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1Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
The Mortgage
Lending Process
Chapter 2
2Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Chapter Objectives
• Define the various roles mortgage professionals play
• Distinguish between pre-approval and pre-qualification
• Identify the steps in the loan process
• Discuss the information necessary to complete a standard loan application
• Identify criteria for evaluating borrowers
• Calculate housing and debt-to-income ratios
• Explain credit scoring
• Describe underwriting criteria for residential mortgage loans
3Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Mortgage Professional Functions
• Origination– Making or initiating a new loan
– Initial contact with borrower
– Ordering credit report and other required documentation
• Loan Processing– Verifying information in the loan file
– Employment and other verification
– Coordination of loan process
4Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Mortgage Professional Functions
• Underwriting– Evaluating risk and deciding whether to make a
new loan, and if so, on what terms
– Done by the funding source
– Evaluates income, credit scores/history, appraisals, job history, collateral, etc.
• Servicing– Continued maintenance of loan after closing
– Done by lender, servicing company, or other
– Mortgage and escrow statements, collecting payments, and pursuing late payments
5Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
The Loan Process
• Loan Inquiry
– Before person makes decision to apply
– MLOs must provide APR for interest rate inquiries
• Pre-Qualification
– Pre-determine what a person may be able to borrow
– MLO gathers info; no guarantee approval; not binding
– Does not require disclosure
• Pre-Approval
– Lender renders decision that person can (or cannot)
receive financing and for what amount
– Does NOT trigger mandated “complete application”
disclosures
6Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
The Loan Process
• Traditional Steps
1. Consulting with the mortgage loan originator
2. Completing a loan application
3. Processing a loan application
4. Analyzing the borrower and property
7Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Consulting with the MLO
• Best Practices Before Application
– Don’t interject personal judgement
– Inform customers its their decision
– Get help understanding policies as needed
– Adhere to MLO Compensation Rule
• Initial Discussions
– Gather information, identify options, provide
documentation
– Ensure sales contract can be complied with
8Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Consulting with MLO - Interest Rates
• Interest Rate– Amount charged by lender to borrower for use of the
lender’s assets, expressed as a percentage of the loan
amount (the principal)
• Basis Point– 1/100th of a percentage point
• Par Rate– Rate without points/discounts lenders offer only to
mortgage brokers
• Rate Lock– Lender commitment to specific interest rate for specific
period of time
• Float– Borrower chooses not to lock in the interest rate
9Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Consulting with MLO - Fees
• Loan Fees– Processing fees such as credit report and appraisal fee
– Fees paid at closing such as title insurance and recording fee
• Lender’s Return– Total amount lender can make from a loan in relation to amount
invested
– No compensation based on loan terms, except loan amount
• Origination Fees– Covers administrative costs of making and processing loan
• Points– 1% of the loan amount
– Origination points cover administrative costs
– Discount points buy down interest rate
• Yield Spread Premium– Lower upfront cash expense for higher monthly payments
10Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Qualifying Standards
• Two Qualifying Standards
– Housing expense ratio
– Total debt-to-income ratio
– Borrower must generally qualify under both ratios
• PITI Key Element
– Principal
– Interest
– Taxes (property and perhaps special assessment)
– Insurance (homeowners, mortgage, flood if applicable)
– Required homeowner association fees must be counted
11Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Housing Expense Ratio
• Purpose– Identifies relationship of borrower’s total monthly
housing expense to income, expressed as a
percentage
– Also called the front-end ratio
• Calculation
– Total Housing Expense ÷ Gross Monthly
Income = Housing Expense Ratio%
– Not to exceed 28% for conventional loans
12Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Case in Point
Mark has a stable monthly gross income of
$2,900 and the house he wants to buy would
have a monthly mortgage payment of $700
(PITI + association fees, if applicable)
$700 ÷ $2,900 = 0.24 or 24%
Housing expense ratio is acceptable for a
conventional loan since it’s below 28%
13
Total Debt-to-Income Ratio
• Purpose
– Relationship of borrower’s total monthly debt
obligations (PITI + long-term debts) to income,
expressed as a percentage
– Also called the back-end ratio, DTI, or total debt
service ratio
• Calculation
– Total Debt ÷ Gross Monthly Income = Total
Debt-to-Income Ratio %
– Not to exceed 36% for conventional loans
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
14Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Case in Point
$2,900 Stable Monthly Gross Income
$700 Proposed Mortgage Payment
$225 Auto Payment (18 payments left)
+ $100 Child Support
$1,025 Total
$1,025 ÷ $2,900 = 0.35 or 35%
Total DTI ratio is acceptable for a conventional loan
15
Maximum Mortgage Payment
• Determine Monthly Payment
– Using Housing Expense Ratio
• Borrower’s stable monthly income x maximum housing
expense ratio
• 0.28 conventional loan maximum housing expense ratio
– Using DTI Ratio
• Borrower’s stable monthly income x maximum total debt-to-
income ratio
• 0.36 conventional loan maximum DTI ratio
– Identifies allowable amount of long-term debt
– DTI more realistic measure of ability to support loan
payment
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
16
Compensating Factors
• Consideration of Compensating Factors
– Underwriting exceptions when strong borrower
qualifications offset weaker qualifications
– For example:
• Back-end debt to income ratio of 40% (in
excess of 36% limitation)
• Has significant cash reserves and/or is
borrowing at a low LTV
– Documentation of compensating factors crucial
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
17Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
2.1 Apply Your Knowledge
Mary Smith has a stable monthly gross income of
$3,200. She has three long-term monthly debt
obligations: $220 car payment, $75 personal loan
payment, and $50 revolving charge card payment.
1. What’s the maximum monthly mortgage
payment for which she can qualify?
2. What steps could Mary take to qualify for a
larger mortgage payment?
Pay off installment debt to reduce long-term
monthly obligations
$807
18Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Complete the Loan Application
• Purpose– Detail borrower’s history, trends, and attitude
– Attempt to predict future loan repayment
behavior
• Uniform Residential Loan Application – Fannie Mae Form 1003
– Freddie Mac Form 65
– May be in writing or electronic
• Redesigned URLA– Effective November 1
– More efficient data collection
– Current 1 form versus redesigned 5 forms
19
Redesigned URLA – Which Form to Use
• Redesigned URLA Form to Use
– One Borrower - Borrower Information form
– Two or More Borrowers
• One URLA Borrower Information form and Additional
Borrower form for each additional borrower, or
• A Borrower Information form for each borrower (don’t
duplicate info)
• Co-Borrower
– Joint ownership interest in the security property
as indicated on the title
– Must have acceptable credit historyMortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
20Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Type of loan
• Loan amount
• Rates
• Term
Section I: Type and Terms
21Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Do not assume or advise on how title should be held
• Occupancy determines interest rate, available programs, and overall risk
• FHA loans require bona fide occupancy as principal residence within 60 days
then for at least 12 months
Section II: Property and Purpose
22Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Marital status: Married, unmarried, separated
• May ask about number of dependents borrower must support
• Previous address needed if at current address for 2 years or less
Section III: Borrower Information
23Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Current and previous employment over two-year period
• Self-employed: Owning 25% or more of the business
Section IV: Employment Information
24Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Employment income, overtime, bonuses, commissions, dividends, interest, net
rental income, and income from any other sources
• Borrower chooses whether to disclose alimony/child support
• Current monthly housing expenses allows comparison to proposed to gauge
payment shock
Section V: Income and Expense
25Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
Section VI: Assets and Liabilities
26Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Assets: Items of value
• Liabilities: Financial
obligations
• Debts: Any recurring
monetary obligation that will
not be cancelled
• Installment loan with 10 or
fewer monthly payments
left likely disregarded
• Pledged assets up to
amount owed
• Alimony or child support
to be paid
• Net worth: Subtract
liabilities from total assets
Section VI: Assets
and Liabilities
27Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Estimate of funds required at
closing
• Required borrower disclosure:
– Secondary financing
– Seller-paid closing costs
– Other credits:
• Equity
• Deposits being held
Section VII: Transaction Details
28Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Outstanding judgments,
bankruptcies, foreclosures,
lawsuits, etc.
• Delinquency, defaults on any
federal debt, other loan
• Alimony/child support
obligations
• Borrowed funds used for any
part of down payment
• Co-signers on other debts
• Citizen/permanent resident
• Occupy property as a primary
residence
• Ownership interest in other
properties in the past three
years
Section VIII: Declarations
29Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Borrower and any co-borrower must date and sign
• Acknowledge:– Understand and agree to be bound by loan terms
– 11 disclosures
Section IX: Acknowledgment
30Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA – Until March 1
• Monitors compliance with equal credit/housing laws
• MLO must note ethnicity, race, sex– Applicant declines, MLO must note as possible
• MLO must sign application, NMLS unique ID
Section X: Government Monitoring
31
URLA - Effective March 1
• URLA effective March 1, 2021
• Sections
1. Borrower Information
2. Financial Information – Assets and Liabilities
3. Financial Information – Real Estate
4. Loan and Property Information
5. Declarations
6. Acknowledgment and Agreements
7. Military Service
8. Demographic Information
9. Loan Originator Information
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
32Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
• Similar to Section III of current URLA
• Provide information regarding citizenship status
• If Unmarried Marital Status is selected, use Unmarried Addendum form
• Email address has been added and the number and name of any
additional borrowers must be identified.
Section 1: Borrower Information
33Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
Section 1: Borrower Information (cont.)
34Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
Section 1: Borrower Information (cont.)
35Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
• Similar to Section VI of current URLA
• Enhancements
o Instructions
o Lists provided on the form
o Subsections
• Net worth is not calculated
• Use the Continuation Sheet if more space is needed
Section 2: Financial Information-Assets and Liabilities
36Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
Section 2: Financial Information-Assets and Liabilities
(cont.)
37Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
Section 2: Financial Information-Assets and Liabilities
(cont.)
38Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
• Was a part of Section VI
• If borrower does not own real estate, must select the I do not own any real
estate checkbox.
• New items are Type (mortgage type) and Credit Limit (of any lines of credit)
Section 3: Financial Information-Real Estate
39Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
Section 3: Financial Information-Real Estate (cont.)
40Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
Section 3: Financial Information-Real Estate (cont.)
41Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
• Similar to Section II
• List other liens on the property
Section 4: Loan and Property Information
42Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
• If the property generates rental income, the income amount must be listed in 4c.
• Identify any gift or grants received by the borrower toward the purchase,
including source and cash or market value, in 4d.
Note: How title to the property will be held as well as historical information for
construction and refinance loans requested in the current one will be identified by
the lender in the Lender Loan Information form.
Section 4: Loan and Property Information (cont.)
43Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
• Similar to Section VIII
Section 5: Declarations
44Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
Section 5: Declarations
45Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
• Similar to
Section IX
• It is important
that the
borrower
understands
all the items.
Section 6: Acknowledgement and Agreements
46Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
• Similar
to
Section
X
• Added
ethnicity
and race
Section 7: Military Service – Borrower and Deceased Spouse
Section 8: Demographic Information
47Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
URLA - Effective March 1
• Must include name, address, email, phone number, State License ID#,
and NMLS ID# of the originating entity as well as the name, State
License ID#, and NMLS ID# of the MLO.
• Must be signed and dated by a representative of the originating entity.
Section 9: Loan Originator Information
48
URLA - Effective March 1
• Lender Loan Information Sections
– Section L1: Property and Loan Information
– Section L2: Title Information
– Section L3: Mortgage Loan Information
– Section L4: Qualifying the Borrower- Minimum
Required Funds or Cash Back
• Must be filled out by the lender
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
49Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Section L1: Property and Loan Information
50Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Section L2: Title Information
51Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Section L3: Mortgage Loan Information
52Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Section L4: Qualifying the Borrower
• Similar to
Section VII
• Process to
compute
the amount
of money
that is due
from
(purchase)
or due to
the
borrower
(cash-out
refinance)
made
clearer.
53Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Additional URLA Information
• Balloon Mortgage
– Fannie Mae requires MLOs using the 1003
URLA to insert a special notice regarding the
nature of the balloon features
– If an attachment is used, the borrower(s) must
sign the attachment
• Electronic Signatures
– Cannot be forced to use electronic signatures
– Legally valid; consumer must receive disclosure
information
54Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
A Complete Application - Defined
• Required “Complete Application”
Information
– Borrower's name, income, and Social Security
number to obtain a credit report
– Subject property address
– Estimate of the value of the property
– Loan amount applied for
A complete application triggers federal
disclosure requirements.
55Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Process Loan Application
• Role of Loan Processor
– Gather pertinent documents
– Complete verification of income
– Obtain credit report
– Obtain preliminary title report
– Contact approved appraisal management company to obtain appraisal
56Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Analyze Borrower and Property
• Borrower’s Ability to Qualify
– Factors related income, credit history, and assets
• 4 Cs of Underwriting
– Credit history of the borrower, which indicates the
borrower’s willingness to repay debt
– Capacity to repay the loan, which includes income
and employment history
– Cash assets, which are available to close the
mortgage
– Collateral, which evaluates the value of the home
57
Income
• Stable Monthly Income
– Monthly income that can reasonably be expected
to continue in the future
– Gross base income from a primary job;
predictable earnings from acceptable secondary
sources
• Quality Source of Income
– Reasonably reliable
• Durable Source of Income
– Expected to continue for a sustained period
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
58Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Income – Secondary Sources
• Bonuses, Commissions, and Part-time– Consistent for two years; average may be used
– Verify with W-2s, pay stubs, income tax returns
• Overtime– Eligible if shows a consistent pattern
• Disability Payments– Count if permanent
– If expiring, must continue for 3 years
• Social Security– Permanent if retirement age
– If disability, requires no greater documentation than for regular-paid employee
• Pensions and Retirement Benefits– Must be stable and solvent
59Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Income – Secondary Sources
• Auto Allowance– Average for 2 years to be considered income for loan
qualification
• Foster Care Income– Obtain letter from state agency case worker to
substantiate foster worker’s ongoing placement
– Document receipt of reimbursement for the previous 24 months
– Borrower letter in loan file stating intention to continue foster care
• Capital Gains– Show monthly average for previous 2 years
• Interest-Yielding Investments– Durable if sound and consistent
60Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Income – Secondary Sources• Rental Income
– Stable pattern of positive cash flow
– Gross Rental Income – PITI x 75% = Net Income
• Alimony, Child Support, and Maintenance– Consistent (written agreement or court decree)
– Should continue for minimum of 3 years
• Unemployment and Welfare– Verifiable, continuous and ongoing
– Must not discriminate for receipt of public assistance
• Boarder Income– Acceptable stable income if in an amount up to 30% of the
total gross income used to qualify the borrower
61Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Income – Secondary Sources
• Housing Parsonage Allowance– 12-month documentation of received income
– Allowance likely to continue for next 3 years
• VA Benefits Income
– Letter or distribution form from the VA
– Income likely to continue for next 3 years
• Self-Employment Income– Must own 25% of business
– Provide personal and entity tax returns for 2 years
– May require financial statements
62Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Income and Employment • Nontaxable Income
– May add 25% to non-taxable income to develop adjusted gross income
• Evaluating Income– Each type to be evaluated separately
• Employment History – Continuous for 2 years unless explainable
– Documentation: W-2 forms for the previous two years; Payroll stubs for the previous 30-day period
• Verification of Employment Form – Used to verify income and employment history
• IRS Form 4506-T– Used to request federal tax returns from the IRS
63Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Income and Employment
• Monthly Income Calculation
– Multiply the hourly wage by the number of hours
worked in a week X 52 weeks = annual income
– Annual income / 12 months = monthly income
64Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Case in Point
Borrower makes $19.50 per hour,
40 hours / week
Weekly Income: $19.50 x 40 hours = $780
Annual Income: $780 x 52 weeks = $40,560
Monthly Income: $40,560 ÷ 12 months = $3,380
65Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Apply Your Knowledge 2.2
Two months ago, Lisa was honorably discharged from
the Air Force where she spent 4 years training as an
airplane mechanic. After discharge, she relocated to
take a 40 hour per week apprentice mechanic job with
a major airline company where she earns $18 an hour.
Last month, her husband Dave, who has worked the
past 2 years as a registered nurse, found a nursing job
with a local hospital making $625 per week.
They just bought a new car and pay $400 each month
on that loan and have no other monthly debts.
66Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Apply Your Knowledge 2.2
1. What is the maximum mortgage payment (PITI)
a lender would allow for a conventional loan
based on the housing expense ratio?
Lisa’s monthly income = $18 hourly wage x 40 hours/week x
52 weeks = $37,440 annual income; $37,440 annual
income ÷ 12 months = $3,120
Dave’s monthly income = $625 weekly income x 52 weeks =
$32,500 annual income
$32,500 annual income ÷ 12 months = $2,708.33
Total stable monthly income = $3,120 + $2,708.33 = $5,828.33
Maximum housing expense = $5,828.33 x 0.28 = $1,631.93
$1,631.93
67Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Apply Your Knowledge 2.2
2. What is Lisa and Dave’s total debt-to-income?
What is the maximum mortgage amount (PITI)
a lender would likely approve?
Maximum debt-to-income allowed = $5,828.33 x 0.36
= $2,098.20
Maximum housing expense = $2,098.20 - $400 (car
loan) = $1,698.20
Remember to use the lower monthly payment
allowable, which is $1,631.93.
$1,698.20
68Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Apply Your Knowledge 2.2
3. Can Lisa and Dave get approved for a loan,
even though they’ve only been at their jobs a
short time? Explain.
Although Lisa and Dave have only been at their jobs a short time, Lisa had special training in the Air Force and Dave is a vocational nurse, which also implies special training.
Yes
69Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Credit History• Credit History
– Record of debt repayment
– Underwriters analyze credit report from a national credit
reporting company
• Debt
– Money owed; secured or unsecured recurring monetary
obligation that will not be canceled until paid in full
– Borrower must inform of all debt; even debt not on credit report
– Slow payment records or derogatory credit may cause loan
decline or to be placed in high-risk category
• ECOA
– Prohibits discrimination in lending based on age (except minors
under 18), sex, race, marital status, color, religion, national
origin, or receipt of public assistance
70
Credit History – Credit Scoring
• Credit Scoring
– Objective means of determining creditworthiness of
potential borrowers based on a number scoring system
• Credit Score
– Numeric representation of the borrower’s credit profile
compiled by assigning specified numerical values to
different aspects of the borrower’s credit makeup
• Mortgage Performance & Credit Score
Correlation
– High credit score = better credit risk
– Low credit score = higher credit risk
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
71
Credit History – Credit Scoring
• Credit Scoring Systems
– FICO®, BEACON®, EMPERICA®
• Calculation
– 3 main credit bureau score differently
– All credit bureaus score 300 to 850
• >720 acceptable credit risk
• 720-620 marginal credit
• <620 high credit risk
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
72Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Credit History - Derogatory Credit
• Credit Score Information Disclosure (FACTA)– Score credit reporting agency distributed to lender
– Key factors affecting credit score
– Credit agency contact information
• Derogatory Information on Credit Report – Bankruptcy Chapter 7
• Liquidation proceeding; all debts discharged
• Generally appear on credit report for 10 years
– Bankruptcy Chapter 13
• Individual; debts paid over period of 3-5 years
• Generally appear on credit report for 7 years
– Other negative information on credit report 7 years
– Frequent bill consolidation / refinancing = marginal risk
73
Assets
• Asset
– Item of value
• Liquid Asset
– Cash and other assets that can be quickly
converted to cash, such as savings account,
mutual funds, or cash value of life insurance
• Non-Liquid Asset
– More difficult to turn into cash, such as proceeds
from a property being sold or trade equity
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
74
Assets - Evaluating
• Down Payment
– Must have sufficient liquid assets to make down payment
and other closing costs
– Must know source of down payment
– Special considerations for borrowed funds or gifts
• Reserves
– Cash / Highly liquid assets after loan funding
– Prefer enough to pay 2 months of PITI
• Other Assets
– Real estate equity important
Mortgage Principles and Practices 10th Edition (01/03/20)
Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Assets - Evaluating
• Down Payment and Reserves Verification– Two months of bank statements– Verification of Deposits
• Verify current and average bank statement balance
– Underwriter considerations:
• Does the verified information conform to statements in the loan application?
• Is there enough money in the bank to pay costs of buying the property?
• Has the bank account been opened recently (within the last few months)?
• Is the present balance notably higher than the average balance?
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Insurance and Escrow Requirements
• Homeowner’s Hazard Insurance– Covers loss or damage to property in the event
of fire or other disaster; sufficient to replace
home or reimburse mortgage amount
– Lenders may place insurance to cover loan
value
– 1 year of premiums required prior to closing
– Annual insurance costs escrowed; prorated
over the next 12 months to determine a monthly
insurance and property tax payment amount
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Insurance and Escrow Requirements
• Flood Insurance– Required for federally-designated special flood
hazard area (SFHA); Flood Zone A or V
– Purchased from National Flood Insurance
Program (NFIP)
• Private Mortgage Insurance– Insures lender against default on loan where
there is a loss of collateral value
– Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac require on loans
with < 20% borrower equity; insure upper
portion of loan exceeding the standard 80%
LTV
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2.3 Apply Your Knowledge
Sam Able wants to buy a home It’s estimated that an 80% conventional loan will have a mortgage payment of $878.
• He has an automobile payment of $212 a month with 14 installments remaining. He earns $700 per week.
• His down payment and closing costs are estimated at $18,400.
• Sam is selling a home with equity of $14,000. He has a checking and savings account with a local bank and plans to draw on that account to close the transaction.
• The VOD showed Sam’s savings account has an average monthly balance of $1,000 and a current balance of $3,600.
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2.3 Apply Your Knowledge
1. What is Sam’s housing expense ratio?
29%
$700 weekly income x 52 weeks = $36,400 annual income.
$36,400 annual income ÷ 12 months = $3,033.33 monthly
income.
$878 mortgage payment ÷ $3,033.33 monthly income = 0.29
2. What is Sam’s total debt-to-income ratio?
36%
$878 mortgage payment + $212 auto payment = $1,090 total
debt service.
$1,090 total debt service ÷ $3,033.33 monthly income = 0.36
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2.3 Apply Your Knowledge
3. Will Sam have any problems closing this
transaction? Explain.
Yes. Housing expense ratio exceeds guidelines.
4. Do you see any problems with Sam’s VOD?
Explain.
Yes. His current balance of $3,600 is significantly
higher than his average balance of $1,000.
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Underwriting
• Loan Underwriting– Underwriter evaluates documentation, borrower
information, and risk factors associated with a
loan to make decision
• MLO Role– Take ownership of loan file
• Keep borrowers informed throughout process
– Review application and documentation for
accuracy and ensure everything is included
– Identify issues that may be problematic• Consider including “Dear Underwriter” letter to
acknowledge special circumstances
– Use a secure transmission method
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Underwriting: Loan File Evaluation
• Degree of Risk Evaluation
– Sufficient value in collateral property?
– Marketable property title?
– Hazards or issues affecting the property?
– Can borrower make monthly payments?
• Automated versus Manual
• Underwriting Decision
– Reject loan as applied for (bad risk or
incomplete file)
– Make loan on terms applied for
– Make loan on different terms
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Underwriting: Loan File Evaluation
• Automated Underwriting Systems
– Reduce cost/time of examining loan package
– Provide consistent underwriting decisions
– Uses statistical computer models based on traditional
underwriting factors
– Does not consider race, ethnicity, age, other prohibited
characteristics
– Recommends approval or refer for manual underwrite
• Fannie Mae’s Desktop Originator® or Desktop
Underwriter®
• Freddie Mac’s Loan Product Advisor
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Chapter 2 Quiz
1. Joe buys a house for $150,000, making a $30,000 down payment and paying three discount points to buy down the interest rate. What is the total cost of the discount points?
A. $1,500
B. $3,000
C. $3,600
D. $4,500
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Chapter 2 Quiz
2. Mary receives a monthly child support payment
from her ex-husband pursuant to a Judgment of
Divorce. Bob receives a monthly check because
of a service-connected injury from his days in the
military. John is a minister and receives money
every month for living expenses. These payments
are examples of
A. gross-up income.
B. nontaxable income.
C. public assistance payments.
D. unemployment compensation.
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Chapter 2 Quiz
3. If a borrower is self-employed, he should
provide
A. an average monthly income amount earned
over the previous two years.
B. employment verification from the last
employer.
C. profit and loss statements for the previous
six years.
D. tax returns for the previous two years.
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Chapter 2 Quiz4. Bob & Mary are providing a gift to their daughter, Amy,
as down payment for the purchase of her new home.
They provide a current bank statement for their
account, a copy of their check to Amy, and a copy of
the deposit slip into Amy’s account. Amy provides a
current ledger from her checking account that verifies
the deposit was made and the amount of the current
balance. What key document is missing?
A. agreement signed by all parties stating when the gift is to be
repaid
B. copy of the deposit receipt from the settlement agent
C. gift letter signed by the donor stating no repayment is
expected
D. letter from Amy’s bank stating the gift funds have been
deposited
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Chapter 2 Quiz
5. To be classified as self-employment
income, the borrower must own at least
what percent of the business used for
qualifying?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 25%
D. 50%
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Chapter 2 Quiz
6. The majority of lenders throughout the
country have incorporated into their
conventional loan underwriting
procedures the standards set by the
major secondary market investors,
specifically
A. ECOA.
B. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
C. the FHA.
D. RESPA.
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Chapter 2 Quiz
7. When qualifying for a conventional loan,
stable gross monthly income can
include
A. alimony received (that a borrower
chooses to reveal).
B. a bonus received for the first time last
year.
C.erratic unemployment earnings.
D. income from other family members.
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Chapter 2 Quiz
8. To combat income-related mortgage
fraud, lenders require a review of the
income provided to the IRS. What
document authorizes the lender to
obtain income transcripts from the IRS?
A. 1003 and Verification of Income
B. 4506-T
C.Schedule 15
D.URAR
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Chapter 2 Quiz
9. Joe wants to get a loan to buy a house.
When evaluating his credit obligations,
which would LEAST LIKELY be
considered as debt?
A. car loan payment
B. cell phone service payment
C. child support payment
D. credit card payment
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Chapter 2: The Mortgage Lending Process
Chapter 2 Quiz
10.A borrower’s stable monthly income is $3,000. He has three monthly debts: $350 car payment, $50 personal loan payment, and $50 credit card payment. What is the maximum monthly mortgage payment he would qualify for on a conforming loan?
A. $390
B. $630
C. $840
D. $1,080