, , i £ » « - ^ S S S » K T . . » . , ^ v * , fesfe^"^*"'

•*r

THE M A S S M i $ • ,,.:p - r

*

*

* WHiir and Marketing

**9t,' - f c c * I t

]' .

j- MAI

^^^"^fes^y^^^^i^

kHV

.' Although American pdultrynien do M>{ lay 'as, much, emphasis on the finrB ihffig of. poultry' for market as do ffttfopeaii 'fojeeders, fattening- iprocess-iepaffe' "gradually' coming i n vogue. Nsenefalry "speaking, It is only the pro-fejfsibnat poultryin,eii that make any fflQit' tb^piace fife fowls in top-notch tnafket condition. This stiould not be

only consumers

•f i&rthin bird is not attractive, as the ik&Hs more or less shriveled, and the SeW" tight' a'gain'st the hones which appear prominently. With this, in inihdi theicpnfp&rison of cost receipts

,. . - „ »—v, ^ —, ,.- ,, , j , - , ,.., 'Shows' a decided advantage'on the • V - v ' - ^ ' ^ J ^ fattened .poultry. For years.

• * : , s l ' : ' - 'V^*,vi^ i i ;*X«^ and ; geese n'aVe had more at-#^ SfeatiSii given'-tbem'ifiiring' thVhigh-|> priced seasons than* chickens,' but this z | isj^ttlf n,ot neces'g&'rily be so,' for * ihicTlgh'is'iin demand for ' the entire

"' ! V ' : ' ^ ' ; ^ ; - ^ e i W i - ^ e r & W f y : - w O ^ # ? ¥ ' ' % ^ 3 i i ' ' ff^fl-e^fundam'ejnfal factor of success-• -» ' sr&\-g u a H ^ i ^ ^ keep the hen quiet.

'-'^iMbtijitJlri^^ cause an accumu-•_, . , . , ....».,>*.-_*._-,'.i~-.,<-*. _i ^ - * * - * . |a1ibir.,of-fat, but 'in.geifaral practice

, (, .. ., ,7_ r..i.„ • 'Woustdm^ to Treed a greater ex-,/.:v: ' ; "i$-lire& ' ^ ; * 6 ^ ' # , i ! p ^ « . ? ^ ^ t M In"the mti6n'than'W0^<$he 'V -Y^a r fl*^''d^^^-'l^SlV^^^^ifeiii^H^Sl1^^#.V^E^-}<temBa**- layfers. fThe rapid-

. , . JlM,:!at-p^'odaciilg'value of the food, tem^ta^im ^i'^altefr|iX^«^^'4r;;^Jaiui^'^.e ability bf the bird'to utilise

:tle- mo>4^l^fe,.;^*^^^fi^fl|;4/\C>|'-'i*|i|^t ayp.&bep up,its vitality under ctp'sej.conlajement. (

,.t ,, , r Mi some* sections where. chickens , ^ i ^ ^ ^l'tl^)Qrt^ir^e^^ii%#^^Ql|^ i%ur «]g tyvm '*ospe6i«flhg? for 'market,' a

. ^ . . f e ^ v ^ - ^ f c ^ ^ ^ ^ i i ^ ^ g ^ . ^ ^ is • continually kept 'before Stem. .'The 'breeds raised are

liSIIBEFJIIlEi ^ . • * • • •

^vantage 4t,Plump F«uitry~-Hfliis ^SlftmKl BtfmW Quiet Tftith Ra-

tions Msmj.

WMW* STUOIED-* l f i | M E I B i STATION

;}B<tMdufli- ? ' » # F Noticed - Trees Beai\^aJ%, Ttow Stand-

SHOULD BE DONE WHEE IN #0R. MAST COlVBITION-THfl ST8- ^

TEHrWHICiBfj9H0UtfBEv

FOLLOWED. ,

Following 3|t | j;equest of the horti­cultural s o ^ p | j , o f New York stata, •tip G e n e v a % p | | t has been conduct­ing a lO^afeSompara t ive test of sfc$nd»;r.d , | 41§£fp? a r f apple trees. .French &r;a£|f)j&.' was used for the standard' tr^SI^di Doucin and French

Al-

r^e sttccessMIy'c]a'ref;;fo;r. ty$SP~W$ty' ...ien.'WindoWi^ • *•," jz-'''---'/:"V'.W'- - iv"-/

'..ihere i s kso4aAd.eatI:^ql|>le^sui!^'M^ having these"' ^^BB^^Sa£t4->P^^i

' season! .an<J, whiie 'ift-Wivili)*-.iKo'«ro'n!t'a<»-' • tiesl,tagK?wi8i$ir

.A.

^-.posaatlfe for t h ^ o m e ^ b l e , ^ ! , ^ ^ ! * -the sraa| l^ffort .gulfed' : i^rCe; | ; |uiS;

. '. ;barb«nd aspar3Ms'-&e^c>^f:.l4}^d;ffi • '"the larger m a r f c e f e ^ / K ^ e s l ' e y , , ! ! ! .; the^ffetmers* Guide,! cJ^Ahu--'i%

•jsjEiiil iSi , Mes»tigatfons Bj4: : -;'\Ap»arei%.,.Solte\'^J^'|U;iiiBli. •..-•' •

' - *Js^.la^eflueatioR^irfrth:\Tvhii"# Isoi j^f . ffrmer^;" ^.^fea'f•'an^|^'»^de^ft¥?|V"' " swers bafe: been^s ; ^ i^ ' ' pee !p te wh;o:

- : H *

•- .^f-Tted V " ,aasw«yr, has- | n s t l i e e & . ^ | l 'by B-oies-./;- so r : - ; 0 - , f t . j d t fp^n^^S | ' ' P^ f iA coi--;., .' .lege- ot, . ^ c u ^ ^ l ' J ^ ^ M s ^ ^ ^ •" -' :«fk Jas5 w e t u ^ / f e a i ^ ^ a t ' ^ - . ^ i i f - ' ' - . , e a ^ i y : > f e « 8 , • t « ^ 6 8 | l ; ^ r m ^ , i ; ^ | , o/', v.V; .*hom« hai|y o a # v-r^Mi 'sepal ::,e'ducaf ,; :,'-13onE •a^et '6ere'Bia^Cer-$ad?feSure4 ••',;'. - -more '• %r*'; H$*. :%0fa0l'<piatofim* •_ i \i While he' reco^niz^f ;th^|fac| 't£(at this v>.=additiohal"' ttse^ife ^, '8%^flfely^fee*

t sp^8i fe le fe r^hf f | e t t l^Sh^lnf 'n jade .V •:

"..ditronat edt£catfe^|%t|';-i'be,ea a« very. " .-^la'abie • iriv^tm!enitV'ffrottt^hfe - stamd--fc', sbfeif of the poe%tl»|)rafe"as'^efl as that. "> ' :o t ' , s^^ . - \ se r^^r t^h leh J s so t so

"Ehef/b^ttei-! •VteSinefl'-r't't«en secured

; th f i se .^%hs v . aa | ^a i* | ; #t i i c t ' yk&ih. ;'^:e^^^i>:.0^^pW! imome i£ the •: 4- ' : :^| ' ;xtturjii '- |^0i |]Ser' ,4lWiiig f per.

A * t

»v*'

; , . ; e^SfgeS'.fw,ict|%^.^4i;^; ".The etlu^a-;-4t ,^dr ifapmer^H^I%iQ.03'e;lanfe o/ a

3.,'J.,i^ed^fro:Bi:-a3^erS^ai3t. baerP-l3i o f

«;-\.;ih>;.ia^ f.he :i^ia|e.ar':wiiIft .the lass jvr-l-e&Hfated ?ia3itv:"refi.fed. nearly two-

;;•'.J-v;fip8sf. . - tN- ' ^ l^ ' ^ s f t e i fa l difference •;>"T4^pea>e^ ^pMgg%ii<i|T;always"to o ?.'-l-;,,«Eeat;;:aii.' %tixs^;':in:}4k^- n'umljer of r' £,'i*«PSs-.hanAfeiL^r"maWWplpyed, the

^aitoSer^d^". | j j |^Jiai t4ied per horse t .and"ifhe-*iftfffl,5?iftiviS?^A * • •

-methpds' o$S$ajfcii% and;fafteamg the bfeds shJoijia •!/&?• actieed • ' ,

!-.*<

car, 4t maycb^ii.Sce^Saiy-^'^cPTefcwth^; taMe ihufc' lt|tfe; exercise. Thua, *wheii plant'k-iftjP* iem^M^H; ;9a<S<JWteX fiiH- growa and4 ready to "sell, they ase' &,^y,-weleoni6v |ofesold-^ea|!xes plump- as- *h©'^mafKet demand's.

WierS .ifeyers* oy^reedafg't^owls. are ps&-'j$hpS isource- of fe-edftte' fre pefe-

dried .winter'-STOpJy^'ttvV/t^,.;.'^. ".-..';t™^^-^~ ^ ^ ^ I ^ - J . a . j i i u j ^ j Branches c t c^i 'e^ ; -^^t le \pJ?f t 'd i -

the gaflie family,, - w ^ ^ & j s m f p s i W , wonderfully ih tb^'feltat^is^i.do^.a'ni are excellent as '» SUbs1|tute",liEtt; Span^; ish onion in saladsIartd;,'0thei;;.dis^e3; Fall grown lettuce; roots may-; be; grown with some success ijl i M s ^ y ; but it is usually ftece§3a'ry to remove such plants to the kitebea--window in the severe weather, Eatisbes, requir-tog less heat, will grow-and, thrive abundantly. ' • , y.,'••>• , ,.•

• I hare taken.".u-p.^esiat^d, pepper .plants and.egg».plaftta ia4-fcsat -th.e» growing in:thejceHar w4nil&s?s iorjtwo

:or ihiet moath^af^i'frflst-contes.-to '• Mil the outeid8;-4t^ts'.> A"tergey,4w4nr •"4&-W- Is' n e e d e d . ^ - t ^ ^ < i a i ^ ; i ^ a ^ i ^ : ^ g » ^ e r 5 r _ ^ . . ' . f o r - t o o t h e r s ^ m ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ : M ^ o a .the f^&rlments see,m,to ..- ..._„.v.L«. .-Jd-irS^l.j iJ^.-,vi5Z.T.) show th'at-tfte^fhernating..beetle can

" <ia&ry':Sie.iii'fepti(>n Cr^m one season to ^^bie^, .pIanta«S,the ne?t year. -The

BEffiflflllE: ;;Fl«EllIlp

Esiferlmentir Show T^iat the Iibseat fair ies Bacteria From One \

Plant to, po ther , ,

; Eeceni- inst igat ions" by pfant path­ologists of the department have es­tablished that the striped, cucumber Jeetle plays' an important and, direct |pari In. spreading ithe.bacteria of wilt of'.cueiimhers, 'meloss, and-squaslips.

iffig 'of ,the* r|sp.04sibility on . | h i s bise^e, long suspectedfiof1 being a ear­ned of: wilt, jgi'ves 4n 'additional reason for contro^llhg this pest of cucurbits?.

In* the experiments, as reported in

f'e. Ji>drnal, of Agricultural!(Hegeareh, i* InVe tfgato^ jgjjsw cucumber / ^ s

in'be'etle-p^oo/cages in two"delds In, liong' "Isjand wliere in 1914. about 75 .per cent'.- of "the «|icuaibe,r Vines M%$ # e B - ' d ^ r o y ' | d - i y V i l i , 'Sonie'ortbf^ rtesl^piahfe\were tfius k'ept'Jah'soItt'tely ifrec' from ";beefles, ^ h i l e beeflef i;e-«eAtly Joutt'fif wtoter'!hSjejnaf:tf^ «tpW-ieH ^ e r V Introduced' purposely into i9Sr#cagesi • ,

••'/The..experiments established" abbsO-"l.utely t h a t the beetle carries wjlt dur-ikg the grooving season from infected to 'other plants;-^In' a l l e g e s frbm. ' ^ h ^ l t ; beeves-' wef^ •• eieluded ' ^he 'fpl4fils''i"emAedi!'free from the"'disease i» ii>6ih. 'fleldk' althimgh wilt-infected b f M ^ . ' w ^ e "grdw-ing' all ,;arouna*'£kese • cages'. Oh the other hand, wilt 'was iqunS in -the -cages ""only "when; the sfcpiped eucumbejr beetle had gained access to the .plants.. In one cage,,sup-"pb"se4 to -be* free t rom beetles," wilb was 'observed 3*as , s tar t^g; oh "the'tip, .leaf itf'-one" plant f"a^a pojnt gnawed, by a feee'tfe^' Carefiil search of this cage sdiselqsgd,a striped- beetle. After' the "beetle,hM been removed'and t i e epe wilted? plant "had been tafeen q u t / n o •£urt.hei!"'aigns«of the disease appeared in'thtfi ease. *. . ; : . ' . '

The .cage, jsxperiments indicate that wilji 'baeyriaare carried over the win-te£:W, htbernatMg beetles and are' in-ocnlated 'into *he itex^crop of cucnhi-ber plants "when the beetles feed upon' the yoling feaves. The results seem to indicate, -however, that not all hib­ernating 'beetles carry the disease

'.oyer'tHe"wister- but that,only some Q£ those .which presumably ha,ve f ^dur^ . ing'the-pt-evious i season upon -wilted plants in^opt, the next year's planting. Ttfesfe facts j-we^e>. e^tabl^ed^ | w plac­ing in^certai/i^of'the ca | es hibeyiat--ing beetles procured before tfiey had 'Jbad any opportunity to feed upon re­cently'diseased pl&nts. .' A part of the .plants gnawed by, tbese beetles became1 infefeted. with wijif, while, nearly 200 plants. Aram.. which beetles .were excluded remained free from the disease throughout the season. <

Fall or winter pruning of grape vines in the home garden, as well as on the commercial plantation, may be doi^e at .any time during mild, weather while the. vines are, in a dormant «on-, ditkm. In general, the. period from November. t o ' Slarch gives the most satisfactory results, but the worS should in all cases be done, at least a week or ten' days before the vines are likely to start into growth. ,

In the colder sections of the country wherever varieties nq£ hardy enough to withstand severe wfoters are grown the vines must be artificially protect­ed. Under such circumstances the vines should be pruned as soon as they become dormant. The system of pruning ,shoii|d" be such as tq easily admit of laying down the stalk. %nd ,fcahes for nex_t season's fruii; prqducr tion. * The next step is to cover these parts 'with litter, leaves, or, garth ,,in such 'a way as to protect; them ,fr<im severe or repeated4freezing. and thawr ing and to leave them so covered, -un.-; til just before tie sSeaooa' for" gwwthL the' following spring, > Th'ere'are several species'of grapsv each adapted to particular sections $ the" country, and each responds b.ept to a 'part icular method" df- euUEiir'e," pruning and training.

The /vino normally produces i ts fruit on shoots of the current seagbpS growth, which in turn gfow from btfds developed the previous season. 4f* pr-unihg>must, tberefo're, be 'based 'on this" characteristic of 4he plants' \JS0s efr'aetermming, the 'system of1 pttmin# best suited t o the conditions', species^ and variety' the vine. 'should'ne, so ' .handled, during?1 its , early life, as to devejopi a general framework'of ctlie 'ty^e desired: 'x'"r> •-I'The pruning the first winter after, the p'Janting'of the vines* is determined b y the character of the growth malde by the plants. If the growthJ'bas been' •short-and weak all the wood; except the. .strongest shoot, should be ' re ­moved and' this-shoaia be cut back/to two or. three buds. If a strong 'growth has-been made and' there" is. one straight well-ripened shoot, all other growth should be removed. and this cane'cut Back to the h*eigTit at wK-feh it is intended to bead the vine. ' This wili concentrate all the force and growth" of the plant,-into the carte* which is to, become the trunk of the vine. From this only such snoots; should be aHowed to grow as a re aeeded for shaping the vine for the" following, its first, fruiting seasoi. After, this framework has been es |a j^ ' lishedj the fruit-bearing- part of >ffl&' plant Should 0 e so pruned, that if will; be renewed from year ' to year ana^d' ' adjusted, .to. the svariety and the food supply as never to allow; the' p^ant to overbear, but ai the same'timA.to induce it t o bear i ts full capacity.', t k -'der/sufeh treatment the body o / i t h l plant will gradually-become stronge"? j^rid. its fruiting capacity^ will increase correspondingly.^ • -- - ' • • ' ' , : •j Tig- manner-lof Teaewing jthe beam­ing wood of a vftte depends in a large measure oathe^specieB-1§ whteh-rthe variety, belongs and .the kin.d ofj -trellis used for training i t . , . . ••%.' i •*'.> ".' l |ot only 'do 4iff0rent countries ftav^ "different, methods* of ,pruning, -and .triaining, but methods,often vary-to the several districts ;Ot',the same- coun­try. Those, interested in tbe methods

se^t&MfOT the dwaris. though,- t l i e&If^ar period is com­pleted,. a^##l t t ide>able; money has been ex.peMMff'&e results thus far o b t a i p e 3 ^ 4 p ^ i a l . Winterlcilling durihg :0£>§$0&P y ^ r s and many unavo ida^ |6 | | | | | aps helped to pre­vent dejcisjfe^lgts,. The station is unable . ^ o M ^ i p f n s i v e l y compare yields fro^jI-i '^Se.g, stocks, and the crop of,'fr|^|^s|r^?#ourse, the grow­er's mea.i|jtee'.'=li£|^e.eess.

Howevfe&ft|%'M.^pn(J tentatively of­fers the •fpj|wijp»'?9'Pi"Qtolls on dwarf apple tree^i^|! |e|f?fiipe to commer­cial o roh .a td^ |^e | t4use , of confusion in sitocks,j[tiM^'^ffi1cult matter for a grower t ' o S ^ ^ e , , varieties on the dwarfing ^"S}f^ )ip&*'l'te may wish, jand e f e n . ' ^ S ^ ^ o g t of the orchard is highI^fe^M|)g| . ' . 'planUng of the .dwarf te^|$«l| "tenderer trees, es-pecia|iy„lStS||.freteh. Paradise v stock, ,are susc.efltpe foajwinterkilling.

t p y e ^ a l ^ t ' f e i ' ^ ^ e central aim in all c r f i f \^ '&io^ ' '^y^ms ' should be ' t o ieaye|--i$h. ,'|ip,.;in a betfm\ state of ^alt'|^on,,,|B§li*fer .physical condition

^ ^ _ W , , . „„ W I W a ^yp0PW]j$l]$Qb/%'pfo pests at £he

ItUvnrrtmr'-arili « n j + l m m tI1«o*m«*„j . ™ J ' J ^Q* hafa^MSNSSSt rotatli jcojintry will-find them fllustrated.and-a^Beri-bed. in, Farmers' Bulletin No. -47a, , entitled- ^.."Grape • Propagation, Pruning, and Training," which can be had free on application to -the Agri­cultural Department, Washington, JP.C.

APJPltlES.IN STOfiAGJE} ;jrJBW «' Y0BB3 STATE A>D-XE8EWfijP|tK

New Ypr.k had almost exactly, the samex auaatlty of appjes in cold stor-•age at . the beginning of the epld,stor­age season" December 1, 1915 as were reported on the same date 1914.' The office of markets of the federal de­partment oS agriculture states, -how-t ever, ^hat ithere -w.er,e 1^ 1T2 per cent •»ore apples in .storage"' ip .the whole-,

'**&®$£m>e&Lm.

•^immi w : .

( ' T U K S D A V , DEC. 28, 1915 2 H 5

m

HGIi PI IE RASE

0t'TB«£AK OF BUSIER BUST L\ THJE. EASTERN TATES-IX-

TRODUCED BJ IMPORT. ' ED NURSERY STOCK

s • „ The alarming character of the

white-pine blister rust and the econo­mic loss which it threatens in the northeastern and western 'United States are sharply emphasized by four recent serious outbreaks on, pine trees and currant bushes in Massachu­setts and New York, say the depart­ment specialists. This disease was in-; troduced on imported -white-pine nur­sery stock and first appeared at Gen­eva, A\\ Y., in 1M)6. ,

In -1909 extensile importations of diseased white-pine nursery . stock were located and destroyed in New York and other Eastern States, and warnings were issued broadcast against further importation of white pine from Europe. In spite of these warnings importations continued ev­en,from the particular nursery in Ger­many which was definitely known to be the main source of .disease, until finally, ii 1912, all such importation was stopped by Federal action.

The white-pine blister itust -affects the eastern white pine,, the western

li 'is W - f f i ^ J s O t a t ,the growth of w ' n i t e P i n e - t h e a uSar pine, and indeed ithe 4 ^ | % $ i M indiVidual. Many I f 1 o f t h e spcalled five-leaf pines, pro-^ a r j e ^ . T O ^ v t ^ t roods from the ,-iM,ion*J|'.*i^|fta1ign' is below ground. Wish ',nece^pat?si^he annual task of

f p W i i ^ - , o < i b Ti*>n- to°' flae, | i id |pf | ; fa | t t tit dwarf stocks '^ust..b|v#pii;-I^ti 'A fwther dan­ger. $ feuMla.le relatively shallow rqpv-j^le&iv'a^under New York Com|itiols^|fcfe "^ees arc subject to heavy.Vi id |^ ia | | ^ -from orchard cul-^vat|cji>^'|[<^|s-|i 'ble' diseace on the j ^ * ' - w | i ^ | t ^ % ^ e r pruning seems ia h^ 4eclfeard'l&,e'cure true dwarfs.

» 'l'0]S\^^4i^fi:'^n^,, the ,data''se :

eur^ ;s | ro^My'^ |he^ l t rees ,on' dwarf-p.t£'^tp^^&'6iiif', into commercial M^mMkSimevr^&i,'earlier than do ffio4e.f.fn-''-}Andar!5,_stocks, Hbwover, thergj.§iQQ'.-&na$n$£ to show this ap-g ^ i ^ i i ' ^ ^ ^ - ' i ^ 1 ^ 8 k ' greater • ^ m ^ h l p . f ^ i t h * ; standard tree. •' Sp "f^ikiM^ tests. ha^e,,gone, the station fti|fe|^,|lie;'Mva3&js|es" appeal to the Sfttfteur,,'.iratter t i ^^ . t he professional sp^te^rojyer. I t , , M be added, how-ev$,StUsii; some'ifltia.rgrow'ers and «iurs%|&eii:w-hff^te been expe'ri-Jn.e|tttn|-;ic ^je, la^i'p'iB-;years, claim tp'.'fiayf'ji .ha^-fr W5, r | tree than that tested a t thi^enevE' 'statlpn. Several

£ plan^il^-tha-t^re m'aturing good cFopsTSeye^I tpmroVrexalj pi'cffardists in. New Y«r| state b&te met j « t h more or "less suoeess in'grpw|rig"4warf ap-

is;.pjromineht a-^h'f.Jhese. He raises M%ttp&er"'of wpjse's1,'.' budding the de-fire^Variety^^rJo'ueih ok French .pa*^!:'©; iSoCte 'J^'^experJence has

Para'a'ise-" IrdttV'S'.td IjD feet

mm mm mm mm w$m~

l .»'.'! , m S ' * „ < 4 » .

^3 • S » f e f % | ^ ; f ^Bt ia i s - -Pr*per Q'nan-" ' ' " i 0 « f .livI^ioCk—Starving •

^ - ^ V ; ( ® ^ W * . Start)}. '' ' - ' -

M^£&m« , Tbje idoi!t^pjfo-a'taj)le crop rotation 4pessn#.co^si&.'iniere3y in changing' i t .A<_^'£_- - j2 j^ , ' i . ^_ -_ «-

(pSh-^;^-ftJ-#ast rotation system • *a-'?f,-tj :iii&.iwC^» ""-"community,

^ _ system mus: b'fi wo^|ed d^-fSpr"each fafrm and, in-deed/^Pif^^g.^lt 'd;^. 'There are cer­tain g^n^^f^piiQi^ies, however, that s,houi(|(|!'3 i^E^-ifMriaJnd in this con-nectioa5|n/^df(kfj) aecomplish the; m o s ^ ^ f e p ^ r ^ u ' l t s " . -Fpr soil im-provie^at .-^p^' i 'Should 'be a t least o n ^ . l e ^ m l ^ ^ ^ f c r ^ ' to each rotation eyojes^io^l lp lafes of plants .belong

beans, etc. sufficient quan-

t i ty^pf^e | t o | k ) ! % s i ^ U y m?l^ cows, <m eaS^f l t^pa$#i l ize" tjie roughage and'jtoj^pljl^jfe'yfsired -auamti'y of stabief'h^aa"^^^|jhxch, in addition to ^ e s t t ^ o ^ i g l p S ^ ' ^ d e r , will furnish t'be'iXe|f'9saiy^|Siiuiit of humu-j to :.6e

, 'foii;i£f^;ciftM!onS resulting from

rtucine cankers on the stems and i>ranches< killing young trees, and maiming and disfiguring old onces. It also produces a leaf disease of .currant and gooseberrj bushes. TJte. lungus causing the disease 'must live, for ,a part of its life on, pine trees and part of its life on currant and gobsebercies. The disease can not spread from one pine tree to another, but must pass first to currant bushes and then back to pine.

In Europe the disease has made the culture of American white pine im­practicable in England, Denmark, and Holland and has seriously," handicap­ped its cultivation in Germany. Since the trees which it, attacks include three of the most important timber trees of the United States, the loss which this disease will produce if un­checked is very great. Fortunately, the disease is not now known to be present west of Buffalo, N. Y.; but if if is not checked in Ihe Eastern States, its ultimate spread to the vast forests of the Rocky Mountains and the, .Pa­cific coast is certain. The disease now Occurs in . three localities in New .Hampshire, two in Vermont, ten in 'Massachusetts, two in Connecticut, five in New York, one' in Pennsylvania and three' in Ontario,, Canada. / The disease could be controlled now by the destruction of the diseased white pinps or the complete destruc­tion .o? all currant , and gooseberry^ bug-hes in the [vicinity of infected pine' trees. Whether or not this simple ac­tion' can be accomplished depends upon the legal authority posessed by the. various State horticultural in­spectors concerned. If the inspector is not arriied with authority to des­troy either currant bushes or the dis­eased, white pines without the consent of the owner; a l l , efforts at control will be unavailing, as a single person by permitting diseased pines, or eur-mants to remain on his place can nul­lify the work <nf a© entire community.

l i B E PRESE

HEce f i i i f Use of Fertilizer Very Ancient Cus­

tom-Immense YfmteM Material'f la This Country. " s

The farmers Before (the time of-Christ considered '&e ai licaifciott' of manure one of .the principal ope^ationa iii agriculture)'.-and place*(Jt:-^iext,-'to-plowing. King Augeas explained the ' us% of manure to ibs Greek farmers,' and Homer mentions a king /wljp strewed manure with Jiis own hands, Italy immortalized the man who -taught the Roman farmer, how to/it'su ,m&ium Eve» in teat day'they had progressed'' so far as to "preserve, their manure in, pits with concrete bottoms to prevent the wasle of its valuable ingredients.^ Today among the peWants^arid sntall' farmers of1 some European countries." a man's prosperity is judged iby the amount.of manure he uses on his farm, but it is only in the parts of the. tFnit-ed' States that have been farmed long; est j h a t the value of manure is zp-, pre^tfed by the American farmei\ ..

"is estimated that the farm mai ' re

- * V..'.J* a'-- '*•".•-," / >s A'.'.'fc^V-Vft*;','. ;'T>'ere'see'%/W'^e-'aw,geneVal^Q^-fr/ nnde'rktandina oi^e^terni oyfe/paaCy^.;;.-'--e^ense. F.a,r^rs^e8jpecMiy tdp,^** ••->--•*- -v

in The tTnited States in a single jaa i is worth more than |3,000,0^,0(}t'.';p* more than ^the entire r >rn or Nvl.pat crop. This'manuFe cpn^taii} teak-Id.' mSre'plani'food tltab. ./ti\ the,commer­cial, fertilizers used in a*ye<-r.' Little -attention is given to th^ ciju't; of Uii Tenure, and in tho country as a \\hola, neai-iy half^of it, is wasted. -Next to the waste of the soil itself, this", is probably the greatest vaste on Amer­ican farms.—From ''The Essentials of Agriculture," by Henry Jackson Wa ter,s. ', ; • ' ,• '

Bhbu'id. tak'e:''thi' s^mS ^mSMP^^TJi''X''-.' v »,•' ' ' I' !"'••' '• ' ..- ' - v i " n v > . »'' ' -V'- .yv~; . The American'^ s f a r m e ' r V ^ a S ^ t t t e v ^ ' } ^ '

worid in "crop' prodiictjon, '©ther'coua-"",-^;; "J1.. •' 'tries' -may g r W a J g r a t e r ^ ^ v p f e ^ ' V ' T ' ^ V acre, .but whfen ii^omesvto' $er?'cfepl!8t f . '•' ?;. produotionvltnfit.l,s', the im^U^to^:-^l:; •duced. by- each' hian*;aetively' ^gs&%&?$>^'.-:,' -in1 farmingr"we aa*e iffe,. wpl!ld'"'fleaterf4--,»*,'-:i , -". <Thfs -is' directly due ' to ;th'e!,la70i,-^4^'':- ;r'v''< ' ing'-^tnachiiSbry Used: ^oh *'Afeei»IciSu/>;r• '".•,'-';'. "ferms.5" Virtually-"Cnr J faspis '^ara^ '^^^S?, . ! huge manufacturiag: p l a h t ^ p r b t e ^ g 5 r r ' f • -. crops brpoVer. iSte^t i jv 'g^s:-^a:^%*f{ I'-'.'Vv trie power iteswi* c'onle fi^to }%&m&ji -'.";'; '.'i;» use 4 4 ItiB'thesd #6w"teFfaitor^-#a|;Vr';J-*'";; should turn -o.u'r' -eyes"'tmVarff'fite'jCosl^^v'ij of prodtict^ott and- taer^e, ' i#N!pb;|*.t,•; ' / , '

EKCKii IN WISCOfJSIfJ CHEESE

Western* Factory Managers Suggest Prohibition' of Too Early Par-

affining as a Remedy.

SOARING DRUG PRICES RESULT !

untry- on December 1 than on the[ th&^e^tmept / f f r the soiT is properly ?ame date one ye*ar agQ. . ' ' h.^ffi |». -w^|gmaife the

^tf is^vkSSS-Vieorous

iEarline'ss is an -important factor in "the price of vegetables. A week's difference in maturity often means a great difference in price;

Hazing Party Gets Hazing.

ers -who serve the cadets recently .esj a | e l | ^ i S s | p ^ d tablished a system of hazing for new:, P^J^^ ; , ;cttj^a|- 'the pests must, perish

the food, supply pests must,1]

recruits to their ran%> .t Suek a . j e t J ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t l ' d i o e d an number, crnjt arrived ,1-ecently from. V i r g i n ^ . - Z W I s ! t i i ) ^ $ & \ '>';•>—

" i^'Muaiwf and 'cover crops af-fce MialBst ' way of tseeping up

' -*1

The hazers got busy; but their subject objected. Three of the initiators were^ # ^ badly whipped an.d the others' driVe>i,WJ®'-

s.fj.. 'ittKjp^j- -vigorous succeeding" and cap New'YorK freports 1,327,23^ barrels „ „,,,

and 349,313 bote's. At 'the rate of s i $ p f i | | § # ';|nf4ttihgs in some meas-boxes to a.barrel, t^is is?,a total of w % # J S a i f % h e - effects ol.any pests MIO',335' barrels, | W other . s j^ t e^a l - m$mPm^- " halt as ,man^,;f|e'jnear(e^; feeing i t , Ag«n2tifa>i&.ecessive crops in any linois, Missouri >and. CallfpVnia. -M ^ ^ ^ ^ 0 t % 9 so selected and ar-T'^J^Fi^HV^M^ r e p o r t *&- ' ?*Me^^a l? .a» ' two upon which Uie pies otitfbtokffltjl.: ••* : , • • • & ^ | | ; ^ t : f | f 'thrive will be grown

' j ^ B f f ^ l ^ The 'principles of dis-*h's^^ppr^| |^7ineans of crop rotation ^ I g l l ^ f p n ^ t h e fact trfat certain

Annapolis, Md.—In - imitatipn ,o'? ^ W ^ ^ 5 1 ® ^ 6 *>nIy certain kinds Waval Academy students, negfo'-Waife K T * & § ^ S . : ^aJfiS-efbre, when the crops

off with .a pisto}.

500 Per Cent Incxeasje—^pi^iidesnce oil Europe Foi? Cmde' Materials !

3Iakes relief Hopeless. Charles' Gibson, president pfthe. Na­

tional Wholesale Druggists' Associa­tion* says that drugs are stilj advanc­ing in price because of conditions pro­duced by the European war. Some he said have increased five times, in price".--' . L » -. 4

"Bromide of| potash, foK instance,'' said Mr. Gibson, "has advanced three dollars a pound since Depen^er. jg. ilany,other articles have-gone up nearly as much. Everything with a basis of potash has advanced 500 per cent. Cream1 of tartar, roche^e salts and other, products of- this nature which depend on importation for the crude materials have advanced 200 to 3001 per cent. ' Chloroforpj, has in­creased 300 per cent'. J$any articles l i te alum,' castor oil, oilM>f >wi»ter-green-and other drugs in everyday use have ri£en 200 to 500 per cent.,.while glycerine explosives (have advanced 300 per cent • i

"The public hardly realizez how de­pendent we are on £}urope for drugs and chemicals. Conditions are getting worse. Retail druggists are using every effort to take care of then-trade. Every day they ,are offered huge prices for the stock on hand but refuse to sell preferririg to care fo» their customers first. = These condi­tions, apparently ,wUI, maintain until the en4ofth> ( ,w;ar. , : ,", , , ^

"It is expected many •tneeessaries can he made in America after "the plants -are established. T^hese require large investments, however, and will, tajke time to get.started." '

Mr. Gibson does not- believe, retail druggists will take Advantage of the situation ,by unreasonably advancing prices."

The current issue of Hoard's Dairy­man contains the following communi­cation witfich will be of interest to the cheese makers of Northern New York;

Hoard's Dairyman:—In your issue of October 22, we read an article b y

C. P. poane relative to the moisture in cheese , We thoroughly . coincide with Mr. Doane that there, should-be some limit "as to the amount of mois­ture put into full cream cheese. ' We vievvwith a good,deal of alarm the deterioration in the keeping, qual­ities of Wisconsin cheese. The coin

petition ampng lactones is so 'K«v^d^*«*7iin*t fannjmaehmery to ns that makers, are working tor j-jeld ito make good enough cheese to get rid bf it, and without a- general, moisture test'lejt there can be no relief. .W e be-lie-ve 38 per cent, moisture is, ample, that more moisture, than that will not be a good curd, suitable for curing or keeping qualities. . ; ' • . .,-

We have noticed in the last year or two that the excessive moisture has turned good curd acid to sour," made it bitter, mushy, anything . but good goods, and the action of the factories and makers in paraffining cheese the same day they take,tbe curd, from the hoop or the next day, to hold ,the mois­ture in the curd, has affected the qual­ity.' We. regret, to say that clear evi­dence IB in almost every dealer's hands to show that some manufacturers, not satisfied in dipping ' in Itot paraffin the cfreefce once, .do'fa tv^o or three •flines , for the purpose of adding weight. No cheese. •sfcbujo' .be" paraf •fined within four or five days, o rap t i l after the first process bf the evapora­tion and'ciiring has taken pl.tce *.•>''< that the color is set. .We believe there should 'be a state law prohibiting ex­cessive moisture in. cheese and; the paraffining of the raw product.* 'oo ''early*. ' , " • _ ' ' . ' ,

Wisconsin. Davis Bros. Cheese Co.

TELEPHONE NEWS SERVICE OlSIfilCIS

j Magazines, papej-s. books and bul­letins paay be studied now to advan-

as a prepaTjaticn for next sea­'s activities.

r-

V^^s-^f^ •£j^^m*e^'i^^j

Until fecently the,,rural ,telephone has largely served as a medium of ex­change-between farmers; nrfd for or* dering supplies from dealers in town. But it has been demonstrated that the rural telephone can easily perform other service .of^eqjial importance. There arejnow country^districts where the .telephone company has under­taken to supply a daily new^ service. At a-certain hour the telephone'rings five times. That is the news-signal and every interested subscriber^ along the line takes'down his receiver. Then the central operator gives the weather report, a condensed market summary and important news. It takes but a short t ime. to give th>s, information.

This !3ea may be carried- still fur­ther. Wlherej the telephone CQmpany is owned.and operated by the farm subscribers themselves, the manager at the central pfflce may act as 'a mar­ket agent. -The subscribers advise him of the products they have for sale, and those they wish to buy.-'Nearby' dealers and pthers Who are "on the unarket' send him their-wants. A com­plete list of the products demanded is-made np and, read .pyer the phone. The subscriber* then notifies the nian-; ager of (nonbusiness he will care for. Farmers'are able to sell in 15 minutes products .which might take half a day

,'>Ci ••t . T ?

upkeep, 'atid ;"onerafionv ,Bus,4#,f„ l./£& • firiiSi^gar^thb ^IjiriCead", ^ s j ^ '*''''"''' ':-'

m'Wm to feeS

means co&oern*»d-a;. we'lP^s to t W ^ i ^

should' -maftceridfe tWhtf of;tlits'^f dividual's neeessitiWbHffe.'-.. -. ')\( • • ^ • • ' • , ' - V " • ; ^ : n - , ; ' ' . u : l ; '

But however- ^he, a>vp?age.ja?l&#S',; \-:; may go about fessseni^g $tot-:$q&fPi*:'\\ pr.odueingcrbp^ tVcarb &H^anagb-,.(,,» .ment of 'the'<)ria;ghiaer:yIjtse.diM^^dY-'y an important" -part:,, Implement'33(11^- -'-'• ' faoturers state* that •on,ach;inery_ used'£i- !.' tobacqo grpwing^ distrists! hasNa^Jpitg;!*'',-' .lite, i This rs'iipfc *eoau& pf 'my(ff£?. ."-• traprdinary quality -bf the'. niachirier|ri': ;•, Vipr because of thejciimate ,pr;^ii,njt4V.'-." tions under whiph it is uset?, -hUtnia^-.' 'r ' | y ' t o the fact that the 4arge, tobacco^ •'; sheds serie" to'prpte.PT £h3 macliiSery" J, when not in use. '.•Goprt,iJtad,s,ra.ife <*.•-main itaai ,in,- ciittio-v-iJte-^'verliBa^ ' Paint is another jts;m%pf'impp|ftahi3'e.'.' *• Machinei y, kept protected from'the -elements.and well pa«Hed. will, 'lastSt -— least twice as Ipne as tha.t lutproteet-ed. fPaint, protects. Loth wopd and metal ^.nd is 'easily and cheaply ap­plied, it is not surprising, that proper machinery ' ma^tenateCg-^^negloftetl when one tjUceg into cotisideil^ir! the

>ng irasn, aeaspns. ikc-hinery bought wb,on need,' fe -urgent, It is worked. iard'fbrSia., short,season, then pe,rhaps left ip (he.field. beefiise some oilier- inacliiije ,an4 «pma. pth r;, yush work demand, attention* .-• . : . -• .• ' • '

'Good she^s rectify this to a,Pertain, extent,-,. The i n a n w i t f i « dry,"'ibpmy machine .shed,* may repair Pr, paint has binder or-mower at hisJ'lea^nrer'ftBd that i s the" only -time to./dd .-woS? of• this' kind. • .It is -wasteful to d& iepair work'in the field., Two iftoeshefmen of my acquaintance were,' competitors for the same threshing jb&. "A? got-ft. "B" was 4isgriintle4 snd.'end^afYPred to discover whf t^e.iother.'ma^ ajul

r.the pr,efejt5e«ee ,jvii6|i''.,";bbtli'' fei^'nta-, chine§ of tlie ^a'me*,'s,izp2-.at<i/-enual ability. One of his; ffiends, yenfu#d to suggest a. r,e^son.-r^-^Af"does 'his "ffi-pair work.in, th'.e.shed>'?,"h§"saMfy','W expeqt to thresh. When,'R-4s. time-to thresh and, 'cannot" ^end'iithe'.limb helping- to, rep^Jr o>., yfaflfag •&* -'te* j ^ i i p to a^6iaae^Uv,ji..f.,:\;,^.. ' * c ' , ,

' Nothing adds jnojre tp>;,the oi^nbad-fexpense tban^cpstly'repair'/wprl^-Sb^ in the field during- the; I3rr^shirig;'-fi'e^ son. Of .course j i fbreatecaQsbt^ajs b§. avoided No.maeh1n'elb|fir;atorican._ foretell Kjthe..i^xaet? bbsditilpn*' J ^ d e r which he must 'a t a | i tlmessw-prk^iut •he can af lea^fhaye:bser^: '5arf ' : in order by thoroughly 6vbrhkulin'g''-b3&-outfit in advance of nate ."• ,' h< -1'.'.'-'•-''""'

Another thing,that al t4 | to t h e ' ^ r -head isbnyiSg a>d-ltain"g ininleifefflitS. and'machines af^r.'gPmV:bne has' had the best of tiheir' life,,. ^ebau"Se;S', fofafc w,'1noWe* ^or ^' ' 'buftiVlt^.l 'aR^be bought a t apublicsals/ibr-pj^pifcally nothing, Is nb lWeffifan , tha^ i t^ j s \a good investment. ' I fmay be"aW'ofi:4 is the worst'of .fa^eiecpriomy. '•^'fitli*. ing is more--discottraging;4o tne^-'avern age farmer than t p ; h'a*!'- a?^nil6M»'p, •go wrotfg.when heSis 'donrg'ks ' leyel ' best to take advantage'*bf the -season and .have "several'hired Inpn drawing on MspoeketibOok; ^VjiilPhe : ^kbisv Once out of ten W f Aewm. times ^ chine bought.as, , irsargfui ' lufiis P i t . to be a profitable In^estniehjt.'' Bu 'phe profit on one/? s ov^sha^bwea,*Jjy;-th»" ;loss on -th/e.othbr-'^ine., W.'"""elevenV Economy suggests puying-'gptfd^ma-', chinery • anft Jtebp|ng $' ^ repair^ A.

.Adjustin/ent:.ai?d' mlm&sdMomms much toward ifesssn^.r-,pt roverieaa expense ,as .sMeds a n d ^ i n t . , A"jn.a-chine {kegt a b W t e 4 % | weti^ifed" & ••' pot going -tp; W^$mtkMkaik jift-.' necessarily- - T i ^ i f J ^ e t e ^ e r - ' w J t h t i e thresliihg- cEew,.ia*reiftidea":as a poor man if ;nef?€Hbws n i i ^ i g m e ' ^ pound and knp|fc, iFewowaj,e^rwPuld keep Jiim % g r , yet i t ' i s jusf1 as. reason­able to. allow a n s n g i n ^ ^ ^ b a m j : it­self to P f e e e s . a ' ^ i t ' J s ^ a i ^ & e ' biud' ?£,$K «b^-h#%'a,a;er ^ I K M :«ame.: thing-.and.fjvisi•%& |e%ensiv^>r-Wihen the range of, .'wejek. #iat.nny;?nachiae; can cover is ta ton- i^Veon^aerat ion -one fem^ach'inp'^..jn$t|Mtmi4s;bx-pensive- ,»*"-•<!»«'«*<&«.». -Safi'&'L^J «T,«

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•&A4twA& frJ—«.•£.»< e r ^ j C ^ ' - i . T ^ ^ t - s - i ^ S t e . ^ ' ^W-jA^l la^NM**** '

- ,*-< ' t.-. ~ -, J,.tf-"-cvagt vtA.^ag^a^.^fi^g^. ^ ^ ^ - a ^ g ^ i a s i ^ i t f ^ ^ f e ^ ^ ^ ^j^atasw^ ***-