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The Mind-Machine InterfaceComputers and the Wired Brain
Sasha KrolAllison Nishitani
Alicia Nugent
• How does the brain work?• How can machines interface with the
brain?
Wikimedia Commons, Users: Jmarchn
Outline
• Sasha: how machines communicate with the brain
• Allison: how the brain controls machines
• Alicia: how machines control the brain
Outline
Neurons make up the brain
Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Livet et al., Nature 450, 56-62 (2007)
Dendrites
Axon
Cell body
Neuron structure
National Insitute of Aging ww.nia.nih.gov
Membranes Store Charge Channels Pass Charge
Ions Carry Charge/Current
Neurons are like batteries
Chemical Gated Charge Gated
Channels regulate current acrossthe membrane
Outside of Neuron Inside of Neuron Outside of Neuron Inside of Neuron
ClosedOpen
Neuron
Dendrites
Axon
Inside of NeuronOutside of Neuron
Can use electricity to activate neurons
Inside of NeuronOutside of Neuron
Wikimedia Commons, Users: Jmarchn
Machines can collect informationand transmit it to brain
How the brain sees
Eye
Optic nerveBrain – Visual Area
Wikimedia Commons, User: Wiley
The retina
Collects LightProcess Info
Retinitis PigmentosaMacular Degeneration
Rods and Cones
Wikimedia Commons, User: MesserWoland; Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852 - 1934)
Blind to sight
Zrenner et al. Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words. Proc Biol Sci (2011) vol. 278 (1711) pp. 1489-97
Retina implant
Zrenner et al. Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words. Proc Biol Sci (2011) vol. 278 (1711) pp. 1489-97
Chip
Summary
• Neurons receive chemical signals at their dendrites
• This triggers a cascade of channel openings, sending an electrical signal down their axon
• Machines can trigger neuron signaling and record neuron activity