The March The March forfor

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Plessy v Plessy v FergusonFerguson

18961896 Supreme Court ruled Supreme Court ruled

that segregation that segregation was legal, so long as was legal, so long as services and services and facilities provided facilities provided were “separate but were “separate but equal”equal”

Opened the door for Opened the door for Jim Crow laws Jim Crow laws throughout the throughout the SouthSouth

Norris v Norris v AlabamaAlabama

19351935 Supreme Court Supreme Court

overturned the rape overturned the rape conviction of conviction of Clarence Norris in Clarence Norris in Alabama due to the Alabama due to the fact that there were fact that there were no black members no black members on the jury, which on the jury, which violated his 14violated his 14thth Amendment rightsAmendment rights

Morgan v Morgan v VirginiaVirginia

19461946 Irene Morgan was Irene Morgan was

convicted for refusing to convicted for refusing to surrender her seat on a surrender her seat on a bus going from Virginia bus going from Virginia to Marylandto Maryland

Supreme Court ruled Supreme Court ruled that the bus was that the bus was engaged in interstate engaged in interstate commerce and the commerce and the Virginia law was Virginia law was therefore therefore unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Sweatt v PainterSweatt v Painter 19501950 Herman Sweatt sued Herman Sweatt sued

after being refused after being refused admission to the admission to the University of Texas University of Texas law schoollaw school

Texas created a new Texas created a new black law school, but black law school, but the Supreme Court the Supreme Court ruled that the new ruled that the new school was inferior in school was inferior in quality and decided in quality and decided in favor of Sweattfavor of Sweatt

Democrats Split in Democrats Split in 19481948

In the Democratic In the Democratic primary leading into primary leading into the 1948 presidential the 1948 presidential elections, Southern elections, Southern Democrats became Democrats became angered by Harry angered by Harry Truman’s support of Truman’s support of civil rights and stated civil rights and stated intentions of intentions of desegregating the desegregating the militarymilitary

Rather than support Rather than support Truman, they created Truman, they created their own partytheir own party

DixiecratsDixiecrats The States’ Rights The States’ Rights

Democratic PartyDemocratic Party Supported the right of Supported the right of

Southern states to Southern states to continue the practice of continue the practice of racial segregation racial segregation without interference by without interference by the federal governmentthe federal government

Although dissolved by Although dissolved by 1950, the Dixiecrats 1950, the Dixiecrats permanently weakened permanently weakened the Democratic Party in the Democratic Party in the South, opening the the South, opening the door for Southern door for Southern RepublicansRepublicans

Strom ThurmondStrom Thurmond 1902 – 20031902 – 2003 Gov. of SC (1947–51)Gov. of SC (1947–51) Dixiecrat nominee for Dixiecrat nominee for

President in 1948President in 1948 Later served as Senator Later served as Senator

from SC from 1956 – from SC from 1956 – 2003, despite his vocal 2003, despite his vocal support for segregationsupport for segregation

Switched from Switched from Democratic to Democratic to Republican Party in Republican Party in 19641964

US Military DesegregatesUS Military Desegregates

July 1948July 1948 President Truman President Truman

issued Executive issued Executive Order 9981, ordering Order 9981, ordering equal treatment and equal treatment and opportunities for all opportunities for all members of the US members of the US armed forces, armed forces, regardless of raceregardless of race

Last all-black units Last all-black units were dissolved in were dissolved in 19541954

Brown v Board of Education Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, KSof Topeka, KS

19541954 Supreme Court Supreme Court

overturned overturned Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson, rejecting , rejecting the idea that racially the idea that racially segregated schools segregated schools could offer equal could offer equal servicesservices

Court ordered the Court ordered the desegregation of desegregation of public schools “with public schools “with all deliberate speed”all deliberate speed”

Thurgood Thurgood MarshallMarshall 1908 – 19931908 – 1993

Brown v BOE decision Brown v BOE decision vaulted Marshall to the vaulted Marshall to the forefront of civil rights forefront of civil rights lawyerslawyers

Marshall had been Marshall had been Chief Counsel for the Chief Counsel for the NAACP since the NAACP since the 1940s, until being 1940s, until being appointed as federal appointed as federal judge in 1961, and judge in 1961, and eventually became the eventually became the first African-American first African-American on the Supreme Court on the Supreme Court in 1967in 1967

Southern Southern ManifestoManifesto

The Brown decision The Brown decision angered many white angered many white Southerners and in Southerners and in 1956, over 100 1956, over 100 Southern members of Southern members of Congress signed the Congress signed the “Southern Manifesto” “Southern Manifesto” declaring the Court’s declaring the Court’s decision to be “abuse decision to be “abuse of judicial power” and of judicial power” and pledging to support pledging to support segregation through segregation through every legal avenue every legal avenue availableavailable

Rosa ParksRosa Parks 1913 – 20051913 – 2005 Civil rights activist Civil rights activist

even before her even before her famous refusal to give famous refusal to give up her bus seat on up her bus seat on Dec. 1, 1955Dec. 1, 1955

Parks was arrested for Parks was arrested for violating the city of violating the city of Birmingham, AL Birmingham, AL segregation laws segregation laws which required that which required that blacks surrender their blacks surrender their seats if necessary to seats if necessary to accommodate white accommodate white passengerspassengers

Montgomery Bus Montgomery Bus BoycottBoycott

In response to Parks’ In response to Parks’ arrest, black leaders arrest, black leaders organized a boycott of the organized a boycott of the Birmingham public Birmingham public transportation systemtransportation system

Over 75% of the bus Over 75% of the bus system’s riders were black, system’s riders were black, so the boycott seriously so the boycott seriously damaged revenuesdamaged revenues

The boycott lasted for over The boycott lasted for over a year, until Parks’ case a year, until Parks’ case was resolved when the was resolved when the Supreme Court declared Supreme Court declared the Birmingham the Birmingham segregation law segregation law unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Dr. Martin Luther King, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Jr.

1929 – 19681929 – 1968 As a young minister, As a young minister,

King was chosen to King was chosen to organize the organize the Birmingham bus Birmingham bus boycott and chose to boycott and chose to do so using only non-do so using only non-violent means of violent means of protestprotest

The success of the The success of the boycott propelled him boycott propelled him and his technique of and his technique of “civil disobedience” to “civil disobedience” to national famenational fame

SSouthern outhern CChristian hristian LLeadership eadership CConference onference

(SCLC)(SCLC) Created in 1957Created in 1957 Civil rights Civil rights

organization organization composed of mainly composed of mainly Southern African-Southern African-American ministers American ministers which worked to end which worked to end segregation and to segregation and to encourage blacks to encourage blacks to register to voteregister to vote

First president was Dr. First president was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.

Eisenhower’s Eisenhower’s ReactionReaction

President Eisenhower President Eisenhower supported civil rights, but supported civil rights, but believed that racism and believed that racism and segregation would have segregation would have to end gradually, stating to end gradually, stating “I don’t believe you can “I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men change the hearts of men with laws or [court] with laws or [court] decisions”decisions”

Still, once the Supreme Still, once the Supreme Court ordered schools Court ordered schools desegregated, desegregated, Eisenhower felt obligated Eisenhower felt obligated as President to enforce as President to enforce that decisionthat decision

The Little Rock The Little Rock NineNine

Sept. 1957Sept. 1957 Arkansas Gov. Orval Arkansas Gov. Orval

Faubus ordered the Faubus ordered the National Guard to block 9 National Guard to block 9 black students from black students from enrolling at the all-white enrolling at the all-white Little Rock Central High Little Rock Central High School and later simply School and later simply relied on white mobs to relied on white mobs to intimidate the studentsintimidate the students

Eisenhower ordered the US Eisenhower ordered the US Army to protect the black Army to protect the black students , sending 1000 students , sending 1000 soldiers to encircle the soldiers to encircle the school and allow the school and allow the students to register; the students to register; the soldiers stayed for the rest soldiers stayed for the rest of the school yearof the school year

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19571957

Designed to protect Designed to protect black’s right to voteblack’s right to vote

Created a civil rights Created a civil rights division within the division within the Dept. of Justice and Dept. of Justice and the US Commission the US Commission on Civil Rights to on Civil Rights to investigate and investigate and prosecute prosecute allegations of voting allegations of voting violationsviolations

Greensboro Sit-inGreensboro Sit-in Feb. 1960Feb. 1960 4 students at NC A&T in 4 students at NC A&T in

Greensboro, NC sat down at Greensboro, NC sat down at the racially segregated the racially segregated lunch counter at lunch counter at Woolworth’s and demanded Woolworth’s and demanded service, refusing to leave service, refusing to leave when they were denied; when they were denied; over the next few days, the over the next few days, the number of students involved number of students involved grew and the sit-ins spread grew and the sit-ins spread throughout the state, throughout the state, gaining national attentiongaining national attention

By summer, Woolworth’s By summer, Woolworth’s relented and desegregated relented and desegregated their lunch counterstheir lunch counters

Jesse JacksonJesse Jackson 1941 – Present1941 – Present Student at NC A&T Student at NC A&T

who was inspired by who was inspired by the sit-ins and went the sit-ins and went on to become a on to become a major, if often major, if often controversial, civil controversial, civil rights leader and rights leader and later candidate for later candidate for President in the President in the 1980s1980s

SStudent tudent NNon-violent on-violent CCoordinating oordinating CCommittee ommittee

(SNCC)(SNCC) Executive director of the Executive director of the

SCLC, Ella Baker, held a SCLC, Ella Baker, held a convention at Shaw convention at Shaw University in April 1960 to University in April 1960 to help students organize help students organize themselves into the SNCC, a themselves into the SNCC, a student-led civil rights student-led civil rights organization dedicated to organization dedicated to continuing the successes of continuing the successes of non-violent protest and to non-violent protest and to encouraging rural Southern encouraging rural Southern blacks to register to voteblacks to register to vote

In 1964, 3 SNCC members In 1964, 3 SNCC members were murdered in Mississippi were murdered in Mississippi while attempting to register while attempting to register black votersblack voters

CCongress ongress oof f RRacial acial EEquality quality (CORE)(CORE)

Founded in 1942Founded in 1942 Created to apply the Created to apply the

Gandhi’s model of Gandhi’s model of non-violent resistance non-violent resistance to the American civil to the American civil rights movement, rights movement, opposing Jim Crow opposing Jim Crow laws in the South and laws in the South and housing and housing and employment employment inequities in northern inequities in northern citiescities

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders Teams of black and white Teams of black and white

CORE volunteers traveled CORE volunteers traveled into the South on buses to into the South on buses to try to forcibly integrate try to forcibly integrate bus terminals as had been bus terminals as had been ordered by federal courts, ordered by federal courts, but ignored by most local but ignored by most local governmentsgovernments

These riders were These riders were attacked by angry white attacked by angry white mobs in Alabama, and in mobs in Alabama, and in Birmingham were met Birmingham were met and beaten by members and beaten by members of the KKK who had been of the KKK who had been tipped off by the local tipped off by the local policepolice

James Meredith & the James Meredith & the University of MississippiUniversity of Mississippi

1933 – Present1933 – Present In Sept. 1962, tried to In Sept. 1962, tried to

register at the Univ. of register at the Univ. of Mississippi under a court-Mississippi under a court-order, but was blocked by order, but was blocked by Gov. Ross BarnettGov. Ross Barnett

President Kennedy ordered President Kennedy ordered 500 US Marshalls to escort 500 US Marshalls to escort Meredith onto campus, but Meredith onto campus, but an angry mob attacked the an angry mob attacked the Marshalls, forcing Kennedy Marshalls, forcing Kennedy to use US Army troops to to use US Army troops to protect Meredithprotect Meredith

Meredith went on to be a Meredith went on to be a civil rights activist, was shot civil rights activist, was shot while leading a protest while leading a protest march, and later served on march, and later served on the staff of Sen. Jesse Helmsthe staff of Sen. Jesse Helms

Medgar EversMedgar Evers 1925 – 19631925 – 1963 WWII veteran who WWII veteran who

became a civil rights became a civil rights activist and officer in activist and officer in the NAACP who the NAACP who helped gain James helped gain James Meredith admission Meredith admission to Univ. of Mississippito Univ. of Mississippi

Was shot and killed in Was shot and killed in front of his home by a front of his home by a member of the KKKmember of the KKK

No one was convicted No one was convicted of his killing until of his killing until 19941994

““Bull” ConnorBull” Connor 1897 – 19731897 – 1973 Public Safety Commissioner Public Safety Commissioner

in Birmingham, AL, known in Birmingham, AL, known for his use of brutal police for his use of brutal police tactics to enforce tactics to enforce segregation and who segregation and who allowed the attacks on the allowed the attacks on the Freedom RidersFreedom Riders

In 1963, Connor was running In 1963, Connor was running for mayor when Dr. King for mayor when Dr. King decided to stage protests in decided to stage protests in Birmingham designed to Birmingham designed to provoke a violent response provoke a violent response and discredit Connor’s and discredit Connor’s campaigncampaign

““Letter from a Birmingham Letter from a Birmingham Jail”Jail”

King was arrested and held King was arrested and held in solitary confinementin solitary confinement

King used the time to King used the time to compose a letter which compose a letter which explained his rationale for explained his rationale for using non-violent protest using non-violent protest even when faced with even when faced with brutally violent tactics by brutally violent tactics by his opponentshis opponents

After King was released, After King was released, Connor ordered police to Connor ordered police to use clubs, dogs, and fire-use clubs, dogs, and fire-hoses on King’s supporters, hoses on King’s supporters, all of which was shown on all of which was shown on national television to a national television to a stunned American audiencestunned American audience

George WallaceGeorge Wallace 1919 – 19981919 – 1998 June 1963: Alabama June 1963: Alabama

Governor blocked the Governor blocked the admission of black admission of black students at the Univ. of students at the Univ. of Alabama, provoking Alabama, provoking President Kennedy to call President Kennedy to call on Congress to enact a on Congress to enact a new civil rights billnew civil rights bill

Wallace later went on to Wallace later went on to run for President 4 times, run for President 4 times, backing away from his backing away from his segregationist stance and segregationist stance and was shot and paralyzed was shot and paralyzed while campaigning in 1972while campaigning in 1972

1616thth Street Church Street Church BombingBombing

Sept. 15, 1963Sept. 15, 1963 Birmingham, ALBirmingham, AL Members of the KKK Members of the KKK

bombed a black bombed a black church which was church which was frequently used as a frequently used as a meeting place for civil meeting place for civil rights leaders, killing 4 rights leaders, killing 4 girls aged 11 to 14girls aged 11 to 14

No one was convicted No one was convicted of the crime until 1977of the crime until 1977

March on March on WashingtonWashington

August 28, 1963August 28, 1963 Dr. King wanted to Dr. King wanted to

lobby Congress for lobby Congress for passage of Kennedy’s passage of Kennedy’s civil rights bill and civil rights bill and organized a massive organized a massive rally on the mall in rally on the mall in Washington, DCWashington, DC

More than 200,000 More than 200,000 attended to hear King attended to hear King and others speakand others speak

““I Have a I Have a Dream”Dream” "I have a dream that one day "I have a dream that one day

this nation will rise up and live this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'" men are created equal.'"

"I have a dream that my four "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live little children will one day live in a nation where they will not in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of skin, but by the content of their character.“their character.“

““And when this happens … we And when this happens … we will be able to join hands and will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”Almighty, we are free at last!”

Lyndon B. Lyndon B. JohnsonJohnson

President Kennedy was President Kennedy was assassinated before he assassinated before he could gain passage of could gain passage of the new civil rights bill, the new civil rights bill, but President Johnson, but President Johnson, a Southerner, a Southerner, committed himself to committed himself to pushing the bill through pushing the bill through in Kennedy’s memory in Kennedy’s memory and had the and had the connections in connections in Congress to make it Congress to make it happen.happen.

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19641964

Made segregation illegal Made segregation illegal in public facilities such in public facilities such as restaurants, parks, as restaurants, parks, libraries, and theaterslibraries, and theaters

Allowed US Attorney Allowed US Attorney General to prosecute General to prosecute violatorsviolators

Banned discrimination Banned discrimination in the workplace and in the workplace and created the Equal created the Equal Employment Employment Opportunity Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to Commission (EEOC) to monitor discriminationmonitor discrimination

2424thth Amendment Amendment Ratified in 1964Ratified in 1964 Specifically Specifically

banned the use of banned the use of poll taxes (a tax poll taxes (a tax that must be paid that must be paid in order to vote) a in order to vote) a common way of common way of preventing poor preventing poor blacks from voting blacks from voting in Southern statesin Southern states

Selma March & Bloody Selma March & Bloody SundaySunday

19651965 Dr. King led a Dr. King led a

demonstration in Selma, AL demonstration in Selma, AL to register black votersto register black voters

White law enforcement White law enforcement attacked, beat, and arrested attacked, beat, and arrested over 2000 demonstratorsover 2000 demonstrators

In protest, King organized a In protest, King organized a march from Selma to march from Selma to Montgomery, but the Montgomery, but the marchers were attacked marchers were attacked and beaten by law officers and beaten by law officers while kneeling in prayer – while kneeling in prayer – an attack now known as an attack now known as “Bloody Sunday” – all on “Bloody Sunday” – all on national televisionnational television

Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 19651965

Allowed the Attorney Allowed the Attorney General to circumvent General to circumvent local voting examiners local voting examiners in cases where in cases where discrimination is discrimination is suspectedsuspected

Banned literacy tests Banned literacy tests as a voting as a voting requirementrequirement

Highly successful - by Highly successful - by the end of 1965 alone, the end of 1965 alone, more than 250,000 more than 250,000 Southern blacks had Southern blacks had registered to voteregistered to vote

Watts RiotWatts Riot Poor living conditions for Poor living conditions for

blacks in American urban blacks in American urban areas led to high racial areas led to high racial tensionstensions

In August 1965, a race riot In August 1965, a race riot broke out in the Watts broke out in the Watts neighborhood of Los neighborhood of Los Angeles over police Angeles over police brutality, killing 34 and brutality, killing 34 and doing over $45 million in doing over $45 million in damage before order was damage before order was restored by 14,000 restored by 14,000 National GuardsmenNational Guardsmen

Violent riots would follow in Violent riots would follow in other major US cities over other major US cities over the next 3 yearsthe next 3 years

Kerner Kerner CommissionCommission

President Johnson President Johnson appointed a commission appointed a commission to study the causes for to study the causes for urban unrest and to make urban unrest and to make recommendations for recommendations for preventing future riotspreventing future riots

The commission The commission concluded that white concluded that white racism was to blame and racism was to blame and recommended the recommended the creation of inner-city jobs creation of inner-city jobs and the construction of and the construction of affordable inner-city affordable inner-city housing to ease economic housing to ease economic burdens on urban blacksburdens on urban blacks

Chicago Chicago MovementMovement

Dr. King also Dr. King also attempted to enact attempted to enact economic reforms in economic reforms in poor, black urban poor, black urban areas by moving into areas by moving into an urban slum in an urban slum in Chicago in 1965, but Chicago in 1965, but met with little success met with little success other than empty other than empty promises about promises about improving the slums improving the slums from city officials from city officials

Black PowerBlack Power As the gains of the civil As the gains of the civil

rights movement began to rights movement began to slow, many blacks, slow, many blacks, especially those in the especially those in the urban North, began to urban North, began to question the non-violent question the non-violent tactics of Dr. King and his tactics of Dr. King and his supporterssupporters

Many also began to call Many also began to call for the expulsion of whites for the expulsion of whites from civil rights groups from civil rights groups like CORE and the SNCC like CORE and the SNCC and for blacks to take sole and for blacks to take sole power over civil rights power over civil rights movements into their own movements into their own handshands

Nation of IslamNation of Islam Founded in 1930Founded in 1930 Sometimes called the Sometimes called the

“Black Muslims,” they “Black Muslims,” they preached black preached black nationalism and that nationalism and that blacks should separate blacks should separate themselves from white themselves from white society and its society and its trappingstrappings

Attempted to create Attempted to create their own separate their own separate society within a societysociety within a society

Malcolm XMalcolm X 1925 – 19651925 – 1965 Joined the Nation of Islam Joined the Nation of Islam

while in prison, dropping while in prison, dropping his “white” last name of his “white” last name of Little in favor of his family’s Little in favor of his family’s lost African name, replaced lost African name, replaced by Xby X

Became famous for his Became famous for his endorsement of winning endorsement of winning equality “by any means equality “by any means necessary” (even violence)necessary” (even violence)

Traveled to Mecca in 1964, Traveled to Mecca in 1964, where he had a religious where he had a religious awakening and returned awakening and returned encouraging racial encouraging racial cooperationcooperation

Assassinated for criticizing Assassinated for criticizing the Nation of Islamthe Nation of Islam

Stokely Stokely CarmichaelCarmichael

1941 – 19981941 – 1998 Participated in the Freedom Participated in the Freedom

Rides and other civil rights Rides and other civil rights activities, but over time activities, but over time became more radical and became more radical and more involved with the Black more involved with the Black Power movementPower movement

As president of SNCC, he As president of SNCC, he expelled all white members, expelled all white members, not out of racism, but out of not out of racism, but out of the belief that the two groups the belief that the two groups had separate interestshad separate interests

Later became involved with Later became involved with the Black Panthers and began the Black Panthers and began to endorse violent tactics in to endorse violent tactics in retaliation to police brutalityretaliation to police brutality

Ended his days living in Africa Ended his days living in Africa supporting a new Pan-African supporting a new Pan-African movementmovement

Black PanthersBlack Panthers Founded in 1966Founded in 1966 Believed that only an armed Believed that only an armed

revolution against white revolution against white society would force whites to society would force whites to grant true civil rights to grant true civil rights to blacksblacks

Called on African-Americans Called on African-Americans to take control of services to take control of services such as schools and law such as schools and law enforcement within their own enforcement within their own communitiescommunities

More radical elements More radical elements became involved in drug became involved in drug trafficking as a way to fund trafficking as a way to fund the movement and resorted the movement and resorted to violent confrontations with to violent confrontations with policepolice

Movement dissipated in the Movement dissipated in the mid-1970smid-1970s

MLK AssassinatedMLK Assassinated April 4, 1968April 4, 1968 King was shot while King was shot while

standing on the standing on the balcony at the hotel balcony at the hotel he was staying at in he was staying at in Memphis, TNMemphis, TN

The killing triggered The killing triggered race riots across the race riots across the United StatesUnited States

Escaped convict James Escaped convict James Earl Ray was Earl Ray was convicted of the convicted of the murder, but murder, but controversy surrounds controversy surrounds his convictionhis conviction

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19681968

Banned Banned discrimination in the discrimination in the sale, rental, or sale, rental, or financing of housing financing of housing due to race, due to race, ethnicity, or colorethnicity, or color

Passed in response Passed in response to many blacks being to many blacks being forced to live in poor-forced to live in poor-quality slums due to quality slums due to no other housing no other housing being open to thembeing open to them

Swann v Charlotte-Swann v Charlotte-MecklenburgMecklenburg

Many Southern Many Southern school systems had school systems had been deliberately been deliberately slow to integrateslow to integrate

In 1971, the In 1971, the Supreme Court Supreme Court ordered that ordered that students be bused, students be bused, districts redrawn, districts redrawn, and racial quotas and racial quotas be used to fully be used to fully integrate schoolsintegrate schools

Congressional Black Congressional Black CaucusCaucus

Founded in 1971Founded in 1971 African-American African-American

members of the US members of the US Congress created the Congress created the CBC in order to work CBC in order to work together on matters together on matters of interest to black of interest to black Americans and other Americans and other minority groups, minority groups, especially economic especially economic development, health development, health care, and crimecare, and crime

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action Policy which requires Policy which requires

any companies or any companies or institutions which do institutions which do business with or business with or receive funding from receive funding from the federal government the federal government to actively recruit to actively recruit minorities and often minorities and often sets required quotas for sets required quotas for how many minorities how many minorities must be hired for jobs must be hired for jobs or admitted to collegesor admitted to colleges

Univ. of California Regents v Univ. of California Regents v BakkeBakke

19781978 Supreme Court handed Supreme Court handed

down a complex ruling down a complex ruling regarding affirmative regarding affirmative action, stating that action, stating that racial quotas are not racial quotas are not permissible, but that permissible, but that considering race when considering race when accepting students for accepting students for admission is OK if the admission is OK if the college is attempting college is attempting to achieve racial to achieve racial diversitydiversity

Hispanics Fight for Hispanics Fight for EqualityEquality

As the number of As the number of Hispanic-Americans Hispanic-Americans swelled during the swelled during the 1960s, so did their 1960s, so did their political power and political power and their desire to be their desire to be treated as equals treated as equals in employment, in employment, housing, and housing, and educationeducation

CCéésar Chavezsar Chavez 1927 – 19931927 – 1993 Organized a largely Organized a largely

Hispanic labor Hispanic labor workforce to demand workforce to demand better wages, benefits, better wages, benefits, and union recognition and union recognition from California grape-from California grape-growersgrowers

When growers resisted, When growers resisted, he organized a boycott he organized a boycott on grapes which forced on grapes which forced the growers to relentthe growers to relent

Dolores HuertaDolores Huerta 1930 – Present1930 – Present Directed the grape Directed the grape

boycott and helped boycott and helped Chavez found the Chavez found the United Farm Workers United Farm Workers in 1966, which went in 1966, which went on to become a part of on to become a part of the powerful AFL-CIOthe powerful AFL-CIO

More politically active More politically active than Chavez – he than Chavez – he organized the workers organized the workers while she organized while she organized the political supportthe political support

La Raza UnidaLa Raza Unida Political party founded Political party founded

in 1969 by Jose Angel in 1969 by Jose Angel GutierrezGutierrez

Created to mobilize Created to mobilize Mexican-American Mexican-American voters in support of job voters in support of job training programs and training programs and greater access to loansgreater access to loans

Demonstrated the Demonstrated the increased political increased political strength of Latino strength of Latino votersvoters

Bilingual Education Act of Bilingual Education Act of 19681968

Passed in response to Passed in response to protests by Hispanic protests by Hispanic students who claimed students who claimed that they were at a that they were at a disadvantage to disadvantage to English-speaking English-speaking students when they students when they were required to learn were required to learn in English before they in English before they had truly mastered the had truly mastered the languagelanguage

Created ESL programs Created ESL programs to accommodate non-to accommodate non-English speakersEnglish speakers

Native Native AmericansAmericans

One of America’s One of America’s smallest minority smallest minority groups, making up less groups, making up less than 1% of the than 1% of the populationpopulation

Suffered from high Suffered from high unemployment, unemployment, extremely low standard-extremely low standard-of-living, very little of-living, very little education, and a life-education, and a life-expectancy 7 years expectancy 7 years shorter than other shorter than other American citizensAmerican citizens

Declaration of Indian Declaration of Indian PurposePurpose

19611961 67 Native American 67 Native American

groups met in Chicago groups met in Chicago to discuss ways to to discuss ways to address the problems address the problems faced by their peoplesfaced by their peoples

Called for the Called for the government to create government to create policies which would policies which would allow for more allow for more economic economic development on development on reservationsreservations

Indian Civil Rights Indian Civil Rights ActAct

19681968 Guaranteed Native Guaranteed Native

Americans who lived on Americans who lived on reservations full reservations full protection under the protection under the Bill of Rights while also Bill of Rights while also recognizing the recognizing the legitimacy of tribal lawslegitimacy of tribal laws

Native Americans no Native Americans no longer had to choose longer had to choose whether to exercise whether to exercise their constitutional their constitutional rights or their tribal rights or their tribal rights – they could have rights – they could have bothboth

AAmerican merican IIndian ndian MMovement ovement (AIM)(AIM)

Militant group Militant group created in the mid-created in the mid-1960s to take a 1960s to take a more aggressive more aggressive stance against the stance against the US government in US government in standing up for standing up for better treatment of better treatment of Native Americans Native Americans and better living and better living conditions on conditions on reservationsreservations

Alcatraz & BIA Alcatraz & BIA OccupationsOccupations

AIM engaged in acts of AIM engaged in acts of occupation as staged occupation as staged media events, such as media events, such as seizing Alcatraz Island seizing Alcatraz Island for 19 months in 1969 for 19 months in 1969 and taking the replica of and taking the replica of the Mayflower at the Mayflower at Plymouth Rock, Plymouth Rock, occupying Mt. occupying Mt. Rushmore, and seizing Rushmore, and seizing the Washington DC the Washington DC offices of the Bureau of offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1971Indian Affairs in 1971

Wounded Knee Wounded Knee ConfrontationConfrontation

AIM’s protests became AIM’s protests became more serious and more more serious and more violent in 1973 when violent in 1973 when AIM members seized AIM members seized the town of Wounded the town of Wounded Knee, site of the Knee, site of the famous Indian famous Indian massacre, and massacre, and engaged in a standoff engaged in a standoff with the FBI for 70 days with the FBI for 70 days that left 2 AIM that left 2 AIM members dead in members dead in intermittent fightingintermittent fighting

Indian Self-Determination & Indian Self-Determination & Educational Assistance ActEducational Assistance Act

19751975 Congress agreed to Congress agreed to

increase funds for increase funds for education and allow education and allow more local control more local control over federal aid over federal aid programsprograms

Allowed more Allowed more Native Americans to Native Americans to assume decision-assume decision-making roles within making roles within the BIAthe BIA

Increased Self-Increased Self-determinationdetermination

Native American Native American groups were given groups were given more autonomy over more autonomy over reservation lands, reservation lands, such as being such as being allowed to impose allowed to impose taxes and to open taxes and to open casinos to create casinos to create revenues which revenues which allowed for improved allowed for improved standards-of-living standards-of-living for Native Americansfor Native Americans