THE MONITORING AVIAN PRODUCTIVITY AND SURVIVORSHIP … · THE MONITORING AVIAN PRODUCTIVITY AND SURVIVORSHIP (MAPS) PROGRAM ... reports of the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship

Bird Populations 3:67-120 ©The Institute for Bird Populations 1996

THE MONITORING AVIAN PRODUCTIVITY AND SURVIVORSHIP (MAPS) PROGRAM FOURTH AND FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

(1993 AND 1994)1

DAVID F. DESANTE, KENNETH M. BURlDN, AND DANIELLE R. O'GRADY The Institute for Bird Populations

P.O. Box 1346 Point Reyes Station, CA 94956

( 415) 663-1436 November 19, 1996

Abstract. The fourth and fifth annual reports of the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) Program, covering data collected during 1993 and 1994, are combined here. This report provides a brief review of the background, objectives, and methodology of the MAPS Program, summarizes the results of the fifth and sixth years of the Program (1993 and 1994), and compares these results with those of the immediately preceding years. MAPS continued to grow from 178 stations in 1992 to 236 stations in 1993 (a 33% increase) and to 326 stations in 1994 (a 38% increase). Changes between 1992 and 1993 in adult population size and post-fledging productivity were determined from 144 stations operated in a constant-effort manner in the two years, while changes between 1993 and 1994 were derived from constant-effort data from 213 stations operated comparably in both years. Indices of adult population size generally tended to decrease between 1992 and 1993 all across the continent; the decreases in the Northwest were highly significant and may have been caused by low recruitment of new breeders due to heavy, late-lingering snowpacks in montane areas throughout the Northwest Region. The patterns of decreases across the continent generally mirrored analagous patterns from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). Productivity (proportion of young in the catch) also decreased significantly in the Northwest, but tended to increase elsewhere, particularly in the Northeast Region. Indices of adult population size tended to remain stable between 1993 and 1994 in the Northwest, tended to decline in the North-central Region, and showed mixed trends over the rest of the continent; most species that declined in 1993 appeared to recover somewhat in 1994. Population changes from MAPS between 1993 and 1994 mirrored analagous changes from the BBS only in western regions. Productivity increased significantly in 1994 in the Northwest and tended to increase slightly in most other regions. Productivity indices were affected significantly by year, nest location, and migration strategy; cavity nesters and permanent resident species showed the highest productivity indices, while tree and (especially) shrub nesters and Neotropical-wintering species showed the lowest. Estimates of adult survival rates were obtained from four years (1991-1994) of data for the Northwest and Northeast regions and for all of eastern North America using the standard Cormack-Jolly-Seber ("non-transient") model and a newly developed "transient" model that provides estimates for the proportion of (summer) resident individuals among newly-captured adults and the survival probability of those resident birds. The transient model was selected as the most appropriate (or a competing) model [by means of the Akaike Information Criterion (AlC)] for about 62% of the species. On average, use of the transient model increased estimates of survival and recapture probabilities by 34% and 41%, respectively; with little or no loss in the precision of the estimates. The increase in precision of estimates of survival rates by including a fourth year of data was comparable to a seven-fold increase in the number of stations contributing data.

Key words: MAPS Program; constant-effort mist netting and banding; landbird population trends; landbird productivity indices; landbird survival rates.

'Received: 4 November 1996.

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DAVID F. DESANTE, KENNETH M. BURTON, AND DANIELLE R. O'GRADY

PROGRAMA DE MONITORED DE PRODUCTIVIDAD Y SUPERVIVENCIA DE AVES (MAPS) CUARTO Y QUINTO REPORTE ANUAL (1993 Y 1994)

Resumen. El cuarto y quinto reporte anual del Programa de Monitoreo de Productividad y Supervivencia de Aves (MAPS), cubriendo datos recolectados durante 1993 y 1994, esta combinado aquL Este reporte provee un breve repaso de los antecedentes, objetivos, y metodologfa del Programa de MAPS, resume los resultados del quinto y sexto afto del programa (1993 y 1994), y compara los resultados con aquellos obtenidos en aftos precedentes. MAPS ha continuado su crecimiento con 178 estaciones en 1992 y 236 estaciones en 1993 (un incremento del33%) y a 326 estaciones en 1994 (un icremento del38%). Cambios en el tamaflo poblacional de adultos y productividad de juveniles en periodo de reproducci6n entre 1992 Y 1993 fueron determinados atraves del esfuerzo constante de 144 estaciones durante el transcurso de dos aftos, mientras que los cambios obtenidos entre los aftos 1993 y 1994 fueron derivados del esfuerzo constante de 213 estaciones operando comparativamente durante ambos aftos. Los indices pertenecientes al tamafto poblaci6nal de aves adultas, generalmente tendieron a declinar entre 1992 y 1993 atraves del continente; los decrecimientos en el Noroeste fueron altamente siginificativos y pueden haber sido causado por bajos reclutamientos de nuevos reproductores debido a la pesada y persistente cantidad de nieve en las areas montaftosas atraves de las regiones del Noroeste. Los patrones de decrecimiento atraves del continente resultaron ser en generalla copia exacta de patrones analogos obtenidos en el Censo de Aves en Periodo de Reproduccion (BBS). Productividad (proporci6n de juveniles atrapa~~s) decreci6 siginificativamente en el Noroeste, pero tendio a incrementarse en todo otro sttio, especialmente en la region del Noreste. Los indices pertenecientes al tamafto poblacional de adultos permanecieron estables entre 1993 y 1994 en el Noroeste, tendieron a declinar en la region Norte-central, y mostraron tendencias entremezcladas en el resto del continente; la mayoria de las especies que declinaron en 1993 parecieron recobrarse un poco en 1994. Los cambios poblacionales de MAPS entre 1993 y 1994 fueron la copia exacta de cambios analogos obtenidos en el BBS solo a las regiones del Oeste. La productividad creci6 significativamente en 1994 en el Noroeste y tendi6 a incrementarse vagamente en la mayoria de las regiones restantes. Los indices de productividad fueron afectados significativamente por ai\o, localizacion de nidos, y estrategia migratoria; aves que anidan en cavidades y especies de residentes permanentes mostraron los mas altos indices de productividad, mientras que aquellos que anidan en arboles (especialmente arbustos) y especies Neotropicales que pasan el inviemo en Norteamerica, mostraron los niveles mas bajos. Estimados de supervivencia de aves adultas fueron obtenidos atraves de cuatro aftos (1991-1994) de recolecci6n de datos para las regiones Noreste y Noroeste y para todo el Este de Norte America. Los metodos utilizados fueron el modelo standard de Cormack- Jolly-Seber ("no-transitorio") y un modelo " transitorio" recientemente desarrollado que provee estimados de la proporci6n de individuos residentes durante el verano hallados entre los adultos recientemente capturados y la probabilidad de supervivencia de dichos individuos residentes. El modelo transitorio fue seleccionado como el mas apropiado o modelo competente [como sei\alado por el criteria de informacion Akaik.e (AIC)] para aproximadamente 62% de las especies. En promedio, el uso del modelo transitorio incremento los estimados de supervivencia y posibilidades de recapturaci6n por un 34 % y 41%, repectivamente, con poca o nula perdida en cuanto a la precisi6n de los estimados. La mayor precision de los estimados de supervivencia al incluir un cuarto afto de datos, fue comparable a un incremento siete veces mayor en el numero de estaciones que contribuyeron con los datos.

Palabras claves: Programa MAPS; esfuerzo constante de anillado y redes de niebla; tendencias poblacionales de aves terrestres; indices de productividad de aves terrestres; tasa de supervivencia de aves terrestres. ·

4EME ET SEME RAPPORTS ANNUELS (1993 ET 1994) DU PROGRAMME . DE SUlVI DE LA PRODUCTIVITE ET DE SURVIE AVIAIRE (MAPS) Resume. Les 4eme et Seme rapports annuels du Programme de Sui vi de Productivite et de

Survie chez les oiseaux (MAPS) couvrant les donnees collectees en 93 et 94, sont reunis ici. Ce rapport donne un bref aper<;u du contexte, des objectifs et de la methodologie du programme MAPS, resume les resultats des Seme et 6eme annees du programme (1993 et 94) .et compare ces resultats a ceux des annees precedentes. Le MAPS est passe de 178 stations en. 1992 a 236 en 1993 (soit une augmentation de 33%), et a 326 en 1994 (soit une augmentation de 38%). Les variations de taille de population adulte et de productivite apres

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THE MAPS PROGRAM FOURTH AND FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT (1993 AND 1994)

I' envoi sont determinees entre 1992 et 1993 a partir d'un effort constant de capture effectue dans 144 stations pendant 2 ans, tandis qu'entre 1993 et 1994, elles sont indiquees par des donnees recueillies de Ia meme fac;on mais dans 213 stations. Les indices de taille de population adulte ont eu tendance a diminuer entre 1992 et 1993 sur !'ensemble du continent; les dtkroissances dans le Nord-Ouest sont hautement significatives et pourraient etre dues a un faible recrutement de nouveaux oiseaux nicheurs a cause de grosses quantites de neige persistant tard dans Ia saison au niveau des zones montagneuses de cette region. Les tendances a Ia decroissance constatees globalement sur le continent sont analogues a celles enregistrees par le programme du Sui vi des Oiseux Nicheurs d' Amerique du Nord. La productivite (proportion de jeunes lors des piegeages) a diminue de fac;on significative dans le Nord-Ouest mais a eu tendance a augmenter ailleurs, particulierement dans Ia region Nord Est. Les indices de taille de population adulte ont tendance a rester stables entre 1993 et 1994 dans le Nord-Ouest, a diminuer dans Ia region centre-Nord, et temoignent de tendances intermediaires sur le reste du continent tandis que Ia plupart des especes qui ont decline en 1993 ont un peu recupere en 1994. Les variations d'effectif des populations entre 1993 et 1994 mises en evidence au sein du programme MAPS sont analogues a celles mises en evidence par le programme BBS mais dans les regions de !'Ouest seulement. La productivite a augmente de fac;on significative en 1994 dans le NordOuest et a eu tendance a augmenter plus legerement dans Ia plupart des autres regions. Les indices de productivite sont affectes par differents parametres que sont l'annee d'etude, !'emplacement des nids et Ia strategie migratoire; les especes nichant dans des cavites et celles ne migrant pas presentent les indices de productivite les plus eleves, tandis que celles nichant dans les arbres et surtout dans les arbustes, ainsi que les especes neotropicales hivemantes ont les indices les plus faibles. Les estimations des taux de survie adultes sont obtenues a partir de donnees recoltees sur 4 ans (1991 a 1994) dans des regions du Nord-Est, du Nord-Ouest et dans tout l'Est de I' Amerique du Nord, en utilisant le modele standard de Cormack-Jolly-Seber ("non transitoire") et un modele "transitoire" recemment developpe, qui foumit des estimations de la proportion de residents (estivaux) parmi les adultes recemment captures ainsi que Ia probabilite de survie associee a ces memes individus. Le modele transitoire a ete selectionne (au moyen du critere d'information d' Akaike (AI C)) en tant que modele le plus approprie (ou le plus adapte) pour a peu pres 62% des especes. En moyenne, !'utilisation du modele transitoire augmente les estimations de Ia survie et des probabilites de recapture, respectivement de 34 et 41%, avec peu ou pas de perte de precision des estimations. L'augmentation de Ia precision des estimations des taux de survie en ajoutant une 4eme annee de donnees est comparable a une multiplication par 7 du nombre de stations fournissant les donnees.

Mots-des: Programme MAPS; effort constant de capture au filet japonais et a bandes; Dynamique de populations d'oiseux terrestres; Indices de Productivite d'oiseaux terrestres; Taux de Survie d'oiseaux terrestres.

DAS MAPS-PROGRAMM ZUR ERMITTLUNG DER PRODUKTIVITAT UND UBERLEBENSRATE VON VDGELN, 4. UND 5. JAHRESBERICHT (1993 UND 1994).

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Jahresberichte 4 und 5 des MAPS-Programmes mit den Daten von 1993 und 1994 zusammengefaBt. Der Bericht gibt eine kurze Dbersicht tiber die Hintergrtinde, Ziele und Methoden des Programmes, faBt die Ergebnisse des funften und sechsten Untersuchungsjahres (1993 und 1994) zusammen und vergleicht diese mit den Ergebnissen der jeweiligen Vorjahre. Das MAPS-Programm konnte weiter ausgebaut werden von 178 Fangstationen 1992 tiber 236 Stationen 1993 (Zunahme urn 33%) auf 326 Fangstationen 1994 (Zunahme urn weitere 38%). Die Veranderungen zwischen 1992 und 1993 im Brutbestand und in der Produktivitat (fltigge Junge) wurden anhand der Daten von 144 Fangstationen ermittelt, die in beiden Jahren in Form von Dauerfanganlagen operierten. Veranderungen von 1993 zu 1994 basieren auf den Daten von 213 Fanganlagen, die in beiden Jahren in vergleichbarer Weise operierten. Die lndexwerte der Brutbestandszahlen waren landesweit zwischen 1992 und 1993 tendenziell negativ, wobei die Abnahme im Nordwesten hochsignifkant negativ war, was sehr wahrscheinlich auf die niedrige Rekrutierungsrate in Folge groBer, lange liegender Schneemassen in den Bergregionen des Nordwestens zuruckzuftihr~n ist. Das Muster der Abnahmen tiber den amerikanischen Kontinent weist deutliche Ubereinstimmungen mit den Mustern des

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Brutbestandsmonitoring BBS auf. Produktivitat (der Antell Jungvogel im Fang) nahm im Nordwesten ebenfalls deutlich ab, wahrend sie in den anderen Regionen eher zunahm, insbesondere im Nordosten. Zwischen 1993 und 1994 waren die Indizes der Brutbestandszahlen im Nordwesten dagegen stabil, zeigten abnehmende Tendenz im zentralen Norden und uneinheitliche Trends in den anderen Regionen. Die meisten der 1993 abnehmenden Arten zeigten 1994 wieder eine leichte Erholung. Die Bestandsveranderungen des MAPS-Programmes von 1993 auf 1994 spiegeln sich in den Veranderungen des BBS nur in den Regionen des Westens wider. Die Produktivitat war 1994 im Nordwesten signifikant erhoht, wahrend es in den anderen Regionen nur eine tendenziell hohere Produktivitat gab. Die Produktivitatsindizes wurden signifikant beeinflul5t durch das Jahr, den Neststandort und die Zugstrategie. Hohlenbriiter und reine Standvogel wiesen die hochsten Produktivitatsindizes auf, wahrend Baumbriiter und (insbesondere) Buschbriiter sowie Arten mit Oberwinterungsgebieten in der Neotropis die niedrigste zeigten. Die Oberlebensrate der Altvogel wurde fiir den Vier-Jahreszeitraum von 1991-94 fiir den Nordwesten, Nordosten und das gesamte ostliche Nordamerika nach der iiblichen Cormack-Jolly-Seber-Prozedur und einem neuen "Obergangs"-Modell berechnet. Letzteres ermittelt Scha.tzwerte fiir den Antell der im Sommer residenten Individuen unter den adulten Erstfangen sowie fiir die Oberlebenswahrscheinlichkeit dieser residenten Vogel. Das "Obergangs"-Modell erwies sich fiir etwa 62% der Arten als das giinstigste Verfahren (auf Basis des Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)). Im Mittel erhohten sich die Schatzwerte fiir die Oberlebensrate bzw. fiir die Wiederfangwahrscheinlichkeit mit dem "Obergangs" -Modell urn 34% bzw. 41%, wobei die Datengenauigkeit wenig oder gar nicht beeintrachtigt wurde. Die Zunahme an Genauigkeit, die bei der Berechnung der Oberlebensraten durch Verwendung der Daten eines vierten Jahres gewonnen wurde, ist in etwa vergleichbar mit einer siebenfachen Zunahme an beteiligten Fangstationen.

Sch/Usselworter: MAPS-Fangprogramm; Vogelfang und Beringung auf Dauerfanganlagen; Bestandstrends, Produktivitatsindizes und Oberlebensraten bei Landvogeln

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

Changes in the numbers and distributions of birds have long interested population ecologists, conservationists, and land managers. It is not surprising, therefore, that several large-scale, long-term, avian monitoring programs to track population trends, such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and Christmas Bird Count, have been in operation in North America for many years. These programs have supplied convincing evidence for recent population declines in many landbird species (Robbins et al. 1989, Terborgh 1989, Peterjohn et a!. 1995). By themselves, however, these monitoring programs provide little information as to factors responsible for the population declines and even less direction as to appropriate management actions to reverse the declines, because they provide no information on the primary demographic parameters (productivity, survival, immigration, and emigration) of the species (DeSante 1995, DeSante et al. 1995, Peterjohn et a!. 1995). Indeed, population-trend data by

themselves shed no information at all as to the stage(s) in the life cycle that control(s) the population declines (Temple and Wiens 1989) and, thus, fail to distinguish problems caused by birth-rate effects from those caused by death-rate effects (DeSante 1992).

The Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) Program was established in 1989 by The Institute for Bird Populations (IBP) to provide long-term demographic data on landbirds to aid in identifying the causal factors driving the population trends documented by other avian monitoring programs (DeSante 1991, DeSante 1992, DeSante et al. 1993a, b). The MAPS Program was patterned to a large extent after the British Constant Effort Sites (CES) Scheme (Baillie et al. 1986, Peach et al. 1996, Peach and Baillie in press) and is a cooperative effort among public agencies, private organizations, and individual bird banders in North America to operate a continent-wide network of constant-effort mist-netting stations during the breeding season (May-August).

Now in its eighth year, MAPS has expanded considerably from 17 stations in 1989 to 38 in 1990, 66 in 1991, 178 in 1992, 236 in 1993, 326 in

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1994, 391 in 1995, and to perhaps as many as 430 in 1996. The substantial growth of the Program subsequent to 1991 was caused by its endorsement by the USDI Bird Banding Laboratory and the Monitoring Working Group of the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Initiative, "Partners in Flight" (PIF); funding of a four-year MAPS pilot project by the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service (after 1994 by the National Biological Service); and subsequent involvement of various federal agencies, including the USDA Forest Service, the USDI National Park Service, and the Department of Defense, in the PIF Initiative.

This report briefly summarizes the objectives of the MAPS Program and the field and analytical methods used to collect and analyze MAPS data. It presents the results of the Program in 1993 and 1994 at 236 and 326 stations, respectively, and compares the regional indices of adult population size and postfledging productivity obtained for various target species and for all species pooled in 1993 and 1994 with those obtained in the immediately preceding year. Finally, it presents estimates of adult survival probability and recapture probability for various target species from modified Cormack-Jolly-Seber analyses of markrecapture data obtained at 35 stations operated across the continent during 1991-1994 and from 120 stations operated during 1992-1994.

OBJECTIVES AND GOALS

The primary objective and specific goals of the MAPS Program were described in detail in DeSante et al. (1993a, b, 1995). Briefly, the objective of MAPS is to provide long-term population and demographic information on target landbird species at various spatial scales by providing: (1) annual indices and longer-term trends in adult population size and postfledging productivity from analyses of numbers and proportions of adult and young birds captured during the breeding season; and (2) annual estimates and longer-term trends of adult survivorship, adult population size, and recruitment into the adult population from analyses of mark-recapture data on adult birds gathered at these same stations. These indices and estimates can be used to: (1) aid in identifying the proximate causes of population changes in the target species; (2) aid in

identifying conservation and management actions to reverse the population trends of declining species; and (3) aid in evaluating the effectiveness of the conservation and management actions implemented.

METHODS The overall design of the MAPS Program and the methodology used in the establishment anq operation of MAPS stations were described in detail in DeSante et al. (1993a, b) and DeSante and Burton (1996), and are discussed further in DeSante et al. (in press). These methods are essentially in agreement with those recommended in Ralph et al. (1993). Very briefly, we divided North America (north of Mexico) into eight major geographic regions based on biogeographical and meteorological considerations (see previous annual reports: DeSante et al. 1993a, DeSante and Burton 1994). These regions were delineated along lines consistent with the physiographic provinces established in conjunction with the BBS. MAPS stations were established in 20-ha study areas within each of these major geographic regions at locations where long-term mist netting was practical and permissible and where the habitat was likely to remain free of major human-caused disturbance and rapid vegetational succession for at least 20 years (habitats held at a low successional stage by active management were accepted). The locations of MAPS stations were chosen by the station operators and not by a probability-based sampling strategy. Although criteria were established for selecting MAPS stations, the sampling strategy was non-random and can best be described as "judgement-based".

1. Data Collection - Typically, about ten permanent net sites were distributed rather uniformly throughout the central eight ha of each of the study areas, but were placed opportunistically at locations where birds could be captured most efficiently. One mist net (typically 12-m, 30-mm-mesh) was erected at each net site and the type and location of all nets were kept constant for the duration of the study.

Typically, the nets were opened for six hours per day, beginning at sunrise, for one day per 10-day period, and for 8-12 consecutive 10-day periods, depending on latitude, from May 1 to

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August 28. In order to minimize captures of spring migrant and transient adults, and subsequent net-avoidance by permanent resident and early-arriving adults, starting dates for MAPS stations were delayed until most spring migrants of target species had moved through the study area; thus, starting dates were later at more northerly latitudes. To facilitate constant-effort comparison of data, nets were opened, checked, and closed in the same order on all days of operation.

Each bird captured was marked with a uniquely-numbered aluminum leg band provided by the National Biological Service (in Canada, the Canadian Wildlife Service). Band number, capture status, species, age and sex, ageing and sexing criteria (extents of skull pneumatization, cloacal protuberance, brood patch, body and flight-feather molt, primaryfeather wear, and juvenal plumage), date, time, station, and net number were recorded for all birds captured, including recaptures. The times of opening and closing each net and beginning each net run were recorded each day so that effort could be calculated for each 10-day period and standardized between years. For 62.3% and 66.9% of the stations operated in 1993 and 1994, respectively, three replications of about nine 10-minute point counts were completed during the first three 10-day periods that the station was operated. The breeding (summer resident} status [i. e., breeder, transient (non-breeder at stations lying within the breeding range of the species}, or migrant (station not lying within the breeding range of the species}] of each species recorded at the station was determined by the station operator using methods similar to those employed in breeding bird atlas projects. Finally, a simple habitat map and semi-quantitative habitat descriptions of the study area were completed each year to provide broad habitat classifications of each station and to determine whether or not major changes had occurred.

2. Data Analyses - Methods of data analysis were described in detail in DeSante and Burton (1994) and DeSante et al. (in press) and are summarized here. Briefly, after computer entry and proofing, MAPS banding data were run through verification programs that (1) checked the validity and ranges of all coded data; (2)

compared the species, age, and sex determinations with the ageing and sexing criteria used and flagged discrepancies or suspicious data; and (3) screened the data for inconsistent species, age, or sex determinations for all records of each band number.

a. Calwlation of Productivity Indices -Following procedures pioneered by the British Trust for Ornithology in its CES Scheme (Baillie et al. 1986, Peach et a!. 1996), the number of individual adult birds of each species captured each year, pooled over all stations within the region that fell within the breeding range of the species, was used as the annual regional index of adult population size for the species in the region. Similarly, the pooled number of individual young birds of each species captured each year, divided by the pooled number of aged birds of each species captured each year (the proportion of young in the catch), was used as the annual index of post-fledging productivity for the species in the region. Data from any given station in any given year were included in productivity calculations if the station was operated for at least five periods that year, at least two of which occurred during the early part of the season (when adult birds predominate in the catch} and at least two of which occurred during the later part of the season (when young birds predominate in the catch).

Year-to-year changes in the numbers of adult and young birds were calculated using net· opening and -closing times and net-run times on a net-by-net and period-by-period basis to exclude captures that occurred in a given net in a given period in one year at a time when that net was not operated in that period in the other year. This allowed captures in the two years to be compared in a rigorous, constant-effort manner.

Because of potential saturation of effort and net-avoidance effects (Burton and DeSante in press, DeSante et al. in press), we used data from only one day of operation per 10-day period from stations that operated for multiple days per period. We did this by first computing the numbers of individual adult and young birds captured during the first day of operation in each period summed over all periods, then during the second days, third days, etc., and used the means of these numbers as the best estimates for the numbers of adults and young captured in one

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day of operation per 10-day period. Again following Baillie et al. (1986) and Peach

et al. (1996), the significance of annual changes in the regional indices of adult population size and productivity for the various species was inferred statistically from confidence intervals calculated from the standard errors of the mean percentage changes (changes were considered significant if confidence intervals did not include zero). Formulae for these standard errors and confidence interval, which are based on replication (station-to-station variation), are given in Peach et al. (1996).

We also inferred, by means of binomial tests, the statistical significance of the regional changes in adult' population size and productivity indices from the proportion of the target species that increased (or decreased) in each region.

b. Estimation of adult survival rates - We calculated maximum-likelihood estimates and standard errors for adult survival probability and adult recapture probability for each species in each region from the pooled capture histories of all adult birds captured at all stations in the region at which the species was a regular or usual breeding species by means of CormackJolly-Seber (CJS) mark-recapture analyses (Clobert et al. 1987, Pollock et al. 1990, Lebreton et al. 1992) using the computer program SURVIV. We conducted these analyses separately using data from stations operated for four (1991-1994) and three (1992-1994) consecutive years. We included data from a given station in a given year in these survivorship analyses if t.he station was operated that year for at least three periods that fell within the portion of the season that included the "adult" part and the first period of the "young" part.

Because the adult birds captured in the MAPS Program likely include substantial numbers of transient individuals, we incorporated into SURVIV a new model, developed by Pradel et al. (1997) to estimate the proportion of resident birds in the sample of newly-captured adult birds and the survival and recapture probabilities of these resident birds. This model assumes that all birds banded as adults in year one and recaptured at least once in any subsequent year are residents, and essentially

uses the capture histories of these birds during and subsequent to year two to calculate the survival probability of residents. We used the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to select the appropriate model for each target species in such a manner that the selected model was the one with the lowest AIC (Burnham and Anderson 1993). Four years of data are thus required to utilize the transient model. Thus, we used this model only with data from stations that were operated from 1991 to 1994.

SELECTION OF TARGET SPECIES

The target species selected to calculate regional changes between 1992 and 1993, and between 1993 and 1994, in numbers of adult and young birds captured and in proportion of young in the catch were those for which at least 50 aged individuals were captured from all stations pooled in either of the two years being compared. The target species selected to calculate regional estimates of adult survival and recapture probabilities were those for which at least 100 captures of adult birds were recorded from all stations pooled over all of the four (1991-1994) or three (1992-1994) years of interest.

RESULTS

NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF STATIONS AND OVERALL CAPTURE RATES

A total of 236 MAPS stations was operated in 1993, a 37% increase from 1992. Of these, 75 were new in 1993. The principal operator, sponsoring organization, location, elevation, major habitat(s), and successional stage of each of these 75 new stations are presented in Table 1 along with descriptions of five stations established in 1992 but from which data were not received in time to be included in the report for that year. For descriptions of the other 156 stations, see DeSante et al. (1993a) and DeSante and Burton (1994). Ninety-three stations (27 new) were operated in the Northwest, 11 (5 new) in the Southwest, 27 (8 new) in the Northcentral, 27 (12 new) in the South-central, 45 (13 new) in the Northeast, 18 (4 new) in the Southeast, 14 (5 new) in the Alaska Region, and 1 (new) in Boreal Canada.

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TABLE 1. Summary of the 75 MAPS stations established in 1993. 0 ~

Stn. State/ Nearest 10' Elev. Succes. 6 Station name Operator Sponsor Prov. town block (m) Habitat(s) stage'

~ no. 0 v, NORTHWEST >-177 Douglas Creek D. Stephens Wenatchee Valley College WA Waterville 472-1195 457 Desert riparian PS ~

.!" 178 Muskeg J. Canterbury USDA Forest Service AK Ketchikan 552-1305 46 Muskeg M 1:i 179 Princess Bay J. Canterbury USDA Forest Service AK Ketchikan 552-1310 15 Spruce/hemlock forest M ~ 180 Carberry Creek M.Mamone Rogue River National Forest OR Ruch 420-1231 566 Mixed-conifer /hardwood forest PM gj 181 MyerCreek D.Rudholm WA Twisp 482-1201 671 Mixed conifer I deciduous forest PM :r: 182 Skunk Cabbage D. Woods Canadian Parks Service BC Revels toke 510-1175 610 Riparian shrub I forest PM ~

o:l 183 Lost Man Creek H. Sakai Redwood National Park CA Orick 411-1240 46 Riparian M c 184 A.M. Bailey E. Lane Colorado Bird Observatory co Silverthorne 394-1061 2972 Willow Carr M Cl 185 Turkey Creek R.Bunn Department of Army co Penrose 383-1045 1905 Riparian PM ~

UckCreek Bitterroot National Forest MT Darby 460-1141 1341 Douglas fir/ninebark PS > 194 J. Ormiston z

0 195 Lee Metcalf NWR S. Browder U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service MT Stevensville 463-1140 975 Pine/ cottonwood/ alder I willow PS

~ 196 Bear River Refuge V.Roy U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service UT Garland 414-1120 1292 Riparian PS

197 McCullen Unit M.Bryant U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service WY Fontenelle 415-1105 1920 Cottonwood/willow riverbottom M t%:1

~ ~ 198 Crow Creek IBP Confed. Salish/Kootenai Tribes MT Charlo 472-1141 786 Riparian PM t%:1

""' 199 Safe Harbor Marsh IBP Confed. Salish/Kootenai Tribes MT Polson 474-1140 881 Freshwater marsh PS i'l 0

900 Boulder Creek J. Witt BLM -Roseburg District OR Camas Valley 425-1234 378 Mixed coniferous PM ~ 901 Bachelor Point M.Hills Ridgefield NWR WA Ridgefield 454-1224 3 Cottonwood/ ash riparian forest PM ~ 902 Quartz Creek 2 IBP USDA Forest Service Region 6 WA South Cle Elum 470-1210 853 Riparian alder riverbottom PM S1 903 Salvation Meadow IBP USDA Forest Service Region 6 OR Greenleaf 441-1234 122 Wet meadow PS

904 White Wolf IBP Yosemite Association CA Aspen Valley 375-1193 2402 Wet montane meadow M

905 Big Meadow IBP Yosemite Association CA Crane Flat 374-1194 1311 Riparian corridor PS 906 Tamarack Meadow IBP Yosemite Association CA Crane Flat 374-1194 2012 Wet montane meadow PM 907 Crane Flat IBP Yosemite Association CA Crane Flat 374-1194 1875 Wet montane meadow M 908 Bench Thin IBP USDA Forest Service Region 6 WA Silverton 481-1212 396 Mixed coniferous forest PM 910 Wright Refuge T.George Humboldt State Univ. CA Eureka 404-1240 15 Redwood PM 935• Sagehen Creek M.Reynolds UCSB Natural Reserve System CA Truckee 392-1201 1920 Wet meadow /lodgepole pine ecotone PM 936 Taylor Meadow M.Reynolds UCSB Natural Reserve System CA Truckee 392-1201 1920 Dry meadow I riparian PM 940 Pacific Crest Trail J. Alexander Oak Knoll Ranger District CA Seiad Valley 405-Q743 421 Riparian mixed hardwood/ conifer PS SOUTHWEST

205 Colorado Springs S.Craig co Fountain 384-1044 1646 Riparian woodland M

206 Hopper Mountain G. Austin U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service CA Piru 342-1185 762 Black walnut/ oak woodland M

TABLE 1. Continued.

Stn. State/ Nearest 10' Elev. Succes. no. Station name Operator Sponsor Prov. town block (m) Habitat(s) stage'

207 Ohm G. Ballard Point Reyes Bird Observatory CA Gerber 400-1220 91 Valley riparian PM

208 Flynn G. Ballard Point Reyes Bird Observatory CA Gerber 400-1220 91 Valley riparian PM

209 Sui Norte G. Ballard Point Reyes Bird Observatory CA Butte City 392-1220 61 Valley riparian PM

NORfH-CENTRAL

322 HAR5 J. Haertel South Dakota State University SD Bruce 442-0965 518 Forest edge PS

323 Blick Estate M. Stefanski U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service MN Burnsville 444-0931 219 Shrub I scrub wet meadow s 324 Kajer's J. Smith WI Lena 445-0880 216 N. hardwood swamp & scrub PS

325 Wolf Ridge P. Harris Wolf Ridge Env. Learning Center MN Finland 472-0910 381 Upland deciduous forest PM

326 Fort Sully IBP Dept. of Defense KS Leavenworth 392-0945 282 Upland deciduous forest PM ..., 327 North Weston IBP Dept. of Defense KS Leavenworth 392-0945 235 Bottomland deciduous forest M ~ 328 Camp Miles IBP Dept. of Defense KS Leavenworth 392-0945 253 Upland deciduous forest PM ~ 329 South Weston IBP Dept. of Defense KS Leavenworth 392-0945 235 Bottomland deciduous forest PM ;)l SOUTH-CENTRAL '"" 419 UTI D. Twedt U.S. Geological Survey LA Tallulah 322-0912 22 Bottomland hardwood forest M 8

'-1 420 TRfl D. Twedt U.S. Geological Survey LA Tallulah 322-0912 22 Bottomland hardwood forest M ~ (J1 421 Ft. Gibson D. Varner Northeastern State University OK Wagoner 355-0952 183 Forest edge/shrub PS 422 Big Piney IBP Dept. of Defense MO Devils Elbow 374-0920 235 Bottomland riparian forest PM 6 c: 423 Laughlin Bottoms IBP Dept. of Defense MO St. Robert 374-0921 264 Deciduous floodplain/ oldfield PS Cl 424 Miller Pond IBP Dept. of Defense MO Devils Elbow 374-0920 326 Pond basin/ oldfield/ deciduous s :I: 425 Macedonia IBP Dept. of Defense MO Buckhorn 344 Oldfield/ cedar breaks/ dec. for. PS > 373-0921 z 426 Smith Ridge IBP Dept. of Defense MO St. Robert 374-0921 320 Upland deciduous forest PM 0

427 Miller Ridge IBP Dept. of Defense MO Devils Elbow 374-0920 259 Upland deciduous forest M ~ 428 Tlmber Creek IBP Dept. of Defense KS Bala 391-0965 369 Deciduous forest/ old field PS :I:

> 429 Kansas River IBP Dept. of Defense KS Ogden 390-0964 323 Bottomland deciduous forest M z z 455 RIDL D. Reinking G. M. Sutton Avian Res. Center OK Pawhuska 364-0962 305 Tall grass prairie I scrub-oak PS c: NORrHEAST > r 541 Big Run IBP Shenandoah National Park VA Grottoes 381-0784 808 Chestnut oak forest M "' m

'"" 542 WestPoint J. Beemer Department of the Army NY WestPoint 412-0735 253 Oak-hickory forest PM 0

543 Hell Hollow E. Quinn Lake Metroparks OH Leroy 414-0810 273 Hemlock/northern hardwood ravine PM Cl 544 NHNHJPM J. Merrill NH New Hampton 433-0714 174 Hardwood-white pine forest PS ~ 545 Sidney D. Ladd ME West Sidney 442-0694 91 Mixed hardwood-softwood forest PM

w >

546 Taft Reserve D. Skinner Trinity Lutheran Seminary OH Newark 400-0832 305 Second growth deciduous forest PM z 0

~ .e

TABLE 1. Continued. 0

Stn. State/ Nearest 10' Elev. Succes. ~ no. Station name Operator Sponsor Prov. town block (m) Habitat(s) stage' ~

~ 547 Saint-Majorique 2 P. Messier Cent. de Rech. Omith. du PQ PQ St.-Majorique 455-0723 ? Mixed deciduous forest PM ~ 548 Dean Mountain IBP Shenandoah National Park VA Swift Run 382-0782 1006 Cove hardwood forest M !"' 549 Jeremy's Run IBP Shenandoah National Park VA Rileyville 384-0781 777 Chestnut oak forest M f;i 550 New Crescent Rock IBP Shenandoah National Park VA Syria 383-0782 1082 Northern red oak forest M

~ 551 Tennessee River Gorge ]. Brown Tennessee River Gorge Trust TN Chattanooga 350-0852 198 Riparian forest PM

552 Ninigret W. Eddleman The University of Rhode Island R1 Charlestown 412-0713 3 Coastal scrub-shrub PS

553 Trustom W. Eddleman The University of Rhode Island R1 Charlestown 412-0713 6 Red maple swamp M ~ Ol

562• Clinch River K. Strunk Clinch River Env. Studies Org. TN Clinton 360-0841 914 Deciduous fon.-st M

~ SOUTHEAST

616 Big Sandy A. Schriver U.S. Fish&: Wildlife Service TN Big Sandy 362-0880 137 Oak-hickory forest M ,Z

617 Pearl River D. Watts Dept. of Wild!., Fish. &: Parks MS Canton 323-0895 99 Mixed upland forest PS ~ 0

618 Spring Valley R. Thobaben, Jr. OH Spring Valley 393-0840 282 Cattail marsh pcrirn./dec. thick. PS 0 ;I>

619 Stump Neck IBP Dept. of the Navy MD Rison 383-0771 9 Upland deciduous forest/riparian M

~ ALASKA

708 Russell Creek L. Krajcirik Izembek National Wildlife Ref. AK Cold Bay 551-1624 61 Riparian alder thicket M r

'-l m a-

"' 709 Shadow Lake W. Nixon Canadian Wildlife Service YT Whitehorse 604-1350 762 Spruce/pine forest rs 0

710 Lost Forest IBP Denali National Park AK McKinley Park 634-1485 853 Spruce forest M ci 711 Chisana River T. Doyle Tetlin National Wt!dlife Refuge AK Beaver Cn.>ck 624-1411 564 Closed b,ll<;.lm popl.u forest I'M ~ 725 Portage Valley J. Lottsfeldt USDA Fon.-st Service AK Girdwood 604-1485 30 Bottomland dcdduous forest s 0

-< 727" Potter Marsh C. Handel National Biological Service AK Anchorage 61(}.1494 9 Closed deciduous forest I'M

728• Campbell Tract C. Handel National Biological Service AK Anchor,,ge 61(}.1494 145 Mixed coniferous decid fon-st I'M

729" Prospect Heights C. H.wdel National Uiological Service AK Anchor.1ge 61(}.1494 343 Open mixed conif-decid. forest I'M

BOREAL&: ARCTIC CANADA

804 Thunder Cape J. Wojnowski Thunder Cape Bird Observatory ON p,,_'5lAlle 482-0l'l\5 198 llore.ll fon-st (fir &: birch) I'M

• Station established in 1992 but data not n'Ceived until later

I M =Mature, PM= Primarily Mature, rs = l'rim,lrily Successional, s = Succession.ll

TABLE 2. Summary of the 106 MAPS stations established in 1994.

Stn. State/ Nearest 1o· Elev. Succes. no. Station name Operator Sponsor l'rov. town block (m) Habitat(s) stage'

NORTHWEST

909 Subheadquarters R. Ryno Modoc National Waldlife Refuge CA Alturas 412-1203 1326 Riparian I'M

911 TumbullNWR M. Rule U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service WA Cheney 472-1173 695 Aspen PM

912 Lower Rock Creek J. Ormiston Bitterroot National Forest MT Darby 460-1141 1219 Riparian shrub/grass M

913 Kanipe Ranch J. Witt BLM -Roseburg District OR Oakland 432-1234 146 Oak/riparian PM

914 Oak Island M.Stem Oregon Natural Heritage Program OR Portland 454-1224 3 Oak woodlands M

915 Fort Lewis H. Ferguson Wa. Dept. of Fish & Wildlife WA Fort Lewis 470-1222 107 Douglas-fir I cedar forest PM

916 Hoonah K. Rutledge U .5. Forest Service AK Hoonah 575-1352 152 Sedge fen PM -l

917 Mendenhall Rec. Area J. Rice USDA Forest Service Chatham Area AK Juneau 582-1343 18 Shrubs s gJ 918 Skeeter Swamp M.Mamone Rogue River National Forest OR Butte Falls 423-1222 1067 Riparian- mixed conifer M ~ 919 Indian Valley c. Ralph USDA Forest Service CA Hayfork 403-1231 1646 Streamside riparian PM ;)l 920 Grouse Creek c. Ralph USDA Forest Service CA Salyer 404-1233 567 Streamside riparian PM '"C

8 921 Grove's Prairie C. Ralph USDA Forest Service CA Denny 405-1232 1143 Creekside riparian PM ':::i 922 Emmy's Place c. Ralph USDA Forest Service CA Hyampom 403-1232 659 Upper elevation wetland riparian PM ~ 'l

923 Yager Creek c. Ralph USDA Forest Service CA Carlotta 404-1233 122 Streamside riparian PM <:5

924 Redwood Creek c. Ralph USDA Forest Service CA Orick 411-1240 30 Streamside riparian PM c:: 925 Hunter Mesa S. Posner Spokane Falls Community College WY Buffalo 441-1065 2347 Willow riparian PS ~ 926 N. Fork Powder River S. Posner Spokane Falls Community College WY Tensleep 440-1070 2682 Willow riparian s ~ 938 Nephi F. Howe Utah Div. of Wildlife Resources UT Milburn 395-1114 1890 Cottonwood/ cherry /birch riparian M

939 Salt Lake City F. Howe Utah Div. of Wildlife Resources UT Heber City 403-1112 1768 Cottonwood/ elder /willow riparian M ~ 941 Humbug Creek J. Alexander Oak Knoll Ranger District CA Klamath River 414-1224 610 Willow I alder in oak woodland PS ::r: 943 Antelope Creek J. Alexander Oak Knoll Ranger District CA Tennant 412-1215 1646 Willow I alder I aspen; lodgepole PM ~ SOUTHWEST > 210 Aiken Canyon S. Craig co Fountain 383-1045 1981 Pinyon-juniper M r'

Gi 215 St. George F. Howe Utah Div. of Wildlife Resources UT St. George 371-1134 1036 Cottonwood/willow riparian M '"C 0

222 PlotS T. Martin Montana Coop. Wildlife Res. Unit AZ Payson 342-1110 2377 Mixed aspen/maple/fir M ~ 223 Plot6 T. Martin Montana Coop. Wildlife Res. Unit AZ Payson 342-1110 2353 Mixed aspen/maple/fir M ~ 225 PlotS T. Martin Montana Coop. Wildlife Res. Unit AZ Payson 342-1110 2377 Mixed aspen/maple/fir M "' 229 Plot 14 T. Martin Montana Coop. Wildlife Res. Unit AZ Payson 342-1110 2365 Mixed aspen/maple/fir M ~

Cl ..... ::8 .e

I

'I 00

TABLE 2. Continued.

Stn. no. Station name

234 Rush Valley

NORTH-CENTRAL

Operator

F. Howe

330 Waubay NWR L. Umbright

331 Pickerel Lake E. Unit D. Skadsen

332 Kings R. Keith

333 Weir G. Holroyd

Sponsor

Utah Div. of Wildlife Resources

Waubay National Wildlife Refuge

Pickerel Lake State Rec. Area

Kalamazoo Nature Center

Beaverhill Bird Observatory

334 Blue Heron M. Shieldcastle Black Swamp Bird Observatory

SOUTH-CENTRAL

430 Shorthorn Ldg. Strip IBP

431 Taylor Field IBP

432 Deer Camp IBP

433 Engineer Lake IBP

Vireo IBP 434

435

436

Brookhaven Mountain IBP

Pipeline IBP

437 East Loop West

438 East Loop East

439 Wme Cellar Loop

440 Sandy Junction

441 McLaughlin Creek

442 Stonehouse

443 Nighthawk

444 Mockingbird Lane

445 Bedrock

446 Mesquite

447 Devil's Hill

448 Rabbit's Demise

449 Spatrow's Haven

450 Myersdale Prairie

451 Estes Draw

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

IBP

Texas Army National Guard


















Department of Defense




State/ Nearest 10' Prov. town

UT Grantsville

SD Grenville

SD Grenville

MI Vicksburg

AB Tofield

OH Vickery

TX Flat

TX Nolanville

TX Flat

TX Killeen

block

403-1123

452-0971

452-0971

421-0853

532-1123

412-0825

312-0973

311-0973

311-0973

310-0974

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

TX

KS

KS

KS

KS

Harker Heights 311-0974

Killeen

Butler

Butler

Butler

Butler

Butler

Butler

Brownwood

Brownwood

Brownwood

Brownwood

Brownwood

Brownwood

DeSoto

DeSoto

BaJa

Ogden

311-0973

301-0971

301-0971

301-0971

301-0971

301-0971

301-0971

313-0985

313-0985

313-0985

313-0985

313-0985

313-0985

385-0950

385-0945

391-0965

390-0964

Elev. (m)

1920

544

579

213

671

177

Habitat(s)

Cottonwood/maple riparian

Bur oak/riparian

Upland prairie/riparian

Mixed hardwoods/ coniferous

Aspen/willows

Old field with dogwood islands

Mesquite/ mixed woodland

Oak-juniper woodland

Disturbed oak/juniper woodland

Oak-cedar elm woodland

Oak-cedar woodland

Mixed scrub I oak

Post oak woodland

Mixed woodland/ oldfield

Mixed woodland/oldfield

Succes. stage'

M

M

PM

PM

s s

PS

PS

PS

PS

PM

PM

PM

PM

PS

220

240

280"

300

280

275

143

152

152

137

274

137

442

465

Oak-cedar woodland/riparian PM

Post oak woodland M

Elm bottomland/post oak woodland PM

Oak savanna

Oak woodland

465 Mixed scrub/oak

427 Oak woodland/mesquite

396 Mesquite

439 Mixed scrub/oak

256 Bottomland deciduous forest

274 Successional forest/ old field

381 Grassland

381 Riparian draw I grassland

PM

PM

PS

PM

PS

PS

PM

s PM

PS

0

® ~

I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ Cl

~ ~ ?:l 0 c)

s; 51

TABLE 2. Continued.

Stn. State/ Nearest 10' Elev. Succes. no. Station name Operator Sponsor Prov. town block (m) Habitat(s) stage'

452 Richardson's Posts IBP Department of Defense KS Ogden 390-0964 396 Grassland PM

453 Rush Creek Prairie IBP Department of Defense KS Milford 390-0965 381 Hayed grassland PM

454 Taylor Branch IBP Texas Army National Guard TX Nolanville 311-0973 210 Oak-juniper woodland PS

456 Geronimo Hill M.Roedel Oklahoma Biological Survey OK Lawton 344-0982 344 Oak-hickory forest PM

457 Sand town R. Sullivan USFWS - Sequoyah NWR OK Vi an 352-0945 143 Deciduous forest/wetland PS

458 Henning Forest H. Brown Ozark Center for Wildlife Research MO Branson 364-0931 274 Oak-hickory forest/riparian PM

459 Heard Museum K. Steigman Heard Natural Science Museum TX McKinney 330-0963 165 Riparian bottomland PM

NORTHEAST

554 Augusta Springs B. Gatewood George Washington National Forest VA Craigsville 380-Q791 495 Wet meadow I thicket/ forest edge s -1

fii 555 Merriam Road CA M. Blazis Auburn Science Dept. MA Grafton 421-Q714 133 Mixed deciduous-white pine PS

~ 556 Mount Mansfield K. McFarland Vermont lnst. of Natural Science VT Underhill 443-0724 1173 Subalpine spruce-fir M 81 557 Fanshawe Dam A. Heagy ON London 430-0811 297 White spruce plantation PS ., 558 Moore's Woods G.Rowsom NY Greenport 410-Q722 2 Oak/beech/locust PM 8

'::::; 561 Aroostook W.Sheehan ME Woodland 465-0680 183 Mixed hardwood-softwood forest PM ~ ~ SOUTHEAST

620 Area 54 IBP Department of Defense IN Madison 385-0852 268 Successional upland forest PS 25 c::

621 Area27 IBP Department of Defense IN New Marion 385-Q852 277 Riparian/upland decid./oldfield PM ~ ::c 622 Area 66 IBP Department of Defense IN Wrrt 384-Q852 258 Mature lowland deciduous forest M > 623 Area 16 IBP Department of Defense

z IN New Marion 390-0852 274 Upland deciduous forest PS Cl

624 Area 31 IBP Department of Defense IN New Marion 385-0852 259 Mature upland deciduous/ oldfield PS :!l ::J

625 Area07 IBP Department of Defense IN Holton 390-Q852 259 Mature/succ. upland deciduous PM ::c 626 First Creek IBP Department of Defense >

IN Bums City 385-o865 162 Mature decid. bottomland forest PM z 627 Williams Cemetery IBP Department of Defense IN Bums City 384-0865 Deciduous upland forest PS

z 219 c::

628 Seedtick Creek IBP > Department of Defense IN Loogootee 384-0865 149 Mature decid. bottomland forest M r

::<l 629 Sulphur Creek IBP Department of Defense IN Crane 385-Q864 177 Upland decid./ oldfield/riparian PS m

"' 630 East Boggs IBP Department of Defense IN Bums City 384-Q865 152 Upland decid./ riparian/ grassy PM 0 ~

631 Area 14 IBP Department of Defense IN Cale 385-Q864 198 Upland decid./riparian/oldfield PM .... 'D

632 Ohio River IBP Department of Defense KY Muldraugh 375-Q860 131 Bottomland deciduous forest M 'D w

633 McCracken Springs IBP Department of Defense KY Muldraugh 375-Q860 171 Mature upland deciduous forest PM > z 0 .... 'D 'D .e

TABLE 2. Continued. 0 ~

Stn. State/ Nearest 10' Elev. Succes. 0 no. Station name Operator Sponsor Prov. town block (m) Habitat(s) stage' ~

~ 634 CedarCreek IBP Department of Defense KY Radcliff 374-0854 151 Riparian deciduous woods PM >

~ 635 Salt River IBP Department of Defense KY Bardstown Jet. 375-0854 140 Disturbed mature upland forest PM !'1 636 Duck Lake IBP Department of Defense KY Salt River 375-0854 131 Upland deciduous forest/ oldfield s ~

tTl

637 Lower Douglas Lake IBP Department of Defense KY Radcliff 374-0855 221 Upland deciduous forest PS ~ 638 Nags Head Woods J. DeB!ieu The Nature Conservancy NC Nags Head 355-0753 12 Deciduous maritime forest/ponds PM ~

:I: 639 Wekiwa Springs P.Small FL Dept. of Env. Protection FL Apopka 284-0812 12 Sand pine scrub I oak hammock PM ~ 640 Tree Farm D. Vogt Tennessee Aquarium TN Chattanooga 350-0852 549 Mixed hardwood/pine nursery PM o:l c: 641 Bladen Lakes SF T. Padgett NC Wildlife Resources Commission NC White Lake 344-0782 18 Evergreen shrub/carolina bay PS ~

D. Roth Dept. of Entomology & App. Ecology DE Newark 390-0075 26 Upland deciduous forest PM 0

642 Univ. of DE South ~ 643 Univ. of DE North D. Roth Dept. of Entomology & App. Ecology DE Newark 390-0075 26 Upland deciduous forest PM > z

0 667 Bear Swamp L. Niles Endangered & Nongame Spp. Program NJ Dividing Creek 391-0750 6 Mixed deciduous forested wetland M 0

> 668 Railroad L. Niles Endangered & Nongame Spp. Program NJ Dividing Creek 391-0750 15 Mixed deciduous scrub s § ALASKA r

~ r

712 Yukon River K.Fox Yukon-Charley Rivers Nat!. Pres. AK Cir. Hot Spgs. 652-1430 299 Riparian shrub PS tTl

..:: I" 713 Coal Creek K.Fox Yukon-Charley Rivers Nat!. Pres. AK Circle 652-1430 274 Riparian woodland PS 0 714 Kobuk River B. Shults National Park Service AK Kiana 670-l594 15 Closed tall alder-willow shrub M

c)

~ 715 Noatak River B. Shults National Park Service AK Noatak 675-1621 91 Black spruce woodland M ~ 716 Mother Goose I D. Dewhurst U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service AK Ugashik 571-1571 24 Black cottonwood woodland PM

717 Mother Goose ll D. Dewhurst U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service AK Ugashik 571-1571 116 Alder/willow shrub s 718 Yakutat J. Rice USDA Forest Service Chatham Area AK Yakutat 593-1394 6 Shrubs s 719 Otter Lake K. Roush Fort Richardson AK Anchorage 612-1494 61 Closed paper birch forest PM

720 Bunker Hill Unit 12a K. Roush Fort Richardson AK Ft. Richardson 612-1494 122 Open paper birch forest PS

BOREAL & [ARCTIC] CANADA

801 Road L. Zuberbier Lesser Slave Lake Bird Obs. AB Slave Lake 553-1145 579 Mixed poplar-spruce forest PS 802 Far Away L. Zuberbier Lesser Slave Lake Bird Obs. AB Slave Lake 553-1145 579 Mixed poplar-spruce forest PS 803 Fern Gully L. Zuberbier Lesser Slave Lake Bird Obs. AB Slave Lake 553-1145 579 Mixed poplar-spruce forest PS

' M =Mature, PM= Primarily Mature, PS =Primarily Successional, S =Successional

THE MAPS PROGRAM FOUIITH AND FIFTH ANNUAL REPOIIT (1993 AND 1994)

FIGURE 1. Locations of MAPS stations operated in 1993 and/or 1994.

In 1994, the number of active MAPS stations grew to 326, a 38% increase from 1993. Of these, 106 were new in 1994 and are described in Table 2. The distribution of the 1994 stations was 112 (21 new) in the Northwest, 16 (7 new) in the Southwest, 26 (5 new) in the North-central, 56 (29 new) in the South-central, 46 (6 new) in the Northeast, 44 (26 new) in the Southeast, 23 (9 new) in the Alaska Region, and 3 (all new) in Boreal Canada. The large growth in the Southcentral and Southeast regions in 1993 and 1994 was due in large part to funding for MAPS from

(a) 1993

the U. S. Department of Defense through its Legacy Resource Management Program.

The locations of all 342 stations operated in 1993 and/or 1994 are shown in Figure 1. The proportions of stations by region in 1993 and 1994 are shown in Figures 2a and 2b, respectively.

One hundred and twenty (66%) of the 181 stations established in 1993 or 1994 were entirely or primarily in mature habitats while the remaining 61 (24%) were in earlier-successionalstage habitats. These proportions are virtually

(b) 1994

NW

FIGURE 2. Proportion of MAPS stations in each region in (a) 1993 and (b) 1994.

[81]


TABLE 3. Summary of the results of the 236 MAPS stations operated in 1993.'

No. of captures' Total Days of operation captures Number

Stn. Prov./ Total per 600 of no. Station name State Total Range net-hours B' u' R' net-hours species

NORTHWEST 179 Princess Bay Oldgrowth AK 8 6/09-8/11 450.0 28 0 3 41.3 6 178 Muskeg AK 10 6/04-8/31 534.5 99 1 13 126.8 14 182 Skunk Cabbage BC 9 6/03-8/24 480.0 226 25 73 405.0 27 181 MyerCreek WA 10 5/23-8/28 593.5 119 11 34 165.8 23 134* Hillary Meadow MT 8 6/28-8/13 455.5 106 4 26 179.1 21 133* Coram Exp. Forest MT 8 6/28-8/13 450.0 31 3 21 73.3 11 139* Frog Lake WA 8 6/10-8/20 495.7 64 2 38 125.9 10 140* Murphy Creek WA 8 6/14-8/23 415.2 43 2 11 80.9 14 141* Beaver Lake WA 8 6/13-8/25 431.7 85 1 28 158.4 17 908 Bench Thin WA 8 6/18-8/23 388.7 30 0 15 71.0 9 143* Perry Creek WA 8 6/15-8/22 435.2 66 5 34 144.8 16 144* Monte Cristo Lake WA 8 6/16-8/25 468.0 105 2 30 175.6 20 137• Swan Res. Nat. Area MT 8 6/10-8/18 440.0 89 4 37 177.3 22 136* Swan0xbow2 MT 8 6/20-8/22 460.0 97 6 20 16D.4 24 135* Sixmile Mountain MT 8 6/19-8/21 432.0 112 4 29 201.4 21 199 Safe Harbor Marsh MT 8 6/17-8/19 428.3 171 10 35 302.6 33 138* Simpson Creek MT 8 6/11-8/18 435.0 55 3 23 111.7 17 177 Douglas Creek WA 9 5/31-8/13 511.7 198 4 28 269.7 39 198 Crow Creek MT 8 6/18-8/19 388.0 79 5 15 153.1 21 145* Timothy Meadow WA 9 6/06-8/19 539.2 145 12 67 249.3 25 902 Quartz Creek 2 WA 10 6/04-8/27 506.7 238 7 93 400.3 33 148* Pleasant Valley WA 9 6/03-8/23 469.0 165 2 64 295.5 26 147* Two Point WA 9 6/01-8/29 522.3 344 10 52 466.4 32 129 Beartooth MT 10 5/30-8/26 513.5 262 7 106 438.2 30 150* Deep Creek WA 9 6/08-8/28 512.0 134 4 31 198.0 25 149• Rattlesnake Spring WA 9 6/07-8/25 521.7 158 6 58 255.3 31 195 Lee Metcalf NWR MT 10 5/24-8/27 556.7 469 0 40 548.6 49 194 Lick Creek MT 10 5/29-8/26 580.0 132 2 30 169.7 26 151* Buzzard Creek OR 8 6/10-8/21 435.7 137 5 36 245.1 20 901 Bachelor Point WA 10 5/23-8/25 500.0 286 0 114 480.0 22 154• Coyote Ridge OR 9 5/30-8/24 516.0 211 7 53 315.1 30 155• Buck Mountain Meadow OR 9 6/05-8/19 454.0 305 11 62 499.6 27 152* Brock Meadow OR 9 6/04-8/23 468.5 213 11 76 384.2 25 153* Fry Meadow OR 9 6/02-8/18 496.2 133 4 22 192.3 24 156* Phillips Creek OR 9 5/31-8/20 469.5 180 3 83 339.9 26 165* Homestead OR 10 5/22-8/18 555.2 85 9 64 171.8 12 163* Mary's Peak OR 10 6/14-8/17 568.0 83 7 37 134.2 11 157* Ikenik OR 10 5/24-8/20 500.2 197 8 126 397.1 32 166* Beaver Ridge OR 9 6/20-8/25 540.0 74 7 49 144.4 14 167• Cougar Creek OR 10 5/24- 8/18 591.7 181 13 97 295.1 16 168* Crab Creek OR 10 6/13-8/19 559.2 50 3 28 86.9 9 903 Salvation Meadow OR 10 6/12-8/24 603.2 155 12 75 240.7 14 158* Fingerboard Prairie OR 10 5/25-8/26 401.2 532 110 73 1069.4 34 159* Strube Flat OR 10 5/26-8/19 569.0 34 0 32 69.6 14 161* Major Prairie OR 10 5/28-8/25 564.5 93 5 55 162.6 23 162* Brock Creek OR 9 5/27-8/24 480.0 86 5 45 170.0 24 160* Clear Cut OR 10 5/23-8/21 587.3 88 57 152.2 26 4 114* Teton Science School WY 23 6/01-8/18 627.0 71 36 102.4 24 0 900 Boulder Creek OR 10 5/27-8/27 728.0 100 126.1 16 9 43 169* SycanRiver OR 10 5/28-8/19 503.3 389.8 29 223 13 91

{82}


TABLE 3. Continued.


Stn. Prov./ Total per600 of

no. Station name State Total Range net-hours B' u' R' net-hours species

us· Bear Camp Botanical Area OR 9 6/18-8/26 423.0 377 4 17 564.5 26

171* Cold Creek OR 9 6/08-8/18 540.0 44 5 27 84.4 13

172* Augur Creek OR 10 5/21-8/18 565.7 96 4 31 139.0 26

170* Deadhorse OR 10 5/29-8/19 553.0 160 6 49 233.3 29

173* Island OR 10 5/23-8/17 534.2 83 4 30 131.4 25

101* Horse Creek Meadows OR 10 5/21-8/24 300.0 317 2 70 778.0 36

174* Swamp Creek OR 10 5/27-8/17 561.3 51 5 15 75.9 15

128* Long Ridge OR 10 5/23-8/27 600.0 146 1 69 216.0 29

116* Grayback Creek OR 10 5/24-8/25 480.0 87 0 41 160.0 23

180 Carberry Creek OR 10 5/21-8/26 595.0 82 0 13 95.8 25

197 McCullen Unit WY 10 5/22-8/24 600.0 281 0 17 298.0 44

196 Bear River Refuge UT 10 5/28-8/20 608.3 317 0 43 355.1 30

183 Lost Man Creek CA 11 5/17-8/16 548.0 131 3 44 194.9 11

190* CapD CA 11 5/18-8/19 710.0 155 4 34 163.1 22

189* Camp Creek CA 11 5/19-8/24 523.3 163 1 50 245.4 22

193* Lady CA 10 5/21-8/26 490.0 186 1 39 276.7 22

186* BondoMine CA 11 5/20-8/25 521.5 128 2 32 186.4 27

187* Moller CA 10 5/26-8/25 560.0 146 2 43 204.6 21

188* Red2 CA 11 5/19-8/18 680.8 195 6 53 223.8 26

106* Home CA 24 5/07-8/25 2024.3 801 15 443 373.2 43

126* Park CA 12 5/08-8/26 613.7 141 2 121 258.1 20

940 Pacific Crest Trail CA 9 6/08-8/28 555.0 272 22 49 370.8 29

910 Wright Refuge CA 10 6/10-8/25 447.3 146 7 64 291.1 18

113* Whites Bar CA 12 5/06-8/26 660.0 191 1 68 236.4 22

130* Freeman Meadow CA 8 6/16-8/19 480.0 222 1 68 363.8 25

131* Carman Valley CA 10 5/23-8/19 565.0 470 2 223 738.0 42

184 A.M. Bailey co 16 6/05-8/09 1443.8 253 0 309 233.5 26

112* ·Sierra Nev. Fld. Campus CA 9 6/08-8/23 540.0 90 1 76 185.6 24

m• Yuba Pass CA 9 6/08-8/23 540.0 166 85 280.0 30

132* Perazzo Meadow CA 9 6/09-8/20 540.0 298 4 84 428.9 35

936 6 7/15-8/22 360.0 77 0 7 140.0 21

Taylor Meadow CA 5/14-8/28 835.0 142 1 68 151.6 28

935• Sagehen Creek CA 14 6/24-8/25 418.0 333 11 412 591.4 30

175 Coon Creek co 7 7/01-8/23 350.0 82 4 12 168.0 12

176 Doughty Creek co 6 5/25-8/17 708.0 315 14 99 362.7 41

185 Turkey Creek co 9 9 464 80.9 48

103* Palo marin CA 98 5/01-8/31 11141.8 1028 2 7 184.5 24

904 White Wolf CA 8 6/25-8/24 422.7 121

5/26-8/20 817.0 610 30 188 608.1 41

107* Hodgdon Meadow CA 10 8 36 495.6 36 5/28-8/23 523.0 388

905 Big Meadow CA 10 848 83 31 1408.7 37

CA 8 6/12-8/25 409.8 906 Tamarack Meadow 18 79 645.4 32

5/29-8/22 528.0 471 907 Crane Flat CA 10 48 191 286.7 35

30 5/27-8/21 1757.8 601 109* Lion Meadow CA 424 12 204 216.8 42

no• Zumwalt Meadow CA 30 5/29- 8/24 1771.5

SOUTHWEST 500.0 185 0 33 261.6 29

208 Flynn CA 10 5/12-8/13 202 5 40 298.4 25

5/19-8/15 496.7 207 Ohm CA 10 257 3 42 361.4 29

5/19-8/11 503.0 209 Sui Norte CA 10 162 3 38 247.3 31

5/27-8/21 492.5 205 Colorado Springs co 10 1764 0 673 134.6 53

10873.5 201• Coyote Creek CA 99 5/01-8/28

1079 3 1423 183.6 48

46 5/01-8/28 4651.2 228.4 29

204 Big Sur CA 198 1 44

CA 11 5/04-8/25 638.3

206 Hopper Mountain

fll1.1


TABLE 3. Continued.


Stn. Prov./ Total per600 of no. Station name State Total Range net-hours s' u' R' net-hours species

211* Metcalf Meadow CA 10 5/27-8/26 600.0 707 0 156 866.0 38 212* East Bluff CA 10 5/26-8/25 600.0 406 0 84 491.0 30 202* Motte Reserve CA 8 4/18-7/11 600.0 144 0 43 187.0 25 203 La Cueva NM 6 5/16-7/08 180.0 44 5 15 213.3 22 NOR1H-CENTRAL 303* Beaverhill Lab AB 9 6/05-8/21 379.7 138 2 59 314.5 22 318* Inglewood AB 7 5/31- 7/29 476.7 111 0 39 188.8 25 312* Qu' Appelle Valley SK 8 6/05-8/18 384.0 106 3 29 215.6 20 317* Ulm MT 10 5/27-8/24 555.5 319 10 117 481.7 26 325 Wolf Ridge MN 6 7/16-8/19 191.0 47 8 0 172.8 19 302* CrowWing1 MN 11 5/31-8/14 588.0 105 5 48 161.2 22

316 Big Dave's MI 5 5/31-7/02 203.7 10 0 2 35.4 7 313 Piatt Like MI 3 6/08-6/30 37.3 0 0 1 16.1 1 314* Supe MI 8 6/12-8/02 392.3 74 1 26 154.5 20

315 Pendill's MI 2 6/13-6/27 45.3 0 0 0 0.0 0 321* J-Pool MI 7 6/03-8/04 420.0 153 8 47 297.1 27

301* Rogers City MI 9 6/06-8/26 540.0 139 0 41 200.0 32 306* Dodge Nature Center MN 15 5/11-8/03 795.5 190 54 77 242.1 39

324 Kajer's WI 9 6/07-8/17 467.3 131 2 13 187.4 28

323 Blick Estate MN 9 5/25-8/12 540.0 528 67 86 756.7 30

305* Carpenter Nature Center MN 6 5/28-8/25 707.5 66 1 16 70.4 24

322 HARS SD 10 5/25-8/25 585.0 188 9 30 232.8 35

304 Schlitz Audubon Center WI 7 5/05-7/16 322.5 79 0 7 160.0 29

308* Pits field MI 31 6/01-8/26 4503.5 829 3 314 152.7 49

309* Waterfall Glen IL 11 5/15-8/18 660.0 52 0 12 58.2 24

320* Navarre Marsh OH 9 6/06-8/22 540.0 185 7 70 291.1 35

307 Fontenelle Forest NE 2 6/06-6/27 70.0 9 0 6 128.6 4

319* Stonebraker OH 10 5/22-8/24 420.0 225 4 93 460.0 32

326 Fort Sully KS 9 6/02-8/21 468.0 86 1 7 120.5 21

327 North Weston KS 4 5/31-6/30 228.2 53 2 6 16D.4 16

328 Camp Miles KS 10 5/29-8/22 556.7 120 1 9 140.1 25

329 South Weston KS 4 6/09-8/28 187.0 83 1 5 285.6 22

SOU1H-CENTRAL 428 Timber Creek KS 9 6/11-8/19 471.7 98 4 10 142.5 23

429 Kansas River KS 7 6/05-8/23 395.0 56 0 4 91.1 16

423 Laughlin Bottoms MO 10 5/27-8/20 532.6 149 4 31 207.3 27

426 Smith Ridge MO 10 5/29-8/22 556.0 27 3 6 38.8 13

427 Miller Ridge MO 10 5/25-8/23 579.7 50 3 4 59.0 21

422 Big Piney MO 10 5/24-8/21 533.3 117 0 27 162.0 25

424 Miller Pond MO 10 5/26-8/19 471.7 163 9 43 273.5 28

425 Macedonia MO 10 5/30-8/24 522.7 63 3 8 85.0 21

408 NC04 OK 8 5/31-8/09 395.8 89 2 19 166.7 25

407* NC03 OK 9 5/28-8/14 447.2 44 1 5 67.1 20

406* NC02 OK 9 5/27-8/13 294.7 73 0 14 177.2 24

409 NC05 OK 8 6/01-8/10 393.3 46 3 12 93.0 17

405* NCOl OK 9 5/26-8/12 437.5 37 0 13 68.6 17

455 RIDL OK 8 6/02-8/11 301.3 40 1 6 93.6 18

412. Red Bird Ranch West OK 10 5/24-8/24 334.0 158 6 41 368.3 32

411. Red Bird Ranch East OK 10 5/25-8/23 320.2 88 3 24 215.5 25

415. Adams South OK 9 6/01-8/26 443.8 81 1 15 131.1 16

416* Hughes Ranch OK 9 5/28-8/18 289.8 49 3 18 144.9 18

f841


TABLE 3. Continued.


Prov./ State

413* Adams North OK 414 Adams Middle OK 403* Rogers State College #1 OK 421 Ft. Gibson OK 420 TRT 1 LA 419 UTI LA 404 • Mansfield Dam TX 417* Driftwood 2 TX 401* Driftwood 1 TX NORTIIEAST 547 Saint-Majorique 2 PQ 528* Innis Point ON 505* Upper Enchanted Township ME 517* HMA NB 518* HMB NB 526* Sharbot Lake ON 545 Sidney ME 525* Elmbrook ON 540* 3 Bravo NY 539* Barr Hill NY 502 Mount Moosilauke NH 519* VINS VT 544 NHNHJPM NH 516* Fair Haven State Park NY 509* Wells Reserve ME 506* Baltimore Woods NY 524* Spring Hill NY 515* Powderhouse Road II NY 529* Pierce Creek NY 512* Powderhouse Road I NY 543 Hell Hollow OH 542 West Point NY 522* Thrush Wood CT 552 Ninigret RI 553 Trustom RI 521* Hazard RI 527* Devil's Den CT 510* Ice Pond Lot MA 511* Hilltop Acre NJ 520 Laurel Hollow NY 530* Warbler Woods NY 508* Raker PA 507* Great Swamp NJ 504• Hopewell NJ 546 Taft Reserve OH 514* Cumberland Valley PA 531* Harford Glen MD 549 Jeremy's Run VA 550 New Crescent Rock VA 533* Pinnacle Cliff VA 537* Hazeltop Ridge VA


Total per 600 of Total Range net-hours B

3 u' R' net-hours species

9 8

10 10 10 10 11 11 35

6 9 9 9 9

23 11 9

10 10 8

56 8

10 14 7

10 8 9

16 9

10 54

9 9 9 8

10 8 9 8 9 8

12 10 10 12 9 9 9 9

6/02-8/27 5/31-8/11 5/29-8/28 5/22-8/28 5/24-8/26 5/24-8/26 5/16-8/22 5/14-8/19 5/01-8/26

5/29-8/05 6/02-8/23 6/09-8/20 5/29-8/24 5/29-8/24 5/12-7/30 6/06-8/22 6/03-8/20 5/27-8/21 5/26-8/22 5/30-8/06 5/04-8/27 6/02-8/11 5/23-8/22 5/30-9/01 6/19-8/14 5/29-8/23 6/04-8/12 6/05-8/28 6/06-8/28 6/04-8/25 5/29-8/28 5/02-8/26 5/31-8/19 6/05-8/27 6/02-8/26 6/03-8/24 6/02-8/26 5/31-8/10 6/08-8/26 6/10-8/21 5/29-8/16 5/23-7/30 5/02-8/29 5/29-8/20 5/22-8/22 5/08-8/24 5/31-8/19 6/04-8/22 6/02-8/20 6/08-8/23

[85]

421.0 272.3 538.3

1000.0 438.7 451.7 792.0 660.0

2020.0

180.0 540.0 540.0 301.2 234.2

2731.9 480.5 481.5 905.2 915.2 920.0

5447.8 474.5 345.5 976.0 323.8 603.3 192.0 499.8 536.7 540.0 355.0

5403.8 583.3 593.3 535.0 960.0 388.0 161.2 375.7 384.0 525.0 480.0

2280.0 616.7 571.7 779.0 874.0 884.2 864.3 890.7

82 3 23 79 2 13

103 18 30 418 4 43 142 15 25 94 9 18

116 0 31 26 2 10

121 2 36

31 0 5 122 3 59 32 0 7 79 0 30 85 0 20

287 0 92 50 2 7 92 0 16

416 8 183 78 4 53 62 1 16

761 2 387 45 0 7

248 7 48 239 0 70 43 0 31

182 0 41 83 0 11

242 3 48 224 4 79 80 0 13 21 1 3

587 6 291 228 10 20 177 0 5

64 31 139 0 42 161 0 36 119 0 17 107 18 19 66 0 11

112 1 28 145 8 95 445 20 133 230 26 40 92 3 29

129 0 81 106 1 10 259 3 29 303 3 49 83 1 19

153.9 207.1 168.3 279.0 248.9 160.7 111.4 34.6 47.2

120.0 204.4 43.3

217.2 269.0 83.2 73.7

134.6 402.3

88.5 51.5

126.7 65.8

526.2 190.0 137.1 221.8 293.8 351.7 343.2 103.3 42.2 98.2

265.4 184.0 107.7 113.1 304.6 506.0 230.0 120.3 161.1 310.0 157.4 288.0 130.2 161.8 80.3

197.5 246.4 69.4

28 24 25 37 20 17 19 12 38

12 31 21 30 25 37 15 25 44 16 13 69 12 34 41 15 29 18 27 36 19 10 49 19 21 18 24 22 17 24 18 24 27 46 31 33 33 25 31 33 16


TABLE 3. Continued.


Stn. Prov./ Total per 600 of no. Station name State Total Range net-hours B, u' R' net-hours species

548 Dean Mountain VA 9 6/10-8/24 858.0 235 1 35 189.5 27 541 Big Run VA 9 6/11-8/25 864.0 100 3 10 78.5 23 S62• Clinch River TN 28 S/23 -8/28 1680.0 43 0 7 17.9 14 SS1 Tennessee River Gorge TN 10 5/1S- 8/28 804.0 80 1 11 68.7 18 SOUlHEAST 618 Spring Valley OH 25 S/02- 8/28 944.0 306 7 77 247.9 40 604• St. Timothy's School MD 10 5/26-8/24 587.7 131 5 55 195.0 31 609• Patuxent MD 10 5/27-8/24 678.8 211 0 67 245.7 42 603• Jug Bay Wetlands MD 11 5/20-8/22 918.0 163 3 52 142.5 35 619 Stump Neck MD 7 6/30-8/17 385.0 96 0 8 162.1 18 614• Indian Head MD 10 6/01-8/18 600.0 77 0 22 99.0 15 613• Dahlgren VA 10 5/31-8/16 590.0 146 0 45 194.2 24 61o• Patuxent Lowland MD 10 5/30-8/23 597.0 98 2 32 132.7 18 611• Patuxent Upland 1 MD 10 5/29-8/19 651.7 93 1 39 122.5 26 612• Patuxent Upland 2 MD 20 5/25-8/21 1175.8 133 0 70 103.6 31 607 Dutch Creek IL 14 5/17-8/11 1615.5 121 26 81 84.7 27 601 Dismal Swamp 2 VA 9 5/02-8/08 440.0 75 0 15 122.7 12 616 Big Sandy TN 11 5/15-8/24 663.3 66 3 21 81.4 16 606• Warner Park TN 12 5/07-8/17 396.0 174 13 71 390.9 33 6os· Grassmere Wildlife Park TN 10 5/23-8/25 472.0 130 15 20 209.8 24 602• Scott King Gamelands NC 10 5/30-8/21 480.0 175 0 65 300.0 26 60S• Congaree Swamp sc 12 S/08- 8/30 876.0 75 2 39 79.4 24 617 Pearl River MS 9 5/29-8/28 540.0 130 1 25 173.3 22 ALASKA 70P Alaska Bioi. Res. AK 6 6/14-7/30 576.0 56 0 28 87.5 15 702• Goldstream Creek AK 6 6/13-8/07 679.0 60 2 17 69.8 17 703· Mile Seven AK 8 6/11-8/20 480.0 179 8 38 281.2 21 704• Permafrost AK 8 6/10-8/18 474.0 292 11 30 421.5 20 706• Rock Creek AK 8 6/12-8/23 465.0 270 3 16 372.9 24 710 Lost Forest AK 7 6/16-8/25 379.0 95 1 2 155.2 15 7os• Igloo Creek AK 8 6/14-8/24 404.5 340 1 74 615.6 19 711 Chisana River AK 6 6/16-8/04 396.0 75 4 20 150.0 15 727• Potter Marsh AK 7 6/01-7 /3G 603.0 92 4 34 129.4 14 ns· Campbell Tract AK 9 6/03-8/20 832.5 372 30 93 356.8 23 729• Prospect Heights AK 11 6/07-8/26 990.8 595 39 92 439.6 25 725 Portage Valley AK 18 5/28-8/27 1005.3 473 18 58 327.6 22 709 Shadow Lake YT 6 6/11-8/02 252.0 34 2 7 102.4 14 708 Russell Creek BOREAL & ARCTIC CANADA

AK 8 6/02-8/09 453.8 229 7 37 360.9 9

804 Thunder Cape ON 6 6/18-8/05 360.0 74 5 30 181.7 18

Mean 11 510.7 186 6 57 231.0 25 1 Within each region, stations are listed from north to south by 10-minute block.

'Excluding gallinaceous birds and hummingbirds 3 Newly-banded birds • Birds not banded 'Recaptured birds

• Station included in 1992-1993 adult-population-size and productivity comparisons

[86]


TABLE 4. Summary of the results of the 326 MAPS stations operated in 1994.1


NORTHWEST 917 Mendenhall Rec. Area 916 Hoonah 179* Princess Bay Oldgrowth 178* Muskeg 182* Skunk Cabbage 181* Myer Creek 133*+ Coram Exp. Forest 134*+ Hillary Meadow 139'+ Frog Lake 140*+ Murphy Creek 141 Beaver Lake 908* Bench Thin 143*+ Perry Creek 144*+ Monte Cristo Lake 135*+ Sixrnile Mountain 136*+ Swan Oxbow 2 137*+ Swan Res. Nat. Area 199* Safe Harbor Marsh 138*+ Simpson Creek 177* Douglas Creek 911 Turnbull NWR 198* Crow Creek 915 Fort Lewis 145*+ Timothy Meadow 902* Quartz Creek 2 148*+ Pleasant Valley 147*+ Two Point 129* Beartooth 150*+ Deep Creek 149*+ Rattlesnake Spring 195* Lee Metcalf NWR 912 Lower Rock Creek 194* Lick Creek 151*+ Buzzard Creek 901* Bachelor Point 914 Oak Island 154*+ Coyote Ridge 155*+ Buck Mountain Meadow 152*+ Brock Meadow 153*+ Fry Meadow 156*+ Phillips Creek 165*+ Homestead 163*+ Mary's Peak 157*+ Ikenik 166*+ Beaver Ridge 167*+ Cougar Creek 168* + Crab Creek 903• Salvation Meadow 158*+ Fingerboard Prairie

Prov./ State

AK AK AK AK BC

WA MT MT WA WA WA WA WA WA MT MT MT MT MT WA WA MT WA WA WA WA WA MT WA WA MT MT MT OR WA OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR

Days of operation Total

Total Range net-hours

9 5/17-8/02 5 6/12-7/29 8 6/12-8/24 8 6/21-8/25 9 6/04-8/22 6 6/05-8/10 8 6/16-8/22 8 6/18-8/22 8 6/16-8/22 8 6/12-8/22 6 6/30-8/21 8 6/11-8/22 8 6/10-8/19 8 6/17-8/20 8 6/18-8/20 8 6/12-8/21 8 6/11-8/21 8 6/15-8/19 8 6/12-8/20 9 5/28-8/11 9 6/01-8/23 8 6/14-8/19 9 6/08-8/27 9 6/01-8/21 9 5/31-8/23 9 6/03-8/22 9 6/05-8/20 9 6/01-8/25 9 6/04-8/19 9 6/02-8/24

10 5/23-8/24 10 5/30-8/26 10 5/29-8/29 9 6/03-8/18

10 5/21-8/27 10 5/30-8/26 9 6/02-8/21 9 6/05-8/19 9 6/07-8/27 9 6/08-8/28 9 6/09-8/20

10 5/22-8/22 10 5/26-8/20 10 5/24-8/25 10 5/24-8/24 10 5/25-8/23 10 5/23-8/21 10 5/21-8/25 10 5/23-8/18

[87]

393.8 216.4 416.3 480.0 498.3 279.0 449.0 443.8 413.8 454.8 216.7 443.3 451.8 470.3 451.7 432.3 451.0 432.0 456.2 450.0 486.0 425.8 529.0 506.3 505.3 455.0 .481.3 529.0 482.3 502.7 605.0 600.0 600.0 522.0 495.0 515.0 502.0 486.7 440.5 472.2 497.0 549.7 522.0 549.5 507.3 554.7 586.7 544.0 565.5

No. of captures' Total captures Number per 600 of

U• R5 h net- ours species B'

179 10 49 70 6 8 14 1 6 49 1 28

214 15 80 93 24 29 22 1 14

144 10 33 35 0 19 46 2 20 40 2 14 47 0 15 56 4 20 93 2 29

154 7 33 57 5 18

168 4 41 114 5 33 69 3 36

212 5 42 138 8 25 117 5 53 61 5 1 91 3 68

160 12 90 167 8 60 197 21 52 299 5 138 129 7 31 125 10 69 313 22 70 258 12 112 150 6 56 178 9 28 378 36 231 248 28 47 190 6 78 329 112 67 212 13 63 96' 8 27

151 9 86 80 10 46 43 2 14

169 10 100 60 9 45

102 4 73 61 7 31

147 9 80 431 18 114

362.7 232.9 30.3 97.5

372.0 314.0 49.4

252.8 78.3 89.7

155.1 83.9

106.2 158.2 257.7 111.0 283.4 211.1 142.1 345.3 211.1 246.6 76.0

192.0 311.1 309.9 336.6 501.3 207.7 243.5 401.7 382.0 212.0 247.1 781.8 376.3 327.5 626.3 392.3 166.5 297.0 148.5 67.8

304.6 134.8 193.6 101.2 260.3 597.3

19 17 7

12 22 18 10 31 12 12 11 10 17 20 22 23 31 29 12 37 27 27 14 25 34 23 30 35 28 27 37 35 29 23 30 25 28 32 25 23 28 12

7 29 12 17 10 17 33

' ) I

I ~~,

I p,

I \

'11 t:;: :''·

•'·,


TABLE 4. Continued.


Prov./ State

925 Hunter Mesa WY 159•+ Strube Flat OR 926 North Fork Powder River WY 160•+ Clear Cut OR 161"+ Major Prairie OR 162•+ Brock Creek OR 114•+ Teton Science School WY 913 Kanipe Ranch OR 900• Boulder Creek OR 169•+ Sycan River OR 115•+ Bear Camp Botanical Area OR 918 Skeeter Swamp OR 171•+ Cold Creek OR 170•+ Deadhorse 172•+ Augur Creek 173•+ Island 1 01• +# Horse Creek Meadows 174•+ Swamp Creek 128•+ Long Ridge 116.+# Grayback Creek 180• Carberry Creek 197• McCullen Unit 941 Humbug Creek 196• Bear River Refuge 943 Antelope Creek 183• Lost Man Creek 909 Subheadquarters 924 Redwood Creek 186•+ Bondo Mine 187•+ Molier 188•+ Red 2 189•+ Camp Creek 190•+ Cap D 193•+ Lady 106•+# Home 126•+ Park 921 Grove's Prairie 940• Pacific Crest Trail 910• Wright Refuge 920 Grouse Creek 923 Yager Creek 113•+# Whites Bar 922 Emmy's Place 919 Indian Valley 939 Salt Lake City 938 Nephi 130•+ Freeman Meadow 131•+ Carman Valley 184• A.M. Bailey 112•+# Sierra Nev. Fld. Campus

OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR WY CA UT CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA UT UT CA CA co CA

Days of operation

Total Range

7 5/30-8/20 10 5/22-8/26 7 5/27-7/26

10 5/21-8/21 10 5/27-8/19 10 5/26-8/19 24 5/25-8/15 10 5/28-8/27 10 5/25-8/25 10 5/24-8/22 10 5/30-8/23 10 5/27-8/25 10 5/26-8/25 10 5/22-8/21 10 5/21-8/20 10 5/27-8/24 10 5/23-8/19 10 5/25-8/23 9 5/25-8/21

10 5/24-8/22 10 5/27-8/25 10 5/27- 8/23 11 5/13-8/22 10 5/26-8/25 10 5/27-8/23 11 5/18-8/19 10 5/28-8/27 12 5/09-8/28 11 5/12-8/26 11 5/12- 8/25 11 5/11-8/27 11 5/13-8/25 10 5/24-8/26 11 5/14-8/30 22 5/03-8/25 12 5/09-9/02 11 5/19-8/26 11 5/17-8/27 10 5/23-8/21 11 5/20-8/29 11 5/17-8/24 12 5/05-8/25 11 5/18-8/27 10 5/28-8/25 12 5/08- 8/19 12 5/12-8/17 9 6/04-8/23

10 5/22-8/19 17 5/27- 8/07 9 5/31-8/20

[88]

Total net-hours

379.7 588.0 382.3 585.7 575.8 568.0 675.0 558.3 716.0 545.7 480.0 600.0 568.5 548.5 587.5 556.0 300.0 589.5 540.0 480.0 654.0 600.0 579.0 595.0 500.0 650.0 461.7 639.8 540.0 657.0 702.0 545.0 645.0 550.0

1925.0 782.2 609.0 676.5 600.0 553.3 647.0 660.0 552.8 501.0 633.3 648.3 531.3 600.0

1860.5 538.3

No. of captures' Total captures Number

u' per 600 of

R 5

net-hours species

129 34 17 41 3 37 65 1 21 99 4 50 67 6 32 93 4 53

143 4 46 59 2 9 93 1 76

444 26 76 234 4 39 218 22 30 236 26 27 304 65 60 205 7 44 119 6 25 380 13 57 96 7 37 90 3 30 75 3 31

123 6 15 330 47 47

84 5 18 177 0 50 442 53 68 98 10 88

282 17 91 249 12 83 145 9 21 142 9 59 142 9 51 139 5 54 221 8 53 177 11 45 739 11 381 191 5 171 584 37 106 436 26 127 161 6 95 43 2 7

226 16 117 256 2 79 285 16 75 407 16 109 293 46 19 268 38 26

1871 0 128 433 2 140 360 0 427 221 0 89

284.5 82.7

136.5 156.7 109.4 158.5 171.6 75.2

142.5 600.4 346.3 270.0 305.0 469.3 261.4 161.9 900.0 142.5 136.7 136.3 132.1 424.0 110.9 228.9 675.6 180.9 506.9 322.6 194.4 191.8 1(2.6 218.0 262.3 254.2 352.5 281.5 716.3 522.4 262.0 56.4

332.9 306.4 408.1 637.1 339.2 307.2

2257.3 575.0 253.8 345.5

16 14 8

21 18 26 27 13 18 30 25 33 30 39 34 29 33 22 21 22 31 43 23 29 34 12 28 30 27 17 23 19 29 21 45 25 40 39 18 18 28 32 36 38 36 29 33 40 32 27


TABLE 4. Continued.

Days of operation Stn. no.

Prov. I Total Station name State Total Range net-hours

111* +# Yuba Pass 132*+ Perazzo Meadow 935*+ Sagehen Creek 936 Taylor Meadow 175* Coon Creek 176* Doughty Creek 185* Turkey Creek 103*+# Palomarin 904* White Wolf 107*+# Hodgdon Meadow 905* Big Meadow 906* Tamarack Meadow 907* Crane Flat SOUTHWEST 234 Rush Valley 207* Ohm 208* Flynn 209* Sui Norte 205* Colorado Springs 210 Aiken Canyon 215 St. George 204*+ Big Sur 206* Hopper Mountain 222 Plot 5 223 Plot 6 225 Plot 8 229 Plot 14 211* + Metcalf Meadow 212*+ East Bluff 202* +# Motte Reserve NORTH CENTRAL

CA CA CA CA co co co CA CA CA CA CA CA

UT CA CA CA co co UT CA CA AZ AZ AZ AZ CA CA CA

303*+# Beaverhill Lab AB 333 Weir AB 312*+ Qu' Appelle Valley SK 317*+ Ulrn MT 325 Wolf Ridge MN 302*+# Crow Wing 1 MN 321*+ J-Pool MI 330 Waubay NWR SD 331 Pickerel Lake E. Unit SD 301*+# Rogers City MI 306*+# Dodge Nature Center MN 324* Kajer's Om. Station WI 323* Blick Estate MN 305*+# Carpenter Nature Center MN 322* HARS SD 308*+# Pitsfield MI 332 Kings MI 309*+# Waterfall Glen IL 320*+ Navarre Marsh OH

9 9

19 13 7 7 9

107 9

10 10 9

10

13 12 11 11 10 11 12

118 11 6 5 5 5

10 10 8

5 5 8 9

10 9 8

10 9 9 9 8 8 7 8

31 18 9 9

6/01-8/22 6/03-8/21 5/08-8/25 5/20-8/23 6/29-8/23 6/28-8/25 5/23-8/18 5/01-8/28 6/02-8/21 5/21-8/23 5/29-8/24 6/01-8/22 5/30-8/20

5/10- 8/18 5/01-8/26 5/02-8/11 5/03-8/09 5/30-8/28 5/13- 8/23 5/14-8/16 5/01-8/28 5/13-8/28 5/29-7/19 5/31-7/13 6/07- 7/17 6/05-7/15 5/26-8/25 5/25-8/24 4/12-7/10

6/22-8/02 6/26-8/08 5/31-8/17 5/31-8/19 6/09-8/25 5/28-8/15 6/03-8/11 5/26-8/24 6/12-8/28 6/08-8/23 5/24-8/09 6/05-8/12 6/06-8/11 5/27-8/24 6/08-8/16 5/31-8/25 6/02-8/25 5/25-8/10 6/04-8/22

(89]

540.0 540.0 680.0 510.0 420.0 420.0 658.0

11967.0 518.5 764.2 572.7 435.8 525.2

617.0 600.0 555.0 547.0 580.0 544.0 585.5

12116.7 748.0 304.0 338.0 351.0 302.0 600.0 600.0 601.0

300.0 300.0 384.0 553.3 512.7 622.5 480.0 600.0 272.5 540.0 526.5 432.0 480.0 828.0 480.0

4494.2 1494.5 540.0 540.0


B' u' per 600 of

R' net-hours species

775 0 158 777 0 97 594 0 83 233 0 34 297 7 90 95 1 27

424 21 115 1127 16 565 355 8 52

1118 38 338 321 23 72 851 230 102 632 32 185

92 0 6 266 0 57 149 0 36 175 0 52 96 2 19

193 7 27 181 16 15

2567 22 994 243 15 62 32 2 16 56 5 13 54 5 21 46 4 14

804 0 163 955 0 87 137 0 34

87 0 29 119 0 10 91 3 23

285 2 146 342 21 44 87 5 45

117 2 59 169 0 27 276 30 45 83 2 41

110 6 27 52 0 4

372 37 102 115 0 24 139 5 22 547 4 294 291 4 156 62 1 14

186 4 66

1036.7 971.1 597.4 314.1 562.9 175.7 510.6 85.6

480.2 1173.0 435.9

1628.6 970.0

95.3 323.0 200.0 249.0 121.0 250.4 217.3 177.4 256.7 98.7

131.4 136.8 127.2 967.0

1042.0 170.7

232.0 258.0 182.8 469.5 476.3 132.0 222.5 196.0 772.8 140.0 163.0 77.8

638.8 100.7 207.5 112.8 181.1 85.6

284.4

35 39 36 27 29 16 38 56 30 46 43 45 33

24 29 25 29 29 31 39 79 34 18 19 17 18 40 50 23

15 13 23 26 35 21 17 33 23 18 20 18 33 31 28 50 27 18 38


TABLE 4. Continued.

No. of captures' Total

Days of operation captures Number Stn. Prov./ Total per600 of

no. Station name State Total Range net-hours B' u' R' net-hours species

334 Blue Heron OH 9 6/05-8/27 503.3 589 11 93 826.1 37

307 Fontenelle Forest NE 9 5/28-8/21 534.0 91 1 29 136.0 23

319.+ Stonebraker OH 10 5/24-8/24 574.3 240 8 99 362.5 43

326• Fort Sully KS 9 5/27-8/10 522.7 67 1 8 87.2 15

327 North Weston KS 9 5/29-8/14 546.2 80 7 13 109.9 21

328• Camp Miles KS 9 5/26-8/09 513.3 73 2 22 113.4 20

329 South Weston KS 9 5/30-8/12 539.8 123 6 29 175.6 26

SOUTH CENTRAL 428• Timber Creek KS 8 6/05-8/09 316.5 74 9 17 189.6 22

450 Myersdale Prairie KS 8 6/10-8/15 212.3 104 8 18 367.3 21

453 Rush Creek Prairie KS 8 6/18-8/14 168.0 55 7 4 235.7 6

429• Kansas River KS 8 6/04-8/10 440.0 34 10 6 68.2 15

451 Estes Draw KS 9 6/08-8/11 215.0 224 34 48 854.0 21

452 Richardson's Posts KS 8 6/17-8/12 245.0 56 7 4 164.1 6

448 Rabbit's Demise KS 9 5/31-8/11 526.8 91 2 27 136.7 20

449 Sparrow's Haven KS 9 6/01-8/15 540.3 155 2 32 209.9 23

423* Laughlin Bottoms MO 9 5/21-8/09 527.0 196 6 60 298.3 31

426* Smith Ridge MO 9 5/25-8/13 540.0 27 1 6 37.8 14

422* Big Piney MO 9 5/23- 8/11 539.2 106 6 43 172.5 24

424. Miller Pond MO 9 5/24-8/12 534.3 199 3 83 320.0 29

427• Miller Ridge MO 9 5/22-8/10 538.3 61 3 21 94.7 21

425• Macedonia MO 9 5/26-8/14 528.2 66 5 17 100.0 23

406*+ NC02 OK 9 5/27-8/13 295.3 69 1 22 186.9 21

407•+ NC03 OK 9 5/28-8/14 400.2 74 2 13 133.4 22

408*+ NC04 OK 9 5/27-8/13 398.3 93 4 17 171.7 25

409*+ NC05 5/28-8/14 359.5 74 3 18 158.6 28 OK 9

405*+ NC01 5/26-8/12 417.7 50 0 10 86.2 18 OK 9

455* 5/26-8/09 348.3 64 2 7 125.7 20

RIDL OK 9 197.5 22 411*+ Red Bird Ranch East OK 9 5/25-8/11 312.8 82 0 21

287.6 29

412*+ Red Bird Ranch West OK 9 5/24-8/09 315.0 116 2 33 14

458 Henning Forest MO 11 5/19- 8/25 440.0 44 0 16 81.8 137.4 19

413•+ Adams North OK 9 5/24-8/11 436.7 71 0 29 26

414•+ Adams Middle OK 9 5/23-8/10 320.5 100 0 23 230.3 22

415*+ Adams South OK 9 5/23-8/10 450.0 86 2 14 136.0 21

416*+ Hughes Ranch OK 9 5/25-8/12 273.7 63 0 22 186.4 139.0 21

403*+ Rogers State College #1 OK 10 5/28-8/27 600.0 98 5 36 32

15 79 247.8 421* Ft. Gibson OK 10 5/21-8/27 1000.0 319 32

457 Sand town OK 11 5/20-8/27 725.0 186 12 45 201.1 154.3 25

456 Geronimo Hill OK 11 5/12-8/20 630.0 123 14 25 10

5/15-8/12 377.5 30 0 0 47.7

459 Heard Museum• TX 8 14

5/11-8/24 410.5 60 8 31 144.7

419* UTl LA 11 224.5 19

420* TRTl LA 11 5/11-8/23 403.5 104 5 42 17

5/16- 8/08 564.0 115 2 13 138.3

442 Stonehouse TX 10 100.3 19

5/17-8/09 574.0 82 2 12 443 Nighthawk TX 10 98.0 17

581.5 74 4 17 444 Mockingbird Lane TX 10 5/18-8/10 86.6 18

5/19-8/13 658.5 76 4 15 445 Bedrock TX 10 119.5 21

446 Mesquite TX 10 5/21-8/14 587.3 99 5 13 19 168.1

447 Devil's Hill TX 11 5/22- 8/15 571.2 122 9 29 16 189.2

430 Shorthorn Landing Strip TX 10 5/11-8/11 564.3 142 9 27 15

128.0 48 2 6 262.5

432 Deer Camp TX 3 5/18-6/01

THE MAPS PROGRAM FOURTH AND FIFTH ANNUAL REPGRT (1993 AND 1994)

TABLE 4. Continued.

Days of operation Stn. Prov./ Total no. Station name State Total Range net-hours

431 Taylor Field TX 435 Brookhaven Mountain TX 454 Taylor Branch TX 433 Engineer Lake TX 434 Vireo TX 404*+ Mansfield Dam TX 436 Pipeline TX 437 East Loop West TX 438 East Loop East TX 439 Wine Cellar Loop TX 440 Sandy Junction TX 441 McLaughlin Creek TX 401*+# Driftwood 1 TX 417*+ Driftwood 2 TX NOR1HEAST 561 Aroostook ME 547* Saint-Majorique 2 PQ 528*+ Innis Point ON 505*+# Upper Enchanted Township ME 517*+# HMA NB 518*+# HMB NB 526*+ Sharbot Lake ON 556 Mount Mansfield VT 545* Sidney ME 525*+ Elmbrook ON 540*+ 3 Bravo NY 539*+ Barr Hill NY 502* Mount Moosilauke NH 519*+# VINS VT 544* NHNHJPM NH 516*+# Fair Haven State Park NY 509*+# Wells Reserve ME 557 Fanshawe Dam ON 524*+ Spring Hill NY 555 Merriam Road' MA 512*+# Powderhouse Road I NY 529*+ Pierce Creek NY 543* Hell Hollow OH 542* West Point NY 522*+# Thrush Wood CT 552* Ninigret Rl 553* Trustom Rl 521*+# Hazard Rl 527*+ Devil's Den CT 510*+# Ice Pond Lot MA 558 Moore's Woods NY 520* Laurel Hollow NY 530*+ Warbler Woods NY 507*+# Great Swamp NJ 504*+# Hopewell NJ

11 10 6

10 10 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 34 11

9 9 9 9

19 16 25 9 9 9 9 9 8

52 9

10 14 10 10 9

20 9 9 9

45 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

11 9 5

5/16-8/10 5/14-8/13 6/29-8/12 5/19-8/14 5/15-8/15 5/16-8/21 5/11-8/10 5/12-8/14 5/14-8/12 5/16-8/15 5/17-8/11 5/18-8/16 5/01-8/22 5/11-8/19

6/05-8/21 6/13-8/26 6/01-8/27 6/08-8/28 5/11-8/21 5/11-8/21 5/22-8/27 6/03-8/25 6/04-8/20 6/04-8/22 6/04-8/20 6/05-8/21 5/30-8/07 5/02-8/26 6/05-8/17 5/22-8/24 5/28-8/31 5/28-8/22 5/23-8/24 5/31-8/19 6/05-8/28 6/04-8/27 6/01-8/25 6/07-8/27 5/31-8/28 6/06-8/23 6/02-8/25 5/31-8/26 6/01-8/24 6/06-8/27 6/05-8/28 6/07-8/23 6/04-8/20 5/23-8/23 5/22-8/28

[91]

566.3 557.8 359.0 557.2 565.7 760.0 686.3 608.3 570.5 613.2 664.2 493.0

2040.0 660.0

463.3 360.0 540.0 540.0 538.8 366.6

2168.9 328.0 480.0 486.0 807.5 762.8 860.0

5528.5 543.3 371.0

1018.7 488.2 660.0 565.0 704.0 530.4 541.7 439.8

4882.5 513.0 543.3 533.3

1080.0 348.2 534.0 378.0 520.0 540.0

1900.0


a' u' per 600 of


180 15 36 94 5 16

116 6 14 79 7 13 86 12 20 88 2 15 61 2 17 40 1 11 52 0 19 85 3 24 38 2 18 86 9 15

135 0 35 19 1 15

102 10 7 29 0 2

122 5 48 29 3 3

149 1 39 118 0 . 28 203 3 99

61 3 6 41 2 9 91 0 27

304 7 133 69 3 43 66 1 15

930 0 323 29 1 6

352 14 76 285 0 69 207 8 103 171 2 57 263 0 27 258 0 97 176 2 30 126 0 18 38 3 10

686 6 440 166 1 26 190 3 19 96 1 31

182 8 51 145 3 30 134 9 6 66 3 14 96 2 8

268 9 84 382 20 133

244.7 123.7 227.3 106.6 125.2 82.9 69.9 51.3 74.7

109.6 52.4

133.9 50.0 31.8

154.1 51.7

194.4 38.9

210.5 238.9 84.4

128.0 65.0

145.7 329.9 90.5 57.2

136.0 39.8

714.8 208.5 390.9 209.1 308.0 302.6 235.3 159.5 69.6

139.1 225.7 234.1 144.0 133.9 306.7 167.4 131.7 122.3 401.1 168.9

21 17 16 12 14 21 10 11 9

15 7

13 34 8

29 10 33 17 34 28 43 13 13 26 33 22 14 70 12 40 38 25 31 15 35 28 19 10 47 22 24 20 27 18 28 22 19 33 42


TABLE 4. Continued.


Prov./ State

546* Taft Reserve OH 514*+# Cumberland Valley PA 531*+ Harford Glen MD 549* Jeremy's Run VA 550* New Crescent Rock VA 533*+ Pinnacle Cliff VA 537*+ Hazeltop Ridge VA 548* Dean Mountain VA 541* BigRun VA 554 Augusta Springs Wetlands VA 562* + Clinch River TN SOUTHEAST 618* Spring Valley 604*+# St. Timothy's School 667 Bear Swamp 668 Railroad 623 Area 16 625 Area07 609*+ Patuxent WRC 642 Univ. of Delaware North' 643 Univ. of Delaware South' 626 First Creek 629 Sulphur Creek 631 Area 14 620 Area 54 621 Area 27 624 Area 31 627 Williams Cemetery 628 Seed tick Creek 630 East Boggs 622 Area 66 603*+# Jug Bay Wetlands 614*+ Indian Head 619* Stump Neck 613*+ Dahlgren 610*+ Patuxent Lowland 611*+ Patuxent Upland 1 612*+ Patuxent Upland 2 632 Ohio River 633 McCracken Springs 635 Salt River 636 Duck Lake 637 Lower Douglas Lake 634 Cedar Creek 607*+# Dutch Creek 601* +# Dismal Swamp 2 616* Big Sandy 606*+# Warner Park Nature Ctr. 608*+ Grassmere Wildlife Park 602.+# Scott King Gamelands

OH MD

NJ NJ IN IN

MD DE DE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN

MD MD MD VA

MD MD MD KY KY KY KY KY KY IL

VA TN TN TN NC

Days of operation

Total Range

10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

29

27 10 8 7

10 10 8

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 10 20

9 9 9 9 9 9 5

10 11 12 10 10

5/21-8/19 5/28-8/25 5/28-8/24 5/31-8/18 6/02-8/20 6/01-8/19 6/03-8/21 6/04-8/23 6/05-8/22 5/20-8/27 5/21-8/27

5/08-8/26 5/24-8/24 6/09-8/15 6/15-8/12 5/21-8/18 5/27-8/17 5/24-8/08 5/23-8/24 5/24-8/23 5/27-8/19 5/30-8/23 6/04-8/26 5/24-8/20 5/20-8/19 5/23-8/21 5/31-8/25 5/28-8/22 6/03-8/24 5/29-8/22 5/17-8/23 5/26-8/24 5/27-8/23 5/25-8/22 5/24-8/21 5/23-8/20 5/21-8/20 6/07-8/17 6/08-8/19 6/11-8/23 6/13-8/24 6/15-8/21 6/10-8/20 6/08-8/07 5/07-8/21 5/11-8/23 5/06-8/24 5/27-8/29 5/22-8/24

[92]

Total net-hours

586.7 636.7 630.0 825.0 863.0 840.0 860.5 863.0 850.7 153.5

1681.2

889.0 603.3 384.0 140.0 565.7 587.7 560.0 982.1

1054.0 593.3 562.0 580.0 477.2 548.3 526.5 557.5 568.8 556.7 560.0 952.0 600.0 526.7 593.5 550.5 654.0

1198.3 540.0 504.0 534.0 536.0 510.7 510.2 391.7 591.7 660.0 396.0 480.0 481.3

No. of captures' Total

s'

201 103 86

279 191 248 104 209 157 81 64

275 126

74 67

103 217 174 44 58

110 282 77

144 86

141 209 109 160 77

159 59

103 97 92 67 99 57 80

100 98 34

143 56

109 63

143 135 124

captures Number

u' per 600 of


6 45 5 24 0 63

10 56 9 49 7 69 2 26

10 64 6 50 9 7 2 29

8 74 6 38 5 8 5 6 4 31

12 73 3 35 0 99 0 92 7 42

15 73 0 12 7 35 6 23 6 53

19 59 3 25 7 34 1 13 2 65 7 16

10 26 8 37 5 30 4 32 4 54 8 12 3 20 4 14 1 15 2 5

10 35 10 29 4 10 3 17 3 48

11 21 0 53

257.7 124.4 141.9 250.9 173.1 231.4 92.0

196.8 150.2 379.2 33.9

240.9 169.1 135.9 334.3 146.4 308.3 227.1

87.4 85.4

160.8 395.0 92.1

233.9 125.8 227.9 308.9 144.5 216.6 97.5

142.4 82.0

158.4 143.6 138.4 94.5 78.6 85.6

122.6 132.6 127.6 48.2

221.1 145.5 124.7

75.5 293.9 208.8 220.6

40 36 23 35 26 27 18 27 24 30 17

41 23 19 13 19 27 33

1 1

22 34 12 26 20 20 28 18 24 12 31 20 26 23 27 24 30 17 20 22 21 12 21 13 20 16 36 25 21

THE MAPS PROGRAM FOURTH AND FIFfH ANNUAL REPORT (1993 AND 1994)

TABLE 4. Continued.


Stn. no.

Prov./ State

Total B' u'

per 600 of Rs h Station name Total Range net-hours net- ours species

638 Nags Head Woods 640 Tree Farm 641 Bladen Lakes State For. 605*+# Congaree Swamp NM 617 Pearl River 639 Wekiwa Springs ALASKA 715 Noatak River 714 Kobuk River 712 Yukon River 713 Coal Creek 701*+# Alaska Bioi. Research 702*+# Goldstream Creek 703*+ Mile Seven 704*+ Permafrost 706*+ Rock Creek 710* Lost Forest 705*+ Igloo Creek 711* Chisana River 719 Otter Lake 720 Bunker Hill Unit 12a 727*+ Potter Marsh 728*+ Campbell Tract 729*+ Prospect Heights 725* Portage Valley 709* Shadow Lake 718 Yakutat 716 Mother Goose I 717 Mother Goose IT 708* Russell Creek BOREAL CANADA 801 Road 802 803

Mean

Far Away Fern Gully

NC TN NC sc MS FL

AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK YT

AK AK AK AK

AB AB AB

11 10 16 11 2 9

4 7 7 7 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 7 9 8 7 7 7

12 7 8

17 7 8

6 4 5

11

5/17-8/11 5/26-8/24 5/01-8/28 5/07-8/29 5/14-6/16 5/21-8/21

6/19-8/03 6/15-8/04 6/10-8/12 6/14-8/13 6/26-8/18 6/10-8/05 6/14-8/19 6/12-8/21 6/11-8/18 6/19-8/20 6/17-8/22 6/10-8/10 6/02-7/26 6/01-7/27 6/01-8/01 6/03-8/03 6/07-8/06 6/02-8/23 6/10-8/13 5/20-8/06 6/10-8/25 6/13-8/13 6/01-8/11

6/11-7/30 6/23-7/21 6/19-7/24

662.8 600.0 960.0 794.5 120.0 426.7

240.0 430.0 486.0 512.0 544.0 662.5 443.0 385.2 471.0 470.0 410.0 490.0 490.0 480.0 629.3 634.8 630.0 696.7 331.7 361.3 847.3 420.0 422.8

360.0 240.0 300.0

672.6

85 14 7 101 0 12 50 0 3 89 2 43 42 0 10 55 5 6

98 5 2 156 39 39 61 0 7 86 6 13 71 0 28

161 0 15 132 5 43 238 29 39

81 3 14 64 3 5

284 12 84 136 12 38 100 10 20 112 7 31 126 5 34 226 27 103 269 7 67 341 5 45 39 2 23

179 21 28 1298 35 129 508 24 76 272 15 42

137 15 48 52 2 9

111 2 31

191 9 54

1 Within each region, stations are listed from north to south by 10-minute block. 'Excluding gallinaceous birds and hummingbirds 'Newly-banded birds • Birds not banded ' Recaptured birds

96.0 113.0 33.1

101.2 260.0

92.8

262.5 326.5 84.0

123.0 109.2 159.4 243.8 476.7 124.8 91.9

556.1 227.8 159.2 187.5 157.3 336.5 326.7 336.7 115.8 378.6

1035.2 868.6 466.9

333.3 157.5 288.0

254.5

'Data submitted only ori selected species. Totals not included in calculations of mean capture rates. • Station included in 1993-1994 adult-population-size and productivity comparisons +Station able to be included in 1992-1994 survivorship analyses #Station able to be included in 1991-1994 survivorship analyses

{93]

16 19 19 21 14 16

13 16 13 15 13 22 17 20 14 13 18 19 12 17 16 22 21 25 13 17 20 14 9

25 12 20

24


identical to those of stations established prior to 1993 (DeSante et al. 1993a, DeSante and Burton 1994).

MAPS operation at each station averaged a total of 11 days during the season in both years, spread over an average of 9.0 periods in 1993 and 9.2 periods in 1994. Frequency of operation averaged 1.2 days per period (dpp) in 1993 and 1.1 dpp in 1994. Mean total effort was 510.7 net hours in 1993 (Table 3) and 672.6 net hours in 1994 (Table 4). The mean number of species captured was 25 in 1993 and 24 in 1994. Capture rate averaged 231.0 captures per 600 net hours (cap/600nh) in 1993 and 254.5 cap/600nh in 1994. These figures do not include gallinaceous birds or hummingbirds, which many banders do not have authorization to band.

The highest capture rates (> 500 cap/600nh) were recorded at Beartooth ('94), Lee Metcalf NWR ('93), Bachelor Point ('94), Buck Mountain Meadow ('94), Fingerboard Prairie (both years), Sycan River ('94), Bear Camp Botanical Area ('93), Horse Creek Meadows (both years), Subheadquarters ('94), Grove's Prairie ('94), Indian Valley ('94), Freeman Meadow ('94), Carman Valley (both years), Yuba Pass ('94), Perazzo Meadow ('94), Sagehen Creek ('94), Coon Creek (both years), Turkey Creek ('94), Hodgdon Meadow (both years), Tamarack Meadow (both years), Crane Flat (both years), Pacific Crest Trail ('94), and Antelope Creek ('94) in the Northwest Region; Metcalf Meadow (both years) and East Bluff ('94) in the Southwest Region; Pickerel Lake E. Unit ('94), Blick Estate (both years) and Blue Heron ('94) in the North-central Region; Estes Draw ('94) in the South-central Region; Fair Haven State Park (both years) and Hilltop Acre ('93) in the Northeast Region; and Igloo Creek (both years), Mother Goose I ('94), and Mother Goose II ('94) in the Alaska Region. Virtually all of these stations contained at least some meadow- or riparian-scrub habitat.

Stations with the highest diversity of captures (at least 50 species) were Palomarin ('94) in the Northwest; Coyote Creek ('93), Big Sur ('94), and East Bluff ('94) in the Southwest; Pitsfield ('94) in the North-central Region; and VINS (both years) in the Northeast. Average total annual effort at these stations was over 7,000 net hours (about 12 times the average for all stations). A significant positive relationship

existed in both years using all stations operated between number of species captured and total net hours (r=O.SO, slope=0.043, df=234, P<O.OOl). Capture rate was not correlated significantly with either total effort or frequency of effort in either year.

ADULT POPULATION SIZE AND PRODUCTIVITY

Changes between 1992 and 1993: Constant-effort data on the numbers of adult and young birds captured and the proportion of young in the catch were obtained for 1992 and 1993 from 144 MAPS stations spread across the continent. The changes between 1992 and 1993 in the numbers of adult and young birds captured in each region are presented in Table 5 for target species and for all species pooled. Numbers of adults for all species pooled decreased in all seven regions; the decreases were significant in the Northwest (-10.9%; P<0.01), North-central (-8.1%; P<O.lO), and South-central (-19.2%; P<0.01) regions. Decreases in the number of adults were noted for 31 (72%) of 43 species in the Northwest Region (binomial test, P<O.Ol); 11 of these species showed significant (P<0.10) declines. The proportion of decreasing species was not significantly different from 0.50 for any other region, although all three species in the South-central Region showed decreases in the number of adults. Significant (P<0.10) changes between 1992 and 1993 in the number of adults were noted for 12 other species scattered over the other six regions. Six of these were in the Southwest, central, or Alaska regions; all six involved decreases. Of the six significant changes noted in the eastern regions, three involved decreases and three increases.

Numbers of young of all species pooled decreased significantly between 1992 and 1993 in the Northwest (-43.7%; P<0.001) and Southcentral regions (-27.3%; P<O.lO). Increases ranging from 2.3% to 46.0% were recorded in the other five regions but none was significant. Decreases in the number of young were noted for 40 (93%) of 43 species in the Northwest Region (binomial test, P<0.001); 25 of these species showed significant (P<0.10) declines. The proportion of decreasing (or increasing) species was not significantly different from 0.50 for any other region, although again, all three species decreased in the South-central Region.

[94]


TABLE 5. Changes between 1992 and 1993 in the number of individuals of selected species and all species pooled (excluding gallinaceous birds and hummingbirds) captured at the 144 MAPS stations run comparably in both years.

ADUL1S YOUNG

Species I

1992 1993 %change sE' I SE

2 n n 1992 1993 %change

NORTHWEST Red-breasted Sapsucker 25 71 51 -28.0 10.5** 20 44 20 -54.8 14.7•• Western Wood-Pewee 26 45 46 2.9 15.3 18 15 11 -30.1 33.0 Willow Flycatcher 24 56 71 26.7 34.2 16 126 45 -64.2 9.0** Hammond's Flycatcher 40 78 83 5.9 25.6 37 96 69 -27.5 16.3 Dusky Flycatcher 36 196 143 -27.1 6.2*** 31 64 42 -34.3 24.7

W. Flycatcher complex 43 167 123 -26.4 u:o•• 33 144 106 -26.3 9.7••

Mountain Chickadee 22 61 56 -7.6 13.5 26 222 75 -66.0 9.8***

Chest.-backed Chickadee 30 57 91 57.7 35.6* 29 133 74 -44.2 20.2

Red-breasted Nuthatch 26 36 31 -14.8 19.9 34 95 41 -57.2 13.8** .

Brown Creeper 25 40 29 -26.7 20.1 36 76 25 -67.3 8.8•••

House Wren 15 39 28 -27.5 27.2 26 115 45 -61.2 10.1***

Winter Wren 21 81 66 -19.0 13.5 22 59 22 -62.8 11.1***

Golden-crowned Kinglet 33 71 52 -27.6 15.3* 30 394 235 -40.3 14.5*

Ruby-crowned Kinglet 13 31 26 -16.1 16.6 10 83 26 -68.6 7.4*

Swainson's Thrush 47 653 547 -16.2 4.6*** 38 299 162 -45.8 8.6 ...

Hermit Thrush 32 64 47 -25.9 15.2 35 83 40 -52.1 16.9*

American Robin 52 192 175 -9.0 10.8 36 87 38 -56.7 14.2**

Wren tit 13 51 45 -11.3 13.6 14 96 81 -15.3 25.7

Cedar Waxwing 14 37 52 41.0 46.4 4 5 2 -60.0 55.4

Solitary Vireo 29 55 49 -10.7 14.2 31 76 25 -67.6 10.9***

Warbling Vireo 48 228 272 19.2 13.0 32 103 34 -67.3 7.8***

Orange-crowned Warbler 44 305 216 -29.0 16.3 48 1138 688 -39.5 16.0*

Nashville Warbler 32 125 83 -33.1 19.4 33 285 169 -40.7 17.0

Yellow Warbler 27 96 105 9.2 19.0 29 69 52 -24.4 22.3

Yellow-rumped Warbler 34 152 145 -5.0 15.1 33 446 94 -78.8 9.3 ..

Townsend's Warbler 15 86 79 -8.1 11.4 18 162 48 -70.3 11.5**

Hermit Warbler 22 44 75 68.4 36.0** 19 83 119 43.1 37.1

MacGillivray's Warbler 55 452 462 2.2 6.8 55 435 336 -22.7 11.8*

Common Yellowthroat 9 93 71 -23.7 14.8 12 53 48 -9.4 19.7

Wilson's Warbler 48 289 308 6.6 10.3 53 321 261 -18.7 11.7

Yellow-breasted Chat 8 69 51 -26.0 11.6* 8 54 36 -33.3 20.5

Western Tanager 41 109 83 -24.0 12.4 29 80 93 16.6 27.2

Black-headed Grosbeak 25 135 78 -42.4 14.6* 23 193 123 -36.3 13.2**

Spotted Towhee 17 62 33 -47.6 16.3* 17 134 70 -48.1 7.9***

Chipping Sparrow 23 72 62 -13.8 18.4 20 89 26 -70.7 14.9*

Song Sparrow 43 224 185 -17.2 9.2* 46 359 300 -16.3 10.7

Lincoln's Sparrow 22 194 183 -5.5 9.3 26 140 143 1.9 21.1

White-crowned Sparrow 15 97 84 -13.4 15.6 15 116 47 -60.0 8.4***

Dark-eyed Junco 51 437 375 -14.1 5.8** 55 1030 526 -48.9 11.9***

Purple Finch 26 230 192 -16.3 8.2 23 156 66 -57.7 15.0

Cassin's Finch 23 34 35 1.9 27.4 9 43 6 -86.1 10.0

Pine Siskin 37 150 230 53.0 28.6** 25 189 50 -73.7 11.3**

American Goldfinch 56 -30.6 4.5** 3 37 13 -64.5 2.6 4 80

ALL SPECIES POOLED 6408 5709 -10.9 2.9*** 63 8577 4827 -43.7 6.4*** 63

No. decreasing: 31/43 (72%)*** No. decreasing: 40/43 (93%)***

SOUTHWEST -20.5 12.5

W. Flycatcher complex 5 -35.4 12.5 3 52 42 3 8 -56.6 10.5***

Mountain Chickadee 17 -68.5 1.6** 2 60 26 2 54 31.6 23.8

Bush tit 3 17 27 57.9 19.5 4 34 45

[95]


TABLE 5. Continued.

ADULTS YOUNG 1

%change SE2 1

1992 1993 %change sE' Spedes n 1992 1993 n

Orange-crowned Warbler 4 16 31 90.6 63.5 3 91 568 523.9 265.5 Wilson's Warbler 3 16 33 112.9 76.7 3 34 21 -38.9 31.0 Lincoln's Sparrow 2 38 29 -23.6 3.6* 2 42 26 -38.0 19.0 Dark-eyed Junco 2 16 15 -6.2 6.2 3 56 34 -40.1 15.7 House Finch 3 21 12 -43.3 6.3 2 33 40 22.9 4.7 ALL SPECIES POOLED 4 505 468 -7.3 5.6 4 754 1101 46.0 43.6

No. decreasing: 5/8 (62%) No. increasing: 3/8 (38%)

NORTH CENTRAL Least Flycatcher 9 48 53 11.1 29.6 5 22 28 25.7 20.2 Black-capped Chickadee 12 42 43 3.1 14.2 11 39 41 3.4 27.5

l"'"'' House Wren 9 61 67 9.8 15.6 9 34 35 4.9 22.5 1. American Robin 10 34 28 -16.6 22.5 10 43 29 -32.5 24.3 ~

·~ Gray Catbird 13 125 150 20.2 20.9 10 58 102 74.8 27.4 .. ,,. Yellow Warbler 9 133 97 -27.4 5.4""* 6 76 58 -23.2 7.4 .. American Redstart 8 55 48 -12.7 22.5 5 12 19 58.3 13.7 ... Common Yellowthroat 10 55 63 13.2 25.7 7 28 28 -1.1 39.5

::: Song Sparrow 11 66 64 -3.0 15.1 9 49 66 34.6 97.5 . American Goldfinch 9 60 62 3.3 34.8 1 0 6 +++ '>, ALL SPECIES POOLED 14 1349 1240 -8.1 4.4* 14 599 658 9.7 12.0 ,.,

No. decreasing: 4/10 (400jo) No. increasing: 7/10 (70%) ., SOUTH CENTRAL .. . ,

8.8 ... Bewick's Wren 8 15 11 -27.5 19.5 8 45 20 -55.0 Northern Cardinal 10 56 44 -20.7 6.9• 8 48 42 -12.5 9.6 Field Sparrow 8 56 29 -48.2 12.4*•• 8 43 26 -39.5 17.8* ALL SPECIES POOLED 12 543 439 -19.2 6.7••• 12 342 248 -27.3 15.4"

No. decreasing: 3/3 (100%) No. decreasing: 3/3 (100%) )

NORTHEAST •' Downy Woodpecker 21 27 -23.9 25.0 •' 26 -3.3 22.2 20 35 26 ,,

Traill's Flyc. complex 12 51 57 11.8 31.6 9 12 39 239.1 109.2" ;I

' Eastern Phoebe 13 12 32 91.9 44.5** ' o'

179.9 76.1** 15 26 50 ,, . > ~· Black-capped Chickadee 24 68 82 49.2 29.5** 20.6 32.6 23 99 147 , .. Tufted Titmouse 14 29 19 -35.2 38.9 65.3 I> 25.0 12 38 52 ,J Veery 22 127 103 -18.8 9.5* 18 46 51 11.9 21.0 'lp Wood Thrush 22 140 -4.8 25.1 '"' 160 14.3 12.1 16 54 51 American Robin 26 106 77 -27.8 9.6•• 20 65 46 -29.0 24.3 Gray Catbird 26 346 343 -0.9 9.1 24 182 222 21.7 24.0 Cedar Waxwing 15 68 59 -13.3 19.1 5 5 1 -77.7 28.4 Red-eyed Vireo 24 85 72 -15.4 16.7 11 3 30 874.0 701.5" Blue-winged Warbler 9 38 31 -17.5 10.7 7 14 24 75.5 40.4 Yellow Warbler 15 139 127 -9.0 14.8 12 73 123 67.8 27.3 Black-and-white Warbler 14 43 49 14.1 23.7 15 24 19 -21.9 37.9 American Redstart 18 65 62 -5.0 20.1 17 28 45 63.6 38.7 Ovenbird 26 95 110 15.8 22.2 21 82 75 -9.6 18.3 Common Yellowthroat 23 196 198 0.7 8.2 21 153 194 26.4 21.6 Northern Cardinal 20 55 56 1.8 12.2 13 18 56.3 62.1 12 Song Sparrow 22 128 114 -10.9 14.3 19 209 186 -11.0 22.4 House Finch 8 23 54 132.6 69.4* 87.0 70.5 American Goldfinch 9 16 29 18 83 125 51.6 28.2 -100.0 0.0 ALL SPECIES POOLED 3 5 0 30 2644 2548 -3.6 4.9 15.1 10.6 30 1544 1777

No. decreasing: 11121 (52%) No. increasing: 13/21 (62%)

[96]


TABLE 5. Continued.

ADULTS YOUNG

Species I

1992 SE' I sE' n 1993 %change n 1992 1993 %change

SOUlHEAST Tufted Titmouse 11 36 30 -18.0 16.5 10 36 28 -22.5 20.0 Carolina Wren 12 52 44 -15.5 18.3 12 67 55 -17.9 20.6 Wood Thrush 11 57 91 59.6 21.4*** 9 21 21 2.4 24.3 American Robin 6 44 27 -38.6 5.6*** 5 71 53 -25.3 34.0 Gray Catbird 9 55 31 -43.1 4.8 4 34 51 50.0 65.8 Red-eyed Vireo 11 83 101 21.8 24.2 6 6 5 -9.0 38.9 Northern Cardinal 12 81 74 -8.6 17.8 8 41 25 -39.5 28.7 Common Grackle 9 13 27 116.0 65.1 4 16 37 131.2 94.4 House Finch 2 24 33 37.5 48.9 3 39 30 -23.0 4.6 American Goldfinch 5 74 71 -4.0 30.5 0 0 0 ALL SPECIES POOLED 12 899 897 -0.2 7.7 12 480 492 2.3 13.0

No. decreasing: 6/10 (60%) No. increasing: 3/10 (30%)

ALASKA Alder Flycatcher 8 43 47 9.3 22.0 6 6 19 216.6 139.7 Black-capped Chickadee 7 33 36 9.0 28.4 6 31 36 16.1 38.1 Arctic Warbler 3 33 29 -12.1 31.9 4 47 35 -25.5 13.5 Swainson's Thrush 9 74 63 -14.8 10.7 8 37 13 -64.8 14.5*** Orange-crowned Warbler 8 . 95 92 -3.1 21.0 8 158 95 -39.8 13.7** Yellow-rumped Warbler 7 30 20 -33.3 17.3 7 20 36 80.0 116.9 Wilson's Warbler 7 76 105 38.1 21.8 7 195 330 69.2 41.7 American Tree Sparrow 3 17 17 0.0 17.6 4 69 45 -34.7 25.4 Lincoln's Sparrow 6 35 24 -31.4 13.4* 8 40 31 -22.5 21.5 White-crowned Sparrow 6 50 51 2.0 8.4 7 145 137 -5.5 44.9 Dark-eyed Junco 8 47 50 6.3 18.2 8 72 149 106.9 87.7 ALL SPECIES POOLED 9 709 691 -2.5 7.6 9 988 1070 8.3 23.7

No. decreasing: 5/11 (45%) No. increasing: 5/11 {45%)

1 n =number of stations. 'SE = standard error of% • = p < 0.10; •• = p < 0.05; ••• = p < 0.01

Significant (P<0.10) changes between 1992 and 1993 in the numbers of young were noted for nine other species scattered over the other six regions. Five of these were in the Southwest, South-central, or Alaska regions and were decreases. All four of the significant changes noted in the eastern regions were increases.

Changes from 1992 to 1993 in the proportion of young in the catch for all species pooled (Table 6) followed the same trends as changes in the numbers of young in all regions. Thus, productivity decreased significantly in the Northwest Region (-14.2%; P<0.01}, decreased ~on-significantly in the South-central Region, mcreased non-significantly in the Southwest and Northeast, and showed no appreciable change elsewhere. Decreases in productivity were recorded for 40 (93%) of 43 species in the

97

Northwest (binomial test, P<0.001}; 15 of these species showed significant (P<O.OS) decreases in productivity. In contrast, increases in productivity were recorded for 14 (67%) of 21 species in the Northeast (P<O.IO), three of these species showed significant (P<O.lO) increases. The proportion of decreasing (or increasing) species was not significantly different from 0.50 for any other region, although again, all three species decreased in the South-central Region.

Significant (P<O.OS} decreases in productivity were recorded for Red-breasted Sapsucker, Willow Flycatcher, Mountain Chickadee, Winter Wren, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Swainson's Thrush, American Robin, Warbling Vireo, Yellow-rumped Warbler, Townsend's Warbler, White-crowned Sparrow, Dark-eyed Junco, Purple Finch, Cassin's Finch, and Pine Siskin in


TABLE 6. Changes between 1992 and 1993 in proportion of young of selected species and all species pooled (excluding gallinaceous birds and hummingbirds) at the 144 MAPS stations run comparably in both years, and the proportion of young at al1236 MAPS stations run in 1993.

STATIONS RUN IN 1992 AND 1993 ALL 1993 STATIONS'

1992 1993 Chg. in Species n' Aged' %yg. Aged' %yg. %young SE' n' Aged' %yg.

NORTHWEST Red-breasted Sapsucker 20 94 46.3 68 26.3 -19.9 8.2** 29 83 29.0 Western Wood-Pewee 18 54 20.7 52 16.7 -3.9 9.9 40 125 16.6 Willow Flycatcher 17 192 65.6 106 37.7 -27.9 13.1** 35 210 30.7 Hammond's Flycatcher 33 164 55.7 134 45.8 -9.9 15.2 51 206 40.9 Dusky Flycatcher 30 197 28.9 178 21.3 -7.6 7.8 49 274 20.1 W. Flycatcher complex 33 255 53.0 225 46.7 -6.3 10.3 56 373 40.1 Mountain Chickadee 21 273 79.4 130 56.6 -22.8 8.4** 33 191 52.1 Chest.-backed Chickadee 23 195 59.7 147 46.7 -13.0 11.6 34 206 45.5 Red-breasted Nuthatch 22 106 70.9 68 54.9 -16.1 11.4 35 110 55.9 Brown Creeper 18 65 56.6 49 42.3 -14.3 10.1 30 88 51.0 House Wren 16 124 77.5 72 60.9 -16.5 9.6 35 223 58.9 Winter Wren 14 112 44.6 79 21.4 -23.2 8.6** 32 167 31.7 Golden-crowned Kinglet 22 388 87.7 271 82.5 -5.3 7.9 35 382 78.9 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 8 108 75.9 51 49.0 -26.9 6.9••• 15 92 45.4 Swainson's Thrush 44 835 35.7 698 23.1 -12.6 6.o•• 69 1136 22.5 Hermit Thrush 24 93 55.4 69 40.3 -15.1 10.4 45 130 41.4 American Robin 43 240 35.7 189 18.3 -17.4 6.7•• 71 401 22.9 Wren tit 13 141 68.1 125 64.3 -3.8 8.7 18 139 61.2 Cedar Waxwing 9 53 9.5 so 4.0 -5.5 9.5 23 125 17.7 Solitary Vireo 23 107 58.1 69 35.4 -22.6 13.5 39 96 33.3 Warbling Vireo 36 362 27.5 295 10.8 -16.7 6.4** 63 511 12.1 Orange-crowned Warbler 42 1335 84.0 901 76.3 -7.7 7.1 60 1442 76.6 Nashville Warbler 25 346 77.1 244 67.5 -9.6 9.1 42 456 69.9 Yellow Warbler 23 162 39.4 145 32.4 -7.0 10.1 45 416 32.3 Yellow-rumped Warbler 31 571 75.3 235 40.0 -35.3 9.6••• 44 382 38.0 Townsend's Warbler 16 238 66.8 125 36.8 -30.0 9.1*** 22 191 33.0 Hermit Warbler 18 141 58.3 164 64.2 5.9 17.1 27 332 66.9 MacGillivray's Warbler 54 895 48.4 793 41.8 -6.6 5.3 80 1160 40.3 Common Yellowthroat 8 122 42.0 Ill 36.2 -5.8 10.0 20 223 38.7 Wilson's Warbler 48 620 50.5 565 45.6 -4.8 7.0 77 980 41.8 Yellow-breasted Chat 7 103 52.4 83 41.0 -11.5 9.0 16 147 41.5 Western Tanager 27 151 49.0 166 53.7 4.7 12.5 46 260 49.3 Black-headed Grosbeak 22 267 70.9 200 61.3 -9.6 11.4 37 345 44.0 Spotted Towhee 14 161 81.0 100 69.5 -11.5 9.3 26 218 55.2 Chipping Sparrow 13 131 55.0 84 29.8 -25.2 14.5 31 174 21.8 Song Sparrow 41 537 65.7 483 61.9 -3.8 4.7 65 856 58.2 Lincoln's Sparrow 20 318 42.7 322 43.4 0.7 5.8 35 572 40.6 White-crowned Sparrow 11 192 58.0 126 36.0 -21.9 8.4** 17 186 29.8 Dark-eyed Junco 48 1396 73.3 893 58.3 -15.0 5.s••• 69 1289 55.8 Purple Finch

20 341 44.2 256 31 313 26.2 Cassin's Finch 25.7 -18.5 8.3**

10 64 60.2 53 15.2 Pine Siskin 28 10.6 -49.6 16.2 .. 25

29 409 44.6 274 17.4 -27.2 10.1** 48 536 24.8 American Goldfinch 3 92 39.6 69 11 155 12.2 ALL SPECIES POOLED 18.9 -20.7 7.7

63 14285 60.0 10535 92 17935 43.1 45.8 -14.2 3.7•••

SOUTHWEST Number of species decreasing: 40/43 (93%)•••

W. Flycatcher complex 3 52 90.4 47 6 75 84.6 Mountain Chickadee 89.2 -1.2 4.2 60.5 2 77 77.9 43 60.5 -17.5 25.6 2 43

[98]


TABLE 6. Continued.


1992 1993 Chg. in Species n' Aged3 %yg. Aged3 %yg. %young SE' n' Aged' %yg.

Bush tit 3 59 54.0 72 62.1 8.1 11.8 8 119 55.7

Orange-crowned Warbler 4 122 74.9 598 94.9 20.0 12.0 6 617 93.5

Wilson's Warbler 3 67 50.7 54 38.6 -12.1 20.9 6 81 42.1

Lincoln's Sparrow 2 71 59.2 55 47.3 -11.9 9.9 2 55 47.3

Dark-eyed Junco 2 71 78.9 48 68.8 -10.1 6.6 4 49 69.4

House Finch 2 45 73.6 52 . 77.4 3.8 13.7 8 102 58.2

ALL SPECIES POOLED 4 1222 61.7 1569 70.2 8.5 4.7 10 2878 55.2

Number of species increasing: 3/8 (38%)

NORTH CENTRAL Least Flycatcher 7 71 30.8 77 35.9 5.1 14.3 13 114 39.2

Black-capped Chickadee 12 83 47.6 82 47.2 -0.4 13.8 18 151 43.0

House Wren 8 100 32.8 102 34.5 1.7 5.8 11 162 32.7

American Robin 10 70 59.7 57 50.6 -9.1 10.8 15 152 38.7

Gray Catbird 10 207 27.7 251 40.6 12.8 9.0 14 356 40.8

Yellow Warbler 8 172 44.3 154 37.9 -6.4 4.6 12 275 40.8

American Redstart 8 59 20.3 66 28.8 8.5 14.3 12 93 29.0

Common Yellowthroat 9 90 31.5 90 31.2 -0.3 18.4 13 215 21.2

Song Sparrow 8 109 44.2 126 51.7 7.5 19.5 15 238 42.4

American Goldfinch 8 61 0.0 67 9.0 9.0 7.4 11 176 3.4


Number of species increasing: 5/10 (SO%)

SOUTH CENTRAL 13 63 70.4 Bewick's Wren 7 51 81.4 30 67.8 -13.6 8.4

Northern Cardinal 85 49.4 -1.7 7.1 24 202 32.2 7 88 51.1

Field Sparrow 55 47.3 -12.4 14.0 17 211 32.2

8 72 59.7 27 2451 25.8

ALL SPECIES POOLED 12 780 43.8 687 36.1 -7.7 9.9

Number of species decreasing: 3/3 (100%)

NORTHEAST 12.2 33 87 47.0

Downy Woodpecker 16 54 62.3 43 52.3 -10.0 8.3** 15 106 41.2

Traill's Flyc. complex 11 68 16.8 95 40.1 23.3 127 66.9 13.8 16.2 24

Eastern Phoebe 11 55 46.7 75 60.5 34 325 58.2 66.3 9.2 8.8

Black-capped Chit:kadee 19 171 57.1 217 18 95 64.6

Tufted Titmouse 65.6 71 73.7 8.1 9.7 29.7 12 54 4.4 7.4 30 308

Veery 19 145 28.7 154 33.1 31 305 24.3 -2.1 7.6

Wood Thrush 17 203 26.3 198 24.2 31 159 31.9 -2.3 7.9

American Robin 19 120 41.1 116 39.1 31 897 43.0

565 39.3 4.7 7.2 01.5 Gray Catbird 25 524 34.6 5.7 3.1 14 69

Cedar Waxwing 9 60 7.5 57 1.8 7.6*** 36 154 24.0

92 29.4 24.8 39.8 Red-eyed Vireo 17 68 4.5 8.o• 9 65

44.2 16.4 49.9 Blue-winged Warbler 6 42 27.8 54 9.9 18 280

49.4 12.9 39.0 Yellow Warbler 14 197 36.5 248

-11.7 13.8 28 120

Black-and-white Warbler 12 61 34.1 52 22.4 16.4 29 319 49.0

41.6 8.1 46.4 American Redstart 76 33.5 87 6.4 40 363

14 -3.1 46.6 Ovenbird 187 44.2 177 41.0 8.0 30 520

22 5.8 Common Yellowthroat 347 44.2 387 so.o 7.6 25 114 23.1

22 7.5 59.6

Northern Cardinal 17.9 72 25.4 26 366 17 65 62.5 -2.7 7.6 26.0

Song Sparrow 65.2 295 9 112 16 318 34.4 13.0 27.3

House Finch 8 68 21.3 82


TABLE 6. Continued.

STATIONS RUN IN 1992 AND 1993 ALL 1993 STATIONS1

1992 1993 Chg. in

Species n' Aged' %yg. Aged' %yg. %young SE' n' Aged' %yg.

American Goldfinch 16 125 3.2 121 0.0 -3.2 3.5 22 160 0.0


Number of species increasing: 14/21 (67%)*

SOUTHEAST Tufted Titmouse 11 65 54.6 57 48.2 -6.4 9.9 17 100 44.0

Carolina Wren 12 111 60.6 99 55.8 -4.8 9.7 18 178 51.8

Wood Thrush 9 109 18.9 109 19.3 0.4 13.0 14 147 20.1

American Robin 5 98 72.4 80 66.2 -6.2 15.5 7 93 65.6

Gray Catbird 4 63 50.8 82 62.2 11.4 13.6 8 145 65.5

Red-eyed Vireo 10 105 5.2 105 4.8 -0.4 3.2 13 153 7.2 t.: •.. Northern Cardinal 11 115 35.4 99 24.9 -10.5 15.8 16 172 24.2 ••' Common Grackle 6 39 41.0 59 61.0 20.0 26.9 10 88 52.3 ::J , ... House Finch 2 72 54.2 62 46.8 -7.4 13.2 3 83 53.0 .....

American Goldfinch 3 70 0.0 70 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 79 0.0 ""I

ALL SPECIES POOLED 12 1377 34.9 1389 35.4 0.5 6.8 18 2355 35.5 ..

Number of species increasing: 3/10 (30%) ... ALASKA & BOREAL CANADA Alder Flycatcher 6 52 11.5 59 22.0 10.5 5.5 12 90 26.7

Black-capped Chickadee 6 64 45.3 71 50.7 5.4 3.9 8 100 58.0

Arctic Warbler 3 76 61.8 60 51.7 -10.2 8.8 4 74 51.4

Swainson's Thrush 8 98 37.8 74 17.6 -20.2 8.2** 13 149 24.8

Orange-crowned Warbler 8 250 63.2 186 50.5 -12.7 6.8 11 346 51.2

Yellow-rumped Warbler 7 40 50.0 53 62.3 12.3 20.7 12 82 53.7

Wilson's Warbler 6 300 65.0 434 75.8 10.8 7.6 11 577 73.3

American Tree Sparrow 4 86 80.2 62 72.6 -7.6 14.2 5 68 72.1 Lincoln's Sparrow 7 64 62.5 54 55.6 -6.9 13.1 11 87 63.2

I White-crowned Sparrow 6 194 74.2 187 73.3 -1.0 14.3 9 222 75.2

Dark-eyed Junco 8 122 59.0 199 74.9 15.9 11.9 12 306 78.4 ·; ALL SPECIES POOLED 9 1679 58.8 1761 60.8 1.9 6.9 15 2911 58.8 ,. Number of species increasing: 5/11 (45%)

1 Includes all data from all236 stations run in 1993, not just constant-effort data from the 144 stations run in a . constant-effort manner during 1992 and 1993. ·' 'n = number of stations. 3 Total known-age individuals captured. • SE = standard error of % change . • = p < 0.10; •• :: p < 0.05; ••• :: p < 0.01

the Northwest and Swainson's Thrush in Alaska. of the total in Northwest, 40% in Southwest, 74% Significant increases were recorded only for the in North-central, 44% in South-central, 67% in Traill's Flycatcher complex and Red-eyed Vireo Northeast, 67% in Southeast, and 60% in Alaska. in the Northeast. The proportions of young in the catch in 1993 for

The proportion of young in the catch in 1993 the individual study species at the 144 constant-for the various species and for all species pooled effort stations were highly significantly in each region using all data collected from all correlated with those at all 236 1993 stations 236 MAPS stations operated in 1993, rather than (r=0.96, df=104, P<<0.001). Based on the only constant-effort data, is also presented in difference in productivity for all species pooled Table 6. Constant-effort stations (operated between the two sets of stations, constant-effort comparably in both 1992 and 1993) made up 68% stations in the Northeast and Southeast appeared

[100]


to be the most representative of the total stations operated in the regions; the Southwest and South-central constant-effort stations, comprising Jess than half of the total, were the least representative of the total stations. .

Changes between 1993 and 1994: Constant-effort data on the numbers of adult and young birds captured at the 213 stations operated comparably in 1993 and 1994 are presented in Table 7. Captures of adults of all species pooled decreased significantly (P<O.Ol} by -20.0% in the North-central Region, showed non-significant decreases in the South-central and Southeast regions, showed non-significant increases in the Southwest, Northeast, and Alaska regions, and remained virtually unchanged in the Northwest Region. Significantly more species decreased than increased in the North-central Region (binomial test, P<0.01), while the reverse was true in the Northeast and Alaska regions (binomial tests, P<O.OS and P<0.10, respectively). At the level of individual species, in the Northcentral region, nine species showed significant (P<O.lO) decreases; none showed a significant increase. In the other six regions, there were slightly more (Northwest, South-central, Southeast) or roughly as many (Southwest, Northeast, Alaska) significant decreases as increases. Most species that declined in 1993 appeared to recover at least somewhat in 1994. The only species to exhibit decreases in both 1993 and 1994, of which at least one was significant (P<O.lO), were the Western Flycatcher complex, Winter Wren, Swainson' s Thrush, and American Goldfinch in the Northwest; American Redstart and Song Sparrow in the North-central Region; Northern Cardinal in the South-central Region; Song Sparrow in the Northeast; Carolina Wren and American Robin in the Southeast; and Swainson's Thrush in Alaska. In contrast, only four species exhibited analogous increases in both 1993 and 1994: Hermit Warbler and Cassin's Finch in the Northwest; Orange-crowned Warbler in the Southwest; and Black-and-white Warbler in the Northeast.

Captures of young of all species pooled increased significantly in 1994 in the Northwest (+59.9%; P<O.OS) and South-central ( +20.5%; P<O.Ol) regions, the two regions that showed significant decreases in 1993; showed a nonsignificant increase in the Southwest and nonsignificant decreases in the North-central and

Southeast regions; and remained nearly constant in the Northeast and Alaska regions. In addition, significantly more species increased than decreased in the Northwest, Southwest, and South-central Regions (binomial tests, P<O.Ol, P<O.OS, P<O.OS, respectively). In the Northwest Region, 18 species exhibited significant (P<O.lO) changes; 16 of these involved increases. In the other six regions, significant changes were about evenly split between increases and decreases, with decreases slightly predominating in the two eastern regions. Species exhibiting decreases in both 1993 and 1994, of which at least one was significant (P<O.lO), were the Western Flycatcher complex, Solitary Vireo, and MacGillivray's Warbler in the Northwest; Bewick's Wren in the South-central region; Song Sparrow in the Northeast; Carolina Wren and House Finch in the Southeast; and Arctic Warbler in Alaska. Only one species exhibited analogous increases in both 1993 and 1994:Red-eyed Vireo in the Northeast.

Changes in the proportion of young in the catch between 1993 and 1994 are presented in Table 8. The proportion of young in the catch for all species pooled increased significantly (P<O.Ol) by 11.6% in 1994 in the Northwest after a significant decline of -14.2% in 1993. Moreover, productivity increased for 43 (80%) of 54 species (binomial test, P<0.01). Significant (P<0.10) changes were recorded for 14 species; 11 of these involved increases. Non-significant increases in productivity for all species pooled were recorded for four of the other six regions, while nonsignificant decreases were recorded only for the Northeast and Alaska regions. Productivity increased for 13 (72%) of 18 species in the Southwest (binomial test, P<0.05). Otherwise, no major changes in productivity were detected. Outside of the Northwest Region, only ten species (of which six were in the Alaska Region) showed significant (P<0.10) changes in productivity; seven of these involved increases and three involved decreases. In general, most species that showed decreased productivity in 1993 showed increased productivity in 1994. Only four species exhibited changes in productivity in the same direction in both 1993 and 1994, of which at least one was significant (P<0.10); three of these involved decreases (Mountain Chickadee and Cedar Waxwing in the Northwest and Arctic Warbler in Alaska) and

[101]


TABLE 7. Changes between 1993 and 1994 in the number of individuals of selected species and all species pooled (excluding gallinaceous birds and hummingbirds) captured at the 213 MAPS stations run comparably in both years.

ADULTS YOUNG

Species I

1993 1994 %change st I SE

2 n n 1993 1994 %change

NORTHWEST Red-naped Sapsucker 31 72 51 -29.2 9.5** 21 23 24 2.2 34.2 Red-breasted Sapsucker 22 52 57 9.6 20.3 . 20 22 25 13.6 38.6 Western Wood-Pewee 38 98 109 11.1 9.8 29 21 40 86.9 55.9 ..

Willow Flycatcher 40 136 110 -18.8 16.8 25 60 128 115.1 59.1•

Hammond's Flycatcher 47 107 104 -2.8 14.2 37 79 59 -25.3 14.9

Dusky Flycatcher 50 201 232 15.5 11.8 39 47 103 119.1 68.1• ..

W. Flycatcher complex 64 209 181 -13.4 11.9 47 150 128 -14.8 14.2

Bam Swallow 2 41 35 -14.7 0.5** 2 34 9 -73.0 2.1 ..

Black-capped Chickadee 21 70 75 7.1 25.0 30 85 112 31.8 30.1

Mountain Chickadee 29 83 103 23.5 21.2 30 92 100 8.7 320

Chest.-backed Chickadee 35 103 54 -47.4 14.3** 26 96 74 -23.2 37.4

Bush tit 8 13 18 44.0 57.5 13 48 98 101.5 86.7•

Red-breasted Nuthatch 32 46 66 43.5 35.5 41 54 112 106.5 45.1 ...

Brown Creeper 34 36 43 18.6 33.3 37 38 89 136.4 63.6*•

House Wren 28 85 119 40.8 22.3* 39 113 154 36.3 zo.z•• Winter Wren 27 101 67 -33.4 11.6* 27 45 82 81.4 44.5*•

Golden-crowned Kinglet 40 77 82 7.3 22.5 40 296 367 24.0 33.2

Ruby-crowned Kinglet 15 46 66 42.4 20.3** 14 33 66 100.0 56.3

Swainson's Thrush 70 830 768 -7.6 4.9 58 261 322 23.1 16.2

Hermit Thrush 38 71 68 -4.6 15.8 34 51 54 6.1 31.8

American Robin 74 273 249 -8.8 7.4 47 92 113 23.2 26.7

Wren tit 14 56 52 -7.2 11.4 16 86 174 102.6 55.9 ...

Gray Catbird 7 24 44 83.3 34.0* 3 23 24 4.3 25.5

Cedar Waxwing 27 86 120 39.0 36.4 10 24 8 -66.7 32.7

Solitary Vireo 38 61 58 -5.1 14.2 25 27 24 -11.5 32.2

Warbling Vireo 68 399 350 -12.4 8.9 49 50 136 171.0 55.6 ..

Orange-crowned Warbler 60 319 427 33.6 35.0 56 942 2320 146.3 109.4

Nashville Warbler 39 114 158 38.6 37.4 41 265 591 123.0 101.0

Yellow Warbler 44 270 220 -18.5 10.9 35 132 123 -6.9 20.1

Yellow-rumped Warbler 44 218 245 12.4 10.7 42 135 810 499.7 268.7 ..

9.1 35.2 Townsend's Warbler 21 104 89 -14.4 10.5 18 55 60

47.1 Hermit Warbler 18 204 213 4.7

25 99 113 14.1 20.8 61.9 American Redstart 8 14 13 -7.1

9 45 39 -13.3 33.8 13.1 MacGillivray's Warbler 74 423 409 -3.4

74 620 627 1.2 7.1 33.7 75 -8.5

Common Yellowthroat 16 116 103 -11.2 9.3 17 82 16.7 Wilson's Warbler 354 418 17.9

72 531 445 -16.3 6.8* 70 24.5 Yellow-breasted Chat 16 83 104 25.3 14.5* 13 60 82 36.7

48.4 Western Tanager 55 111 119 7.3 22.1 35 115 187 62.6

2.3 17.6 Black-headed Grosbeak 44 178 220 23.5 23.8 29 150 154 17.7 ...

Lazuli Bunting 26 182 154 -15.4 22.8 23 76 36 -52.6 28.0 .. 67.3

Spotted Towhee 28 90 114 27.3 20.8* 26 113 188 75.9 94.1 Chipping Sparrow 35 129 126 -2.7 20.5 23 34 66 ts.o• 29.1 Song Sparrow 59 332 366 10.4 8.1 60 487 628 25.3 2.1 Lincoln's Sparrow 35 307 331 7.8 10.0 33 194 198 36.3 .. 66.1 White-crowned Sparrow 16 131 129 -1.9 16.0 15 60 100 33.6 ..

62.3 Dark-eyed Junco 61 509 608 19.4 7.3*** 64 656 1064 136.2 175.0 Brown-headed Cowbird 27 59 39 -33.7 9.9** 9 4 11 113.1 58.9 Bullock's Oriole 15 66 51 -22.7 13.5 14 24 38 60.9 97.6 Purple Finch 33 244 262 7.6 15.9 26 98 193 z73.o• 350.0 Cassin's Finch 31 38 75 97.4 44.7** 14 8 36

THE MAPS PROGRAM FOURfH AND FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT (1993 AND 1994)

TABLE 7. Continued.

ADULTS YOUNG

Species 1

1993 1994 %change SE2 I

1993 1994 %change sE' n n

House Finch 7 35 14 -59.6 9.3*** 7 40 36 -10.0 35.9 Pine Siskin 50 388 275 -29.3 15.3 31 109 165 51.0 47.2 Lesser Goldfinch 10 82 68 -17.1 29.0** 8 41 116 182.9 125.0 American Goldfinch 14 163 135 -17.3 4.9* 6 28 36 28.6 32.3 ALL SPECIES POOLED 89 9482 9511 0.3 3.9 89 7129 11403 59.9 26.0 ..

No. increasing: 27/54 (50%) No. increasing: 41/54 (76%)*••

SOUIHWE:ST Nuttall's Woodpecker 6 35 17 -52.9 5.5* .. 5 35 27 -23.2 25.4 Mountain Chickadee 2 17 28 64.7 92.0 2 26 101 288.5 74.0 Plain Titmouse 5 29 22 -22.8 19.2 5 23 16 -28.9 13.5 Bushtit 6 48 31 -34.7 15.0* 7 45 60 33.3 92.1 Bewick's Wren 6 43 38 -12.8 24.1 6 84 96 13.7 28.4 House Wren 9 29 38 31.6 32.0 9 69 92 32.6 25.6 Warbling Vireo 5 32 25 -22.2 10.4 2 21 11 -50.0 9.5 Orange-crowned Warbler 5 37 71 90.5 31.3** 4 575 613 6.6 27.7

Yellow-rumped Warbler 2 12 21 75.0 4.2** 2 9 100 1011.1 629.6

Wilson's Warbler 5 40 60 50.6 60.3 5 33 50 52.3 65.3

Black-headed Grosbeak 8 105 53 -49.5 15.6** 7 22 35 56.8 93.0 Lazuli Bunting 7 32 46 42.2 43.8 6 20 32 64.1 114.5

Spotted Towhee 9 54 47 -13.0 19.1 9 25 25 0.0 35.2

Song Sparrow 5 28 28 1.8 14.2 6 34 45 32.8 32.0

Lincoln's Sparrow 3 29 30 3.4 21.1 2 26 63 142.3 70.7

Dark-eyed Junco 3 15 26 73.3 12.4** 3 34 66 97.0 90.9 Purple Finch 4 30 46 54.2 51.2 4 36 37 2.8 60.3 Cassin's Finch 2 13 42 223.1 63.9 2 8 9 12.5 196.9

ALL SPECIES POOLED 9 1132 1194 5.5 14.7 9 1331 1752 31.6 30.7

No. increasing: 11/18 (61%) No. increasing: 14/18 (78%)**

NORTH CENTRAL Downy Woodpecker 12 20 28 40.7 49.5 15 35 49 39.6 25.2*

Traill's Flyc. complex 14 78 57 -27.0 12.9* 6 8 10 24.0 73.1

Least Flycatcher 10 -66.2 16.3*** 5 18 15 -13.2 27.2 49 17

Black-capped Chickadee 18.0 15 62 88 41.4 27.4 17 70 66 -6.6

House wren 9.8*** 10 44 67 53.4 47.3

American Robin 9 85 52 -38.8 -18.4 22.3

13 75 75 -0.9 16.1 13 47 38 Gray Catbird -20.7 12.7

14 195 152 -22.1 8.9*** 12 142 113 Yellow Warbler -18.0 15.1

11 114 124 8.5 10.5 8 98 81 American Redstart -17.5 40.2

7 44 28 -36.4 11.8** 9 19 16 Common Yellowthroat 6.6 36.7

11 153 115 -24.8 7.8*** 10 46 49 Northern Cardinal 18.1 43.5

11 45 41 -9.0 26.9 7 20 24 Song Sparrow -26.6 26.1 ..

13 127 91 -28.8 10.0* 10 96 71 Swamp Sparrow 3 30 26 -13.3 34.7

American Goldfinch 4 64 29 -54.2 2.7***

0 -100.0 11.6* 1 6

ALL SPECIES POOLED 12 154 118 -23.5

863 -5.9 10.6 17 1886 1509 -20.0 5.8*** 17 917

No. decreasing: 12/14 (86%)*'* No. decreasing: 8/14 (57%)

SOUTB CENTRAL DoWn Wi 19 21 32 52.4 45.7 A Y oodpecker 17 20 36 80.0 40.0**

2 -71.4 12.2 C cadian Flycatcher 3 7

8 41 48 17.1 26.2 57 117.3 64.1 ..

arolina Chickadee 21 53 35 -34.0 14.3** 19 26 37.0 Tufted Titm 31 o.o

ouse 18 -8.8 35.8 18 31 Carolina W 34 31 45 61 35.6 25.3 Be . ren 17 70 69 -1.4 25.0 19

-14.3 31.2 Wick's Wren 12 42 36

12 17 18 6.1 21.9

[103]


TABLE 7. Continued.

Species

Gray Catbird Brown Thrasher Bell's Vireo Yellow-breasted Chat Northern Cardinal Indigo Bunting Dickcissel Field Sparrow Brown-headed Cowbird American Goldfinch ALL SPECIES POOLED

NORTIIEAST Downy Woodpecker Traill's Flyc. complex Eastern Phoebe Black-capped Chickadee Tufted Titmouse Veery Wood Thrush American Robin Gray Catbird Cedar Waxwing Red-eyed Vireo Blue-winged Warbler Yellow Warbler Chestnut-sided Warbler Black-and-white Warbler American Redstart Worm-eating Warbler Ovenbird Common Yellowthroat Hooded Warbler Northern Cardinal Indigo Bunting Eastern Towhee Song Sparrow Dark-eyed Junco American Goldfinch ALL SPECIES POOLED

SOUTHEAST Acadian Flycatcher Carolina Chickadee Tufted Titmouse Carolina Wren Wood Thrush American Robin Gray Catbird White-eyed Vireo Red-eyed Vireo Prothonotary Warbler

ADULTS I

n 1993 1994 %change SE'

8 14 8 7

24 21 14 17 17 16 27

60 41 43 44 84 49 57 67

129 94 140 94 65 137

127 129 48 29 71 57

1695 1528

-31.7 2.3

-41.7 17.5

-27.1 -32.9 110.8

1.6 -39.6 -19.7

-9.9

10.7** 29.5

5.9*** 5.8** 7.7**

11.9** 34.1*** 11.6 11.2* 21.5 5.8

No. decreasing: 9/16 {56%)

28 35 40 13 60 63 15 33 15 29 99 78 16 18 27 29 198 217 30 195 180 32 95 97 28 406 411 24 68 99 33 94 135 8 34 46

18 133 139 14 39 52 26 63 104 25 144 167 10 38 46 36 175 194 26 226 227 3 30 54

22 69 74 19 64 54 19 52 53 19 114 73 7 22 21

23 126 109 40 3290 3454

15.9 5.0

-54.1 -20.9 47.3 9.2

-7.7 2.1 1.4

45.8 43.1 35.6 4.8

34.5 65.3 16.5 20.3 11.1

. 0.7 79.5 8.5

-15.6 1.9

-36.3 -6.0

-13.5 5.0

23.9 10.7

7.2*** 12.7 39.7

8.6 10.4 16.2 6.3

37.7 21.2** 41.5 14.9 27.1 23.7*** 10.5 38.9 15.1 14.1 38.2* 14.1 14.4 19.8

9.4** 13.4 12.5 4.6

No. increasing: 19/26 {73%)**

15 14 15 16 14 7 7

11 14 4

67 21 47 72

113 31 45 37

133 10

86 16 47 26

112 30 57 49

139 24

29.3 -23.8

-1.1 -63.6

-1.3 -3.2 25.6 31.1 4.5

140.0

[104]

20.2 26.8 24.7

8.9*** 10.0 15.4 21.6 34.9

7.9 75.1

YOUNG I

n 1993 1994 % change SE2

6 8 7 8

20 7 9

16 9 3

27

23 11 11 10 60 10 10 65

9 1

583

34 21 20 16 66 4

17 78 12 3

703

47.8 47.3 90.9 52.2 81.8 88.8 55.0 99.7 10.0 25.2

-60.0 21.8 70.0 109.7 20.0 37.7 33.3 57.2

200.0 458.3 20.5 9.3*'*

No. increasing: 12/16 (75%)**

30 38 9 42

19 71 25 138 16 46 28 82 25 68 22 48 26 345 2 1

18 34 10 25 14 121 13 22 28 46 28 155 10 36 32 160 25 222 9 24

17 24 9 19

19 31 24 173 10 163 2 0

40 2532

64 34 65

130 67 68 94 46

335 1

48 32

101 31 73

199 61

154 194 39 28 26 42

135 53 2

2563

70.3 46.0* -19.2 16.4

-9.1 25.2 -5.3 13.8 43.5 42.7

-17.4 17.2 38.5 29.9 -2.8 26.9 -2.9 13.8 0.0 200.0

39.8 26.8 29.3 30.3

-17.0 8.4* 39.4 26.3 59.1 60.5 27.9 44.3 68.8 79.7 -3.6 14.6

-12.6 16.0 63.4 80.6 19.0 42.8 32.8 58.3 37.0 37.9

-22.0 8.2*' -67.3 3.9**'

+++ 1.2 8.2

No. increasing: 14/26 (54%)

10 11 13 15 12 5 7 8 8 4

12 37 38 86 29 61 80 12

7 26

10 32 43 45 33 74 69 14 11 28

-16.7 -13.7 13.2

-48.3 14.0 21.3

-13.8 16.7 57.1

7.7

35.4 27.0 19.5 10.1*'* 25.3 54.3 18.2 52.0 62.9

9.6

THE MAPS PROGRAM FOUKI'H AND FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT (1993 AND 1994)

TABLE 7. Continued.

ADULTS YOUNG I

1993 1994 %change SE2 I

1993 sE' Species n n 1994 %change

Ovenbird 11 47 41 -12.8 13.2 10 29 27 -6.9 34.4 Common Yellowthroat 13 38 40 3.9 24.6 7 24 31 29.2 72.4 Hooded Warbler 10 47 34 -26.9 21.8 9 16 9 -45.2 24.7 Northern Cardinal 17 113 116 2.7 8.8 15 35 53 53.6 29.2 Indigo Bunting 13 45 35 -22.2 21.1 4 14 6 -57.1 13.2 Common Grackle 9 41 17 -58.5 16.7**• 4 45 35 -22.2 6.0 House Finch 2 39 2 -94.9. 0.3 4 44 6 -86.4 8.8••• American Goldfinch 7 78 85 8.3 18.0 0 0 0 ALL SPECIES POOLED 17 1325 1237 -6.6 5.6 17 715 672 -5.9 9.4

No. decreasing: 10/18 (56%) No. decreasing: 9/18 (50%)

ALASKA Alder Flycatcher 11 60 69 15.0 20.3 9 17 15 -11.8 61.2 Black-capped Chickadee 9 37 18 -51.4 16.4** 7 25 44 76.0 90.3 Arctic Warbler 4 32 26 -18.8 18.3 5 35 12 -65.7 9.6 ... Ruby-crowned Kinglet 7 7 9 28.6 87.8 8 13 98 653.8 229.2** Swainson's Thrush 11 89 58 -34.8 8.o••• 11 23 34 47.8 40.1* Hermit Thrush 7 33 42 27.3 32.7 8 45 24 -46.7 23.4' Orange-crowned Warbler 10 125 142 13.6 13.5 11 99 133 34.3 18.2' Yellow-rumped Warbler 12 32 45 40.6 41.6 11 35 58 65.7 76.7 Wilson's Warbler 10 135 167 23.7 27.7 11 329 181 -45.0 13.7' American Tree Sparrow 4 16 24 50.0 45.9 5 42 40 -4.8 29.1 Savannah Sparrow 3 28 24 -14.3 4.9 5 80 53 -33.8 3.7 Lincoln's Sparrow 9 28 45 60.7 30.2* 11 35 41 17.1 52.1 White-crowned Sparrow 7 51 68 33.3 35.3 9 120 96 -20.0 14.6 Dark-eyed Junco 13 59 78 32.2 29.6 11 145 170 17.2 33.1 Common Redpoll 12 58 62 6.9 24.2 8 9 49 444.4 441.9 ALL SPECIES POOLED 14 955 1038 8.7 7.0 14 1177 1191 1.2 16.8

No. increasing: 11/15 (73%)* No. increasing: 8/15 (53%)

'n =number of stations. 'SE = standard error of % change . • = p < 0.05; •• = p < 0.05; ... = p < 0 .01

one involved an increase (House Wren in the ADULT SURVIVAL AND RECAPTURE-· North-central Region). PROBABILITIES AND PROPORTIONS OF

Proportion of young in the catch calculated RESIDENTS from all 326 stations operated in 1994 also is Maximum-likelihood estimates of survival and presented in Table 8. Constant-effort stations recapture probabilities are presented in Table 9 comprised 80% of the total in the Northwest, for the Northwest (20 species) and Northeast (21 75% in the Southwest, 65% in the North-central, species) regions, and for all of eastern North 50% in the South-central, 87% in the Northeast, America (the North-central, South-central, 40% in the Southeast, and 61% in Alaska and Northeast, and Southeast regions; 38 species) Boreal Canada. As in 1993, the proportion of from four years (1991-1994) of mark-recapture young for each species at the constant-effort data pooled over 8 (Northwest), 12 (Northeast), stations in 1994 was highly correlated with that and 27 (eastern North America) MAPS stations, at all stations (r=0.96, df=159, P<0.001). Constant- respectively, using the "non-transient" (SP) effort stations in the Northeast appeared to modified Cormack-Jolly-Seber model. represent all stations in their region best, while Maximum-likelihood estimates of survival and those in the Southwest appeared to be the least recapture probabilities and proportions of representative of their region.

[1 051


TABLE 8. Changes between 1993 and 1994 in proportion of young for selected species and all species pooled (excluding gallinaceous birds and hummingbirds) at the 213 MAPS stations nm comparably in both years, and the proportion of young at all326 MAPS stations run in 1994.

' STATIONS RUN IN 1993 AND 1994 ALL 1994 STATIONS'

1993 1994 Chg. in Species n' Aged' %yg. Aged' %yg. %young SE' n' Aged' %yg.

NORTHWEST Red-naped Sapsucker 25 87 23.0 67 27.8 4.8 7.0 33 111 32.0 Red-breasted Sapsucker 19 66 24.2 74 27.0 2.8 7.8 32 134 31.3 Western Wood-Pewee 30 111 15.4 135 24.2 8.8 5.6 47 196 24.3 Willow Flycatcher 26 177 30.8 . 228 55.3 24.5 11.1** 42 302 50.1 Hammond's Flycatcher 36 162 42.6 159 36.5 -6.1 12.8 49 212 36.4 Dusky Flycatcher 40 241 18.3 315 31.5 13.2 6.9* 56 472 33.3 W. Flycatcher complex 43 333 41.8 270 43.0 1.2 8.4 73 478 47.6 Bam Swallow 2 75 45.7 44 21.0 -24.6 2.4* 4 51 22.1 Black-capped Chickadee 20 143 52.5 167 59.9 7.4 9.0 34 290 59.7 Mountain Chickadee 24 160 52.5 199 49.8 -2.7 9.2 34 242 47.2 Chest.-backed Chickadee 20 142 57.2 112 64.3 7.0 15.0 33 169 57.4 Bush tit 6 46 72.8 68 83.7 11.0 7.2 19 192 79.1 Red-breasted Nuthatch 25 91 55.0 132 64.4 9.5 9.4 48 214 61.7 Brown Creeper 20 49 46.4 91 72.6 26.2 11.3** 47 163 68.2 House Wren 24 187 55.6 246 52.9 -2.8 8.2 44 367 54.8 Winter Wren 21 137 29.2 131 53.2 24.0 7.6*** 34 172 51.6 Golden-crowned Kinglet 30 359 80.0 376 82.1 2.1 7.4 54 499 81.5 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 11 75 41.3 125 52.0 10.7 10.9 18 186 46.4 Swainson's Thrush 62 1086 23.9 1077 29.7 5.7 6.6 79 1339 28.9 Hermit Thrush 25 89 38.2 101 39.8 1.6 9.9 49 223 39.6 American Robin 59 345 26.3 349 31.8 5.5 6.3 90 556 31.0 Wren tit 15 139 62.0 225 77.0 15.0 7.6* 21 267 76.5 Gray Catbird 4 46 50.0 66 36.4 -13.6 21.6 7 79 40.5 Cedar Waxwing 14 99 24.2 119 5.9 -18.4 8.7* 24 180 6.7 Solitary Vireo 20 61 26.2 68 29.4 3.2 12.5 42 146 38.4 Warbling Vireo 54 438 11.0 466 28.2 17.3 5.9*** 80 647 28.0 Orange-crowned Warbler 48 1240 75.4 2723 84.7 9.4 7.4 79 3244 83.2 Nashville Warbler 29 357 71.7 724 79.4 7.7 9.4 54 986 77.5 Yellow Warbler 35 387 32.0 333 36.0 4.0 6.3 55 536 33.3 Yellow-rumped Warbler 36 333 37.8 957 75.5 37.7 9.0*** 53 1208 73.5 Townsend's Warbler 18 151 35.1 146 40.4 5.3 8.8 26 176 38.6 Hermit Warbler 16 284 71.1 319 65.2 -5.9 13.1 28 447 67.4 American Redstart 7 49 20.4 52 25.0 4.6 12.7 9 62 25.8 MacGillivray's Warbler 71 1025 40.5 1024 39.1 -1.4 4.9 95 1300 40.1 Common Yellowthroat 15 189 39.7 174 42.0 2.3 8.9 23 271 44.7 Wilson's Warbler 64 867 39.8 851 48.4 92 1224 45.6 Yellow-breasted Chat 8.6 5.7

13 139 43.2 186 44.1 0.9 7.9 17 205 42.0 Western Tanager 28 188 53.2 261 62.5 9.3 11.5 58 378 59.8 Black-headed Grosbeak 29 320 46.9 352 42.2 -4.7 11.4 58 498 38.1 Lazuli Bunting 16 241 28.6 184 17.9 -10.7 5.1* 29 263 19.0 Spotted Towhee 24 200 55.7 292 39 402 59.6 Chipping Sparrow 62.9 7.2 10.6

21 139 21.6 165 29.7 8.1 9.9 44 223 35.4 Song Sparrow 57 809 59.5 986 78 1516 61.2 Lincoln's Sparrow 63.0 3.4 5.0 38.4 32 498 38.6 522 37.4 50 706 White-crowned Sparrow -1.2 6.3 41.5 13 186 31.1 226 44.0 18 259 Dark-eyed Junco 12.9 6.6* 63.5 61 1159 56.4 1663 83 2165 Brown-headed Cowbird 63.5 7.1 5.8 19.1 13 52 3.9 44 22.7 18.9 8.3** 28 73

[106]

THE MAPS PROGRAM FOURTH AND FIFfH ANNUAL REPORT (1993 AND 1994)

TABLE 8. Continued.

STATIONS RUN IN 1993 AND 1994 ALL 1994 STATIONS' 1993 1994 Chg.in

Species n' Aged3 %yg. Aged3 %yg. %young SE' n' Aged3 %yg.

Bullock's Oriole 10 88 26.1 74 36.5 10.4 12.8 24 113 37.2 Purple Finch 23 331 28.9 444 42.3 13.4 5.9 .. 38 583 39.2 Cassin's Finch 9 25 8.0 76 38.2 30.2 7.7" .. 27 127 31.5 House Finch 4 73 53.4 44 70.5 17.0 15.0 12 114 64.8 Pine Siskin 31 378 22.3 422 38.3 16.0 10.8 48 581 39.6 Lesser Goldfinch 5 119 32.8 178 64.0 31.3 17.1 14 303 67.7 American Goldfinch 10 189 14.8 168 21.5 6.7 10.6 17 214 17.3 ALL SPECIES POOLED 891 6611 42.9 20914 54.5 11.6 4.4** 111 27604 53.0

Number of species increasing: 43/54 (80%)* ..

SOUTHWEST Nuttall's Woodpecker 5 70 49.6 42 63.1 13.5 7.5 6 47 55.8 Mountain Chickadee 2 43 60.5 129 78.3 17.8 5.1 4 138 76.1 Plain Titmouse 4 50 44.0 38 42.1 -1.9 23.7 6 47 40.1 Bushtit 5 89 48.6 91 65.9 17.4 16.1 7 110 60.5 Bewick's Wren 6 127 66.1 133 71.8 5.7 9.1 7 146 68.4 House Wren 8 98 70.8 126 71.8 1.1 13.7 11 141 69.7

Warbling Vireo 4 51 41.6 35 30.0 -11.6 8.3 7 55 23.6

Orange-crowned Warbler 5 612 94.0 684 89.7 -4.3 4.2 5 706 89.2

Yellow-rurnped Warbler 2 21 42.9 121 82.6 39.8 11.6 4 123 82.0

Wilson's Warbler 5 72 45.1 109 45.4 0.3 9.6 5 131 45.9

Black-headed Grosbeak 6 121 18.2 72 30.1 11.9 13.1 10 135 35.2

Lazuli Bunting 7 52 37.9 78 41.3 3.4 20.6 9 87 35.8

Spotted Towhee 8 79 31.2 68 33.3 2.1 15.0 12 129 40.5

Song Sparrow 4 59 55.1 68 63.0 7.9 24.3 7 79 59.3

Lincoln's Sparrow 2 55 47.3 89 70.8 23.5 6.0 4 100 64.0

Dark-eyed Junco 3 49 69.1 92 71.7 2.7 8.8 3 96 71.2

Purple Finch 4 66 55.0 83 44.9 -10.1 14.4 4 85 40.7

Cassin's Finch 2 21 38.1 51 17.7 -20.4 24.6 3 52 19.2

ALL SPECIES POOLED 9 2463 2946 59.5 5.4 11.2 12 3603 54.7 54.1

NORTH CENTRAL Number of species increasing: 13/18 (72%)**

Downy Woodpecker 63.1 -0.5 10.3 21 117 59.9 13 54 63.6 75

Traill's Flyc. complex 15.4 4.6 6.1 15 109 16.0 9 77 10.8 67

Least Flycatcher 47.9 17.2 14.3 9 131 43.8 4 51 30.7 32

Black-capped Chickadee 10.7 8.9 24 236 57.0 16 132 46.9 152 57.6

House Wren 23.7 7.0 .. 15 181 50.9

American Robin 8 125 32.6 119 56.3

22 176 41.1 13 121 37.9 113 33.9 -4.0 10.2

44.1 Gray Catbird 0.3 6.7 19 433 13 336 42.3 265 42.6 35.7 Yellow Warbler -6.7 7.1 14 346 9 206 46.2 204 39.5 30.0

American Redstart -0.6 15.2 13 96

~ornrnon Yel!owthroat 7 62 30.7 40 30.0

18 287 31.4 11 197 22.2 164 29.7 7.5 10.8

30.6 orthern Cardinal 7.8 10.3 14 97

Song Sparrow 9 64 31.8 61 39.6

19 310 44.2 0.5 15.3

Swamp Sparrow 12 223 43.3 161 43.8

5 100 46.1 2 92 31.5 55 47.3 15.8 24.9

1.9 American Goldfinch 18 313

8 158 3.8 116 0.0 -3.8 4.0 34.7

ALL SPECIES POOLED 4.9 26 4606 17 2803 32.7 2372 36.4 3.7


[107]


TABLE 8. Continued.


1993 1994 Chg. in Species n' Aged3 %yg. Aged' %yg. %young SE' n' Aged' %yg.

SOUTH CENTRAL Downy Woodpecker 14 34 47.1 55 41.8 -5.2 12.9 31 100 49.0 Acadian Flycatcher 7 45 15.6 50 4.0 -11.6 8.1 11 66 3.0 Carolina Chickadee 20 75 34.7 85 62.1 27.5 12.7** 41 220 45.3 Tufted Titmouse 17 54 48.2 59 52.5 4.4 12.3 41 215 47.4 Carolina Wren 16 110 39.1 119 47.1 8.0 10.4 39 257 45.9 Bewick's Wren 10 55 71.6 48 65.3 -6.3 11.3 24 180 60.2 Gray Catbird 5 82 28.1 71 46.5 18.4 10.4 14 191 33.5 Brown Thrasher 10 50 20.0 62 33.9 13.9 8.0 17 83 31.3 Bell's Vireo 6 91 11.0 65 29.2 18.2 5.9** 13 101 31.7 Yellow-breasted Chat 6 66 13.6 79 17.7 4.1 7.7 10 124 17.4 Northern Cardinal 20 184 32.1 158 41.1 9.1 9.4 46 592 25.7 Indigo Bunting 12 138 7.3 96 4.2 -3.1 2.3 20 176 6.3 Dickcissel 11 74 13.5 147 10.9 -2.6 6.6 17 220 10.0 Field Sparrow 17 192 33.9 207 37.7 3.8 10.0 28 329 36.5 Brown-headed Cowbird 15 53 17.0 40 30.0 13.0 9.3 33 103 19.4 American Goldfinch 14 72 1.4 56 5.4 4.0 3.0 22 80 5.0 ALL SPECIES POOLED 27 2278 25.6 2230 31.5 5.9 4.8 54 4977 30.4

Number of species increasing: 11/16 (69%) NORTHEAST Downy Woodpecker 23 64 53.9 97 61.3 7.4 9.6 35 122 60.5 Traill's Flyc. complex 11 97 41.9 97 34.7 -7.2 7.7 13 116 35.9 Eastern Phoebe 15 92 67.9 76 80.2 12.3 9.9 19 94 76.9 Black-capped Chickadee 24 232 58.6 201 63.5 4.9 7.1 34 270 58.8 Tufted Titmouse 10 62 73.5 80 72.3 -1.2 7.9 18 108 66.5 Veery 27 277 29.0 280 23.6 -5.4 6.1 33 332 27.8 Wood Thrush 26 258 26.4 267 33.8 7.4 7.2 30 310 31.9 American Robin 22 129 36.3 137 33.0 -3.3 9.2 31 210 32.7 Gray Catbird 25 745 46.2 744 44.9 -1.4 4.7 32 999 50.1 Cedar Waxwing 12 66 1.5 80 1.2 -0.3 1.9 25 127 2.4 Red-eyed Vireo 28 125 27.5 175 26.9 -0.7 9.8 37 207 27.5 Blue-winged Warbler 6 57 42.4 63 40.2 -2.1 8.7 12 81 41.4 Yellow Warbler 15 253 47.9 235 42.4 -5.5 11.4 20 340 42.8 Chestnut-sided Warbler 14 61 36.3 73 39.4 3.2 9.7 19 91 39.4 Black-and-white Warbler 21 105 39.8 154 43.2 3.4 11.6 29 195 42.8 American Redstart 23 293 51.3 349 53.2 1.9 12.1 31 390 55.0 Worm-eating Warbler 12 74 49.0 106 57.0 8.0 13.6 16 127 58.5 Ovenbird 33 332 47.6 339 45.6 -2.0 5.9 40 386 44.3 Common Yellowthroat 21 436 49.9 419 45.7 -4.1 5.9 28 517 46.0 Hooded Warbler 8 51 42.6 88 42.9 14 101 40.4 Northern Cardinal 0.3 15.7

16 88 25.7 98 26.8 24 129 25.9 Indigo Bunting 1.0 8.0

10 76 25.3 74 34.8 9.5 10.7 16 105 38.6 Eastern Towhee 16 78 36.3 21 96 44.0 Song Sparrow 89 45.1 8.8 8.3

15 277 60.2 204 64.3 22 265 61.6 Dark-eyed Junco 4.1 8.5 7 181 88.2 74 71.8 8 86 68.7 American Goldfinch -16.5 5.2**

17 119 0.0 104 22 151 2.0 ALL SPECIES POOLED 1.9 +++ 1.2 42.6 40 5822 43.5 6017 42.6 -0.9 2.6 46 7396

Number of species decreasing: 12/26 (46%)

[108]


TABLE 8. Continued.

STATIONS RUN IN 1993 AND 1994 ALL 1994 STATIONS' 1993 1994 Chg. in

Species n' Aged3 %yg. Aged3 %yg. %young SE' n' Aged3 %yg.

SOUTHEAST Acadian Flycatcher 13 77 14.4 94 10.6 -3.7 4.7 33 257 19.9 Carolina Chickadee 10 55 67.0 44 67.8 0.8 12.2 23 75 62.4 Tufted Titmouse 13 80 42.5 89 48.6 6.1 9.9 27 159 51.6 Carolina Wren 15 154 56.0 71 63.1 7.1 8.4 29 127 49.4 Wood Thrush 13 140 20.4 144 22.6 2.1 6.7 34 544 29.3 American Robin 6 92 66.3 101 73.3 7.0 14.3 8 106 69.8 Gray Catbird 6 123 64.2 124 55.1 -9.2 13.0 21 348 34.2 White-eyed Vireo 11 48 22.9 63 22.4 -0.5 8.6 29 205 22.0 Red-eyed Vireo 11 139 5.0 146 7.5 2.5 2.4 33 297 11.8 Prothonotary Warbler 3 35 74.3 51 52.9 -21.3 15.9 9 79 40.5 Ovenbird 8 70 40.0 65 38.5 -1.5 8.0 29 209 40.2 Common Yellowthroat 10 59 40.7 69 45.3 4.6 14.0 28 247 29.2 Hooded Warbler 7 62 25.0 36 15.5 -9.5 12.0 26 95 30.0 Northern Cardinal 15 148 23.4 163 31.3 7.9 10.4 40 328 25.6 Indigo Bunting 9 58 24.1 35 17.1 -7.0 9.7 29 167 10.2 Common Grackle 6 78 56.4 52 67.3 10.9 22.7 10 93 47.3 House Finch 2 82 52.4 6 66.7 14.2 11.2 3 8 75.0 American Goldfinch 6 78 0.0 84 0.0 0.0 0.0 12 95 0.0 ALL SPECIES POOLED 17 2040 35.0 1909 35.2 0.2 5.1 43 4733 31.5


ALASKA & BOREAL CANADA Alder Flycatcher 7 68 14.7 82 18.3 3.6 9.2 16 122 19.7 Black-capped Chickadee 6 54 40.7 61 72.1 31.4 12.9* 14 104 67.3 Arctic Warbler 4 67 52.2 37 29.7 -22.5 9.3• 5 55 36.4 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 6 20 65.0 76 93.4 28.4 12.6* 15 122 90.2 Swainson' s Thrush 11 112 20.5 90 35.6 15.0 7.5* 18 164 32.3 Hermit Thrush 7 75 57.3 64 34.4 -23.0 12.0 11 179 44.7 Orange-crowned Warbler 9 222 44.1 265 49.1 4.9 9.5 17 424 45.5 Yellow-rumped Warbler 9 61 50.8 92 59.8 9.0 17.4 18 167 54.5 Wilson's Warbler 11 464 70.9 347 51.9 -19.0 7.5 .. 18 1212 67.9 American Tree Sparrow 3 53 71.7 64 62.5 -9.2 20.2 5 83 68.7 Savannah Sparrow 3 104 74.0 75 68.0 -6.0 2.2 8 140 64.3 Lincoln's Sparrow 10 62 54.8 85 47.1 -7.8 14:2 15 133 53.4 White-crowned Sparrow 7 167 69.5 161 59.0 -10.4 12.7 14 211 59.7 Dark-eyed Junco 11 204 71.1 246 69.1 -2.0 8.8 17 372 66.9 Common Redpoll 8 64 12.5 105 43.8 31.3 11.1** 15 205 29.8 ALL SPECIES POOLED 14 2132 55.2 2229 53.4 -1.8 5.7 23 4602 55.3

Number of species decreasing: 8/15 {53%)

'Includes all data from all326 stations run in 1994, not just constant-effort data from the 213 stations run in a , constant-effort manner during 1993 and 1994. n =number of stations.

:Total known-age individuals captured. SE =standard error of % change .

• = p < 0.05; •• = p < 0.02; ••• = p < 0.01

[109]


residents among newly captured adults are also presented in Table 9 using the "transient" (SPG) model. For both models, all variables [survival probability (S), recapture probability (P), and proportion of residents (G)] were modelled to be constant over all years.

In the Northwest Region, the transient model was selected as the most appropriate model (AIC lower by at least 1.0 unit) or as a competing model (AIC within 1.0 unit of that for the other model) for 11 (58%) of 19 species in the Northwest Region, for 13 (68%) of 19 species in: the Northeast Region, and for 22 (61 %) of 36 species in all of eastern North America. Frequency of selection of the transient model seemed to increase with an increase in the number of stations (8 in the Northwest Region to 12 in the Northeast Region) and, perhaps, with a decrease in the heterogeneity of the estimates themselves (all of eastern North America to the Northeast Region).

Estimates of survival probability were substantially increased by use of the transient model [from a mean of 0.413:±:0.024 (SE) to a mean of 0.547::!::0.034 (SE) for 19 species in the Northwest Region; from a mean of 0.378::!::0.025 to a mean of 0.525::!::0.034 for 19 species in the Northeast Region; and from a mean of 0.400:±:0.022 to a mean of 0.529:±:0.027 for 36 species in eastern North America]. Estimates of recapture probability likewise were increased by use of the transient model (from a mean of 0.351:±:0.042 to a mean of 0.470:±:0.045 for 19 species in the Northwest Region; from a mean of 0.329::!::0.041 to a mean of 0.477:±:0.042 for 19 species in the Northeast Region; and from a mean of 0.287:±:0.026 to a mean of 0.414::!::0.032 for 36 species in eastern North America). Importantly, the precision of the estimates of both survival and recapture probabilities was reduced very little, if at all, by use of the transient model [e. g., use of the transient model increased the mean CV for survival probability from 30.9:±:4.6% to 31.9::!::4.6% for 19 species in the Northwest; decreased the mean CV from 36.5:±:4.3% to 34.5:±:3.1% for 19 species in the Northeast; and increased the mean CV from 37.1 :±:3.5% to 37.2:±:3.5% for 36 species in eastern North America].

Use of the transient model indicated that a substantial proportion of the adult birds captured at MAPS stations are not resident

individuals. In fact, the mean proportion of residents for 14 species in the Northwest for which the estimated proportion of residents was less than 1.0 was 0.445:±:0.051 (SE); for 17 such species in the Northeast was 0.427:±:0.061; and for 29 such species in: eastern North America was 0.421 ::!::0.034.

We also noticed a tendency for Neotropicalwin:terin:g migratory species to have slightly (but not significantly) higher survival probabilities than permanent resident and temperatewintering migratory species in: each of the three areas:0.574±0.050 for 11 Neotropical-wintering species versus 0.510:±:0.042 for 8 non-Neotropicalwintering species in the Northwest Region; 0.546:±:0.026 for 13 Neotropical-win:terin:g species versus 0.480::!::0.096 for 6 non-Neotropicalwintering species in the Northeast Region; and 0.534:±:0.034 for 24 Neotropical-win:tering species versus 0.519:±:0.044 for 12 non-Neotropicalwinterin:g species in: eastern North America.

In order to investigate how precision of survival-rate estimates was affected by increasing the number of years of data as opposed to increasing the number of stations from which data are obtained, we calculated survival and recapture probabilities (using the non-transient model) from all stations operated for three consecutive years (1992-1994) in the Northwest and Northeast regions and all of eastern North America (Table 10). A total of 58 stations fulfilled this requirement in the Northwest Region (as <?Pposed to 8 : ::~.tions with data for 1991-1994); 25 stations in: the Northeast Region (as opposed to 12 for 1991-1994); and 62 stations in all of eastern North America (as opposed to 27 for 1991-1994). The CV of the estimate of survival probability was lower using four years of data from 8 stations than three years of data from 58 stations for 10 (53%) of 19 species in the Northwest Region; was lower using four years of data from 12 stations than three years of data from 25 stations for 17 (89%) of 19 species in the Northeast region; and was lower using four years of data from 27 stations than three years of data from 62 stations for 29 {85%) of 34 species in eastern North America. This indicates that increasing the number of years of data from three to four increases precision about as much as a 7-fold increase in the number of stations.

[110]

..... ..... .....

TABLE 9. Results of modified Cormack-Jolly-Seber capture-recapture analyses' for selected' target species derived from the capture histories of adult birds captured at stations in the Northwest and Northeast regions and over all of eastem North America over the four years 1991-1994.

Species

NORTHWEST

Hammond's Flycatcher

Dusky Flycatcher

Western Flycatcher

Bam Swallow

Swainson's Thrush

American Robin

Wren tit Warbling Vireo Orange-crowned Warbler Yellow Warbler MacGillivray's Warbler Wtlson's Warbler Black-headed Grosbeak Song Sparrow Lincoln's Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow Dark-eyed Junco Purple Finch · Pine Siskin American Goldfinch

NORTHEAST Black-capped Chickadee House Wren Veery Wood Thrush American Robin Gray Catbird Red-eyed Vireo Blue-winged Warbler Yellow Warbler Chestnut-sided Warbler Black-and-white Warbler

Num. btwn.

Num. Num. Num. year stat.' indv.' capt.' recapt.'

3 83 139

143 247

6 239 300 2 159 193

5 291 596

7 111 179

3 91 214

7 370 530

4 198 250 2 93 170 7 392 815 6 476 730 5 183 219 6 259 535 3 86 182 3 84 117 7 275 542 4 800 1056 3 231 276 2 348 501

11 191 275 5 64 119 9 304 622 8 399 630

11 290 377 11 1007 1572 10 278 398 4 149 206 8 285 408 6 74 111 4 108 139

18

27

10 12

61

31

25

45

9 26 94 57 18 36 15

7 57 72

5 50

29 9

77 54 29

143 35 19 26

7 9

Survival prob.'

AIC'' Est. SE CV"

39.0# 0.504 0.138 27.3

25.5 0.574 0.277 48.3 24.5 0.220 0.159 72.1

39.6• 0.648 0.094 14.5

30.1 0.480 0.119 24.7

34.8# 0.556 0.141 25.4

37.9• 0.673 0.119 17.6

24.8• 0.859 0.298 34.7 33.9 0.388 0.116 29.8 44.9• 0.599 0.076 12.7 46.7• 0.541 0.104 19.3 31.4 0.671 0.226 33.7 38.4• 0.661 0.144 21.8 28.3 0.639 0.203 31.7 21.3• 0.650 0.273 42.0 42.3• 0.526 0.093 17.7 41.6• 0.499 0.087 17.5 16.9 0.311 0.281 90.4 51.3# 0.398 0.097 24.4

29.8 0.240 0.100 41.7 21.4# 0532 0.241 45.2 45.6• 0.457 0.070 15.3 36.7• 0.504 0.108 21.5 31.8 0.443 0.142 32.1 645• 0.568 0.062 10.9 40.3• 0.731 0.136 18.6 30.2# 0.422 0.153 36.3 29.7 0.386 0.127 32.9 22.1• 0550 0.268 48.7 25.8# 0.582 0.248 42.6

SRGMODEL'

Recapture prob."

Est. SE CV"

0.529 0.156 29.5

0.063 0.133 211.9 0.386 0.378 97.8

0.679 0.090 13.2

0.637 0.142 22.3

0.710 0.144 20.3

0.487 0.105 21.6

0.457 0.216 47.3 0.598 0.171 28.6 0.576 0.076 13.1 0.529 0.108 20.5 0.119 0.103 86.3 0.422 0.120 28.4 0.437 0.184 42.2 0.694 0.255 36.7 0.630 0.103 16.3 0.421 0.095 22.6 0.070 0.210 301.5 0.484 0.132 27.2

0.640 0.212 33.1 0.671 0.268 40.0 0.779 0.083 10.6 0.471 0.117 24.9 0.226 0.137 60.7 0.492 0.064 12.9 0.520 0.119 22.8 0.493 0.201 40.7 0.352 0.164 46.7 0.639 0.290 45.4 0.430 0.244 56.7

Prob. of residents"

Est. SE CV"

0.528 0.223 42.3

1.000 2.188 218.8

1.000 1.202 120.2

0.377 0.083 21.9

0.795 0.281 35.4

0.555 0.203 36.6

0.261 0.076 29.0 0.086 0.054 62.8 1.000 0.420 42.0 0.554 0.107 19.3 0.370 0.111 29.9 1.000 0.934 93.4 0.388 0.146 37.7 0.563 0.301 53.5 0.182 0.120 65.9 0.565 0.146 25.9 0.366 0.106 29.0 1.000 3.070 307.0 0.646 0.251 38.8

1.000 0.567 56.7 0.352 0.230 65.4 0.599 0.123 20.6 0.516 0.172 33.3 0.923 0.637 69.1 0.419 0.070 16.8 0.250 0.075 30.1 0.523 0.294 56.1 0.660 0.374 56.7 0.204 0.146 71.6 0.283 0.193 68.3

SPMODEL'

Survival prob.y'

AIC" Est. SE CV"

35.5 0.695 0.169 24.4•

38.8# 0.380 0.093 24.6

23.5' 0.574 0.264 46.0 22.s• 0.220 o.128 58.o•

51.4 0.389 0.060 15.4 28.5• 0.425 0.077 18.2•

34.8# 0.400 0.084 20.9 50.3 o.426 o.o88 20.8•

29.6 0.470 o.238 5o.6• 31.9• 0.388 0.081 20.9• 50.7 0.457 0.051 11.2 52.7 0.363 0.071 19.5• 29.4. 0.671 0.202 30.1• 40.8 0.478 0.104 21.9 27.2• 0.518 0.153 29.6 23.2 0.289 0.167 57.9 44.3 0.393 0.060 15.2 48.2 0.361 0.067 18.5• 14.9• 0.311 0.273 87.7-50.4# 0.330 o.066 2o.o•

27.8• 0.240 0.060 25.1• 21.2# 0.321 0.159 49.5' 48.9 0.337 0.042 12.4. 37.8 0.388 0.079 20.3• 29.8• 0.435 0.121 27.9• 82.6 0.405 0.046 11.4• 52.3 0.445 0.105 23.6• 29.3# 0.325 0.109 33.6• 28.2• 0.338 0.101 30.0* 23.4 0.283 0.178 63.2 26.1# 0.389 0.200 51.4•

Reapture prob."

Est SE CV"

0.210 0.093 44.4

0.409 0.137 33.5

0.063 0.045 72.1

0.386 0.261 67.5

0.523 0.102 19.6

0.600 0.138 22.9

0.617 0.159 25.7

0.249 0.074 29.7

0.093 0.070 75.5 0.598 0.155 26.0 0.477 0.074 15.5 0.331 0.086 25.9 0.119 0.060 50.3 0.257 0.083 32.3 0.336 0.150 44.7 0.376 0.277 73.6 0.532 0.104 19.5 0.238 0.060 25.1 0.070 0.080 114.6 0.396 0.103 26.1

0.640 0.180 28.1 0.458 0.278 60.8 0.716 0.096 13.4 0.343 0.092 26.7 0.214 0.084 39.3 0.338 0.053 15.6 0.277 0.092 33.3 0.363 0.159 43.9 0.277 0.112 40.4 0.331 0.264 80.0 0.221 0.157 71.3

~ ~ ;]

~ ~

~ ~ ~ >

~ r' ::<1 a ~

~ ;z a j

......

...... N

TABLE 9. Continued.

Num. btwn.

Spedes Num. Num. Num. year stat.' indv.' capt.' recapt.'

American Redstart 9 Ovenbird 9 Common Yellowthroat 12 Northern Cardinal 8 Eastern Towhee 7 Song Sparrow 9 White-throated Sparrow 3 Red-winged Blackbird 6 Baltimore Oriole 5 American Goldfinch 9

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Acadian Flycatcher 7 Least Flycatcher 7

Blue Jay 16 Black-capped Chickadee 18 Tufted Titmouse 13 Carolina Wren 12

House Wren 10

Veery 12 Wood Thrush 14 American Robin 19

Gray Catbird 20

White-eyed Vireo 8 Red-eyed Vrreo 23

Blue-winged Warbler 6

Yellow Warbler 13

Chestnut-sided Warbler 8

196 251 255 326 546 858 111 159 71 106

195 328 154 209 128 147 115 186 358 381

179 246 252 302 127 141 361 497 130 187 114 182 132 214

386 751 554 844

424 520

1571 2435

120 195 503 677

199 299 393 540 129 202

12 22 80 26 13 18 6 6

16 8

21

9 10 39 26 21 13

91

62 30

204

18

53

24 40 14

Black-and-white Warbler American Redstart Worm-eating Warbler Ovenbird

7 144 196 12

Louisiana Waterthrush Kentucky Warbler Common Yellowthroat

13 304 404 21 4 105 132 8

15 388 504 33 6 67 127 13 3 92 164 19

22 757 1143 91

Survival prob.'

AIC" Est. SE cvu

26.2* 0.692 0.259 37.4 29.6 0.565 0.199 35.1 40.9* 0.573 0.090 15.7

26.2# 0.541 0.199 36.9 29.1 0.302 0.136 45.0 25.8# 0.452 0.281 62.1

26.3* 0.533 0.161 30.2 22.1* 0.903 0.424 46.9

30.2* 0.853 0.212 24.9 19.8 0.176 0.155 88.5

33.7 0.300 0.096 32.1 32.6 0.417 0.131 31.5

31.8# 0.502 0.151 30.1 24.9# 0.568 0.222 39.1

45.6* 0.487 0.066 13.6 40.4* 0.507 0.102 20.1

33.0 0.402 0.128 32.0

65.2* 0.556 0.051 9 .I 24.5 0.328 0.149 45.3

48.9* 0.753 0.126 16.8

32.8# 0.430 0.135 31.5 41.4# 0.405 0.102 25.1

27 .3* 0.561 0.206 36.7

SRGMODEL'

Recapture pro b."

Est. SE CV"

0.332 0.182 54.7 0.140 0.126 90.5 0.434 0.085 19.6

0.593 0.209 35.3 0.288 0.211 73.2 0.477 0.367 77.0

0.810 0.166 20.6 0.270 0.223 82.7

0.415 0.135 32.6 0.208 0.378 181.8

0.354 0.164 46.3 0.499 0.176 35.3 0.576 0.173 30.0 0.371 0.208 56.0

0.730 0.078 10.6 0.413 0.106 25.8

0.236 0.142 60.1

0.478 0.053 11.1

0.518 0.244 47.2 0.337 0.085 25.3

0.488 0.175 35.8

0.408 0.132 32.4 0.668 0.202 30.3

Prob. of residents"

Est. SE cvu

0.186 0.127 68.5 0.938 0.923 98.5 0.502 0.128 25.5

0.433 0.237 54.8 1.000 0.838 83.8 0.160 0.154 96.2

0.238 0.104 43.5 0.067 0.063 95.3

0.236 0.101 43.0 1.000 2.076 207.6

1.000 0.586 58.7 0.827 0.399 48.2 0.463 0.203 43.8 0.370 0.251 67.8 0.531 0.101 19.0

0.490 0.164 33.5

0.683 0.474 69.3

0.387 0.056 14.5 0.896 0.609 67.9

0.304 0.091 30.1

0.483 0.237 49.0 0.554 0.222 40.1

0.254 0.137 54.0

SPMODEL'

Survival prob.y'

AIC" Est. SE CV"

27.8 0.461 0.198 42.9* 27.6* 0.560 0.178 31.7" 44.7 0.446 0.066 14.9* 33.3 0.852 0.175 20.5* 25.9# 0.357 0.126 35.2-27.1* 0.302 0.116 38.3* 25.9# 0.270 0.232 86.0* 25.1 0.277 0.227 81.8-31.5 0.230 0.090 39.1* 23.9 0.652 0.370 56.7

35.7 0.545 0.154 28.3* 17.8* 0.176 0.134 76.5' 27.7 0.703 0.285 40.6* 31.7" 0.300 0.074 24.7* 30.7" 0.384 0.094 24.6* 32.3# 0.352 0.102 29.0* 24.4# 0.432 0.181 42.0*

52.7 0.342 0.041 11.9* 41.9 0.396 0.076 19.3*

31.3* 0.370 0.109 29.4*

95.1 0.392 0.038 9.8*

22.5* 0.311 0.103 33.0* 57.4 0.549 0.101 18.4*

32.6# 0.323 0.097 30.1*

41.2# 0.330 0.080 24.2 29.5 0.295 0.121 41.0

Reapture prob.10

Est SE CV"

0.112 0.072 64.5 0.133 0.063 47.3 0.310 0.065 21.0 0.175 0.067 38.2 0.454 0.209 46.0 0.288 0.144 50.1 0.150 0.162 108.7 0.167 0.173 103.7 0.589 0.258 43.9 0.029 0.025 85.8

0.195 0.085 43.7 0208 0.189 90.9 0.084 0.058 69.4 0.354 0.112 31.8 0.461 0.149 32.4 0.440 0.165 37.6 0.201 0.118 58.5 0.640 0.089 13.9

0279 0.073 26.0 0.179 0.073 40.6

0.307 0.041 13.4

0.495 0.200 40.4

'0.166 0.047 28.5 0.345 0.137 39.6

0.299 0.096 32.1 0.385 0.201 52.0

27.4# 0.720 0.255 35.4 0.327 0.185 56.6 0.273 0.177 64.9 27.8# 0.526 0.215 41.0* 0.142 0.089 62.4 29.1 0.423 0.151 35.6 0.275 0.165 59.9 0.513 0.357 69.6 27.9* 0.362 0.127 34.9* 0.174 0.084 48.5 20.6 0.598 0.322 53.8 0.101 0.147 145.7 1.000 1.519 151.9 18.6* 0.598 0.301 50.3* 0.101 0.079 78.6 36.0 0.571 0.152 26.7 0.221 0.112 50.7 0.552 0.311 56.4 34.9* 0.508 0.133 26.1* 0.144 0.055 38.5 30.0* 0.899 0.239 26.5 0.435 0.163 37.5 0.272 0.125 46.0 33.0 0.567 0.184 32.5* 0.255 0.129 50.9 31.9 0.340 0.134 39.4 0.546 0.223 40.9 1.000 0.558 55.8 29.9• 0.340 0.099 29.1* 0.546 0.195 35.7 45.5* 0.594 0.084 14.1 0.450 0.078 17.4 0.369 0.086 23.2 56.9 0.419 0.061 14.6· 0.271 0.056 20.6

~ 6 ~

0 !7: > ~ f-"l :><: m z z ~ :I: ~ o:l c::

~ > z 0

~ z ~ m

"' 0 c)

~ ~

..... ..... VJ

TABLE 9. Continued.

Species

Hooded Warbler Scarlet Tanager

Northern Cardinal

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Indigo Bunting

Eastern Towhee

Chipping Sparrow

Field Sparrow

Song Sparrow

White-throated Sparrow Red-winged Blackbird Brown-headed Cowbird Baltimore Oriole House Finch American Goldfinch

Num. btwn.

Num. Num. Num. year stat.' indv.' capt.' recapt.'

7 13 21 10 13 13 10 8

15 3

10 18 10 10 18

106 157 88 102

437 594 89 105

287 372 96 141

117 149 226 347

380 683 184 209 180 206

90 121 179 273 171 183 936 1073

14 3

66 5

25 14 12

32 41

6 9 8

23 4

46

1 Using the computer program SURVIV.

Survival pro b.'

AIC" Est. SE CV"

25.8# 0.458 0.190 41.4 16.6 0.507 0.510 100.7 42.o• o.785 0.121 15.5 20.3# 0.577 0.385 66.7 28.1· 0.664 0.148 22.3 28.2# 0.521 0.192 36.9 22.6 0.326 0.192 58.8 41.1• 0.556 0.135 24.2 32.8 0.365 0.100 27.4 25.8# 0.452 0.281 62.1

23.7 0.484 0.261 54.0 29.8• 0.522 0.143 27.4 19.8 0.749 0.544 72.6 38.o• o.698 0.142 20.3

SRGMODEL'

Recapture prob."

Est. SE CV"

0.728 0.216 29.8 0.065 0.334 516.7 0.278 0.071 25.7 0.384 0.329 85.5 0.785 0.125 16.0 0.618 0.205 33.2 0.268 0.286 106.6

0.507 0.138 27.1 0.446 0.148 33.1 0.477 0.367 77.0

0.356 0.278 78.0 0.730 0.156 21.4 0.021 0.082 397.8 0.177 0.079 44.5

Prob. of residents"

Est. SE CV13

0.402 0.218 54.2 1.000 5.472 547.2 0.490 0.149 30.4 0.191 0.195 101.6 0.119 0.040 33.6 0.352 0.191 54.4 1.000 1.255 125.5 0.392 0.149 37.9 0.630 0.274 43.4 0.160 0.154 96.2

0.417 0.410 98.4 0.267 0.104 38.7 1.000 4.043 404.3 0.321 0.157 48.8

SPMODEL'

Survival prob.y'

AIC' Est. .SE CV13

25.8# 0.262 0.102 39.1 14.6• 0.507 0.467 92.1-44.4 0.652 0.097 14.8• 20.0# 0.379 0.308 81.4-47.6 0.199 0.075 37.5• 28.8# 0.309 0.115 37.3-20.6• 0.326 0.158 48.4• 43.3 0.377 0.094 24.9•

31.7• 0.306 0.075 24.5" 25.9# 0.270 0.232 86.0 29.1 0.838 0.376 44.9• 22.3• 0.378 0.201 53.2 35.4 0.253 0.084 33.1• 17.8• 0.749 0.533 71.1-39.8 0.600 0.126 21.1•

Reapture prob."

Est SE CV"

0.593 0.264 44.5 0.065 0.088 135.9 0.181 0.044 24.3 0.136 0.146 107.7 0.444 0.193 43.4 0.433 0.206 47.6 0.268 0.176 65.6 0.337 0.113 33.6 0.352 0.110 31.4 0.150 0.162 108.7 0.038 0.030 78.1 0.207 0.156 75.3 0.502 0.196 39.0 0.021 0.024 118.3 0.071 0.023 32.8

2 Species for which more than 100 captures were available from stations where the species was known to be breeding, and for which estimates of survival and recapture probabilities were obtained that were neither 0.0 nor 1.0.

3 Using this model, all three variables, survival probability, recapture probability, and proportion of residents among newly-captured adults, are estimated and each is constrained to be constant over all years.

4 Using this model, only survival probability and recapture probability are estimated and are each constrained to be constant over all years; all adults captured are assumed to be residents. 5 Number of stations operated for four consecutive years (1991-1994) where the species was a regular or usual breeder. 6 Number of individual adult birds captured during the four years (1991-1994) at stations where the species was a regular or usual breeder; thus, the number of capture histories upon which

the estimates of survival and recapture probabilty were derived. 7 Total number of captures during the four years (1991-1994) at stations where the species was a regular or usual breeder. 8 Number of first captures of birds in years other than the first year it was captured. 9 Defined as the probability of an adult bird surviving and returning in the subsequent year to the area where it was captured in the previous year. The estimated value, standard error, and

coefficient of variation are presented. 10 Defined as the conditional probability of recapturing an adult bird in the subsequent year, given that it did survive and return to the same area where it was captured in the previous year.

The estimated value, standard error, and coefficient of variation are presented. 11 Proportion of residents among newly captured adults. The estimated value, standard error, and coefficient of variation are presented. 12 Akaike Information Criterion. The selected model (indicated by •) is the one with the lowest AIC (provided that it is at least 1.0 AIC unit lower than the other model). #indicates two

competing (essentially equivalent) models (within 1.0 AIC unit of each other). 13 Coefficient of variation, defined as lOO•est/SE. An • next to the CV for survival probability from the SP model indicates that four years of data provided a more precise estimate than three

years of data using many more stations (s..>e Table 10).

~ ~ '"C

8 ~ 8 Cl ::c > ~ :!l ::) ::c > ~ c: > r, t'!"l a Cl

~ > z c;

£


TABLE 10. Results of modified Cormack-Jolly-Seber capture-recapture analyses' for selected' target species derived from the capture histories of adult birds captured at stations in the Northwest and Northeast regions and over all of eastern North America over the three years 1992-1994.

Num. btwn.

Num. Num. Num. year Species stat.' indv.' capt.' recapt.'

NOR1HWEST Hammond's Flycatcher Dusky Flycatcher Western Flycatcher Barn Swallow Swainson's Thrush American Robin Wren tit Warbling Vireo Orange-crowned Warbler Yellow Warbler MacGillivray's Warbler Wilson's Warbler Black-headed Grosbeak Song Sparrow Lincoln's Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow Dark-eyed Junco Purple Finch American Goldfinch

NORTHEAST

31 32 36 2

44 46 10 40 24 17 46 36 20 35 21 11 50 14 2

Black-capped Chickadee 19 HouseWren 8 Veery 17 Wood Thrush 17 American Robin Gray Catbird Red-eyed Vireo Blue-winged Warbler Yellow Warbler Chestnut-sided Warbler Black-and-white Warbler American Redstart Ovenbird

20 21 21 7

14 8

12 13 20

Common Yellowthroat 18 Northern Cardinal 15 Song Sparrow 16 White-throated Sparrow 5 Baltimore Oriole 10 American Goldfinch 17 EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Downy Woodpecker 42 Acadian Flycatcher 14 BlueJay 30 Black-capped Chickadee 30 Tufted Titmouse 28 Carolina Wren House Wren

26 15

248 505 471 131

1603 514 148 698 529 272

1249 943 332 577 514 250

1210 765 275

240 65

394 487 315

1051 363 110 433 120 192 284 388 636 153 331 155 122 472

197 224 137 372 214 218 254

339 766 626 154

3036 668 370

1021 620 430

2234 1362 368

1134 1062 403

1822 964 399

341 116 718 730 399

1558 478 151 653 190 241 367 503

1039 204 567 203 176 543

256 294 148 520 311 349 403

24 66 28 6

368 60 49 80 21 44

219 101 14 82

104 44

160 51 37

19 6

79 42 25

109 31 12 39 14 12 21 27 86 23 20 4

11 17

16 22 8

28 36 33 15

[114]

SPMODEL'

Survival probability'

Est. SE CV10

0.639 0.398 0.659 0.466 0.444 0.490 0.424 0.397 0.143 0.643 0.352 0.314 0.316 0.307 0.347 0.434 0.291 0.274 0.435

0.203 0.591 0.321 0.268 0.535 0.360 0.377 0.500 0.319 0.579 0.741 0.451 0.175 0.545 0.583 0.269 0.488 0.528 0.987

0.364 0.489 0.355 0.180 0.354 0.276 0.251

0.258 40.4 0.085 21.3* 0.251 38.1* 0.448 96.1 0.032 7.3* 0.119 24.3 0.058 13.6* 0.089 22.3 0.089 62.2 0.174 27.1 0.036 10.1* 0.064 20.2 0.195 61.7 0.054 17.6* 0.045 12.9* 0.102 23.5* 0.038 13.0* 0.088 32.1 0.128 29.5

0.066 32.5 0.511 86.5 0.047 14.7 0.092 34.3 0.215 40.1 0.069 19.3 0.139 36.8 0.280 56.0 0.103 32.3 0.286 49.4* 0.427 57.6 0.213 47.3 0.078 44.6 0.107 19.6 0.221 37.9 0.146 54.2 0.529 108.6 0.328 62.1 0.500 50.7*

0.192 52.8 0.215 43.9 0.291 81.8 0.052 29.0 0.092 26.1 0.084 30.6 0.179 71.4

Capture probability'

Est. SE CV'"

0.166 0.088 53.1 0.373 0.099 26.5 0.095 0.049 51.8 0.112 0.134 1195 0.552 0.049 8.8 0.258 0.080 31.1 0.839 0.107 12.7 0.334 0.090 27.0 0.380 0.258 67.9 0.242 0.087 35.7 0.619 0.071 11.4 0.421 0.099 23.4 0.170 0.129 75.5 0.571 0.115 20.2 0.716 0.099 13.8 0.468 0.136 29.0 0.595 0.087 14.5 0.296 0.111 37.6 0.311 0.117 37.7

0.683 0.173 0.747 0.409 0.161 0.349 0.289 0.230 0.352 0.202 0.100 0.206 0.556 0.269 0.286 0.247 0.051 0.167 0.034

0.271 0.254 0.205 0.719 0.559 0.553 0.282

0.234 34.3 0.189 109.4 0.114 15.3 0.160 39.0 0.085 52.5 0.080 23.0 0.130 45.0 0.165 71.8 0.136 38.6 0.134 66.1 0.079 78.3 0.120 58.4 0.266 47.9 0.068 25.3 0.139 48.8 0.157 63.5 0.074 }45.1 0.134 79.9 0.024 701

0.174 64-2

0.138 54-2

0.202 98·7

0.214 29.8 0.170 30.4 0.191 34.5 0.226 80.0


TABLE 10. Continued.

Num. SPMODEL'

btwn. Survival probability' Capture probability• Nurn. Nurn. Num. year

Species stat.' indv.' capt.' recapt.' Est. SE CV10 Est. SE CV"

Veery 23 462 814 89 0.304. 0.043 14.1 0.759 0.110 14.5 Wood Thrush 29 755 1136 68 0.328 0.088 26.9 0.351 0.109 31.2 American Robin 42 564 675 33 0.481 0.181 37.7 0.138 0.066 48.1 Gray Catbird 40 1716 2583 184 0.318 0.047 14.9 0.411 0.071 17.3 White-eyed Vireo 14 143 261 16 0.444 0.224 50.5 0.289 0.179 61.9 Red-eyed Vireo 42 801 1039 73 . 0.354 0.087 24.4 0.321 0.094 29.2 Blue-winged Warbler 10 153 224 15 0.390 0.200 51.4 0.287 0.182 63.5 Yellow Warbler 24 746 1128 80 0.310 0.066 21.4• 0.423 0.107 25.2 Chestnut-sided Warbler 10 155 250 20 0.569 0.229 40.3• 0.242 0.129 53.4 Black-and-white Warbler 19 227 291 16 0.964 0.463 48.0 0.077 0.053 68.5 American Redstart 19 413 530 24 0.360 0.172 47.8 0.200 0.115 57.5 Worm-eating Warbler 9 133 185 13 0.460 0.256 55.7 0.235 0.165 70.2 Ovenbird 31 557 738 42 0.150 0.048 32.0 0.684 0.227 33.2 Louisiana Waterthrush 8 61 100 6 0.663 0.572 86.3 0.151 0.166 110.0 Kentucky Warbler 7 118 202 16 0.271 0.121 44.6 0.554 0.278 50.2 Common Yellowthroat 39 958 1512 11 0.471 0.087 18.5 0.284 0.065 23.1 Hooded Warbler 11 142 237 22 0.371 0.134 36.1• 0.473 0.204 43.1 Northern Cardinal 42 657 901 82 0.456 0.097 21.2 0.308 0.081 26.2 Indigo Bunting 27 300 382 27 0.192 0.081 42.0 0.579 0.261 45.1 Chipping Sparrow 15 95 120 6 0.867 0.672 77.5 0.077 0.086 112.3 Field Sparrow 22 409 601 43 0.423 0.126 29.7 0.282 0.105 37.1 Song Sparrow 27 562 964 47 0.273 0.089 32.6 0.350 0.132 37.8 White-throated Sparrow 6 164 224 8 0.516 0.375 72.8• 0.089 0.088 98.2 Red-winged Blackbird 20 241 265 6 0.357 0.359 100.5 0.073 0.091 124.4 Brown-headed Cowbird 36 177 227 17 0.462 0.216 46.7• 0.226 0.137 60.3 Baltimore Oriole 15 175 250 17 0.493 0.239 48.4 0.199 0.124 62.3 American Goldfinch 39 1076 1261 53 0.492 0.156 31.7 0.113 0.045 39.7

' Using the computer program SURVIV. 2 Species for which more than 100 captures were available from stations where the species was known to be breeding, and for which estimates of survival and recapture probabilities were obtained that were neither 0.0 nor 1.0.

'Using this model, only survival probability and recapture probability are estimated and are each constrained to be constant over all years; all adults captured are assumed to be residents.

'Number of stations operated for three consecutive years (1992-1994) where the species was a regular or usual breeder.

5 Number of individual adult birds captured during the three years (1992-1994) at stations where the species was a regular or usual breeder; thus, the number of capture histories upon which the estimates of survival and recapture probability were derived.

'Total number of captures during the three years (1992-1994) at stations where the species was a regular or usual breeder.

7 Number of first captures of birds in years other than the first year it was captured. 'Defined as the probability of an adult bird surviving and returning in the subsequent year to the area where it was captured in the previous year. The estimated value, standard error, and coefficient of variation are presented.

'Defined as the conditional probability of recapturing an adult bird in the subsequent year, given that it did survive and return to the same area where it was captured in the previous year. The estimated value, standard error, and coefficient of variation are presented.

"Coefficient of variation, defined as 100•est/SE. An • next to the CV for survival probability from the SP model indicates that three years of data from many stations provided a more precise estimate than four years of data from many fewer stations (see Table 9).

[115]


DISCUSSION Because the locations of MAPS stations were not chosen by a probability-based sampling strategy, inferences regarding productivity indices and survival rate estimates cannot be made confidently beyond the sample of stations and may or may not be representative of the entire region in which the stations are located. This should be kept in mind when interpreting the results of the Program.

CHANGES IN ADULT POPULATION SIZE AND PRODUCTIVITY

Changes between 1992 and 1993 -Indices of adult population size derived from the MAPS Program tended to decrease between 1992 and 1993 all across North America. The most consistent decreases were recorded in the western regions and Alaska (particularly the Northwest) where 41 (66%) of 62 species decreased (binomial test, P<0.01). The decreases fm; 14 of these species were significant (P<0.10). The next most consistent changes were in the central regions (particularly the South-central Region) where 7 (54%) of 13 species decreased. The decreases for three of these seven species were significant· (P<0.10). The least consistent changes were recorded in the eastern regions where 17 (55%) of 31 species decreased. The decreases for only three of these 17 species were significant (P<O.lO).

The changes from 1992 to 1993 in indices of adult population size from MAPS generally reflected analogous changes determined from the BBS (Peterjohn et al. 1994): 61% of all species decreased in western regions (P<0.05); 59% decreased in central regions; and 52% decreased in eastern regions. These results suggest that regional data from MAPS stations operated in 1992 and 1993 may have tended to be representative of patterns over the regions as a whole.

The modest decreases in indices of adult population size (ranging from -0.2% to -19.2% for all species pooled) that characterized the central, eastern, and Alaska regions in 1993 were not unexpected considering that decreases in productivity (ranging from -3% to -16% for all species pooled) occurred in 1992 in each of these five regions (DeSante and Burton 1994). The decreases in adult population size (ranging from -7.3% to -10.9% for all species pooled) that characterized the western regions in 1993, however, were surprising, considering that

rather pronounced increases in productivity (ranging from +14% to +21% for all species pooled) occurred in these regions in 1992 (DeSante and Burton 1994).

Operators of MAPS stations located in the mountains of western United States universally reported unusually heavy and late-melting snowpacks in 1993 (and accompanying difficulties in initiating the operation of their stations), along with generally cold, wet weather throughout the summer. We suggest that the unexpected decreases in adult population size in western regions in 1993 were caused by severely lowered recruitment rates of young birds that, in turn, were caused by the heavy, late-lingering snowpacks that characterized most montane areas of western United States (where the majority of western MAPS stations was located). The negative effect of heavy, late-melting snowpacks on recruitment of young and, in turn, on breeding population sizes has previously been documented in the subalpine Sierra Nevada by DeSante (1990).

Productivity tended to remain stable or increase somewhat over most of North America in 1993 with the exception of the Northwest and, possibly, South-central regions. We suggest that the significant decrease in productivity in the Northwest in 1993, as compared to 1992, also was likely caused by the late-lingering snowpacks (which delayed the start of the breeding season and consequently likely reduced the number of second brood and re-nesting attempts), as well as the generally cold, wet weather that characterized the summer of 1993 in the Pacific Northwest. Indeed, the total number of young birds captured in the Northwest Region was reduced by 43.7% from 1992 levels. We can offer no suggestion for the cause of the decreased productivity in the Southcentral Region.

Changes between 1993 and 1994- Indices of adult population size tended to increase somewhat in 1994 in the Southwest, Northeast, and Alaska regions following small increases in productivity in those regions in 1993. Similarly, indices of adult population size tended to decrease somewhat in 1994 in the South-central and Southeast regions following decreased or stable productivity in those regions in 19~3. Surprisingly, indices of adult population s1ze decreased significantly in 1994 in the North-

[116]


central Region despite relatively stable productivity in 1993. We can offer no explanation for this latter result.

Also unexpected was the fact that indices of adult population size tended to remain stable in 1994 in the Northwest Region despite pronounced and highly significant decreases in productivity there in 1993. We suggest that the relatively stable population levels in the Northwest in 1994, despite low productivity in 1993, may have been caused by recruitment in 1994 of birds hatched in 1992 that were not recruited in 1993 because of the late-lingering snowpacks. Such a situation can introduce a complicating time-lag into the dynamics of bird populations.

Changes in indices of adult population size between 1993 and 1994 from MAPS data from the western and Alaska regions (56% of species increased) again reflected analogous changes from BBS data from western North America (55% of species increased; Peterjohn et a!. in press). However, 1993-1994 changes from MAPS did not reflect analogous changes from the BBS in central and eastern North America. In particular, far fewer species increased in the central regions (particularly the North-central region) according to MAPS data (30%) than according to BBS data (57%), and more species increased in eastern regions (particularly the Northeast) according to MAPS data (61 %) than according to BBS data (47%). This suggests that, for some regions, regional data from MAPS stations in 1993 and 1994 may not have been representative of the regions as a whole.

In general, productivity in the Northwest in 1994 returned to pre-1993levels. Most species that showed decreases in productivity in 1993 showed corresponding increases in 1994, including Willow Flycatcher, Winter Wren, American Robin, Warbling Vireo, Yellow-rumped Warbler, Whitecrowned Sparrow, Purple Finch, and Cassin's Finch. Productivity also appeared to increase somewhat in the South-central Region in 1994 following reduced productivity there in 1993, and may have increased slightly in 1994 in the Southwest and North-central regions as well. Overall, productivity tended to remain similar between 1993 and 1994 in both the eastern regions and in Alaska with approximately equal numbers of species showing increases and decreases.

The fact that, in both 1993 and 1994, the proportions of young in the catch based on

constant-effort data from stations run comparably in 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 did not differ from those based on all available data in 1993 and 1994 suggests that the constant-effort stations generally were representative of the total pool of stations in both years. This must not be construed as suggesting that MAPS stations operated in 1993 and 1994 in any region were representative of the regions as a whole. In fact, the lack of an established sampling strategy for the siting of MAPS stations, and the resulting difficulty in drawing region-wide inferences regarding estimates and indices from MAPS, is one of the present weaknesses of the MAPS Program. We are currently considering various sampling strategies to overcome this weakness.

PRODUCTIVITY INDICES AS A FUNCTION OF NEST LOCATION AND MIGRATION STRATEGY

In our previous annual report (DeSante and Burton 1994), we suggested from MAPS data that more Neotropical-wintering than temperatewintering species might be characterized by "persistently low productivity". To further investigate this possibility, DeSante (in !itt. ) examined patterns of productivity from MAPS data from eastern North America for 1992-1994 as a function of the nest-location (Fig. 3a) and migration-strategy (Fig. 3b) classifications. These results were presented at the 1995 International "Partners in Flight" Workshop and are currently in review (DeSante in !itt. ). A multivariate repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that productivity was affected very strongly by nest location (P=0.0006), moderately strongly by a nest-location,.migration-strategy interaction term (P=0.0381), and least strongly by migration strategy itself (P=0.0935). The nestlocation*migration-strategy interaction term indicates that the effect of nest location on productivity differed among species with different migration strategies. Productivity also varied significantly with year (P=0.0006). The effect of year on productivity differed somewhat among species with different nest locations (P=0.0618), but did not differ among species with different migration strategies (P:=0.3511) or different nest-location*migration-stra tegy interactions (P=0.2523).

As shown in Figure 3a, cavity nesters tended to have the highest productivity indices,

[117]


a. NEST LOCATION

~ 'C 0.6 .5 ~ 0.4

~ :I 0.2 'C

8 8

13 13 13

I I I j I I

e 1------------~~--~~~~--=-~-=-a. 0 ... ..... -. .... .... ~ - - i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !!i NWl> Nc.>l" IS:2f Cavity Tree Shrub Ground

b. MIGRATION STATUS

~ 'C 0.6 .5 ~ 0.4

~ :I 0.2 'C

7

i i I iii 19 19

19 I I I

0~------------------~--~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i =... i i i i e D.

ISI2f IS ... f N J: NCo>"'

Resident Temperate Intermediate Neotroplcal

FIGURE 3. MAPS productivity indices for eastern North America (from all stations pooled east of the Rocky Mountains where the species were regular breeders) as a function of (a) nest location and (b) migration strategy. Shown are the 95% confidence intervals; means are the midpoints of the confidence intervals. The number of species (sample sizes) are given above the confidence intervals. From: DeSante (in !itt.).

followed by ground nesters, while tree and (especially) shrub nesters tended to show the lowest productivity indices. These results tend to agree with analogous results on the percentage of nests lost to predators and the percentage of nests fledging at least one young as determined from direct nest monitoring (Martin 1995).

Even more interesting was the relationship between productivity indices and migration strategy (Fig. 3b}, which remained significant even when controlling for nest location. Permanent resident species tended to have the highest productivity indices, followed by temperate- and intermediate-wintering species, while Neotropical-wintering species tended to have the lowest productivity indices. One reason for this pattern may lie with the length of the breeding season available for each of the species groups. Neotropical-wintering species tend to arrive late in the spring and, because they are constrained by the need to molt, store fat, and initiate migration before the summer

ends, must curtail breeding earlier than the other species. Thus, they may have relatively less time available to produce multiple broods or make multiple re-nesting attempts.

If this is indeed the case, it may be appropriate to think of Neotropical-wintering species as "productivity-challenged" species. This consideration should be of fundamental importance with regard to management efforts for these species.

ESTIMATES OF ADULT SURVIVAL AND RECAPTURE PROBABILITIES

The transient model was selected as the most appropriate model or as a competing model for 58% (Northwest region) to 68% (Northeast region) of the species. The frequency of selection of the transient model appeared to increase with increasing number of stations (thus, increasing number of capture histories) and, possibly, with decreasing heterogeneity of the estimates themselves. We predict that with more years of

[118]

THE MAPS PROGRAM FOURTH AND FIFrH ANNUAL REPORT (1993 AND 1994)

data from many additional stations, the transient model will be selected as the appropriate model for virtually all species.

The use of the transient model increased estimates of survival probability by 32% (Northwest Region and all of eastern North America) to 39% (Northeast Region) and increased estimates of recapture probability by 34% (Northwest Region) to 44-45% (Northeast Region and all of eastern North America) without substantial decreases in precision. The mean estimate of survival probability using the transient model was 0.547::!::0.034 for 19 species in the Northwest Region; 0.525::!::0.034 for 19 species in the Northeast Region; and 0.529::!::0.027 for 36 species in eastern North America. Analogous mean estimates for recapture probability were 0.470::!::0.045 in the Northwest Region; 0.477::!::0.042 in the Northeast Region; and 0.414::!::0.032 in eastern North America. The use of the transient model also indicated that, on average, only about 40-45% of the adult birds captured at MAPS stations are resident individuals; the remainder are transients which include late spring and early fall migrant individuals, individuals that haven't yet succeeded or will not succeed in establishing territories (floaters), failed breeders, and post-breeding dispersing individuals.

It is interesting to note that the mean survival probabilities for Neotropical-wintering migrant species may have tended to be somewhat higher than those for permanent resident and temperate-wintering migrant species in each region investigated. This suggests that the low productivity that seems to be characteristic of Neotropical-wintering migrants may tend to be compensated for by higher adult survivorship. This can have important ramifications for efforts to identify the key factors causing population declines in landbirds and for identifying management strategies for reversing the population trends in declining species.

Finally, using the non-transient model, we found that the increase in precision in the ~stimation of survival probability obtained by Increasing the length of the study from three to four years was roughly equivalent to increasing the number of stations by a factor of about seven. This increase in precision as a function of length of the study will, of course, decrease as the number of years increases. Nevertheless,

these results suggest that reasonably precise regional estimates of survival and recapture probability can be obtained from the MAPS Program with ten or more years of data from 40 or more stations. The usefulness of these estimates will depend, of course, on the manner in which survivorship varies over the region and the extent to which the stations themselves are representative of the entire region.

ACKNO~EDGEMENTS

We express our sincere appreciation to the many individuals, organizations, and agencies that have contributed data to the MAPS Program. Without their cooperation, this continent-wide avian monitoring effort would not be possible. We thank D. K. Rosenberg, Post-doctoral Fellow at The Institute for Bird Populations, and J. Hines, W. L. Kendall, J. D. Nichols, and J. R. Sauer of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center for help and advice with statistical aspects of productivity and capture-recapture analyses; S. Droege, G. Geupel, W. L. Kendall, T. Martin, J. D. Nichols, B. R. Noon, N. Nur, W. J. Peach, C. J. Ralph, C. S. Robbins, and J. R. Sauer for helpful discussions regarding many aspects of the MAPS Program; and B. G. Peterjohn for constructive comments on the manuscript. Financial support for the MAPS Program has been provided by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service and National Biological Service, Regions 1 and 6 of the USDA Forest Service, Flathead National Forest, the Department of the Navy, the Department of Defense, Denali and Shenandoah National Parks, the Yosemite Association, the Sequoia Natural History Association, and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. This is Contribution No. 40 of The Institute for Bird Populations.

LITERATURE CITED BAILLIE, S. R., R. E. GREEN, M. BODDY, AND S. T.

BucKLAND. 1986. An Evaluation of the Constant Effort Sites Scheme. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, U.K.103pp.

BURNHAM, K. P., AND D. R ANDERSON. 1992. Data-based selection of an appropriate biological model: the key to modern data analysis. Pp. 16-30 in McCullough, D. C. and R H. Barrett, Eds., Wildlife 2001: Populations, Elsevier Applied Science, London, U.K.

[119]


BuRTON, K. M., AND D. F. DESANfE. In press. The effects of mist-netting frequency and habitat on capture rates at MAPS stations. In: Ralph, C. J., and W. Peach, Eds., Proceedings of the Workshop on the Use of Mistnets to Monitor Bird Populations, Marshall, CA.

CLOBERT, J., J. -D. LEBRETON, AND D. ALLAINE. 1987. A general approach to survival rate estimation by recaptures or resightings of marked birds. Ardea 75:133-142.

DESANTE, D. F. 1990. The role of recruitment in the dynamics of a Sierran subalpine bird community. American Naturalist 136:429-455.

DESANTE, D. F. 1991. The Monitoring Avian and Survivorship (MAPS) Program: first annual report. The Institute for Bird Populations, Point Reyes Station, California.

DESANTE, D. F. 1992. Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS): a sharp, rather than blunt, tool for monitoring and assessing landbird populations. Pp. 511-521 in McCullough, D. C., and R. H. Barrett, Eds. Wildlife 2001: Populations. Elsevier Applied Science, London, U. K.

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THE MONITORING AVIAN PRODUCTIVITY AND SURVIVORSHIP … · THE MONITORING AVIAN PRODUCTIVITY AND SURVIVORSHIP (MAPS) PROGRAM ... reports of the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship