THE MIDDLE EAST

Everything you didn’t want to know but need to pass the test

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BASICS Three continents: Africa, Asia and

Europe Four resources: Oil, copper, salt and

phosphate Home to Arabs, Jews, Christians,

Palestinians and various combinations of those groups.

Arab: Anyone whose native language is Arabic.

NAME THE COUNTRY AND CAPITAL

1

2

345

1) EGYPT2) YEMEN3) IRAN4) IRAQ5) ISRAEL

SUMERIANS(WHO WERE THEY, WHERE DID THEY DEVELOP THEIR CIVILIZATION)

First civilization in the Middle EastLocated in the Fertile Crescent

Settled there because of water supply, lots of food and good soil for growing crops.

Believed the gods were the cause of all disasters and good fortune.

PHOENICIANS (WHAT DID THEY DEVELOP)?

Developed the alphabet which has become the one used today.

Spread their culture without a centralized empire through small city-states and trade.

CREATION OF ISRAEL (WHAT YEAR AND HOW?)-

Israel was created in 1948 by the United Nations.

Immediately attacked by Arab neighbors

Its creation led to several wars that allowed it to expand and gain more land.

Creation of Israel destroyed Palestine, displaced Palestinians.

Palestinians control Gaza Strip and West Bank

SADDAM HUSSEIN Ruler of Iraq who was involved in

the Persian Gulf war, the Iran/Iraq war and the Iraq war.

Leader of the Baath Party who used terror and violence to solve problems, even against his own people.

Came to power through the military.

Tried and hanged because of Massacre at Dujail, when he killed 148 people.

ISLAM Followers are called Muslims. Mosques are holy worship sites for

Muslims. Five Pillars:

Prayer Fasting Charity Pilgrimage Declaration

OTTOMAN EMPIRE Millets- Non-Muslim areas controlled by the

Ottoman Empire that were ruled by their own religious leaders but owed tribute to the sultan.

Dardanelles – Straits that provided access to Ottoman Empire from Europe, were critical in both the Siege of Constantinople and World War I.

Janissaries – Elite guard of the Ottoman Empire, first to wear uniforms. Formed under Mehmed II

Chose to expand west because it was Christian, not Muslim controlled.

OTTOMANS AND CONSTANTINOPLE Mehmed II- Ottoman Ruler who

successfully took Constantinople from the Byzantine Empire in 1453

Ottomans (Muslim) vs. Byzantine Empire (Christian)

Importance: When the city fell and the Christians fled to Europe it brought the ideas of the Middle East to Europe and caused the Renaissance.

SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE Cannons – Orban designed huge cannon to destroy

the walls, largely ineffective. 

Boom – Large chain strung across the Golden Horn to prevent Mehmed’s ships from surrounding the city.

Tunnels – Ottomans dug but Byzantines caught and put mines on the ground to prevent.

Kerkoporta- Gate left open by Byzantine troops that allowed Ottomans to get into the city.

WORLD WAR I AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Ottoman empire in decline Eastern question Ottomans support Germany and

Austria/Hungary France and Britain attempt to take

Istanbul through Dardanelles, Mustafa Kemal defends.

ATATURK Mustafa Kemal, renamed Father of

the Turks. Lead Turkish Youth Day revolution

on May 19, 1919. Created modern Turkey and moved

capital from Istanbul (originally Constantinople) to Ankara.

ATATURK’S REFORMS Gave women the right to vote,

own property Implemented surnames Removed Religious law from

constitution Removed requirement that

women wear headgear Created Public education system.

THREE RELIGIONS Christianity, Judaism and Islam What do they have in common?

Believe in Father figure of Abraham Believe in existence of Jesus Christ Believe in prayer, good works and holy

book None condone adultery Have a holy site in Jerusalem

HOLY BOOKS Judaism:

The Torah Christianity:

The Bible (Old Testament is the Torah.)

Islam: The Qu’ran

HOLY SITES IN JERUSALEM Islam:

Dome of the Rock: Where Muhammad ascended to Heaven

Judaism: Western Wall: Last wall of the temple of Herod,

believed to be where God resides on Earth. Christianity:

Church of the Holy Sepulchre – Believed to be where Jesus was crucified, buried and resurrected

PERSIANS ENCOURAGED TRADE BY … Building good roads

Encouraging peace in the empire

Developing universal system of coinage

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLDTaj Mahal Great Wall of China

SEVEN WONDERS CONTINUEDPetra Chichen Itza

SEVEN WONDERS CONTINUEDChrist the Redeemer

Machu Picchu

AND FINALLY …