The Middle Ages

Part III

The VikingsWere the most feared invaders and entered

Europe for three main reasons:

1. They were fighting amongst themselves.

2. Their homeland couldn’t support a growing population.

3. Many Vikings were driven by a desire for adventure.

The VikingsThey sailed in fast, strong ships and often attacked at night. They took everything they

could, and destroyed what they could not take with them.

Their greatest destruction occurred in Ireland, England, and France. Viking raids

continued in Europe until 1000 AD.

The First Crusade

1096-1099 Marches across Europe to ConstantinopleWool and leather garments – very hotShortage of food and waterPope Urban II died two weeks after crusaders captured Jerusalem on July 15, 1099

Pope Urban II called for the 1st Crusade to regain the holy land (Palestine) from the

Muslims.

The Second Crusade

In 1144, Edessa was reconquered by the Turks. This Crusade was organized to recapture the city, but its armies returned home in defeat.

The Third Crusade

Also known as the King’s Crusade because three powerful kings took part: Philip Augustus (France), Richard the Lionheart (England), Frederick I (Germany)

Richard will sign a truce with Saladin dealing with the Holy Lands in 1192.

Later Crusades

Crusaders took control of Constantinople in 1204 during the 4th Crusade.

5th - 7th were aimed at North Africa; became weak against Muslim counter-attacks; lost Jerusalem and never regained control.

Results of the Crusades

Lost Jerusalem and Holy Lands

Respect was lost for religious figure heads.

Constantinople never would regain its power and prestige.

Increased hatred between Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

Feudalism In England

England was made up of small Anglo- Saxon Kingdoms until the end of the 1000’s.

The Normans would then invade and conquer England under William Duke of Normandy around 1050.

In 1066, William the Conqueror crossed the English Channel and defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings.

Leaders of England

Henry II would strengthen England’s hold on French lands and create juries.

Richard I “Lionheart” held French lands.

John I lost French lands to Philip II of France.

Magna Carta established set up between the king of England and his nobles. Established no taxation without representation, due process of law, and limited monarchy.

The Hundred Years War

War between England and France fought on French soil.1337-1453 (116 years)In 1429, Joan of Arc began a drive that forced the English out of France eventually.

The Hundred Years’ War

Two important developments: 1. Two new weapons:

Longbow

Cannon 2. English parliament temporarily gained more power over the King.

The War of the RosesStruggle between York and Lancaster families for the English throne.

1455-1485

Yorkists – White Rose

Lancasters –Red Rose

Henry Tudor ended the war by defeating Yorkist King Richard III,

Henry seized the throne and married a Yorkist.

Joan of Arc

Uneducated and poor peasant girl.Heard voices telling her to leave her small village and help defend the city of Orleans, which was under English attack.Inspired by her French troops rallied and saved the city defeating the English.

The Demise of Joan of Arc

Convicted of heresy and witchcraft.

Burned at the stake by the English on May 30, 1431.

In 1920, the Church declared her a saint.

Philip IV of France

Demanded that clergy pay taxes to the national treasury.He angered Pope Boniface VIII.

Boniface VIII was brought to trial, and after his death the power of the papacy declined.

Philip IV of France

Appointed Clement V the new pope and moved him to Avignon in France where it remained for 67 years.

Great Schism referred to the division between the Church. One pope ruled from Rome while the other ruled from Avignon.

John Wycliffe

Christian scholar who challenged the authority of the pope.Encouraged translation of the Bible from Latin to English.He taught that the Bible was more powerful than the pope.