (Carbonic Acid).

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

•Thus as rain water comes into contact with limestone in the earth, the limestone dissolves and goes into solution with the water.

•Thus as rain water comes into contact with limestone in the earth, the limestone dissolves and goes into solution with the water.

CaCO3 + H2CO3 = Ca + 2 HCO3CaCO3 + H2CO3 = Ca + 2 HCO3

Surface waters also encounter carbon dioxide from the decay of organic materials. As these waters contact limestone, the limestone gradually dissolves and goes into solution.

Surface waters also encounter carbon dioxide from the decay of organic materials. As these waters contact limestone, the limestone gradually dissolves and goes into solution.

When the concentration of calcium and bicarbonate increases due to the intensive reactions of rain water when it falls on carbonate rocks this may cause water hardness.

When the concentration of calcium and bicarbonate increases due to the intensive reactions of rain water when it falls on carbonate rocks this may cause water hardness.

How hard water is formed in nature?How hard water is formed in nature?

The main problem associated with the use

of hard water in the different applications is

scale

•Scale is a precipitate deposited on surfaces (e.g. inner pipe surfaces) that are in contact with water.

•Scale forms rocklike deposits inside Scale forms rocklike deposits inside and/or on water pipes and equipments.and/or on water pipes and equipments.

•Scale forms rocklike deposits inside Scale forms rocklike deposits inside and/or on water pipes and equipments.and/or on water pipes and equipments.

1.1.The degree of supersaturationThe degree of supersaturation (high saturation index enhances scale formation)(high saturation index enhances scale formation)

CaCa2+2+ + 2 HCO + 2 HCO33-- CaCO CaCO33 + H + H22O + COO + CO22

2.2. TemperatureTemperature (increase temperature, decreases solubility of CaCO(increase temperature, decreases solubility of CaCO3 3 and and

enhances scale formation)enhances scale formation)

33. PH. PH ( increase PH, decreases solubility of CaCO3 and enhances scale formation)

4. Organic Processes

Hexagonal Hexagonal CalciteCalciteOrthorhombic Orthorhombic AragoniteAragonite

•Limescale is only a problem if calcium carbonate Limescale is only a problem if calcium carbonate precipitates as hexagonal calcite crystals. precipitates as hexagonal calcite crystals.

•Limescale is only a problem if calcium carbonate Limescale is only a problem if calcium carbonate precipitates as hexagonal calcite crystals. precipitates as hexagonal calcite crystals.

•Orthorhombic aragonite crystals, which are 19 times more soluble than calcite, are less prone to form hard scale.

•Orthorhombic aragonite crystals, which are 19 times more soluble than calcite, are less prone to form hard scale.

Calcite crystal seed needs a surface (the Calcite crystal seed needs a surface (the wall of the pipe) to precipitate upon.wall of the pipe) to precipitate upon.

Aragonite may nucleate in solution and form soluble substance which does not adhere to surfaces

Aragonite may nucleate in solution and form soluble substance which does not adhere to surfaces

Aragonite Calcite

CaCOCaCO33 Crystal Structures Crystal StructuresCaCOCaCO33 Crystal Structures Crystal Structures

Electron microscope photographs for water samples with (A) and without (B) scale

Magnification 2000xMagnification 2000x

AA BB

Scale ProblemsScale Problems Scale ProblemsScale Problems •It is common that calcium carbonate scale to adhere to the inner wall of the pipes. This causes the following problems in the pipe networks:

3. Increasing the cost associated with operating systems using water conduits.

1.Reduction in the flow rate. This may require increased pressure to maintain the water flow.

1.Reduction in the flow rate. This may require increased pressure to maintain the water flow.

2. Reduction in the efficiency of heat exchangers.2. Reduction in the efficiency of heat exchangers.

2. Corrosion and Rust Problems

• Corrosion is the result of some bacterial and/or chemical reactions inside pipes.•Rust is a combination of trivalent iron with oxygen i.e. ferric oxide (Fe2O3).

• Corrosion is the result of some bacterial and/or chemical reactions inside pipes.•Rust is a combination of trivalent iron with oxygen i.e. ferric oxide (Fe2O3).

Corrosion leads to biting the water pipes.This ends up to great maintenance costs.

Corrosion leads to biting the water pipes.This ends up to great maintenance costs.

3. Bacteriological Problems

HH22O + COO + CO22 H H22COCO33

HH22COCO33 H H++ + HCO + HCO33--


HH22O + COO + CO22 H H22COCO33

HH22COCO33 H H++ + HCO + HCO33--


Bacteriological Bacteriological ProblemsProblems

1. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) 1. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB)

5)CH20106(NH3)l6(H3PO4) 55S34O42 106CO2 16NH3

5532S

H3 PO4

106H2O

+ + + +

This kind of bacteria is catastrophic for pipe network via: enhancing scale, poising water and causing pipe biting.

This kind of bacteria is catastrophic for pipe network via: enhancing scale, poising water and causing pipe biting.

2. Infectious bacteria, algae and viruses2. Infectious bacteria, algae and viruses

•These include pathogenic (disease producing) bacteria, viruses, algae and protozoans (microorganisms).

•These include pathogenic (disease producing) bacteria, viruses, algae and protozoans (microorganisms).

•These organisms constitute a major problem for drinking water potability.

•These organisms constitute a major problem for drinking water potability.

Water treatment is a process of making water Water treatment is a process of making water suitable for its different applications and uses.suitable for its different applications and uses.

These water treatment processes may These water treatment processes may involve physical, chemical and biological involve physical, chemical and biological methodsmethods. .

The most tough water treatment processes include:The most tough water treatment processes include:1.1. The removal of scale and water hardness (water softening).The removal of scale and water hardness (water softening).2.2. The removal of bacteria, algae and other organic The removal of bacteria, algae and other organic

compoundscompounds.. 3.3. The prevention of corrosion of water pipes.The prevention of corrosion of water pipes.

•Chemical•Flushing out the system with acid,

•Corrosive (early renewal of piping),

•Bad for environment,

•Plant shutdown necessary,

•Recurring expenses

•Chemical•Flushing out the system with acid,

•Corrosive (early renewal of piping),

•Bad for environment,


•Recurring expenses

•Mechanical• Labor intensive,


• Recurring expenses

•Mechanical• Labor intensive,


• Recurring expenses

•Physical•Friendly for the environment,

• No corrosion,

•No plant shutdown necessary,

•One time investment,

•Capital equipment last longer

•Physical•Friendly for the environment,

• No corrosion,

•No plant shutdown necessary,

•One time investment,

•Capital equipment last longer

•MagneticMagnetic•Of restricted use (Not suitable Of restricted use (Not suitable for large pipe sizes)for large pipe sizes)

•Needs mechanical filter up Needs mechanical filter up stream. stream.

• Low effectiveness. Low effectiveness.

•Friendly for environment.Friendly for environment.

•MagneticMagnetic•Of restricted use (Not suitable Of restricted use (Not suitable for large pipe sizes)for large pipe sizes)

•Needs mechanical filter up Needs mechanical filter up stream. stream.

• Low effectiveness. Low effectiveness.


•ElectrolysisElectrolysis (Static electric field). (Static electric field).

• Invasive. Invasive.

• Low effectiveness.Low effectiveness.

•Electrodes corrode and will have to be Electrodes corrode and will have to be renewed.renewed.

•ElectrolysisElectrolysis (Static electric field). (Static electric field).

• Invasive. Invasive.

• Low effectiveness.Low effectiveness.

•Electrodes corrode and will have to be Electrodes corrode and will have to be renewed.renewed.

•Electromagnetic•No filter upstream requiredNo filter upstream required•No chemicals neededNo chemicals needed•No maintenanceNo maintenance•Life span over 20 yearsLife span over 20 years•No pollution.No pollution.•No restrictions in pipe size No restrictions in pipe size •Removes old carbonate scale layers.Removes old carbonate scale layers.


•Electromagnetic•No filter upstream requiredNo filter upstream required•No chemicals neededNo chemicals needed•No maintenanceNo maintenance•Life span over 20 yearsLife span over 20 years•No pollution.No pollution.•No restrictions in pipe size No restrictions in pipe size •Removes old carbonate scale layers.Removes old carbonate scale layers.


Methods of Bacteriological ControlMethods of Bacteriological Control

ChlorinationChlorination

OzonationOzonation

Ultra Violet (UV) Ultra Violet (UV)

•UV radiation is not suitable for water with high levels of suspended solids, turbidity or soluble organic matter.

•UV radiation is not suitable for water with high levels of suspended solids, turbidity or soluble organic matter.

•Ozone treatment can create undesirable byproducts that can be harmful to health (e.g., formaldehyde and bromate).

•Ozone treatment can create undesirable byproducts that can be harmful to health (e.g., formaldehyde and bromate).

•This process may be harmfull for man health in many instances.• You may always add some disinfection byproducts (trihalomethanes, like chloroform)

•This process may be harmfull for man health in many instances.• You may always add some disinfection byproducts (trihalomethanes, like chloroform)

Anti-corrosion chemicalsAnti-corrosion chemicals

Methods for Corrosion PreventionMethods for Corrosion Prevention

And KnowAnd KnowAfter we have talk about water problems and the conventional solutions, which themselves may become extra problems

After we have talk about water problems and the conventional solutions, which themselves may become extra problems

What is the new technology we have?What is the new technology we have?

And why we believe that it offers the perfect solution for:And why we believe that it offers the perfect solution for:

Scale and water hardness problemsScale and water hardness problems

Pipes Corrosion and RustPipes Corrosion and Rust

Bacteria and other harmful organismsBacteria and other harmful organisms

It is an electronic equipment that get use of a It is an electronic equipment that get use of a natural natural (Physical) (Physical) phenomenon in solving the phenomenon in solving the most tough problems of hard water, scales, most tough problems of hard water, scales, corrosion and bacteria.corrosion and bacteria.

It is an electronic equipment that get use of a It is an electronic equipment that get use of a natural natural (Physical) (Physical) phenomenon in solving the phenomenon in solving the most tough problems of hard water, scales, most tough problems of hard water, scales, corrosion and bacteria.corrosion and bacteria.

It is the time of Science. It is the time of Science. It is the time of Science. It is the time of Science.

Just relax and let Just relax and let DescalerDescaler works worksJust relax and let Just relax and let DescalerDescaler works works

It is the time of technologyIt is the time of technologyIt is the time of technologyIt is the time of technology

Can be installed on all types of Can be installed on all types of pipes (steel, copper, plastic)pipes (steel, copper, plastic)

Can be installed on all types of Can be installed on all types of pipes (steel, copper, plastic)pipes (steel, copper, plastic)

Reduced maintenance expensesReduced maintenance expenses

Extended equipment lifeExtended equipment life

No more chemicalsNo more chemicalsBacteriological controlBacteriological control

Reduced corrosionReduced corrosionImproved water textureImproved water texture

Payback typically 3-12 monthsPayback typically 3-12 months

Prevent decreasing the heat exchange Prevent decreasing the heat exchange efficiency efficiency

Prevent decreasing the heat exchange Prevent decreasing the heat exchange efficiency efficiency

Easy installationEasy installationEasy installationEasy installation

No undesired hard scale in pipeworkNo undesired hard scale in pipework

Environmental-friendly operationEnvironmental-friendly operationEnvironmental-friendly operationEnvironmental-friendly operation

How it Works?How it Works?

•The Descaler microprocessor based devise creates a specially designed frequency-modulated time-varying electromagnetic fields through the inductor coil unit, which are wrapped around the supply pipes.

The The electromagneticelectromagnetic wave wavess varies in three ways: varies in three ways: polaritypolarity, , frequency frequency and and amplitudeamplitude. .

The The electromagneticelectromagnetic wave wavess varies in three ways: varies in three ways: polaritypolarity, , frequency frequency and and amplitudeamplitude. .

•Polarity changes from positive to negative many Polarity changes from positive to negative many thousands of times per second. thousands of times per second. •Frequency varies from Frequency varies from 22,000 cycles per second to ,000 cycles per second to 77,,0000 00 cycles per second. That range of frequencies is wide cycles per second. That range of frequencies is wide enough to affect the water and the materials in the water.enough to affect the water and the materials in the water. •Amplitude varies from Amplitude varies from 00 milliamps to milliamps to 250250 milliamps. This milliamps. This means that the water molecules and the material in the means that the water molecules and the material in the water are being subjected to a wide range of field forces. water are being subjected to a wide range of field forces.

•Polarity changes from positive to negative many Polarity changes from positive to negative many thousands of times per second. thousands of times per second. •Frequency varies from Frequency varies from 22,000 cycles per second to ,000 cycles per second to 77,,0000 00 cycles per second. That range of frequencies is wide cycles per second. That range of frequencies is wide enough to affect the water and the materials in the water.enough to affect the water and the materials in the water. •Amplitude varies from Amplitude varies from 00 milliamps to milliamps to 250250 milliamps. This milliamps. This means that the water molecules and the material in the means that the water molecules and the material in the water are being subjected to a wide range of field forces. water are being subjected to a wide range of field forces.

The TechnologyThe Technology

Electromagnetic waves

CaCa

HCO3

HCO3 CaCa

Pipe WallPipe Wall

IonsIonsBacteriaBacteria

ScaleScaleWaterWater

Induced Electromagnetic Waves Will Exert an Effect on Five Things Inside The Pipe

Induced Electromagnetic Waves Will Exert an Effect on Five Things Inside The Pipe

•The alternating or switching directions of the The alternating or switching directions of the Electromagnetic Multi-Frequency Fields uniquely created Electromagnetic Multi-Frequency Fields uniquely created

by the by the Digital DescalerDigital Descaler rotates the ionized calcium rotates the ionized calcium and bicarbonate molecules toward alignment with the and bicarbonate molecules toward alignment with the changing field. changing field.

•This rotation for alignment agitates the This rotation for alignment agitates the molecules and breaks the bonds between the molecules and breaks the bonds between the molecules and bonded water molecules. molecules and bonded water molecules.

•The oppositely-charged ions (i.e. Ca2+, HCO3-) will then be forced to move in opposite directions, thereby producing collisions.•This may result in the formation of microscopic nuclei that cause the calcium carbonate to precipitate within the water (in the form of aragonite), instead of on the surfaces of pipes, as hard insoluble calcite

•The oppositely-charged ions (i.e. Ca2+, HCO3-) will then be forced to move in opposite directions, thereby producing collisions.•This may result in the formation of microscopic nuclei that cause the calcium carbonate to precipitate within the water (in the form of aragonite), instead of on the surfaces of pipes, as hard insoluble calcite

and thus prevents the formation of new scale.and thus prevents the formation of new scale.

When the Ca and HCO3 ions are freed in solution why they combine to form

aragonite and not calcite?

When the Ca and HCO3 ions are freed in solution why they combine to form

aragonite and not calcite?

The answer is:

Only aragonite polymorph can be formed at this higher energy level

Only aragonite polymorph can be formed at this higher energy level

DescalerTreatment

Electromagnetic Descaler EffectivenessElectromagnetic Descaler Effectiveness Descaling effectiveness can be easily verified by a simple experiment:

•Water with hardness of 300 – 400 ppm, PH=9, TDS=1500 ppm approximately are placed in two containers. •In each container, a small pump is used to circulate the water through a transparent hose.

•The water in both containers is then heated to 70 degree C to promote the growth of hard scale.

•In one of the containers, the transparent hose In one of the containers, the transparent hose

is passed through theis passed through the Descaler unit for unit for treatmenttreatment. . The other act as a control with no The other act as a control with no treatmenttreatment ..

•After 2-3 hours, it can be seen that the hose transporting water treated

by the Descaler remains very clear without any scale deposit. •The hose of the control has significant quantity of hard scale deposited along the hose wall.

•After 2-3 hours, it can be seen that the hose transporting water treated

by the Descaler remains very clear without any scale deposit. •The hose of the control has significant quantity of hard scale deposited along the hose wall.

Descaler

•When the calcium and bicarbonate ions are When the calcium and bicarbonate ions are removed from water in the form of inert aragonite:removed from water in the form of inert aragonite:•The water loses some of its alkalinity and The water loses some of its alkalinity and becomes undersaturated with calcite.becomes undersaturated with calcite.•This makes the water capable to attack the old This makes the water capable to attack the old scale surrounding the pipe wall and dissolve it.scale surrounding the pipe wall and dissolve it.

•When the calcium and bicarbonate ions are When the calcium and bicarbonate ions are removed from water in the form of inert aragonite:removed from water in the form of inert aragonite:•The water loses some of its alkalinity and The water loses some of its alkalinity and becomes undersaturated with calcite.becomes undersaturated with calcite.•This makes the water capable to attack the old This makes the water capable to attack the old scale surrounding the pipe wall and dissolve it.scale surrounding the pipe wall and dissolve it.

1 month afterBefore treatment 3 month after

The induced stream of The induced stream of electrons transform trivalent electrons transform trivalent iron into divalent iron.iron into divalent iron.

Rust particles are dislodged Rust particles are dislodged and flushed out until a and flushed out until a protective film of saturated protective film of saturated ferrous oxide is formed ferrous oxide is formed inside the pipe.inside the pipe.

•Moreover, it is evident that scale is an optimum Moreover, it is evident that scale is an optimum substrate where Bacteria (e.g. sulfate reducing substrate where Bacteria (e.g. sulfate reducing bacteria) live. bacteria) live.

•Removing of scale using Removing of scale using DescalerDescaler will will provide an environment not suitable for bacteria, provide an environment not suitable for bacteria, algae to live.algae to live.

•Moreover, it is evident that scale is an optimum Moreover, it is evident that scale is an optimum substrate where Bacteria (e.g. sulfate reducing substrate where Bacteria (e.g. sulfate reducing bacteria) live. bacteria) live.

•Removing of scale using Removing of scale using DescalerDescaler will will provide an environment not suitable for bacteria, provide an environment not suitable for bacteria, algae to live.algae to live.

•Alternating and pulsed electromagnetic fields have been shown to inhibit bacterial growth.

•Alternating and pulsed electromagnetic fields have been shown to inhibit bacterial growth.

Water Molecular StructureWater Molecular Structure

There is a tradeThere is a trade--off between off between the covalent and hydrogen the covalent and hydrogen bond strengths; the stronger bond strengths; the stronger is the H····O hydrogen bond, is the H····O hydrogen bond, the weaker the Othe weaker the O--H covalent H covalent bond, and the shorter the bond, and the shorter the O····O distanceO····O distance. .

There is a tradeThere is a trade--off between off between the covalent and hydrogen the covalent and hydrogen bond strengths; the stronger bond strengths; the stronger is the H····O hydrogen bond, is the H····O hydrogen bond, the weaker the Othe weaker the O--H covalent H covalent bond, and the shorter the bond, and the shorter the O····O distanceO····O distance. .

Covalent bondCovalent bond

Hydrogen bondHydrogen bond

electromagnetic fields may may affect the bonding strengthaffect the bonding strength

electromagnetic fields may may affect the bonding strengthaffect the bonding strength

The breakage of bonds may be The breakage of bonds may be due to the more energetic due to the more energetic states created by the states created by the electromagnetic fieldselectromagnetic fields

The breakage of bonds may be The breakage of bonds may be due to the more energetic due to the more energetic states created by the states created by the electromagnetic fieldselectromagnetic fields

OO OOHH

HH

HH

H2O molecules link up to each other because of the dipole nature of the individual H2O molecules.

H2O molecules link up to each other because of the dipole nature of the individual H2O molecules.

WHAT IS "WETTER WATER"

•"Wetter Water" is the result of reduced "Wetter Water" is the result of reduced covalent hydrogen bonding between covalent hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules. adjacent water molecules.

•The surface tension will be reduced andThe surface tension will be reduced and separated water clusters may be formed.separated water clusters may be formed.

• Enables soap and detergent to break up into Enables soap and detergent to break up into smaller groupings and interface with the smaller groupings and interface with the smaller Hsmaller H22O groupings. O groupings.

•It is more reactive

Descaling EffectDescaling Effect•Existing hard scale in pipelinesExisting hard scale in pipelines//equipment equipment surfaces will disintegrate after weeks or months surfaces will disintegrate after weeks or months

of treatment with the of treatment with the Descaler.

•Saving in energy consumption and regulating Saving in energy consumption and regulating heat exchange due to scale prevention and heat exchange due to scale prevention and

removalremoval..

•Cleaner system resulting in lower bacteria level.

•No corrosive pipes anymore.•No corrosive pipes anymore.

•Enhanced Bacteriological Control•Reduced Scaling•Enhanced Heat Transfer

•Enhanced Bacteriological Control•Reduced Scaling•Enhanced Heat Transfer

COOLING TOWER WATER CONDITIONINGCOOLING TOWER WATER CONDITIONING COOLING TOWER WATER CONDITIONINGCOOLING TOWER WATER CONDITIONING

Evaporation cooling towerEvaporation cooling tower Evaporation cooling towerEvaporation cooling tower

Dissolved deposits removedDissolved deposits removed from the cooling towerfrom the cooling tower within 4 weeks within 4 weeks

Dissolved deposits removedDissolved deposits removed from the cooling towerfrom the cooling tower within 4 weeks within 4 weeks

•It takes only 3 to 6 months to dissolve 2 tons of solid impurities It takes only 3 to 6 months to dissolve 2 tons of solid impurities from the coiller in a cooling tower after the installation of the from the coiller in a cooling tower after the installation of the

chemical free chemical free Descaler Descaler physical water treatment physical water treatment

•It takes only 3 to 6 months to dissolve 2 tons of solid impurities It takes only 3 to 6 months to dissolve 2 tons of solid impurities from the coiller in a cooling tower after the installation of the from the coiller in a cooling tower after the installation of the

chemical free chemical free Descaler Descaler physical water treatment physical water treatment

•In Europe this physical treatment technique is today installed in In Europe this physical treatment technique is today installed in more than 3500 cooling towersmore than 3500 cooling towers. .

•In Europe this physical treatment technique is today installed in In Europe this physical treatment technique is today installed in more than 3500 cooling towersmore than 3500 cooling towers. .

•No expensive chemical additives,No expensive chemical additives,• no environmentally pollution and no environmentally pollution and • pay back time is in general less than 7-8 monthspay back time is in general less than 7-8 months! ! •Further the reduced water surface tension increases dispersion of the Further the reduced water surface tension increases dispersion of the water dropswater drops. . Thus, a better heat exchange and cooling effectThus, a better heat exchange and cooling effect..

•No expensive chemical additives,No expensive chemical additives,• no environmentally pollution and no environmentally pollution and • pay back time is in general less than 7-8 monthspay back time is in general less than 7-8 months! ! •Further the reduced water surface tension increases dispersion of the Further the reduced water surface tension increases dispersion of the water dropswater drops. . Thus, a better heat exchange and cooling effectThus, a better heat exchange and cooling effect..

•No more Fouling•Bacteriological Assistance•Reduced Scaling•Enhanced Cleaning•Reduction in Chemical Usage

•No more Fouling•Bacteriological Assistance•Reduced Scaling•Enhanced Cleaning•Reduction in Chemical Usage

Reduced Calcite ScalingEnhanced Thermal Heat TransferFouling Elimination

Reduced Calcite ScalingEnhanced Thermal Heat TransferFouling Elimination

Our Children Deserve ItOur Children Deserve It

A glass of water withA glass of water with

•No bacteriaNo bacteria•Less ChlorineLess Chlorine•No impuritiesNo impurities

A glass of water withA glass of water with

•No bacteriaNo bacteria•Less ChlorineLess Chlorine•No impuritiesNo impurities

•Even distilled water you purchase in plastic bottles at the store will eventually have some carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air dissolved in it forming a weak acid (carbonic acid).

•Even distilled water you purchase in plastic bottles at the store will eventually have some carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air dissolved in it forming a weak acid (carbonic acid).

•In the USA in 1994-1995, there were 3,641 water purification utilities in the US that reported violating the federal health standards for fecal bacteria contamination.

•In the USA in 1994-1995, there were 3,641 water purification utilities in the US that reported violating the federal health standards for fecal bacteria contamination.

•Ca and Mg are considered undesirable contaminants for forming scales inside water pipes regardless of the salinity

•Ca and Mg are considered undesirable contaminants for forming scales inside water pipes regardless of the salinity

•The "Wetter Water" penetrates soil better and faster.

•The "Wetter Water" penetrates soil better and faster.

•Salt and scale-dissolving properties of treated water increase its ability for leaching away excess salinity accumulated in the soil.

•Salt and scale-dissolving properties of treated water increase its ability for leaching away excess salinity accumulated in the soil.

•Healthier and Stronger Plants•Grow Faster without Genetic Modification

•Healthier and Stronger Plants•Grow Faster without Genetic Modification

Concrete and Cement Manufacture Concrete and Cement Manufacture

•Up to 18% Stronger Concrete•Less Water Required

•Up to 18% Stronger Concrete•Less Water Required

•Increase the consistence volume by 3 to 6 cm.•Reduce the water consumtion and cement volume.•Less additives required.

•Increase the consistence volume by 3 to 6 cm.•Reduce the water consumtion and cement volume.•Less additives required.

Sheraton Hotel and Towers in RiyadhSheraton Hotel and Towers in Riyadh

Three different areas of the Sheraton Hotel were fitted with anti-scale units, These were:-•the main water supply to the Guest rooms, Kitchens, Laundry and other Service areas•the Swimming Pool and •the Calorifier room

Three different areas of the Sheraton Hotel were fitted with anti-scale units, These were:-•the main water supply to the Guest rooms, Kitchens, Laundry and other Service areas•the Swimming Pool and •the Calorifier room

•The water overall at the pool has improved•Scum deposits are removed from around the pool edge. •Steel fittings return to their former pristine condition. •Lime scale is removed from within the swimming pool plant. •Stabilizers are no longer required to correct the pH balance. •Less chlorine usage•The shower heads were cleaned

•The water overall at the pool has improved•Scum deposits are removed from around the pool edge. •Steel fittings return to their former pristine condition. •Lime scale is removed from within the swimming pool plant. •Stabilizers are no longer required to correct the pH balance. •Less chlorine usage•The shower heads were cleaned

The manufacturers of the humidifiers, Anstan Technologies, South Africa, have recommended the use of AquaVantage as a retro-fit to all their existing 5000+ customers and have specified AquaVantage as a supplied option to their units.

The manufacturers of the humidifiers, Anstan Technologies, South Africa, have recommended the use of AquaVantage as a retro-fit to all their existing 5000+ customers and have specified AquaVantage as a supplied option to their units.

Photo after one week Photo after one week Photo after two weeks Photo after two weeks

NEW SCALE ELIMINATED AND EXISTING SCALE REMOVEDNEW SCALE ELIMINATED AND EXISTING SCALE REMOVED

Photo after three weeks Photo after three weeks

•Remove scale from pipe work •Remove scale from calorifiers •Reduce the scale in desalinization equipment •Help maintain a constant water pressure •Increase the life of capital equipment •Reduce scale in water-fed galley equipment •Reduce lime scale build-up from around baths, basins & sinks •Combat scale build-up in shower heads •Reduce maintenance of seawater cooled diesel engines •Reduce cleaning costs, chemicals & labor •Provide a short term payback

•Remove scale from pipe work •Remove scale from calorifiers •Reduce the scale in desalinization equipment •Help maintain a constant water pressure •Increase the life of capital equipment •Reduce scale in water-fed galley equipment •Reduce lime scale build-up from around baths, basins & sinks •Combat scale build-up in shower heads •Reduce maintenance of seawater cooled diesel engines •Reduce cleaning costs, chemicals & labor •Provide a short term payback

Documents

The Most Tough Undesired Components and Pollutants in Water Pipes