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The Making of the English

Language (so far).

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How English is made up.

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The Stages.

Proto English.

Old English/Anglo Saxon.

Middle English.

Modern English.

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Gaelic.

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55 BC Julius Caesar Lands in

Britain.

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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2347/2452624221_0c6f20e921.jpg%3Fv%3D0&imgrefurl=http://flickr.com/photos/patbreana/2452624221/&usg=__uSQKM3_2p07MP9mhoYVEu_dvZN0=&h=500&w=375&sz=190&hl=en&start=11&um=1&tbnid=aIIPbDSQv63twM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=98&prev=/images%3Fq%3Droman%2Bwriting%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1W1GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/imagelarge69028-.htmlhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.industryplayer.com/images/licrespic/roman%2520bath.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.industryplayer.com/licenceinfo.php%3Flicid%3D010500&usg=__3huOs9SvNhCSLVQ6TySzwze2Erw=&h=426&w=637&sz=27&hl=en&start=19&um=1&tbnid=8Sb-NUccYtEr3M:&tbnh=92&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Droman%2Binventions%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.explore-italian-culture.com/images/ancient-roman-inventions-toilets.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.explore-italian-culture.com/ancient-roman-baths.html&usg=__HvC5myP4OMeqVTUaBnInjoL3_hs=&h=195&w=300&sz=18&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=QE2cK3xiJK6FqM:&tbnh=75&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Droman%2Binventions%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://chalk.richmond.edu/education/projects/webunits/greecerome/images/acqu.jpg&imgrefurl=http://chalk.richmond.edu/education/projects/webunits/greecerome/Romearch2.html&usg=__ydCjqHS2gyD_ZT4VrverjLUGU1s=&h=319&w=427&sz=47&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=pY0FCMSxSPotzM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Droman%2Binventions%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

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Romans leave Britain 480 ADish.(Finally have enough of fish and chips).

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The Dark Ages.

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Welcome to Old English.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.heorot.dk/ms/blickling-f141%2520--%2520beowulf-f173r.jpg&imgrefurl=http://slothropgoestothemovies.blogspot.com/&usg=__b8G5CYKwTowugs8B1LSVte6GDoY=&h=584&w=800&sz=138&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=DU-EwRS72Y9FuM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbeowulf%2Bwitten%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1W1GFRD_en%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/sdk13/MSS/stpetersburg.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aprendelo.com/articles/resources-in-old-english.html&usg=__HarxN7JPVUkLg4tJ1TW9VjFlyDI=&h=951&w=700&sz=153&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=xqd5DMH8kv_tqM:&tbnh=148&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbeowulf%2Bwritten%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1W1GFRD_en%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1

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Goodbye Romans. Hello Saxons.(Britain loses the writing but finally gets

some ****ing decent swear words).

http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/images/saxon.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/10878.htm&usg=__HM_5PkeVfi4hL9RHoWXA0Zg3ass=&h=320&w=500&sz=41&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=r39t1to-fARlkM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Danglo%2Bsaxons%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

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597 AD.St Augustine brings Christianity

(Second time lucky.)

http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/09/24/article-1215723-0691DE2E000005DC-739_306x423.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1215723/Staffordshire-hoard-Amateur-treasure-hunter-finds-Britains-biggest-haul-Anglo-Saxon-gold.html&usg=__iTG0RGrAmggmMQXcW2AN1doJwqU=&h=423&w=306&sz=29&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=jSiSdvrfCnnu-M:&tbnh=126&tbnw=91&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsaxon%2Bchristian%2Bsymbols%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aidanharticons.com/saints/western_saints_large/St%2520Augustine%2520of%2520Canterbury.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aidanharticons.com/western_orthodox_saints.html&usg=__JStLAuYSx5LpR2VReyXNEFKYckM=&h=863&w=676&sz=100&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=e7ZYytANKY3b_M:&tbnh=145&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dst%2Baugustine%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

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The Church

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Latin:

The language of the Church,education, the Law and the CivilService.

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789 AD. These guys dont look so

bad!

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English Place Names.Celtic. Aber. The mouth of a river. Coombe. A deep Valley. Glen. A narrow valley. Pen. A hill.

Roman. Castra (Chester). Town. Porta (Port). Port.

Anglo-Saxon. Ham. A home. Steade. A building Bourne. A river.

Scandinavian. Holme. Flat ground by a river. Thorpe. A settlement. Toft. Apiece of land

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The first known text in

English?

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Alfred the Great.

849 AD to 899 AD. Alfred defeats the Vikings.

Unites the Saxons.

West Saxon becomes dominant. Establishes Laws.

Translates Latin into English

Begins the Anglo Saxon

Chronicles. Becomes remembered as the

man who burned the cakes.

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The Viking Duchy of Normandy

(better keep your eyes on this lot).

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The Normans.

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066 ( l )

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1066 (plus) AD.The British Monarchy/Class system

begins. Norman French becomes the language of government.

Anglo Saxon nobility replaced by 200 Normans.

Introduction of Serfdom.

Tower of London and castles built all over England.

The Doomsday Book completed.

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The Feudal System.

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Very important!!!

What are the affects of the Feudal systemon today's English?

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Early Middle English.

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Late 1300s.

The Canterbury Tales!!!

By Geoffrey Chaucer.

http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://english.basd.k12.wi.us/mocarski/englishliterature/Lit1/lydgate.gif&imgrefurl=http://english.basd.k12.wi.us/mocarski/englishliterature/Lit1/middleages.html&usg=__1wE6JX96ml7DK1EAYVZZ66gO36s=&h=326&w=346&sz=88&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=bmKIth4Pc0aKnM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dthe%2Bcanterbury%2Btales%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

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1349 AD The Black Death.

Why cant I have a rat mummy?

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The Great Vowel Switch.

The values of the long vowels form the main differencebetween the pronunciation ofMiddle English and ModernEnglish, and the Great Vowel Shift is one of the historical

events marking the separation of Middle and ModernEnglish. Originally, these vowels had "continental" valuesmuch like those remaining in Italian and liturgical Latin.However, during the Great Vowel Shift, the two highestlong vowels became diphthongs, and the other five

underwent an increase in tongue height with one ofthem coming to the front.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_heighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_heighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Englishhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Great_Vowel_Shift.svg

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Great_Vowel_Shift.svg

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1440.Time of a

technologicalrevolution.

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The written word becomesavailable to everyone.

Spelling is not standardised!

http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://lakelandvillagehallbooks.co.uk/Images/bigstockphoto_Old_Books_546402.jpg&imgrefurl=http://lakelandvillagehallbooks.co.uk/Booksforsale.aspx&usg=__D4cYDvsPWSjFMmiXCJOr4U9PwsA=&h=900&w=446&sz=495&hl=en&start=11&um=1&tbnid=Zl9blqjgfXfpXM:&tbnh=146&tbnw=72&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dold%2Bbooks%2Bfor%2Bsale%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://bayareagenealogicalsociety.org/images/oldBooks.jpg.png&imgrefurl=http://bayareagenealogicalsociety.org/forSale.htm&usg=__Q5eniHbeXcl9xFCHvqs7Kl0L2y4=&h=900&w=1353&sz=2175&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=nsJRT95h8XbhmM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dold%2Bbooks%2Bfor%2Bsale%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://rldbookstore.com/images/old-books.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rldbookstore.com/&usg=__N2QezhSBuB_l0LCjvMopyM-y32Y=&h=269&w=393&sz=44&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=Ahg7D6WCsj0vqM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dold%2Bbooks%2Bfor%2Bsale%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

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William Shakespeare

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William Shakespeare.1564-1616 AD

Playwright bring misery to millionsof British school children.

http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://rohrbachlibrary.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/william-shakespeare2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rohrbachlibrary.wordpress.com/2009/04/&usg=__GczidyE_XP041e3eGFGd9aBbUcA=&h=372&w=320&sz=27&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=p7Mk5aLfqxeLnM:&tbnh=122&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwilliam%2Bshakespeare%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GFRD_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

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Sonnet # 6

Then let not winter's ragged hand deface,In thee thy summer, ere thou be distilled:Make sweet some vial; treasure thou some placeWith beauty's treasure ere it be self-killed.That use is not forbidden usury,Which happies those that pay the willing loan;That's for thy self to breed another thee,Or ten times happier, be it ten for one;

Ten times thy self were happier than thou art,If ten of thine ten times refigured thee:Then what could death do if thou shouldst depart,Leaving thee living in posterity?Be not self-willed, for thou art much too fair

To be death's conquest and make worms thine heir.

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Personal Pronouns in Middle English

NOM OBJ POSS 1st singular I Me My (or mine).

Plural We Us Our (or ours)

2nd singular Thou Thee Thy (orthine) plural Ye You Your (or yours)

3rd singular He/She/It Him/Her/It His/Hers/Its pluralThey Them Their (or theirs)

William Bullokar

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William Bullokar

1586.Another unhappy year for

students of English

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The 1700s

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Spreading the Word.

Colonisation.

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New words enter the language.

Spanish- words relating to warfare and tactics, for instance flotillaand guerrilla; orrelated to science and culture, whether coined in Arabic language (such as algebra), original in amerindian civilizations Caribbean:cannibal, hurricane; Mescalero: apache; Nahuatl: tomato; Quechua:potato;

Tano: tobacco), or Iberian

Romance languages (aficionado, albino, alligator, cargo, cigar, embargo, guitar,jade,mesa,paella,platinum,plaza, renegade, rodeo, salsa, savvy, sierra, siesta, tilde, tornado,vanillaetc).

Italian - words relating to music, piano, fortissimo. Or Italian culture, such aspiazza,pizza,gondola, balcony, fascism. The English word umbrellacomes from Italian ombrello.

Arabic - Islamic . Some scientific vocabulary borrowed through Iberian Romancelanguages in the Middle Ages (alcohol, algebra, azimuth, nadir).

Nahuatl - tomato, coyote, chocolate. Afrikaans - apartheid, trek. Russian - words relating to the Cold War and the aftermath (perestroika, glasnost), and also

words relating to Russian culture, such as Cossackor Babushka.

Indian - words relating to culture, originating from the colonial era. Many of these words areofPersian origin rather than Hindi because Persian was the official language of the Mughalcourts. e.g.:pyjamas, bungalow, verandah,jungle, curry, shampoo, khaki

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siestahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tildehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_apartheid_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_apartheid_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tildehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siestahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language

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The Industrial Revolution (cont).

1812 AD. First steam ship.

1814 AD. First steam train.

Cities become overcrowded, disease

ridden, polluted hell-holes.

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1776. A new influence.

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Modern English. 1800-Present.

Changes in vocabulary: new words added,some words lose relevance, or become

unfashionable. Changes in grammar/syntax: new styles

become more acceptable, new influences

affect spoken English.

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New words.(14.7 per day).

Web 2.0: the second generation of the Internet

n00b: a new or inexperienced user, usually withtechnology

Jai Ho: an exclamation of victory, from Hindi

slumdog: an unkind term for a person who lives in aslum

cloud computing: services delivered via the Internet

carbon neutral: an activity that doesn't produce heat-trapping carbon emissions

Source: Global Language Monitor

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