The Military Peregrini of Dacia

5/28/2018 The Military Peregrini of Dacia

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Analele Universitii Cretine Dimitrie Cantemir, Bucureti, Seria Istorie Serie nou, Anul 1, Nr. 4, 2010, p. 108-116ISSN 2068 3766 (online); ISSN 2068 3758 (CD-ROM); ISSN 1584 3343 (print)

THE MILITARYPEREGRINI OF DACIA:

ONOMASTICAL AND STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Rada VARGA, Assistant, PhD Student

Abstract:The Military Peregrini of Dacia: Onomastical and statistical considerations. The current paper is a tentativereconstruction, from a mainly onomastical point of view, of the peregrine social milieu that was formed and sustainedby the presence of the auxiliary troops in Roman Dacia. Thus, the predominance of the Celtic names is to be remarked.This does not come as an unexpected aspect, as many of the auxiliary troops of Dacia come from provinces with acertain Celtic background. The Italic names, very important and all-present for the civilian peregrines, are well

represented in the military society as well. What they mainly speak of is a rather vague cultural belonging to the Westof the Empire and a considerable disposition consciously assumed or not to adjust to the Roman ways. The othercategories of names come either as natural in Dacia (as the Thracian or Illyrian ones), either as not numerous andclosely related to the troop in which the soldier serves. Besides the information that the analysis of these charactersoffers about the auxiliary troops of Dacia, it also provides us with important information on the lower socialenvironments of the province.

Keywords: auxiliary troops, citizenship, cultural identity, Dacia, onomastic, peregrines, social environment.

This study is built as an overview of the peregrini orbiting around the Roman army of

Dacia. In the category of "military" peregrines should be included not only those enrolled in theauxiliary forces, additionally protected by military jurisdiction, but rather the whole human luggagethat an army as the Roman one creates and engages. So, the quotes are necessary in this case.

The current analysis is primarily quantitative and statistical, the analytical purposes beingsecondary. It is based on the epigraphic material from Dacia, trying to determine the share ofmilitary peregrines in this province, but also to reveal a series of inner structures of the group.

We should start with a brief overview as it is not its major purpose of the status of thesoldiers enrolled in an auxiliary troop. Being an auxiliary soldier brought, as a main consequence, thereward of citizenship. Moreover, citizens rights were granted to the veteran's family as well, at leastuntil the year 140: to his wife (to one single wife, more precisely) and to their children, born before orafter the parents became citizens. So, when we find a soldiers family mentioned on a military diploma,they arent peregrines anymore, but full-rights Roman citizens. As for the soldiers themselves, wecannot always determine their status before enrolment - and it is even less likely to establish if they hadany connection to Dacia before coming here as military. Regarding the recruitment milieu of theauxiliary soldiers, it must be considered quite vast; only a small part of them could have came castris(from the canabaerelated to the legionary fort). Statistically it appears impossible for a significant partto come from the background mentioned above1. Anyway, these ones alone, if they can be identified assuch, were at some point part of the category of ordinary peregrines of Dacia. For the province inquestion, the only valid example of this kind isAcilius Sabini f.Dubitatus castris2.

Babe-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Centre for Roman Studies;[email protected] 1971, apud Vittinghoff 1994, 159.2IDR I 18.


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One more detail must be noted, concerning the relativity of the epigraphic evidence and thevalidity of the statistical results that it can offer. Discussing the military environment, one shouldnot forget that it is a very productive one in terms of epigraphic evidence and that the percentages ofmilitaries suggested by inscriptions alone are not the accurate, existing ones in the Danubian

province. As an example, we can provide the case of northern Britannia, where there is a massivemilitary presence and a quarter of the inscriptions found here were erected by soldiers (in

Colchester, Essex, out of 13 funerary inscriptions published in the 80s, 4 belonged to soldiers3

).Although the current statistics in not based on last-minute data, it seemed enlightening in the issueof epigraphic representativeness. Of course, these percentages do not represent the actualdemographic numbers, but speak of a certain cultural reality and an assumed way of self-expression.

Methodologically, we have considered for the present study the inscriptions pertaining to themilitary environment, where peregrines occur and at least one of the characters names is legible.

Thus, at the present date, we have 65 names from military diplomas and other 60 frominscriptions a total of 125 names. As a first impression, visible from the diplomata is the greaternumber of children mentioned, compared to the wives (the ratio is about 13:14). Of course, this detailcan be explained in many ways and the truth probably lies in the specificities of each separate case. Itmust be noted that this ratio changes dramatically in inscriptions, where the soldiers children are rarely

mentioned. Regarding the same issue, we must not forget that some of the diplomas, though a minority,are dated after 1405, when the soldier's family is not mentioned anymore.

The etymology and the linguistic structure of the names from the military milieu talk lessabout peregrine onomastics in Dacia and more about the background of the soldiers who served inthe Dacian auxilia. I will subsequently present the "nationality" of these names:

In the table above, we have presented the "ethnical" origin6 (I chose the term "ethnic" asindicative of the area associated to a name, as it is more appropriate in this case than "etymological")of all the names of theperegriniassociated with the military environment.

On Chart no. 1, we can note the percentages, as following: 29% Italic names, 25% names ofCeltic origin, 20% Thracian names, 11% Semitic names, 7 % of Greek names, only 5% of Illyriannames, 2% possibly Germanic names and 1% of Iranian names.

Some preliminary considerations must be made concerning the relation between the individualonomastics of the soldier and his troops characteristics. The first observation would be that generallythe two features correspond: we find Celtic names in Gauls troops7, Semitic names in a Plamyreantroop8, Illyrians in Illyrian troops9etc. This fact mainly appears as normal. But the majority, however,is supplemented by exceptions. Thus, for example, we encounter Thracian names, quite normal andrather common in Dacia, at soldiers from Illyrian10, Gaulish11or Britons12 troops.

The group numerically prevailing is that of the Italic names, situation concurring to the oneof the civil peregrines. But their pre-eminence in front of the Celtic names, not radical, is also dueto certain relativities. Some names, which I will illustrate below, are pre-eminent in the Celtic areasof the Empire, despite having a Latin etymology, and I have classified as such. Others, however, are

ambiguous: they have a clear Latin etymology, their presence is relatively uniform in Latin Europe,but even so they are susceptible of a more massive presence in the Celtic-background regions. As aresult of these ambiguities, I have classified them as Latin names, to avoid even more serious errors

3Mann 1985, 204.438 children and 3 wives became citizens.5For the 140 change and its effects on the family situation of soldiers, see Duani1986 and Phang 2001.6For these ethnic determinations I have used, along with the specific bibliography, that I will not mention for everycase, the Onomasticon and the Nomenclator, extremely useful for the province distribution of the names.7ILD 18 (Bolliconus Icci f., in Ala I Claudia Gallorum Capitoniana).8IDR I 5, 6 (Hadrianus Baricius Male f. and Hadrianus Hamasaeus Amapatha in Palmyreni Sagittari ex Syria-NumerusPalmyrenorum Porolissensis Sagittariorum).

9IDR I 24 (Tutor Silvani, in Numerus Illyricorum).10IDR I 13 (Bitus Sola f. Besso in Numerus Equitum Illyricorum).11IDR I 16 (Heptapor f. Besso in Ala I Gallorum et Bosporanorum).12IDR I 20 (Mucatrali Bithi f. Bessus in Coh. I Brittanica milliaria).


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of interpretation. Leaving these methodological minuses behind, the Latin names are, in the end, themost uncertain ones as ethnic or cultural indicators and are the most difficult and most irrelevant to analyze. They are indiscriminately found everywhere: in a cohort of Gauls13, in a Commagenicohort14, in an ala of Pannonians15etc. The abundance of Italic name in Dacias auxiliaries supportsthe theory according to which the Roman social imaginary has a less powerful component of strictterritorial origin and a much stronger one of self-representation 16 . It should be noted that,

surprisingly to some extent, the proportionality of peregrine Italic names is rather the same in themilitary and the civil environments. Beyond coincidence, these percentages suggest a relevantepigraphic representation of this certain onomastic group, an inclination towards the Western, Latinlanguage, culture. We also note that some of the children of the "ethnically-relevant" name bearersoften have Italic names17. This may be the out-coming of a family environment that we do notcompletely know (the origins of the mother, the areas of origin of some of the grandparents etc.),

but it can also suggest the breaking of physical and cultural ties with the fathers provenience sphere.The fact is that these Italic names basically indicate a vague western cultural background and a highavailability conscious or not to adapt to the Roman world.

As the Italic names, the Celtic ones also follow predictable patterns, but there are atypicalcases as well18. As stated before, I have considered some names suitable for this category due to

their high frequency in the areas of a Celtic background and not strictly due to a certain Celticetymology19. Especially for this group of names, but not exclusively, we must take into considerationthe last garrison place of the troop, this detail often being of more relevance than the ethnic regionaloriginal indicator, provided by the name of the unit. Soldiers names sometimes come as proof of theregional recruitment (including group cohesion generated by a cultural environment, rather than bythe strict similarities of a common ethnic origin), but also of the diversity of the Roman army20.Talking about diversity, we target the grand cultural opening of the Roman world21 especially themilitary one, mobile par excellence but also the possibility of consistent family variables in eachcase. Variables that, unfortunately, are known to us only through a few fortunate cases. Remarkable isthe disproportion existing between the names of the militaries and the names of other characters fromthe military environment. More precisely, the majority of Celtic comes from the category of soldierschildren, fairly present on the diplomas of the fathers in this ethnic case. This detail is notnecessarily very eloquent, as it can be the result of mere chance, but it is nonetheless interesting forthe way it makes the family environment of the auxiliary troops in Dacia to emerge.

Thracian names are also common in the auxiliary troops of Dacia. Their presence is quitenatural, as they are up to some point related to the pre-existing cultural substance of the province, aswell as to its geographical location. Thracian names appear, unlike the Celtic ones, but resemblingthe Italic ones, mainly in inscriptions. In their case as well, it appears a consistent disparity betweenthe military and the names of other characters, in definite favour of the first category (Chart no. 2and Annex no. 2). As mentioned above, the Thracian soldiers come from in diverse troops, none ofthem being explicitly Thracian. The two names of male children that have been granted

citizenship22

are unfortunately fragmentary the Thracian etymology appears most likely for them,but with no absolute certainty and it can be neither associated with the names of fathers nor otherfamily members. An interesting case not unique, but illustrative of how the children are named in

13IDR I 14 (Aulenus Her f.).14IDR II 338 (Gaius i Rufus).15CIL III 294 (Gemellus, Terentius, Titus Deci sive Desi etc.).16Whittaker 2004, 4.17For example, IDR I 2.18Gallionus Suadali f. Boius in Coh. I Cretum sagittariorum (ILD 12).19Such names are Quintus (IDR III/3, 183, with its feminine form Quinta in ILD 13; Onomasticon IV 20; Kajanto1965, 16), Primus (Onomasticon III, 161), Potens (Onomasticon III 156), Lucana (Onomasticon III 33) etc.

20Such names are Quintus (IDR III/3, 183, with feminine variant Quinta n ILD 13; Onomasticon IV 20; Kajanto1965, 16), Primus (Onomasticon III, 161), Potens (Onomasticon III 156), Lucana (Onomasticon III 33) etc.21I employ the term cultural with its most vast meaning, targeting society, religion, education, family environment etc.22ILD 17, 28.


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this eclectic environment is that when, in an Illyrian troop we encounter a character bearing aThracian name, but an Illyrian patronymic. This is an interesting evidence for a mixed culturalheritage and most probably a mixed family23.

The next numerical group is the Semitic (Syro-Pamlyrean) one. Within this group it can beperfectly proved, on a small scale, the remark concerning the eclecticism of the family environmentof the peregrines bound to the auxiliary forces of Dacia: A single preserved diploma mentions a

Syrian soldier's family. His wife and part of his children bare Italic names24

. One child is namedArsama25, an Iranian name which can be considered as well as an influence of the cultural luggageof the father and another one a special case again is called Achilleus, Greek name in a Latinizedform. It is noted that the supposed conservatism of the Asian groups is not necessarily confirmed(this conclusion is not based, of course, on this single case, but on the study of all the peregrinesfrom Dacia26). It is obvious on Chart no. 2 that the percentage of Semitic names is the same forsoldiers and for those associated with them (although the relevance of this detail is relative, becauseof the very small number of names; the latter statement is valid for the following onomasticcategories as well). Finally, it is worth mentioning that the peregrine bearers of Semitic names aresolely encountered in troops with a certified and explicitly stated regional character.

Greek names appear in the civil environment in a very high percentage, which makes their

usefulness, just as that of the Italic names, rather low. They are not usually the sufficient indicativefor stating that the bearer had actual roots in the Greek language part of the Empire or in a Greekgroup. In the military, however, Greek names show up in a much smaller percentage. They mainly(almost exclusively) come from the diplomata. Here, inside the category of Greek names, we have arare case, when the "ethnic" of the fathers name coincides with that of all his children27. Thus,Eupator Eumeni, gives citizenship to five children (four boys and a girl), all of them bearing Greeknames. We do not know the mother's name, but we can fairly assume she as well had an Eastern

background. Worth mentioning is that this Greek gregaliss troop was a vexilattio EquitumIllyricorum further evidence for the variety and diversity of the auxiliary environment. Anyhow,this is one of the very few cases where we can speak with certainty about an Eastern background, ofGreek culture, among theperegrini of Dacia.

The next class is that of the Illyrian names. In the civil environment, their abundance islargely due to the special historical circumstances that favoured the discoveries of Alburnus Maior.If the Roia Montan Illyrian names are excluded from the statistics, the Italic and Greek names

prevail without doubt among the peregrines of Dacia. In the military environment, this category israther poorly represented, with a rate of only 5%. The proportion military diplomas - inscriptions isclose to 1, and the characters are exclusively military (Annex II). Thus, we have no spouses orchildren mentioned in diplomas, and for the funeral inscriptions, we either do not know who erectedthe soldiers monument28, or they were raised by heirs29, not by family members. The troops wherewe encounter Illyrian names are very diverse, from the atypical Numerus Maurorum Miciensium30,to the "commonplace" Numerus Illyricorum31.

The following and last groups are the Germanic and Iranian ones. They are weakly - almostinsignificantly represented, through percentages of 2% and 1%. The Germanic names are problematicin terms of onomastical identification and can be confused with the Celtic ones. We have catalogued thenames taken here into consideration32of Germanic rather than Celtic background, especially because oftheir association with Ala I Tungrorum Frontoniana. They are the names of a daughter and a son who

23Coca Tyru f. Sardica in Numerus Equitum Illyricorum (ILD 35).24ILD 20.25Dana 2007, 70.26For a few examples outside Dacia, see Dana 2007, 74.27IDR I 10.28IDR III/3, 176; IDR III/5, 585.

29IDR II 45; IDR III/5, 522.30IDR III/3, 176 (is Dassi even if we only have the patronymic preserved, it reveals a certain family background for the bearer).31IDR III/5, 585 (Tutor Silvani, who has a mixed name the ethnic of his own name is not in accord to that of the patronymic).32L. Aponia i Lelius (CIL III 801) and Cittius Ioivai (CIL III 807).


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erected the funerary monument for their soldier father and the name of an eques33of the mentioned ala.Arsama34is the only Iranian name and it had been already properly discussed.

For a better understanding and integration of the peregrines of the military environment, I willsubsequently provide some data on the civilian peregrines attested in Dacia. A complete image of thenames - and thus, implicitly, although relatively, of ethnicity, cultural background and / or areas oforigin identified for the peregrines of this province35is given by Chart no. 3. What the comparison of

the overall image with the more restrictive one of the military environment first puts into light is thepercentage of Celtic and Thracian names, far greater in the latter. They are quite common in the extra-military environment as well, but not with a comparable ratio. Unlike the Italic and Greek names, theycan be better linked to a certain local or regional cultural background or a specific area of provenienceof the bearer or his family. Italic names occupy the first position in both cases. But the Greek onesappear as a rarity among soldiers and their families, while their share in the overall of the peregrinesfrom Dacia is considerably large. The other categories appear in insignificant percentages either in thecivil environment, or in the military, thus disabling any relevant comparison.

To complete the picture of the peregrine environment created around the auxilia Daciae, itwould be necessary to take a look at the citizens who appear on the investigated inscriptions. I begin bymentioning that, generally, citizens do not appear on the inscriptions of these peregrine characters,

connected in a way or the other to the military environment. There are some inscriptions (2, specifically),where two prospective citizens appear. Both are heirs, most likely of two deceased soldiers 36. Also,some of the soldiers mentioned by diplomas seem to have had previous citizenship37. However, theinscriptions belonging to the military environment, but ignoring any peregrine presence, are not meantto be analyzed in this study, being the possible topic of a future research.

What we can say about the peregrine environment engaged by the military factor is that itshows up as being rather well represented, compared to the civilian situation. The soldiers and theirfamilies represent about 25% of the peregrines certified in Dacia, a percentage quite significant.

The characters discussed in this paper generally bear simple names. However, because ofthe link with the military troops, we have a higher percentage than among civilians of names thatcan be considered indicators of an authentic ethnic and / or cultural heritage. All the data structuredabove give us a clearer and more complete view on the relationship between the auxiliary troops

basic profile and the soldiers who compose them, on the family relationships of the military in afrontier-province such as Dacia, marked by acceptance of eclecticism or by conservativeness, but aswell as on our overall pattern of theperegrinifrom the province of Dacia.

33For him, his brother and heir erect the monument; his name is the Italic Iustus.34ILD 20.35Varga 2008, 242.

36IDR II 45 - Linda Severus (heir) might be a citizen; IDR III/3, 172 - Valeria Cara Flavia (?); we dont exactly knowher position, is probably a citizen.37 IDR I 1 (M. Ulpius Adcobrovati f. Novantico), 3 (M. Ulpius Sacci f. Longinus Belgus), ILD 10 (M. HerenniusPolymita Berensius).


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Bibliography

ARDEVAN, R., 1993, O inscripie romande la Gherla, Tibiscum, 8, Caransebe, p. 75-78.ARDEVAN, R., 2007, The Ala II pannoniorum in Dacia, Apulum, 44, Alba Iulia, p. 139-152.ARDEVAN, R., WOLLMANN, V., 2007, Cteva inscripii descoperite la Iliua, Revista

Bistriei, 21, 1, Bistria, p. 241-253.

DANA, D, 2007, Traditions onomastiques, brassages et mobilit de populations daprs undiplme militaire pour la Dacie Suprieur de 123 (RGZM 22), Acta Musei Napocensis, 41-42/1,2004-2005 (2007), Cluj-Napoca, p. 69-74.

DETSCHEW, D., 1957, Die thrakischen Sprachreste, Wien.

DUANI, S., 1986,Pre Severan Diplomata and the Problem of Special Grants, n: Eck,W., Wolff H., Heer und Integrationspolitik. Die Rmische Militrdiplome als Historiche Quelle,Kln, Wien, p. 190240.

ECK, W., PANGERL, A., 2008, Neue Diplome fur die dakischen Provinzen, Acta MuseiNapocensis, 43-44/I, 2006-2007 (2008), Cluj-Napoca, p. 185-210.

HOLDER, A., 1896-1907, Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz, 3 vol., Leipzig.HUSAR, A., 1999, Celi i germani n Dacia roman, Cluj-Napoca.KAJANTO, I., 1965, The Latin cognomina, Helsinki.KATII, R., 1964, Namengebung im rmischen Dalmatien, Die Sprache, 10, 1,

Wiesbaden, p. 23-33.

PHANG, S., 2001, The marriage of Roman soldiers (13 B. C. A. D. 235). Law and familyin the imperial army, Leiden, Boston, Kln.

MANN, J. C., 1985,Epigraphical consciousness, Journal of Roman Studies, 75, St. Andrew, p. 204-206.PROTASE, D., 1969, lments ethniques thraces et illyres dans Ala II Pannoniorum de

Dacie, n: Bibauw, J., Hommages Marcel Renard, Bruxelles, p. 634-638.RUSSU, I. I., 1944, Onomasticon Daciae, Anuarul Institutului de Stusii Clasice, 4, 1941-

1944, Cluj-Napoca, p. 186-233.RUSSU, I. I., 1966,Note epigrafice (IX), Acta Musei Napocensis, 3, Cluj-Napoca, p. 451-459.RUSSU, I. I., 1969, Illirii. Istoria, limba i onomastica, romanizarea, Bucureti.

SALOMIES, O., 1987, Die rmischen Vornamen. Studien zur rmischen Namengebung, Helsinki.SOLIN, H, 1971, Beitrge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, I,

Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum, 48, Helsinki.SOLIN, H, 2003, Die griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Berlin, New York.

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VARGA, R., 2008, The peregrine names from Dacia, Acta Musei Napocensis, 43-44, I,

2006-2007 (2008), Cluj-Napoca, p. 233-246.VITTINGHOFF, F., 1971, Die rechtliche Stellung der canabae legionis und dieHerkunftsangabe castris, Chiron 1, Mnchen, 299318.

VITTINGHOFF, F., 1994, Civitas Romana. Stadt und politisch-soziale Integration imImperium Romanum der Kaiserzeit, (Eck W., ed.), Stuttgart.

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Ethnical

groups

No. of

names

No. of names

from diplomas

No.

of diplomas

No. of names

from nscriptions

No. of

inscriptions

Italic38 35 13 939 22 1840

Celtic41 31 21 942 10 843

Thracian44 25 10 845 15 1246

Semitic47 14 9 648 5 349

Greek

50

9 8 3

51

1 1

52

Illyrian53 7 3 354 4 455

Germanic56 3 0 0 3 257

Iranian58 1 1 159 0 0

Table I. Ethnical structure of the peregrine names from the military environment.

Chart no. 1. The ratio of peregrines names in the auxiliary troops of Dacia.

38Kajanto 1965; Salomies 1987.39IDR I 2, 14, 18, 19; ILD 10, 13, 18, 20, 32.40IDR II 338; IDR III/1, 2; IDR III/3, 88, 104 i 116, 111, 123; IDR III/4, 319; IDR III/5, 615; ILD 692, 706, 805; CILIII 294*, 805, 807, 6245, 7635; Russu 1966, 456-457.41Holder 1896-1907.42IDR I 3, 4, 7, 17; ILD 10, 12, 13, 14, 18.43IDR III/3, 133, 172, 183; CIL III 294*, 766, 801; Ardevan, Wollmann 2007, 245.44

Detschew 1957; Zahariade 2009, 320-325.45IDR I 13, 16, 20; ILD 17, 28, 32, 35; Eck, Pangerl 2008, 19446IDR II , 611; IDR III/1, 163; IDR III/5, 558, 559; ILD 440, 690; CIL III 294*, 799, 809; Russu 1944 p. 212, nr. 33;Russu 1969, 244; Ardevan 1993.47Stark 1971; Zgusta 1964.48IDR I, 2, 5, 6, 8, 15; ILD 20.49IDR III/1, 167, 170; CIL III, 837.50Solin1971; Solin 2003.51IDR I 10; ILD 15, 20.52IDR III/5, 615;.53Katii1964, 23-33; Russu 1969.54IDR I 7, 11; ILD 38.55IDR II 45; IDR III/3, 176; IDR III/5, 522, 585.

56For the Germanic names, the bibliography is awfully scarce. For Dacia, Husar 1999, 71-104, can be used.57CIL III 801, 807.58Dana 2007.59ILD 20.


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Chart no. 2. Compared ratio of the soldiers names and the namesof the other characters from the military environment.

Chart no. 3. The peregrine names of Dacia.

Annexes

Annex no.1.Theperegrini of the province Dacia.


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Ethnical

groups

No. of

names

No. of names

from diplomas

No. of

diplomas

No. of names

from inscriptions

No. of

inscriptions

Italic 21 3 360 18 1461

Thracian 18 6 662 12 1163

Celtic 14 4 964 10 865

Semitic 8 6 6

66

2 2

67

Illyrian 7 3 368 4 469

Greek 2 2 270 0 0

Germanic 1 0 0 1 171

Annex no. 2. The comparative structure of the soldiers namesand the names of the other characters. Table no. 1. The soldiers names.

Ethnical

groups

No. of

names

No. of names

from diplomas

No. of

diplomas

No. of names

from inscriptions

No. of

inscriptions

Celtic 18 17 772 1 173

Italic 14 10 674 4 475

Semitic 6 3 176 3 277

Greek 6 6 278 0 0

Thracian 7 4 379 3 280

Germanic 2 0 0 2 181

Iranian 1 1 182 0 0

Annex no. 2. The comparative structure of the soldiers namesand the names of the other characters. Table no. 2. The other characters names.

60IDR I 14, 18, 19.61IDR II 338; IDR III/1, 2; IDR III/3, 88, 104 i 106, 111, 123; IDR III/4, 319; ILD 692, 805; CIL III 294*, 6245, 7635;Russu 1966, 456-457.62IDR I 16, 20, 13; ILD 32, 35; Eck, Pangerl 2008, 194.63IDR II 611; IDR III/1, 163; IDR III/5, 558, 559; ILD 690; CIL III 294*, 799, 809; Russu 1944, p. 212, nr. 33; Russu1969, p. 244; Ardevan 1993.64IDR I 3, 4, 7, 17; ILD 10, 12, 13, 14, 18.65IDR III/3, 133, 172, 183; IDR III/5, 615; CIL III 294*, 766, 801; Ardevan, Wollmann 2007, 245.66IDR I 2, 5, 6, 8, 15; ILD 20.67

IDR III/1, 167; CIL III 837.68IDR I 7, 11; ILD 38.69IDR II 45; IDR III/3, 176; IDR III/5, 522, 585.70IDR I 10; ILD 15.71CIL III 807.72 IDR I 3, 4, 7; ILD 10 (even if the massive presence of Lucana name in Gallia is not an indicator of origin, weconsider it Celtic Onomasticon III 33), 13, 14, 18.73CIL III 766.74IDR I 2; ILD 10, 13, 18, 20, 32.75IDR III/5, 615; ILD 706; CIL III 805, 807.76IDR I 2; ILD 20.77IDR III/1, 167, 170.78IDR I 10; ILD 20.

79ILD 17, 28, 32.80IDR III/5, 558, 559; ILD 440.81CIL III 801.82ILD 20.


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Analele Universitii Cretine Dimitrie Cantemir, Bucureti, Seria Istorie Serie nou, Anul 1, Nr. 4, 2010, p. 184-186ISSN 2068 3766 (online); ISSN 2068 3758 (CD-ROM); ISSN 1584 3343 (print)

Abbreviations

A.M.A.E. The Archives of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bucharest

Abwehr Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (German MilitaryIntelligence; in German: defense)

ActaMP Acta Musei Porolissensis. Anuarul Muzeului Judeean Slaj, Zalu

b. born

cal. calibrated (radiometric data)

CC of RWP Central Committee of Romanian Workers PartyCHNA, CC of RCP-Chancellery Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party

Chancellery Collection (hereafter)

CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin.

CIMEC Institutul de Memorie Cultural, Ministerul Culturii i Cultelor, Bucureti

CLEMAM Check List of European Marine Mollusca, Musum National dHistoire Naturelle,Paris: http://www.somali.asso.fr/clemam

Col. collection

com. comuna (commune)coord. coordinator

Corviniana Corviniana. Acta Musei Corvinensis, Muzeul Castelul Corvinetilor,Hunedoara

d. dead

Dacia Dacia. Recherches et dcouvertes archologiques en Roumanie, Bucureti

Dacia, NS Dacia. Revue darchologie et dhistoire ancienne, Nouvelle Srie, Bucureti

Dpto Dipartamento

Drobeta Drobeta. Anuarul Muzeului Porilor de Fier, Drobeta-Turnu SeverinECSC The European Coal and Steel Community

ed(s). editor(s)

ERAUL tudes et recherches archologiques de lUniversit de Lige, Lige

ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (in Basque: Basque Homeland and Freedom)

EU European Union

FMES La Fondation Mditerranenne dtudes Stratgiques

i.p. in press


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IDR Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae, Bucureti, ParisILD Petolescu, C. C.,Inscripiile latine din Dacia, Bucureti, 2005

jud. jude(county)

KFOR Kosovo Force (NATO)

LGM Last Glacial Maximum

Lt.col. lieutenant-colonel

M.R.P. The Republican Popular Movement

Materiale Materiale i cercetri arheologice, Bucureti

MemAntiq Memoria Antiquitatis. Acta Musei Petrodavensis, Muzeul Judeean de IstorieNeam, Piatra Neam

Mmoires de la SPF Mmoires de la Socit Prhistorique Franise, Paris

MNI Minimum number of individuals (archaeozoology)

MSD Medzinrodn sdny dvor

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NOMENCLATOR Mcsy, A., Feldmann, R., Marton, E., Szilgy, M., Nomenclator,Dissertationes Pannonicae III, 1, Budapest, 1983

NR Number of rests (archaeozoology)

O.S.D. Overseas Surveys Directorate

ONOMASTICON Onomasticon provinciarum Europae Latinarum: I Lrincz, B., Red,F., Budapest 1994; II Lrincz, B., Wien 1999; III Lrincz, B., Wien 2000; IV Lrincz, B.,Wien 2002

P.C.F. The French Communist Party

P.R.L. Republican Party of Liberty

P.R.S. Republican Syndicalist Party

pl. plate(s)

Prhistorische Zeitschrift Prhistorische Zeitschrift, Berlin-New York

PUF Presses Univrsitaires de France, Paris

R.I. Independent Radicals

R.P.F. Rassemblement du Peuple FranaisRevBist Revista Bistriei, Complexul Muzeal Judeean Bistria-Nsud, Bistria

RPR Popular Republic of Romania

S.F.I.O. The Socialist Party-The French Section of the International Workers Movement

SCIVA Studii i cercetri de istorie veche i arheologie, Bucureti

sp. species

Speomond Speomond. Revista Federaiei Romne de Speologie, Bucureti

SSI Romanian Armys Intelligence Service

tab. cer. tabula(e) cerata(e)

Tibiscus Tibiscus. Anuarul Muzeului Banatului, Timioara


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U.D.S.R. The Socialist-Democrat Union for Resistance

U.S.A. United States of America

UCK Ushtria lirimtare e Kosovs

UISPP Union Internationale des Sciences prhistoriques et protohistoriques delUNESCO, Paris

UN United Nations

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

vol. volume

(). ., 2004

M. , Moscow

.

. -(Saint-Petersburg)

Documents

The Military Peregrini of Dacia