The Microbial World and YOUChapter 1

With the person sitting next to you,make a list of all the microorganisms that have either helped or harmed you in your life.

MICROORGANISMS• Tiny organisms usually too small to be

seen with the naked eye• Diseases and illnesses

– AIDS, infections, food poisoning

• Commercial applications– Vitamins, enzymes, drugs

• Important to Ecosystem– Bottom of food chain, decomposers,

photosynthesizers

• Food Industry– Vinegar, pickles, cheese, yogurt and bread

MicrobesMicrobes

FUNGI

EukaryotesUnicellular or multiSexual or asexualDecomposersHyphae and

mycelia

BACTERIAProkaryotesUnicellularPeptidoglycan in cell wallsBinary fissionSeveral shapesFlagella

ARCHAEA

ProkaryoticCell walls lack peptidoglycanExtreme environments

E. coli 10000x magnification

Crenarchaeota, ammonia oxidizing

Entoloma hochstetteri New Zealand

ALGAE

Eukaryotes

Photosynthetic

Cell walls of cellulose

Uni or multicellular

PROTOZOA

Eukaryotes

Unicellular

Variety of shapes and sizes

Sexual or asexual

VIRUSES

Not alive

Nucleic acid and protein

Reproduce only with host machinery

Parasitic

HELMINTHS

Flat and round worms

Microscopic at some point of life cycle

HIV

Review of Nomenclature

• Carolus Linneus• Two name• Genus (capitalized) species (not capitalized)– Examples: Homo sapiens, Bos taurus

• After mentioned, abbreviated with the initial of the genus and the full species name. – Examples: H. sapiens, B. taurus

• Except when it is as the beginning of the sentence

BRIEF HISTORY

HOOKE(1665): observed first cell

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LEEUWENHOEK(1676): 1st live microorganismHobbie collecting microscopes

(400+)

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MORE HISTORY

Spontaneous Generation Debate (1861)

REDI: maggots on meatNEEDHAM/SPALLANZANI:

boiled broth “vital force”

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PASTEUR: curved flask, orgs are present in nonliving matter

• Fermentation (conversion of sugar to alcohol)

• Pasteurization (high heat for short amount of time to kill bacteria that causes spoilage)

Louis Pasteur

• Redi’s Experiment

Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air inMicrobes got caught in the curveConcluded: microbes are present in nonliving matter-air,

liquids, solids

HISTORY CONT….PASTEUR: Germ theory of disease: 1

microorganisms causes 1 disease (after work done by Semmelweis)

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– 1865: silkworm disease caused by protozoanLISTER (1860s): applied germ theory to medical

procedures– Used disinfectants (phenol solution)

KOCH (1876): discovered Bacillus anthracis (bacteria that was destroying cattle)– Koch’s postulates– Est. sequence for directly relating microbe to

diseaseJENNER(1796): smallpox vaccination (vacca = cow)http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Koch

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

HISTORY CONT….

Ehrlich (1910):chemotherapy revolution– Found “magic bullet”– something to hunt down and

destroy pathogen without harming host

– Salvarsan (arsenic derivative against syphilis)

– Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-

18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Fleming (1928): 1st antibioticPenicillium notatumhttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-

18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

HUMAN WELFAREHUMAN WELFARE

• Microbial Ecology– recycle elements of soil and atmosphere

• Sewage Treatment– Bacteria convert organics into CO2, NH3, CH4, etc

• Bioremediation– Remove toxins from wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites and oil spills

– Pseudomanas and Bacillus

• Insect pest Control– Bacillus thuringiensis - alfalfa caterpillars, corn borers, cabbageworms, etc.

• Biotechnology– Recombinant DNA– Gene therapy

• Microbial Ecology– recycle elements of soil and atmosphere

• Sewage Treatment– Bacteria convert organics into CO2, NH3, CH4, etc

• Bioremediation– Remove toxins from wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites and oil spills

– Pseudomanas and Bacillus

• Insect pest Control– Bacillus thuringiensis - alfalfa caterpillars, corn borers, cabbageworms, etc.

• Biotechnology– Recombinant DNA– Gene therapy

HUMAN DISEASE

• Normal microbiota (flora)– WHY?

• Biofilms: complex aggregation of microbes– Tongue (pictured below)

• Infectious diseases• Movie: Emerging Diseases

Question for you…..

• Advertisements tell you that bacteria and viruses are all over your home and that you need to buy antibacterial cleaning products. Should you?

Works Cited• http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Ammonia-Loving-Archaea-Win-Landslide-Majority-2.jpg]

• http://img2.scoop.co.nz/stories/images/0705/d40ac49a6df120748719.jpeg

• http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/stentor.html

• http://cleantechnica.com/files/2008/07/106253991_ebf50013a0_m.jpg

• http://www.scumdoctor.com/images/Pictures-Of-Human-Worm-Parasites.jpg

• http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/c/bgpa/pub/stories/events/images/autumn_workshops/thumbnails/linneaus.jpg