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The “Middle” Medieval Period, 1000-1200. World History - Libertyville HS. Middle Ages Characteristics. Agricultural More land was under cultivation because land was political POWER Side effect was a dramatic increase in population & increase in revenue for the owner of land Tech developments - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The “Middle” Medieval Period, 1000-1200
World History - Libertyville HS
Middle Ages Characteristics• Agricultural– More land was under
cultivation because land was political POWER
– Side effect was a dramatic increase in population & increase in revenue for the owner of land
– Tech developments• Spread of iron tools• Better harnessing of animals• Use of wind, water driven mills
for food processing
Middle Ages Characteristics• Social– From 1000 to about
1300, a population boom occurred
– Population doubled• In 1000 = 36 million• In 1300 = 79 million• In 1500 = 81 million
– By comparison, Islamic population was steady or slightly declining
Middle Ages Characteristics• Social, continued– Primogeniture led to
aggressive adventures of colonization and conquest• Younger sons sought their
fortune wherever they could• Influenced crusades, giving
younger sons somewhere to try to carve out a land of their own
– Peasants were enserfed, becoming tied to the land until after the Bubonic Plague (about 1400s)
Middle Ages Characteristics
• Economic– Increase in agriculture drove
expansion of trade– Markets rewarded farmers for
their increased production– Towns and cities benefited
from increased trade b/c people moved from farms to cities
– Emerging world markets• Following crusades, Islamic
trade goods in demand• Goods = spices, luxury goods
Middle Ages Characteristics
• Rise of Guilds, around 1100– Guild was an association of
craftsmen of a particular trade
– Examples = blacksmiths; tailors, merchants
– Controlled access into their craft, who maintained the quality of work and price structure
– Strict hierarchy of guild maintained
Grand-masterMaster
Craftsman
Journeyman
Apprentice
Middle Ages Characteristics
• Political– Slow process of political
consolidation– Political reality was that
power would go to whomever could control his vassals and attract adventurers to his cause
Middle Ages Characteristics• Church corruption increasing– Priests were marrying– Simony: church selling
positions in church to rich people
• Reaction and reforms– Rise of monastic orders
• Strict vow of poverty, chastity• Set example for others
– Papal reforms were mainly strictly enforcing rules against marriage, simony
What was going on in France?• Northern France settled by
Vikings in 900s– “Normans” began conquering
other parts of Europe, like Sicily, Southern Italy (& England)
– Dukes of France = Normandy, Anjou, Brittany, Burgundy, Provence) very powerful – often stronger than the king
• Capetian Dynasty controlled French throne for 800 years, but spent most of their time fighting with and marrying into the Ducal families
What was going on in England?• Angles & Saxons (Germanic
tribes) invaded Roman Britain• Became Christian by 700• Viking attacks terrorized England
after 793• Invasion by Normans in 1066
– Normandy was a part of Northern France settled by Vikings
– William the Conqueror was the Duke of Normandy
– Invaded, defeated last Anglo-Saxon King of England at the Battle of Hastings
– French speaking Normans became rulers of England
What was going on in …?• The Holy Roman Empire?
– Otto’s heirs lost right of investiture to church
– By 1300, HRE decentralized– Became a loosely controlled area equal
in size to modern day Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland
• Eastern Europe?– Poland: pagan, became Christian by
966 AD– Hungary: Magyars; became Christian in
1000 AD• Italy?
– Papal States: Pope ruled as monarch– Popes became corrupted by secular
power
HRE in 1050
HRE in 1300
What was going on in…• Spain?– Following Islamic conquest in
700s, Catholics, Muslims and Jewish people lived in uneasy peace
– Muslim centers of learning included Cordoba, Seville
– Reconquista• Gradual re-conquest, over 700
years, of Spain by Catholic forces
• Catholics slaughtered Jewish and Muslims alike, “purifying” Spain