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The Model of Memory (page 208 and 214)

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Try to recall as many letters as possible in the order it is written A. KLCISNE NVESE YNA NI CSTITIH

Try to recall as many letters as possible in the order it is written B. NICKELS SEVEN ANY IN STITCH

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Try to recall as many words as possible C. NICKELS SEVEN ANY IN STITCH DON’T

SAVES AGO A SCORE TIME AND NINE WOODEN FOUR YEARS TAKE

Try to recall as many words as possible D. DONT TAKE ANY WOODEN NICKELS

FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE

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Encoding: Chunking Grouping related items together into a single unit or "chunk" to increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory (STM) of 7 ± 2 (newer research suggests it might be smaller, 4 ± 1) (page 212). When information is organized into meaningful units, such as letters, words and phrases, it is easier to recall. Likewise, if you can put a phone number into two “chunks” instead of seven numbers, it is easier to remember (4658165 versus 465-8165). A. KLCISNE NVESE YNA NI CSTITIH B. NICKELS SEVEN ANY IN STITCH C. NICKELS SEVEN ANY IN STITCH DON’T

SAVES AGO A SCORE TIME AND NINE WOODEN FOUR YEARS TAKE

D. DONT TAKE ANY WOODEN NICKELS

FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE

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Encoding: Chunking

Psychological Science, Fifth Edition

Copyright © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company Your knowledge and expertise in an area can affect your ability to chunk items. Expert chess players are better able to group/chunk items than non-expert chess players when shown a board of a real game. However, when the board is of pieces placed randomly, there is no difference between experts and non-expert chess players in their ability to group chess pieces.

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Types of Long Term Memories

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Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Procedural Memory Information that can be consciously recollected about personally experienced events.

Information that can be consciously recollected. This takes the form of general knowledge such as facts, names, and concepts.

Information that is usually difficult to recollect such as how to perform different skills, operations and actions.

Psychological Science, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company

Psychological Science, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company Psychological Science, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company

Explicit Memories Implicit memories

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LONG-TERM MEMORY

Explicit memory (declarative memory)

Implicit memory (non-declarative memory)

Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Procedural Memory

Information that can be consciously recollected about personally experienced events.

Information that can be consciously recollected. This takes the form of general knowledge such as facts, names, and concepts.

Information that is usually difficult to recollect such as how to perform different skills, operations and actions.

• I remember where I was when I heard that the World Trade Center was on fire.

• I remember listening to Peter DeFazio speak in one of Steve Candee’s classes.

• I remember playing with my dog during the summer we got him.

• John Ashcroft, Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney, Colin Powell, Condelissa Rice are…

• I remember that the chemical formula for water is H2O.

• I know that the shortest day of the year is in December.

• I know good study skill strategies.

• I know that velvet is soft.

• Your ability to type.

• Your ability to drive.

• Setting up flow chart.

• Cooking (for some people).

• Your knowledge of how to play the guitar.

• Your knowledge of how to play basketball.

• Making a paper airplane.

• Your ability to study.

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John Ashcroft, Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney, Colin Powell, Condelissa Rice are…

I remember where I was when I heard that the World Trade Center was on fire.

Your ability to type.

Velvet is soft.

Cooking (for some people).

Your ability to study.

I know good study skill strategies.

I remember playing with my dog during the summer we got him.

Making a paper airplane.

The shortest day of the year is in December.

I remember listening to Peter DeFazio speak in one of Steve Candee’s classes.

Your knowledge of how to play basketball.

I remember that the chemical formula for water is H2O.

I was watching the Iran-Contra hearings just before my television broke

Your knowledge of how to play the guitar.