THE MIDDLE AGES

Europe AD 500-1500

PeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodization

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

After fall of Rome, chaos ensues- wars, no trade, signs of advanced civilization disappear in Europe

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Conditions improve as Monarchs provide security / economic growth- begin to build nations

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Progressive thinking eventually leads to increased democracy, technology, science, etc… Renaissance, Reformation

Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6c

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

•Frankish King c. 800 AD

•Clovis had already allied with Franks Roman Catholic Church

•Unites Present day France, Germany, N. Italy into empire

•Works with church- spreads Christianity throughout W.Europe

•Values education= schools, textbooks, etc

•Sets up strong gov’t = model for future kings

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800•Christian Pope crowns King successor to Roman Emperor

•Revives ideal of united Christian community

•Widens split between E / W Christians

•Power struggles in future- who’s in charge- king or pope? State or church?

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Lord= Landowner Fief= Land Knight= Mounted Warrior (owes lord)

Vassal= pledge loyalty to lord in return for landholdings

Chivalry= Knights code of conduct

Page= Young boy training to be knight (start at 7) Squire= Apprentice of knight

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood

KNIGHT

SQUIRE

PAGE

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

Manor = Estate

Serf= Peasant, bound to land

Slave= Peasant, property of lord

Peasant= Work for lord in exchange for protection, place to live, and food

The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church

filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.

monasticism:

St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

provided schools for the children of the upper class.

inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.

libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.

monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.

the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.

tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.

curb heresies crusades; Inquisition

tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William “Duke of Normandy”- Brings knights from France and becomes King Of England

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

King John IKing John I

“Great Charter”

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

Legal rights of individuals protected

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.

eventually called Parliament. (parler = “to talk”)- given power to tax (power over monarch)

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

Muslims vs ChristiansMuslims vs Christians

• Battle of Tours 732- Christians win and remain in Battle of Tours 732- Christians win and remain in control of W. Europecontrol of W. Europe

• Muslim Turks take control of Palestine / Jerusalem Muslim Turks take control of Palestine / Jerusalem - “Holy Land”- “Holy Land”

• Leads to European Christian “Crusades” to Leads to European Christian “Crusades” to recapture landrecapture land

• Turks conquer Constantinople – 1453– Why was this an important event? Renamed “Istanbul”- new capital of Ottoman Empire

THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES

-Catholic Church = only religious

group in Europe

-Pope = head of Catholic Church• -services/Bible in Latin• -most don’t speak Latin• -church speaks for God• -heresy = going against the church• -it can be punished by death

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade•1095 Calls on Europeans

to join Christian crusade to recapture Palestine, Jerusalem from Muslims

•200 years of religious wars ensue- Christians vs. Muslims

•1099 Christians capture Jerusalem, massacre Jews, Muslims

• Within 100 years, Muslims regain land- bloody religious war goes on

•Leaves legacy of mistrust, hatred

Why Would People Join Why Would People Join the Crusades?the Crusades?

• Pope promises trip to heaven for dieing in the Pope promises trip to heaven for dieing in the name of Godname of God

• Pope promises forgiveness of all sinsPope promises forgiveness of all sins• Glory and AdventureGlory and Adventure• Get out of jail / relief of debtGet out of jail / relief of debt

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Outcomes of CrusadesOutcomes of Crusades

• -European Christians fight Muslims for 200

years - Muslims win, control Holy Land• Increased trade between Asia and Europe-

Crusaders introduced to new goods and technology

• Classical ideas reintroduced to Western Europeans- literature, art of Greco-Roman civilization

Crusades Writing AssignmentCrusades Writing Assignment

• You are a Crusader having just achieved victory on You are a Crusader having just achieved victory on the First Crusade. Write a letter back home to tell the First Crusade. Write a letter back home to tell your family about the experience. Include:your family about the experience. Include:

– How you heard about itHow you heard about it– Why you decided to goWhy you decided to go– Details of the journeyDetails of the journey– What happened in JerusalemWhat happened in Jerusalem– What you will do next- are you coming back home or What you will do next- are you coming back home or

staying?staying?– Predictions for the future- what does the future hold for Predictions for the future- what does the future hold for

Jerusalem?Jerusalem?

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

EDUCATION

•Church and Gov’t need educated people

•Political and economic conditions improving

•Mostly wealthy sons go to university

Oxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford University

Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade

Medieval Economy ImprovesMedieval Economy ImprovesMedieval Economy ImprovesMedieval Economy Improves

Commercial Revolution:

Merchants join together- pool funds= bigger business, more $ (corporations)

Insurance- owners look to protect shipments, investments

Banks hold money- doesn’t have to be carried on trade route

By the end of the Middle AgesBy the end of the Middle Ages

– Centralized governments are leading to Centralized governments are leading to stronger nationsstronger nations

– Trade is leading to increased economic Trade is leading to increased economic opportunities, greater availability of goods, opportunities, greater availability of goods, and the spread of technologyand the spread of technology

– Religion has become a dominant force in Religion has become a dominant force in everyday lifeeveryday life

– The struggle between secular and religious The struggle between secular and religious leaders for power has not been settledleaders for power has not been settled

REVIEWREVIEW

REVIEWREVIEW

List 4 geographic advantages of List 4 geographic advantages of Europe that helped them prosperEurope that helped them prosper

Name 2 examples of religious conflict Name 2 examples of religious conflict and there impactsand there impacts

What factors led to the Black Death What factors led to the Black Death and how did it spread?and how did it spread?

REVIEWREVIEW

• List 3 important people and explain their impacts List 3 important people and explain their impacts on Europeon Europe

• List 3 important creations, ideas, or inventions from List 3 important creations, ideas, or inventions from the time and explain why they were importantthe time and explain why they were important