THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MATURITY IN TWAIN’S THE ADVENTURES

OF TOM SAWYER

A THESIS

Submitted of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to obtain a Sarjana Degree

in English.

Written by

IMA ASMIRAWATI

F211 13 046

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

MAKASSAR

2017

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirahmanirrahim

First of all, I gratefully thank to Allah SWT, the lord of the universe for

love, guidance, spirit and always gives the strength for passing through

everything in my life, especially in accomplishing my thesis. Shalawat and

Salam may always be poured by Allah to our great prophet Muhammad

SAW who have successful accompanied us go to the truth way.

The researcher would like to express her deepest gratitude to some

parties that have given support, advice, guidance, and suggestion during

the accomplishment of this thesis. They are:

1. The writer also wishes to express her special appreciation to her

parents (Muh. Aris Patimbangi and Aminah) and my sisters (Emi

Ismayana and Melisa Astriana) who have patiently given their moral

and financial, advice, support, love, and prayers for me so that I can

finish my study at the University. I love you All.

2. Drs. Raden SM. Assagaf, M. Ed. The first advisor who has given

guidance and correction to the writer. Thank you very much.

3. Abbas, S.S., M. Hum. The second advisor for his helps in giving

valuable correcting, guidance, and suggestion in finishing this

thesis.

4. All lectures of English Department of Faculty of Cultural Sciences in

Hasanuddin University, who had supported and given knowledge to

the writer.

vii

5. My beloved Boyfriend, Andi Afri Taqbir who has patiently given

support, love and prayer for me until I finish my study.

6. Thank you for my KKN friends, Ical, Angga, Ivan, Nurul, Mala and

Rasya for their support and help to complete my thesis.

7. My Girls Day Out (Sarina and Dyna) Thank you for the support, love

and time we shared together.

8. Thank you to My Teman Sekosan (Sherly and Ino) for help, prayer

and love we shared together until I finish my study.

9. My beloved friends (Halim, Rea, Wilda, Sri, Rini, Cali, Eka, Daud,

March, Nanna, Ani, Naya) and all my friends whose names I cannot

tell one by one who have given me support, love and prayers for

me.

10. To my ETCETERA 2013, thank you for the help and time we shared

together in our study. I love you All.

Finally, the writer would like to admit that this thesis might contain

many weaknesses. Therefore, I always Invite Criticisms and suggestions

for the development of this thesis.

Makassar, 13 September 2017

The writer

viii

ABSTRACT

IMA ASMIRAWATI. 2017. The Main Character’s Maturity in Twain’s The

Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Supervised by Raden SM. Assagaf and Abbas).

This thesis aims to discuss Tom's maturity process to solve the conflicts through his life full of extraordinary experiences and adventures. Although the main character is a boy, he already has ability to face all the experiences. It shows that he is able to reach maturity in his very young age.

The author uses a Structural Approach in analyzing this research. Structural literary approach is an approach that analyzes the intrinsic literary works contained in literary works, then to related the conflicts and maturity contained within the main character, the author uses the Psychoanalysis Theory. The author uses descriptive analysis that describes what is contained in the literary work in the form of analysis.

Through the analysis, the writer finds that Tom Sawyer is a

mischievous boy who often gets and out into troubles. He is also an imaginative, lazy, full of curiosity, and cowardly. Most of them are clearly seen in his speech, his attitude, and his thought in facing his life. Moreover, the analysis shows that the boy experiences some conflicts with other characters; they are Aunt Polly, Huckleberry Finn, and Becky Thatcher. Those are the most important conflicts which help him mature. The conflicts with those other characters change Tom’s mind and attitude. His understanding toward problem in his childhood shows that his maturity begins to attain. Moreover, Tom’s maturity is seen in his self-evaluation, his ability to deal with frustration, and his sense of responsibility. Those criteria prove that his maturity process is already proven in this study.

Keyword: Maturity, The Main character’s, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

ix

ABSTRAK

IMA ASMIRAWATI. 2017. Kedewasaan dari Tokoh Utama dalam Twain’s

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Dibimbing oleh Raden SM. Assagaf dan

Abbas)

Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mendiskusikan proses kedewasaan Tom

untuk menyelesaikan konflik yang dialaminya melalui kehidupannya yang

penuh dengan pengalaman-pengalaman yang luar biasa serta

petualangannya. Walaupun tokoh utama tergolong seorang anak, dia mampu

menghadapi semua permasalahannya. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa

Tom telah sampai pada kedewasaan di usianya yang masih sangat muda.

Penulis menggunakan Pendekatan Structural dalam menganalisis

penelitian ini. Pendekatan structural sastra merupakan pendekatan yang

menganalisis karya sastra dari segi intrinsik yang terdapat dalam karya

sastra, kemudian untuk menganalisis konflik dan kedewasaan yang terdapat

dalam diri tokoh utama, penulis menggunakan Teori Psikoanalisis. Penulis

menggunakan Analisis Deskriptif yaitu menggambarkan apa yang terdapat

dalam karya sastra dalam bentuk analisis.

Penulis menemukan bahwa Tom Sawyer adalah anak yang nakal yang selalu membuat masalah. Ia juga anak yang mempunyai banyak imajinasi, malas, penuh dengan keingintahuan dan penakut. Penggambaran tokoh Tom Sawyer ini terlihat jelas dari perkataannya, tingkah lakunya serta dalam pemikirannya dalam menjalani kehidupan. Lebih lanjut, analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa ia mengalami banyak konflik dengan karakter karakter lain; mereka adalah Aunt Polly, Huckleberry Finn, dan Becky Thatcher. Konflik tersebut merupakan konflik yang paling pokok dalam cerita ini yang nantinya dapat mendewasakan Tom. Konflik-konflik dengan karakter lain telah merubah pikiran dan tingkah laku pada diri Tom. Pengertiannya terhadap masalah di masa kecilnya menunjukkan bahwa kedewasaannya sudah mulai tercapai. Lebih lanjut, kedewasaan Tom terlihat jelas pada kemampuan evaluasinya, pada kemampuan dalam mengatasi kekecewaan, dan pada pengertiannya tentang tanggungjawab. Semua criteria tersebut membuktikan adanya proses kedewasaan Tom dalam studi

Keyword: Maturity, The Main character’s, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE………………………………………………………………………………i

AGREEMENT PAGES...................................................................................

ACKNOWLEDGMENT……………….…………………………………………ii

ABSTRACT………………………...…….………......………………………….iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………...……...…….………..…….vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background...........................................................................................1

1.2 Identification of Problem........................................................................3

1.3 Scope of Problem..................................................................................3

1.4 Statement of the Problem......................................................................3

1.5 Objective of Writing...............................................................................4

1.6 The sequence of Chapters....................................................................4

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Previous Studies....................................................................................6

2.2 Structuralism Approach.........................................................................7

2.2.1 Characters....................................................................................8

2.2.2 Plot.............................................................................................10

2.2.3 Setting........................................................................................11

2.2.4 Theme........................................................................................13

2.3 Theory of Psychoanalysis...................................................................14

2.3.1 Maturity......................................................................................17

2.3.2 Conflict.......................................................................................18

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design................................................................................21

3.1.1 Qualitative Method.....................................................................21

3.1.2 Descriptive Analysis...................................................................21

3.2 Method of Collecting Data...................................................................22

3.3 Method of Data Analysis.....................................................................22

3.4 Research Procedures.........................................................................23

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

4.1 Intrinsic element of the adventures of Tom Sawyer……………………24

4.1.1 Characters……………...……………………………………………24

4.1.2 Plot……………………………………………………………………35

4.1.3 Setting……………………………………………..…………………38

4.1.4 Theme……………………………………..…………………………44

4.2 The Conflict of Characters in the Novel…………………………………45

4.3 The Maturity of Main Character to Solve the Conflicts in The Novel

……………………………………………………………………………...48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………..………………..57

5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………....………58

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

1. Synopsis of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

2. Biography of Mark Twain

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the writer describes Background, Identification of

Problem, Scope of Problem, Statement of the Problem, Objective of

Writing, and The Sequence of Chapters.

1.1 Background

Maturity is a psychological term used to indicate that a person

responds to the circumstances or environment in an appropriate and

adaptive manner. This response is learned rather than instinctual, and is

not determined by one's age. Maturity also encompasses being aware of

the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act with

appropriate emotion for the situation. It is the state or condition of

complete or adult from structure, and function of anorganism, whether in

respect to a single trait or, more often, all traits.

Maturity related to physical, mental, social, emotional, spiritual, and

moral development. Human beings are social creatures for the whole

periods of lives. It is a very close association with the attitude of a person's

personality, between other behavior, mindset, intellectual intelligence,

emotional intelligence, and spritual intelligence.

Therefore, the writer thinks maturity is the level of someone to think

right and wise in any capacity, and knowledge possessed receptive to

feedback, provide feedback, respectful feedback, resolve differences also

do not harm anyone around us. Maturity is not determined by age, and

2

capacity is not only measured by IQ and intelligence, as well as factors

that only appear to look physically, but also based on the experience

human being have had.

Mark Twain is one of the American writers who existed in the last

twenty years of nineteenth century. He published The Gilded Age (1873)

and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) along with many other shorter

works. Twain‟s works mostly reflect America‟s real lives in post civil war

period. Realism on his literary scene is a portrait of ordinary people in their

everyday lives. His works, especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and

Huckelberry Finn, brought him in to popularity; it is mostly humorous, and

focusing on the social condition reflected in Twain‟s The Adventures of

Tom Sawyer.

One of Mark Twain‟s purpose in writing The Adventures of Tom

Sawyer is to criticize types of books written for children at that time. Those

books which portrayed admirable boys who always worked hard, behaved

themselves perfectly, made touching sacrifices for others, attended church

willingly, studied hard, saved their pennies, and never played hooky from

school were preachy, unrealistic, and completely lacking in the fun and

humour of real children‟s lives.

This novel tells the life of Tom Sawyer who was full of extraordinary

experiences along with the existed conflicts. Although he was a little child,

he was capable to face his daily life until he matured. Tom sawyer is a

mischievous boy who often get and out into trobles. He is also an

3

imaginative , lazy, full of curiosity and cowardly. Most of them are clearly

seen in his speech, his attitude and his thought in facing his life. In this

novel, there are some conflict with those other characters change Tom‟s

mind and attitude. His understanding toward problem in his childhood

shows that his maturity begins to attain. Because of those reasons, the

writer determines the title of this analysis is The main character maturity in

Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

1.2 Identification of Problem

After reading the Mark twain‟s novel The Adventures of Tom

sawyer, the writer finds and identifies some problems below:

a. The conflicts experienced by the main character with the other

characters in the novel.

b. The conflicts influencing the maturing process of the main character in

the novel.

1.3 Scope of Problem

The novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer shows us some issues.

However, according to the title, the writer focuses on some points. In this

study, the writer exposes the main character maturity in Mark Twain‟s The

Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The writer also describes the intrinsic

elements of the novel.

4

1.4 Statement of the Problem

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer tells a life story named Tom who

was naughty and problematic. He was full of imaginative things, lazy,

curious, and a clown. He also had some challenges with other characters

such as Aunt Polly, Huckleberry Finn and Becky Thatcher. Those conflicts

were the most primary ones in the story that brought Tom to come of age.

Based on the problems, the writer formulates the statement of

problem as follows:

a. What are the conflicts found in the novel?

b. How is the maturity of the main character solving the conflicts in the

story?

1.4 Objective of Writing

According to the statement of the problems above, the writer

determines two objectives of research, as follows:

a. To describe the conflict found in the novel.

b. To explain the maturity of the main character solving the conflicts in

the story.

1.5 The sequence of Chapters

The chapters of this research will be arranged into five chapters.

Chapter one is an introduction. It covers the outlook of the whole writing

which includes, namely background of writing, identification of problem,

5

the scope of problem, the statement of problem, the objective of writing

and the sequence of the chapters. Chapter two explains the literature

review, which consists of structural approach, intrinsic elements and the

psychology theory. Chapter three consists of methodology of the study. It

contains of research design, method of collecting data, method of

analyzing data and research procedure. Chapter four is the analysis of the

main character maturity in the novel The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer.

Finally, chapter five is the conclusion and suggestion for the readers is

involved in this chapter.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the writer explains Previous Studies, Structuralism

Approach, Psychoanalysis Theory, Maturity and Conflict.

2.1 Previous Studies

Mark Twain has several great novels that remain popular until now.

These novels contain some valuable aspects of literariness that attract

their readers to explore it. This research is not the first that use this Mark

Twain‟s novel as an object of analysis. There are a lot of studies that have

identified his novels. In completing this research, the writer has found

some researches that are relevant in approach and objects of research.

These previous researches are carried out by undergraduate students

from English Department of Hasanuddin University.

Mardiana M (2002), “Aspek moral dalam novel The Adventure of

Tom Sawyer”, is one of the theses which has identified the same novel

with the writer‟s research. It identified the moral aspect in the novel of

Mark Twain the Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The purpose was to know

what kind of moral value in this novel . Mardiana used intrinsic and

extrinsic approach in this research. The similarity between Mardiana and

the writer‟s is the same on Mark Twain‟s novel The Adventures of Tom

Sawyer, but Mardiana focuses analysis on the moral aspect in the novel,

while the writer focuses on the main character maturity.

7

Mahardika Susanto (2011), “Childish behaviors and Moral Dilemma

in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain” is another thesis

analyzing on Mark Twain‟s novel. Susanto used structural approach in his

thesis that identifies the childish behavior and moral dilemma in this novel.

The difference between Mahardika and the writer‟s is the writer also

identifies the main character maturity in the novel, but Mahardika focuses

on the childish behavior and moral dilemma in the novel.

The last previous study is Hery Azhar Djafar (2008), “The analysis of

Major Characters and Themes of Mark Twain‟s The Adventures of Tom

Sawyer” used Structuralism Approach in his thesis that describes the

characteristic of the main characters and to identify the theme. The writer

also identifies the characters, but the writer focuses on maturity of the

main character.

The review above informs that there is no any research that

analyzed The Adventures of Tom Sawyer views on the main character

maturity in the novel. The writer used structuralism approach. Thus, the

research explores the new subject matter and perspective that are

different from the previous research.

2.2 Structuralism Approach

In this research, the writer used a structuralism approach. It is a

literary approach that give attention to literature, regardless of the extrinsic

aspects of a literary work. According to Aminuddin (1987:52) that

8

literature is a verbal structure which has its own autonomy apart from other

elements outside it. Structuralism is focuses on literary text and intrinsic

elements as the major analysis to understand the meaning , the message,

and the value that are informed in the text.

In Addition, Semi (1993:67) says that literary work as creative ones

have to be seen as independent creation free from other elements outside

of themselves. So, the writer analyzed this thesis by using this approach,

focuses some elements inside it which build up the work itself. Therefore,

structural approach is one of the literary approaches which analyze the

elements from inside of the literary work.

Literary works have several elements like character, plot, setting,

theme, point of view and so on. Those elements are called the structure of

story text. Wellek and Warren explain it as follows:

Structural approach, which consists of material and structure of text of the literary works. The material includes elements that are called formal. While a structure is a concept including both content and form so far as they are organized for aesthetic purpose (1956:140-141).

So, it can be concluded that the structural approach is an approach

to the study of literature that works analyzing the structure elements that

build literary works from the inside such as characters, plot, theme, setting

and so on, as well as finding the relevance or relationship of these

elements in order to achieve unanimity meaning.

2.2.1 Characters

9

Character is one of the most important elements in literature,

character holds the main role in a story of literature such as novel, drama

and poem. Characters as the person that presented in the literary work,

that their appearance is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with

desires, motivation, and emotional qualities that are expressed in their

saying and action in the story.

Character is related to Abram‟s (1981: 20) says “characters as the

person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by

the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that

are expressed in what they say, they dialogue and what they do the

action.”

Another idea about character remarked by Perrine is in the

following as:

An author may present his character either directly or indirectly. In direct presentation, he tells us straight out, by exposition or analysis, what a character is like, or has someone else in the story tells us what he is like. In indirect presentation, the author shows us the character in action, we inter what he is like form what he thinks or says or does (1974:68).

In story of the novel, there are two kinds of character that can be

seen in the story. They are main or major character and supporting or

minor character. A major character is the central figures or the focus of the

story. Usually, major character emerged from the beginning to the end of

the story. On the other hand, minor character or supporting character is a

10

character that only accompanied or followed the existence of the main

character.

From that explanation, the writer understands that the character is

the most important in literature. Character is created by the author to get

better understanding through the description above, the reader must able

to understand what the character‟s do. So, a story can be told interesting

when it depends on the play the characters, because the characters are

the key of the way of story life. In this case someone, things although the

author can be the character.

2.3.2 Plot

Plot is an important element of literary work, because the plot tells

the important event that occur in a story. The structure of action is used to

indicate almost any kind of action that found in a story, including the

closed, the open, and the straight narrative with little or no serious

complication, Bocker ( 1963 :91 ). According to Nurgiyanto (2000:142) that

theoritically the plot can be sorted or developed into spesific stages in

chronological order. However in practice the measures “operational” does

the author is forever subject to that theory.

There are some elements which are included the parts of plot

according to Sumardjo and Saini ( 1991:51)

1. Exposition is the first elements as the introduction in which the author

introduces the characters, scene, time and situation.

11

2. Complication is the advanced introduction that depicts how new conflict

is increased in intensity until they reach a climax.

3. Climax is the continuation of complication. It is where the complication

comes to further development and to a moment of crisis.

4. Resolution shows how the conflicts are resolved. All the problem of the

story which is emerged by the characters will end.

5. Conclusion is the last situation of the whole characters and be the end

of the story.

Based on the opinion above, the writer conclude that plot is the

sequence of event in a work of literature formed by stages event that has

a causal relationship. Plot is also an important element in literature for

clarity. Plot is clarity about the linkages between the events depicted in

literature facilitate the understanding of the reader in the story are

displayed.

2.3.3 Setting

Setting is not only related to place, time, and event, but it also

related with tradition, characters, social behaviors and people perspective

by the time when the story is written. According to Aminuddin (1993: 67)

explained that Setting is background of events on the literatures, as place,

time, and also event, and having fiscal and psychological function. It can

be the nature, political, temporary environment including everything that

characters know and own. It is including the time, location, and everything

12

in which a story take place, and initiates the main backdrop and mood for

a story.

Setting has been referred to as story world to include a context

beyond the story. It is also including the background, namely aspect of

atmosphere, a series of details, nuances which give a certain shape to

theme and plot.

Aminuddin (in Kuswari, 2005:16) explained that setting is

background of occurance in fiction. Setting is refers to place, time

relationship and social environment in which the events taken place. It

can be divided into two, namely physical and spiritual setting. Physical

setting refers to place and time. Spiritual setting refers to custom, tradition,

believe and value of the society where the event happens.

Setting in literary work is important because it may stir the readers

imagination as well as reveal the significance of the action. The element of

setting can be differentiated into three principle elements: setting of place,

setting of time, and setting of society. Although each of these elements

offer situation but actually they are closed and influence each other.

Based on that some opinions, the writer understands that setting

can be categorized into three parts, namely the setting of the place, setting

of time, and setting of atmosphere. A story in the novel must happen in

certain time and place because it is very important thing in a story. With

setting, people who read a novel know when the event occured in the

13

society or the situation of place where the character live and could know

where the character are.

2.3.4 Theme

Theme is view about life and how people behavior. The theme is

not intended to teach or preach. In fact, it is not presented directly at all.

People extract it from the characters, action or setting that makes up the

story. In other words the writer must figure out the theme ourselves.

Theme is generally have the character of neutrally, in means that author

do not mention it directly, hence, reader is free to determine it by himself

from the story according to his understanding of the fiction.

The writer's task is to communicate on a common ground with the

reader. Although the particulars of human being experience may be

different from the details of the story, the general underlying truths behind

the story may be just the connection that both reader and the writer are

seeking.

According to Nurgiyantoro (1998:70) that theme can be viewed as

a basic story or general basic idea of a novel. It means that the story once

the story‟s main goal. If development continues at the bottom of the story,

it is intended that the basic, common basic idea or something human

being want to put forward to be accepted by the reader.

The theme of a literary work is always associated with the meaning

(experience) of life. The presence of the theme in a literary work is one

element in building a story together with other element to form a unity. The

14

theme is often also refered to as the basic story according to Sudjiman

(1990:79) explained the theme is the nation, idea, or the main thought in

both the revealed literature and that has not been revealed.

Based on that explanation, the writer conclude that the basic idea of

the theme is the stories that expose the fundamentals of the development

for a story that animates the whole story, as well as being the starting

point of the author in the work of creation. Themes cannot be separated

from the problems of life are recorded by the literary work.

2.3 Psychoanalysis Theory

Psychoanalysis theory in literary works is started by the expansion of

the researcher‟s fields towards the psychologi‟s theories. The main

assumption of this approach as stated by Semi (1993:76) that in literary

works always talk about human being‟s life. Human always shows various

behaviours. If human being want to see and know human better and

further, first human being need to comprehend the psychology.

Psychoanalysis is found by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis is one of

the streams in the disciplines of psychology, who has obtained some of

the definitions and designation. Freud expressed, “Psychoanalysis is a

method of medical treatment for people suffering from neurological

disorders. Pschoanalysis is a type of therapy aims to treat someone who

had mental disorders and nerve “(2002:3).

Furthermore according to Fudyartana (2005:17), Psychoanalysis is the

unconcious psychology, attention-attention directed toward the areas of

15

motivation, emotion, conflict, neurotic dreams, and character traits.

Psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud when he was dealing with

neurosis and other mental problem.

Psychoanalysis theory of human personality structure consists of Id,

ego and superego.

1. Id

The id is the part of the personality that contains such as thirst, anger,

hunger and the desire for instant gratification or release. According to

Freud, we are born with our id. The id is an important part of our

personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met.

The id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the

other circumstances of the situation.

The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate

gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not

satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example,

an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat

or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an

infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she

will cry until the demands of the id are satisfied. Because young infants

are ruled entirely by the id, there is no reasoning with them when these

needs demand satisfaction.

16

2. Ego

The ego is the part of the personality that maintains a balance

between our id and our superego. The ego is based on the reality

principle. The ego understands that other people have needs and desires

and sometimes being selfish can hurt us in the end. It is the ego‟s job to

meet the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation. The

ego works, in other words, to balance the id and superego.

Freud compared the id to a horse and the ego to the horse's rider.

The horse provides the power and motion, yet the rider provides the

direction and guidance. Without its rider, the horse may simply wander

wherever it wished and do whatever it pleased. The rider instead gives the

horse directions and commands to guide it in the direction he or she

wishes to go.The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses

through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in

the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary

process.

3. Superego

The superego is the part of the personality that represents the

conscience, the moral part of us. The superego develops due to the moral

and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. It dictates our belief

of right and wrong. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior.

It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to

make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic

17

principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious, and

unconscious.

Based on that explanation, the writer understands that

psychoanalysis have three elements that is Id, ego and superego to form

complex human behaviors. Id, ego and superego are influence a person,

especially the personality development. A personality development is the

development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that

makes a person distinctive. So, Id is seen a biological component

personality, Ego is seen psychological component and Superego is seen

social component.

2.3.1 Maturity

Maturity is an end result of growth and physical development is

accompanied by a change in behavior. It can not be categorized as a

genetic or innate, because it is a common solitariness of the individual in

the form and period of time. Maturity is a very close association with the

attitude of a person's personality, between Other, namely behavior,

mindset, intellectual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and intelligence

spritual.

Maturity is a psychological term used to indicate that a person

responds to the circumstances or environment in an appropriate and

adaptive manner. This response is generally learned rather than

instinctual, and is not determined by one's age. Maturity also

18

encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and

knowing when to act with appropriate emotion for the situation.

Therefore the writer thinks maturity is the level of someone to think

right and wise in any capacity and knowledge possessed receptive to

feedback, provide feedback, respectful feedback, resolve differences also

do not harm anyone around us. Maturity is not determined by age and

capacity are not only measured by IQ and intelligence, as well as factors

that only appear to look physically but also based on the experience

human being have had. So, it not just based on the physical changes but

is accompanied by changes in behavior that is able to think and act

appropriately in certain circumstances.

2.3.2 Conflict

Conflict is something that dramatic, referring to the battle between

the two forces balanced and implies the action and retaliation (Wellek &

Warren, 1989: 285). These two classes are to each other could not adjust

to each other's will, effort and intentions. Conflict is something unpleasant

(negative connotation). That is why people prefer to choose to avoid

conflict and want a quiet life. The definition of conflict is stated by Robert

(1995: 1694) as :

Conflict is the opposition between two characters, between large groups of people or between protagonist and and large forces such as natural object, ideas, modes of behavior, public opinion, and the like. Conflict may also be internal and physiological, involving choices facing a protagonist.

19

Conflict is one of social process which happened in our life which

involves some of people or group of people which challenge each other

which has inviolacy impact. Conflict is not always has negative impact.

With the conflict, people can get the best solution in every problem that

happened in human life.

Conflict can be a centre of a story. Confict becomes the basic of

plot, are the conflict of the protagonist. It is the element of the story which

shows the concerns of the central characters. However, a literary work

such as a novel or short story where there is no conflict, the storyline will

seem flat and beautiful. To the authors usually always raises a variety of

conflict in a story, so that the story will seem meaningless to anyone who

read it. The bottom line with any conflict, can make the reader want to

keep reading the story to the end.

According to Stanton (in Nurgiyantoro, 2002: 124) conflict can be

divided into two categories, namely internal and external conflicts.

1. The internal conflict or psychological conflict is in the heart of soul of a

character story. So this conflict is the conflict experienced by humans

with himself.

2. The external conflict is a conflict between a character with something

outside himself.

Conflict comes as a shadow figure life's journey and the twists that

must pass a character in the story. The more twists it provided the

authors, then the long journey of life and the time frames of figures for the

20

end of the story. In the novel, the conflict is an important part of building

the structure of the groove. Conflict in a literary work it into something that

is in need of the reader as a life experience and the needs of the soul.

Based on that explanation, the writer conclude that the types of

conflicts can be divided into two catagories namely the internal conflict

and the external conflict. The internal conflict is known as struggle within

one‟s self, a person must make someone decision, overcome problem,

quite their temper, resist an urge, respond the idea, against a mode or

behavior, and the like. On the other hand, the external conflict is the

struggle of the character against the force from outside. There are several

kinds of these external conflicts that the character might face such as the

character against another character, the character against the society and

the character against the nature force.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the writer describes Research design namely

Qualitative Method, Descriptive Analysis, Method of collecting data,

Method of Data Analysis and Research Procedures.

3.1 Research Design

The research design is basically a scientific way to get data with a

specific purpose and usefulness. According to Arikunto (2006) , research

method is a method used in obtaining and collecting data from multiple

informants.”

3.1.1 Qualitative method

There are two types of research, qualitative and quantitative. This

analysis ia a qualitative method. Qualitative method is a study aimed at

describing and analyzing phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes,

beliefs, perceptions thinking people individually or in groups (Nana, 2013:

94). Some descriptions are used to discover the principles and

explanations that lead to the inference. This method is inductive which

researchers let the problems arise from the data or left open to

interpretation.

3.1.2 Descriptive Analysis

Descriptive analysis is an analysis method that attempted to

describe the object or subjects in the study based on the reality, with the

aim of describing systematically, facts and characteristic of the object that

22

analyzed appropriately. Definition about descriptive analysis is stated by

Sukmadinata (2006:72), descriptive analysis is a form of descriptive study

aimed to describe the phenomena that exist, whether a natural

phenomenon or human-made phenomenon. The phenomenon could be

the shape, activity, characteristics, changes, relationships, similarities and

differences between the phenomena with each other phenomenon.

Based on the above explanation, the writer understands that the

descriptive analysis aims to illustrate the truth of the facts that exist and

explains About the relationship between variables was investigated by

collecting data, Process, analyze, and interpret data.

3.2 Method of Collecting data

In this research , the writer applied library research as method of

collecting data. The Primary data is obtained from the novel itself. The

novel consists of 353 pages and is divided into 35 chapters. The collecting

data is done by close reading and the writer notes down everything that is

relevant to the existing problem in this novel.

3.3 Method of Data Analysis

Data analysis is the process of systematically searching for and

compiling data obtained from field notes, and other materials, so it can be

easily understood, and its findings can be communicated to others

(Bogdan in Sugiyono, 2013: 244). In Analyzing the data, the writer used

structuralism approach to focus on the main character maturity in the

novel. The writer interpreted the data by giving more explanation.

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3.4 Research Procedures

In research procedures, the writer used a several procedures :

1. Reading the novel of The Adventure of Tom Sawyer itself.

2. Determining the object of the research.

3. Making a note or remark about all problems and other supporting

ideas of the novel.

4. Limiting and formulating the research questions.

5. Determining the basic theory or approach to be used in analyzing

the problem.

6. Making several notes about the intrinsic elements related to main

objectives.

7. Collecting and classifying the data based on the main problems.

8. Commiting the initial consultation to actually determine the research

plan that will be developed.

9. Analyzing and describing the data by applying the basic theory or

approach that has been determined before.

10. Concluding the research and present the result in the form of a

thesis.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer describes the main character maturity in

the novel the adventures of tom sawyer. In analyzing the novel, the writer

begins with intrinsic elements, namely character, plot, setting, and theme.

After that, the writer analyzes the statement of problems in the first

chapter.

4.1 Intrinsic Elements of the adventures of Tom Sawyer

The writer analyzes the intrinsic elements such as character, plot,

setting, and theme before elaborating the main character maturity.

4.1.1 Characters

There are some character in this novel the adventures of tom

sawyer, but the writer only analyzed the main character and other

characters who influence the main character maturity.

1. Tom sawyer

Tom is the main character in this novel, Mark Twain did not mention

clearly the age of Tom, but in conclusion mark twain writes, “So endeth

this chronicle. It being strictly a history of a boy, it must stop here; the story

could not go much further without becoming the history of a man” (Twain,

1876: 336). From the quotation above, it shows that Tom is a boy who was

a teenager, because of his behavior as stole the jam that looks childish but

on the other hand, Tom shows his mature side. It can be seen when he

goes to camping for a few days with his friends.

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Tom is an orphan who lives with her mother‟s sister, aunt Polly,

since he was a little boy. He is a mischievous boy with a high imagination.

His behavior has always made her aunt annoyed and irritated.

“I never did see the beat of that boy! „You Tom!‟ There was a slight noise behind her and she turned just in time to seize a small boy by the slack of his roundabout and arrest his flight. There! I might a thought of that closet. What you been doing in there? Nothing. Nothing! Look at your hands. And look at your mouth. What is that truck? I do not know, aunt Well, I know. It is jam that‟s what it is. Forty times I‟ve said if you did not let that jam alone I‟d skin you. Hand me that switch” (Twain, 1876: 03-04).

Tom is also a very stubborn child. He often leaves his job, work on

his friends, fighting, lazy bath, cheating in class, and so on. One of the

scenes was when he was assigned by his aunt to paint the fence. For

avoidance of these duties, Tom made the other kids jealous with him to

paint the fence.

Tom gave up the brush with reluctance in his face, but alacrity in his heart. And while the late steamer big Missouri worked and sweated in the sun, the retired artist sat on a barrel in the shade close by, dangled his legs, munched his apple, and planned the slaughter of more innocents. There was no lack of material; boys happened along every little while; they came to jeer, but remained to whitewash. By the time Ben was fagged out, Tom had traded the next chance to Billy Fisher for a kite, in good repair; and when he played out, Johnny Miller bought in for a dead rat and a string to swing it with ---- and so on, and so on, hour after hour” (Twain, 1876: 23). From the quotation above, it shows that Tom is changing his job

from the punishment into an advantage for him just by renting out the paint

26

and brushes as well as provide an opportunity for his friends felt the job

paint the fence. The reward tom gets out of it like a horn broken, rusty

locks, dead rats and so on.

Tom does not like to sit quietly at home or at school. He prefers to

play and explore the outside world, such as forests, vacant homes and

cemeteries. He likes adventure with her best friend named Huckleberry

Finn. as their favorite place for an adventure in a strange place, bring tom

and Huck on an adventure that changed their lives. Their adventure

begins when they are in the grave before midnight with the dead cat to

heal the disease but they saw a thief. Unfortunately, they are a silent

witness to a murder that turns real murderer distort facts. However, Tom

and Huck had promised untold anyone what really happened for their own

safety.

Who‟ll tell? We? What are you talking about? S‟pose something happened and Injun Joe didn‟t hang? Why, he‟d kill us some time or other, just as dead sure as we‟re a laying here. That‟s just what I was thinking to myself, Huck. If anybody tells, let Muff Potter do it, if he‟s fool enough. He‟s generally drunk enough. After another reflective silence, Tom said: Hucky, you sure you can keep mum? Tom, we got to keep mum. You know that. That Injun devil wouldn‟t make any more of drownd-ing us than a couple of cats, if we was to squeak bout this and they didn‟t hang him. Now, look-a-here, Tom, less take and swear to one another− that‟s what we got to do− swear to keep mum” (Twain, 1876: 110 -111). From the quotation above, it shows that Tom and Huck becomes a

witness in a murder that occurred cemetery involving muff potter, Injun Joe

and dr. Robinson. After that, they negotiate over who will be telling the

27

truth but for fear of the figure of Injun joe, Tom and Huck promise not to

tell the incident to anyone.

Tom Sawyer is also teaching us to be honest. Although Tom was

frightened when asked for information about the murder of a doctor by

Injun Joe, Tom finally went on to tell the truth. As a result, he was praised

by all the inhabitants of the city as a brave boy.

Tom began hesitatingly at first, but as he warmed to his subject his words flowed more and more easily; in a little while every sound ceased but his own voice; every eye fixed itself upon him; with parted lips and bated breath the audience hung upon his words, taking no note of time, rapt in the ghastly fascinations of the tale. The strain upon pent emotion reached its climax when the boy said …….. and as the doctor fetched the board around and Muff Potter fell, Injun Joe jumped with the knife and (Twain, 1876: 238).

From the statement above, it can be seen that Tom began to dare

to tell the truth about who the real culprit in the Robinson murder case

even though at first, he was still hesitant because the testimony that he

told it cornered Injun joe. Because of the testimony he gave, he became a

hero who was praised at St. Petersburg and his name engraved in the

newspaper in the city.

Besides making friends with Huck, Tom also has a friend named

Joe Harper. They are enjoys doing the same things: playing hooky,

pretending to be Robin Hood, and just generally having fun. Every

Saturday, Tom and Joe face to face in the battlefield because they are the

leaders of the two great troops who must finish their battle on that day too.

Tom‟s bosom friend sat next him, suffering just as Tom had been, and now he was deeply and grate- fully interested in this entertainment in an instant. This bosom friend was Joe Harper. The

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two boys were sworn friends all the week, and embattled enemies on Saturdays (Twain, 1876: 80).

From the quotation above, it can be seen that beside making

friends with Huck, Tom also has a classmate named Joe harper. Their

friendship is not only in school but in doing an adventure, they are also

often doing things that are not usually done by the other children. Another

thing of these two friends is they are friends every week except Saturday.

When Tom passes through Jeff thatcher's house, he sees a girl in

the garden. Tom stopped and then fascinated by the beautiful face of the

girl. He fells in love with the girl who turned out to becomes her classmate

named Becky thatcher. Finally, Tom expressed his feelings to Becky and

she even return his love.

Oh, no, NOW. Please, Becky — I‟ll whisper it, I‟ll whisper it ever so easy. Becky hesitating, Tom took silence for consent, and passed his arm about her waist and whispered the tale ever so softly, with his mouth close to her ear. And then he added: Now you whisper it to me — just the same. ‟She resisted, for a while, and then said: „You turn your face away so you can‟t see, and then I will. But you mustn‟t ever tell anybody — WILL you, Tom? Now you won‟t, WILL you?‟ „No, indeed, indeed I won‟t. Now, Becky.‟ He turned his face away. She bent timidly around till her breath stirred his curls and whispered, „I —love — you!‟ (Twain, 1876: 84 -85). From the explanation above, it can be seen on Tom to response

Becky after expressing his feelings. At first, Becky seemed embarrassed

to express his feelings but in the end, he returned love from tom. They hug

each other and promised to love each other.

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2. Huckleberry Finn

Huckleberry Finn is the second main character in this novel. He is a

son of the town drunkard. He was cordially hated and dreaded by all the

mothers of the town, because he was idle and lawless and vulgar, bad and

because all their children admired him so, and delighted in his forbidden

society, and wished they dared to be like him. He also often wears

oversized clothes, his daily life is also very free without rules, he does

whatever he wants without any prohibit.

Huckleberry came and went, at his own free will. He slept on doorsteps in fine weather and in empty hogsheads in wet; he did not have to go to school or to church, or call any being master or obey anybody; he could go fishing or swimming when and where he chose, and stay as long as it suited him; nobody forbade him to fight; he could sit up as late as he pleased; he was always the first boy that went barefoot in the spring and the last to resume leather in the fall; he never had to wash, nor put on clean clothes; he could swear wonderfully. In a word, everything that goes to make life precious that boy had (Twain, 1876:67).

From the explanation above, it can be seen that Huck‟s daily life is

kind of free, such as not going to school or church, he seldom to takes a

bath and always fight whenever he wants. All the children in the city of St.

Petersburg are very fond of Huck including Tom because Huck can do

anything he likes. Hence Tom very like hanging out with Huck who is the

happiest and free boy in the town.

Another case with Tom who went to school, Huck did not get

education as a child his age. Huck is known by the citizens of the city St.

Petersburg as the son of a drunkard make him isolated because the

mothers in that city forbids his children play with Huck, so he spent much

30

time playing his own. Therefore, he was very happy when friends with

Tom, he was amazed by his friend's intelligence in talking and stringing

words, which made him always ask everything he did not know.

Huckleberry was filled with admiration of Tom‟s facility in writing, and the sublimity of his language. He at once took a pin from his lapel and was going to prick his flesh, but Tom said: Hold on! Don‟t do that. A pin‟s brass. It might have verdigrease on it.‟ What‟s verdigrease?‟ It‟s p‟ison. That‟s what it is. You just swaller some of it once — you‟ll see (Twain, 1876: 112).

Another quotation above:

Do you know Robin Hood, Huck? No. Who‟s Robin Hood? Why, he was one of the greatest men that was ever in England — and the best. He was a rob- ber.„ Cracky, I wisht I was. Who did he rob? Only sheriffs and bishops and rich people and kings, and such like. But he never bothered the poor. He loved „em. He always divided up with „em perfectly square. „Well, he must „a‟ been a brick (Twain, 1876: 253).

Huck reveals himself to be modest, vulnerable, and caring. He

appreciates the help that he is given by Ben Rogers and Uncle Jake, and

he does his best to repay the favor by helping to tote water when he can.

He is embarrassed to admit that he associates so closely with a slave, but

only because there is a social stigma attached. His response to Tom is so

bashful and so guileless, it totally dispels the "bad boy" aura that

surrounds him.

That‟s all right. Now, where you going to sleep? Said Tom In Ben Rogers‟ hayloft. He lets me, and so does his pap‟s nigger man, Uncle Jake. I tote water for Uncle Jake whenever he wants me to, and any time I ask him he gives me a little something to eat if

31

he can spare it. That‟s a mighty good nigger, Tom. He likes me, becuz I don‟t ever act as if I was above him. Sometime I‟ve set right down and eat WITH him. But you needn‟t tell that. A body‟s got to do things when he‟s awful hungry he wouldn‟t want to do as a steady thing (Twain, 1876: 275-276).

3. Joe Harper

Tom's closest friend. He is not as clever as Tom and also not the

leader when on the Jackson Island. On the Island, over time the spirit of

Joe Harper almost destroyed. He was attacked by longing for his family.

Therefore, Joe is the first to become seriously homesick on the island and

the first tries to leave.

Oh, boys, let‟s give it up. I want to go home. It‟s so lonesome. Oh no, Joe, you‟ll feel better by and by, said Tom. Just think of the fishing that‟s here. I don‟t care for fishing. I want to go home. But, Joe, there ain‟t such another swimming-place anywhere. Swimming‟s no good. I don‟t seem to care for it, somehow, when there ain‟t anybody to say I sha‟n‟t go in. I mean to go home. Oh, shucks! Baby! You want to see your mother, I reckon. Yes, I DO want to see my mother — and you would, too, if you had one. I ain‟t any more baby than you are. And Joe snuffled a little. Well, we‟ll let the cry-baby go home to his mother, won‟t we, Huck? Poor thing — does it want to see its mother? And so it shall. You like it here, don‟t you, Huck? We‟ll stay, won‟t we? Huck said, Y-e-s‟ — without any heart in it. I‟ll never speak to you again as long as I live, said Joe, rising. „There now!‟ And he moved moodily away and began to dress himself (Twain, 1876: 168-169). From the quotation above, it can be seen that Joe is really miss the

atmosphere of his hometown especially his house. He missed his mother's

advice and prohibitions. The freedom he once wished, became something

he did not want anymore because the freedom actually made him isolated

from the city where he lived. He is aware of his plans to live independently

32

on the Jackson island with tom is a mistake that keeps him away from his

family.

4. Aunt Polly

Aunt Polly takes over the guardianship of Tom after the death of his

mother, her sister. Aunt Polly is a kind-hearted woman who suffers much

internal conflict regarding how to deal with Tom. She feels that she should

discipline him, but when she does, she feels guilty and sorry for him.

I ain‟t doing my duty by that boy, and that‟s the Lord‟s truth, goodness knows. Spare the rod and spile the child, as the Good Book says. I‟m a laying up sin and suffering for us both, I know. He‟s full of the Old Scratch, but laws-a-me! he‟s my own dead sister‟s boy, poor thing, and I ain‟t got the heart to lash him, some- how. Every time I let him off, my conscience does hurt me so, and every time I hit him my old heart most breaks. Well-a-well, man that is born of woman is of few days and full of trouble, as the Scripture says, and I reckon it‟s so. He‟ll play hookey this evening, * and [* Southwestern for „afternoon"] I‟ll just be obleeged to make him work, to-morrow, to punish him (Twain, 1876: 05). From the quotation, it can be seen Aunt Polly is very careful and full

of love to educates tom. On the other hand, she shows to Tom that every

action has a logical consequence as when he plays hockey and skipped

school Aunt Polly had to punish him by having him work tomorrow.

Although the heart of Aunt Polly is very sad if Tom has to work on a day

off while his friends playing.

5. Injun Joe

Injun joe is a villain in this novel, he is known to be evil, clever,

brave and cunning by the townspeople of St. Petersburg. He killed dr.

Robinson was heartbroken after being expelled from the doctor's kitchen

33

when he was starving and asked for a piece of bread and increasingly

grew his revenge when the doctor's father put him in jail.

„Five years ago, you drove me away from your father‟s kitchen one night, when I come to ask for something to eat, and you said I warn‟t there for any good; and when I swore I‟d get even with you if it took a hundred years, your father had me jailed for a vagrant. Did you think I‟d forget? The Injun blood ain‟t in me for nothing. And now I‟ve GOT you, and you got to SETTLE, you know!‟ (Twain, 1876: 104).

From the quotation above, it can be seen that the motive of dr.

Robinson murder because Injun joe is getting hurt for the treatment of his

doctor and father who made him revenge to dr. Robinson. On the other

hand, Injun joe proves that he is a clever guy when he receives a job offer

from a doctor that makes him have a chance to avenge his hurt.

6. Becky Thatcher

Becky was the girl Tom liked since the first time he saw her in the

garden. Tom portrayal of this preferred girl as in the following quote:

As he was passing by the house where Jeff Thatcher lived, he saw a new girl in the garden, a lovely little blue-eyed creature with yellow hair plaited into two longtails, white summer frock and embroidered pan- talettes (Twain, 1876:28). From the statement above, it can be seen that Tom describes

Becky as a beautiful girl with blue-eyed and yellow hair. In contrast with

Tom, Becky never been in trouble and is used to obey her mother's words.

Becky is a polite child, respectful of the elders, and well behaved.

She is never punished in school. However, in some ways, she becomes

cruel and pretends to be interested in Alfred Temple when allowing him to

mock Tom. She did not defend Tom when accused of spilling ink into his

34

spelling book because she wanted him punished. She becomes

disobedient. She is agreed with Tom's plan to visit Mrs. Douglas's house.

However, Becky is basically warm and caring. Lost in the cave, she

regains hope to make Tom stop blaming herself for their misery.

Before she was half way home, however, she had changed her mind. The thought of Tom‟s treatment of her when she was talking about her picnic came scorching back and filled her with shame. She resolved to let him get whipped on the damaged spelling-book‟s account, and to hate him forever, into the bargain (Twain‟s, 1876:200).

Tom begged her to pluck up hope again, and she said she could not. He fell to blaming and abusing himself for getting her into this miserable situation; this had a better effect. She said she would try to hope again, she would get up and follow wherever he might lead if only he would not talk like that anymore. For he was no more to blame than she, she said (Twain‟s, 1876: 309).

7. Widow douglas

She is a hospitable and attractive woman in her early forties. She

likes children, and they visit her often. She took care of Huck from his

illness. When huck disappears, she is so distressed that she spends two

days hunting for him. She is a very kindly rich woman. He is willing to

make huck as his adopted son, allow huck stay at home and willing to

send huck go to school.

So, the Widow Douglas came and took charge of the patient. She said she would do her best by him, because, whether he was good, bad, or indifferent, he was the Lord‟s, and nothing that was the Lord‟s was a thing to be neglected (Twain‟s, 1876:300-301). The widow said she meant to give Huck a home under her roof and have him educated; and that when she could spare the money she would start him in business in a modest way (Twain,1876:342).

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4.1.1 Plot

The writer explains exposition, complication, climax, resolution and

conclusion as the plot of story.

1. Exposition

Exposition in the novel starts with lives and characteristic of Tom

Sawyer. He lives in St. Petersburg, Missouri with his aunt Polly, cousin

Mary, and brother Sid. Tom is a mischievous boy with a vivid imagination.

The story begins when Tom makes his friends jealous about

whitewashing. He tricks the other boys in Town to do it for him, and in turn

he gets something from them so that they could do it.

Say, Tom, let ME whitewash a little.‟Tom considered, was about to consent; but he altered his mind: „No — no — I reckon it wouldn‟t hardly do, Ben. You see, Aunt Polly‟s awful particular about this fence — right here on the street, you know — but if it was the back fence I wouldn‟t mind and SHE wouldn‟t. Yes, she‟s awful particular about this fence; it‟s got to be done very careful; I reckon there ain‟t one boy in a thousand, maybe two thousand, that can do it the way it‟s got to be done.‟ „No — is that so? Oh come, now — lemme just try. Only just a little — I‟d let YOU, if you was me, Tom (Twain, 1876:22).

Although Tom is a naughty child in his environment but he can be a

smart kid in deceiving his friends. From the quotation above, it can be

seen when Tom used his brilliant idea to make his friend jealous of his

punishment for painting the fence. Finally one of his friends namely Ben

Roger wants to do the job.

2. Complication

When Tom and Huck were visit the cemetery at night with a dead

black cat. With that cat, they hope to escape from signs of mother. Arrived

36

at the cemetery, they had an unexpected surprise. Three men named

Injun Joe, Dr. Robinson and Muff Potter trying to dig up a cemetery

suddenly between those men was, a strife followed the assassination of

Dr. Robinson. They are a two witness that Injun Joe murdered Dr.

Robinson. They discover that Muff Potter has been arrested for the murder

and they are too afraid to reveal the truth. Find horrified by what they saw,

the boys ran home. In the morning people found the horrific crime.

The two frightened boys went speeding away in the dark. Presently, when the moon emerged again, Injun Joe was standing over the two forms, contemplating them. The doctor murmured inarticulately, gave a long gasp or two and was still. The half-breed mut- tered: „THAT score is settled — damn you.‟ Then he robbed the body. After which he put the fatal knife in Potter‟s open right hand, and sat down on the dismantled coffin (Twain, 1876:105-106).

THE two boys flew on and on, toward the village, speechless with horror. They glanced backward over their shoulders from time to time, apprehensively, as if they feared they might be followed (Twain, 1876:109).

3. Climax

When Huck overhears Injun Joe‟s plans to kill the Widow Douglas

and risks his neck to send help. On the other hand, When Tom and Becky

went on the trip they visited a cave like a labyrinth. They are lost and

stayed in the cave for 2,3 days. Everybody was looking for Tom and

Becky. While the kids stayed in the cave Tom saw Injun Joe. The people

could not found them, but Tom founded the way out from the cave. The

way out founded by Tom was near the river Mississippi.

Tom, Tom, we‟re lost! we‟re lost! We never can get out of this awful place! Oh, why DID we ever leave the others (Twain‟s, 1876:309).

37

Tom lifted up a glorious shout, and instantly that hand was followed by the body it belonged to — Injun Joe‟s! Tom was paralyzed; he could not move. He was vastly gratified the next moment, to see the „Spaniard‟ take to his heels and get himself out of sight. Tom wondered that Joe had not recognized his voice and come over and killed him for testifying in court. But the echoes must have disguised the voice (Twain‟s, 1876: 316).

4. Resolution

Safe from Injun Joe, Widow Douglas takes in Huck and cares for him

while he is sick. After escape from the cave, Tom heard that the cave has

been closed he told everyone that Injun Joe is in there. Almost every

people went to that cave to search him but when the cave was opened,

they founded Joe dead at the entrance of the cave.

The old Welshman came home toward daylight, spattered with candle-grease, smeared with clay, and almost worn out. He found Huck still in the bed that had been provided for him, and delirious with fever. The physicians were all at the cave, so the Widow Douglas came and took charge of the patient (Twain‟s, 1876:300). When the cave door was unlocked, a sorrowful sight presented itself in the dim twilight of the place. Injun Joe lay stretched upon the ground, dead, with his face close to the crack of the door, as if his longing eyes had been fixed, to the latest moment, upon the light and the cheer of the free world outside (Twain‟s, 1876:323).

5. Conclusion

Tom and Huck went in that cave after the treasure hided by Injun

Joe. So, they becomes the richiest people in the town and Huck is

adopted by the Widow Douglas. Between their adventures and heroism,

they becomes a celebrated pair in St. Petersburg.

The widow said she meant to give Huck a home under her roof and have him educated; and that when she could spare the money she would start him in business in a modest way (Twain,1876:342).

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Wherever Tom and Huck appeared they were courted, admired, stared at. The boys were not able to remem- ber that their remarks had possessed weight before; but now their sayings were treasured and repeated; everything they did seemed somehow to be regarded as remarkable; they had evidently lost the power of doing and saying commonplace things; moreover, their past history was raked up and discovered to bear marks of conspicuous originality. The; village paper published biographical sketches of the boys (Twain, 1876:345).

4.1.3 Setting

The writer explains setting, including setting of time, setting of place

and setting of atmosphere.

1. Setting of time

In the beginning of the novel, the first setting of time is the summer

evening, Monday morning and so on.

a. The summer evenings

The first setting of time in the novel. On summer evening, Tom

continued his journey with a whistle and he saw a boy a shade larger than

himself.

The summer evenings were long. It was not dark, yet. Presently Tom checked his whistle. A stranger was before him — a boy a shade larger than himself. A new comer of any age or either sex was an im- pressive curiosity in the poor little shabby village of St. Petersburg (Twain, 1876: 9-10).

b. The sun rose

After breakfast, Aunt Polly performed religious activities with all the

inhabitants of the house including Tom. He read some verses of the Bible.

After that, Tom and Sid should read a few verses that must be memorized.

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THE sun rose upon a tranquil world, and beamed down upon the peaceful village like a benediction. Breakfast over, Aunt Polly had family worship: it began with a prayer built from the ground up of solid courses of Scriptural quotations, welded together with a thin mortar of originality; and from the summit of this she delivered a grim chapter of the Mosaic Law, as from Sinai. Then Tom girded up his loins, so to speak, and went to work to „get his verses.‟ Sid had learned his lesson days before (Twain, 1876:36).

c. Monday morning

On Monday morning, Tom woke up with a tumultuous heart. Because

he always felt that every Monday morning was the day he first went to

school for six days in a row.

MONDAY morning found Tom Sawyer miserable. Monday morning always found him so — because it began another week‟s slow suffering in school. He generally began that day with wishing he had had no intervening holiday, it made the go- ing into captivity and fetters again so much more odious (Twain, 1876:61).

d. At Half-past nine

At ten-thirty, Tom and Sid were usually ordered into his room. After

praying, Sid sleeps early while Tom waits for midnight to see the clock

chiming.

AT half-past nine, that night, Tom and Sid were sent to bed, as usual. They said their prayers, and Sid was soon asleep. Tom lay awake and waited, in restless impatience. When it seemed to him that it must be nearly daylight, he heard the clock strike ten! This was despair. He would have tossed and fidgeted, as his nerves demanded, but he was afraid he might wake Sid (Twain, 1876:98).

e. Wednesday night

Tom tells his dream is the truth when he sees my aunt Polly sitting on

the bed, Sid sits in a wooden casket and Mary sits beside her while

praying for herself who is said to have died.

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„Why, Wednesday night I dreamt that you was sitting over there by the bed, and Sid was sitting by the woodbox, and Mary next to him.„Well, so we did. So we always do. I‟m glad your dreams could take even that much trouble about us.‟ And I dreamt that Joe Harper‟s mother was here.„Why, she was here! Did you dream any more? Oh, lots. But it‟s so dim, now (Twain, 1876:189).

f. Fourth of July

Tom joined the new order of cadets of temperance. But not yet forty-

eight hours into a member, he has resigned. And on that day, he also

heard the news that Frazer's judge was seriously ill.

Fourth of July was coming; but he soon gave that up — gave it up before he had worn his shackles over forty-eight hours — and fixed his hopes upon old Judge Frazer, justice of the peace, who was apparently on his deathbed and would have a big public funeral, since he was so high an official (Twain, 1876:224).

g. On Friday morning

Tom heard the good news that last night Judge Thatcher's family had

returned to St. Petersburg. Therefore, he begins to forget about Joe's

injured problems and the treasure.

THE first thing Tom heard on Friday morning was a glad piece of news — Judge Thatcher‟s family had come back to town the night before. Both Injun Joe and the treasure sunk into second- ary importance for a moment, and Becky took the chief place in the boy‟s interest (Twain, 1876:314).

h. Tuesday afternoon

When Becky and Tom lost in the cave have not been found. All

residents held a prayer together hoping the two-child survived. But still not

heard good news about the search for the two-child.

TUESDAY afternoon came, and waned to the twilight. The village of St. Peters- burg still mourned. The lost children had not been found. Public prayers had been offered up for them, and many and many a

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private prayer that had the petitioner‟s whole heart in it; but still no good news came from the cave. The majority of the searchers had given up the quest and gone back to their daily avocations, saying that it was plain the children could never be found (Twain, 1876:318).

2. Setting of place

There are many setting of place in this novel such as St. Petersburg,

Crdiff hill, graveyard and so on.

a. Cardiff hill

When tom is punished to paint a fence with a very large size. He

opened the door of his house and brought a bucket of paint and brush with

sadness For having to struggle with a very tiring job.

Cardiff Hill, beyond the village and above it, was green with vegetation and it lay just far enough away to seem a Delectable Land, dreamy, reposeful, and inviting. Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a long-handled brush. He surveyed the fence, and all gladness left him and a deep mel- ancholy settled down upon his spirit (Twain, 1876:16).

b. Jeff Thatcher’s house

When tom saw a very beautiful and charming girl who was in the

garden of Jeff Thatcher's house. Instantly he forgot about the amy

Lawrence who he had admired.

As he was passing by the house where Jeff Thatcher lived, he saw a new girl in the garden — a lovely little blue-eyed creature with yellow hair plaited into two longtails, white summer frock and embroidered pan- talettes (Twain, 1876: 28).

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c. At the Church

As a devout Christians, Tom and his family went to the church for

worship. Before the worship began, a Sunday school was held for the

children of the city.

The church‟s highbacked, uncushioned pews would seat about three hundred persons; the edifice was but a small, plain affair, with a sort of pine board tree-box on top of it for a steeple. At the door Tom dropped back a step and accosted a Sunday-dressed (Twain, 1876: 40-41).

d. St. Peterburg

When Tom and Becky get lost in the cave. They are lost in a cave

that has never entered a human. For several days Tom and Becky got lost

in the cave, the whole town searched for them and grieved. Becky's

mother and Aunt Polly are sad and continue to cry for them. Everyone is

busy looking for them all over the island, even looking into the cave.

TUESDAY afternoon came, and waned to the twilight. The village of St. Peters- burg still mourned. The lost children had not been found. Public prayers had been offered up for them, and many and many a private prayer that had the petitioner‟s whole heart in it; but still no good news came from the cave (Twain, 1876: 318).

e. Graveyard

When Tom and Huck visit the graveyard at night with a dead black

cat. With that cat, they hope to escape from signs of mother. But, at the

cemetery, they had an unexpected surprise. Three men named Injun Joe,

Dr. Robinson and Muff Potter trying to dig up a cemetery.

The boys moved off and disap- peared in the gloom. At the end of half an hour they were wading through the tall grass of the graveyard. It was a graveyard of the old-fashioned Western kind. It was on a hill, about a mile and a half from the village. It had a crazy board fence

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around it, which leaned inward in places, and outward the rest of the time, but stood upright nowhere. Grass and weeds grew rank over the whole cemetery (Twain,1876:99).

f. School-house

When Tom arrives at school in a noisy voice by hanging his hat on the

hanger of hat and running to his seat. On the other hand, the school

teacher who listened to the noise awoke and scolded Tom.

When Tom reached the little isolated frame school- house, he strode in briskly, with the manner of one who had come with all honest speed. He hung his hat on a peg and flung himself into his seat with busi- ness-like alacrity. The master, throned on high in his great splintbottom arm-chair, was dozing, lulled by the drowsy hum of study. The interruption roused him. „Thomas Sawyer! (Twain, 1876:73).

g. Widow Douglas’s House

Tom was in the great and beautiful Madame Douglas's house. He is

really happy with a nice dinner at that home. On the other hand, Tom is

also remembered his plan with Huck and Becky for picnics with his friends.

The Widow Douglas‟ splendid hospitality was a tempting bait. It and Tom‟s persuasions presently carried the day. So it was decided to say nothing anybody about the night‟s programme. Presently it occurred to Tom that maybe Huck might come this very night and give thesignal (Twain,1876:279).

3. Setting of atmospheres

In the setting of atmosphere there is a hatefully, suspense, fear and

so on.

a. Hatefully

When Tom did not like to be assigned to take water from a town pump

on the roadside because He viewed the assignment as despicable.

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Bringing water from the town pump had always been hateful work in Tom‟s eyes, before, but now it did not strike him so. He remembered that there was company at the pump (Twain‟s 1876: 16-17).

b. Suspense and fear

When Huck and Tom witness the murder of Dr. Robinson by Injun

Joe, there is a sense of fear and suspense.

THE two boys flew on and on, toward the village, speechless with horror. They glanced backward over their shoulders from time to time, apprehensively, as if they feared they might be followed. Every stump that started up in their path seemed a man and an enemy, and made them catch their breath; and as they sped by some outlying cot- tages that lay near the village, the barking of the aroused watch-dogs seemed to give wings to their feet (Twain‟s 1876: 109).

c. Happiness

The happiness of the aunt Polly and the Harper family when tom and

his friends return to the village after being revealed for several days.

Tom in the lead, Joe next, and Huck, a ruin of drooping rags, sneaking sheepishly in the rear! They had been hiding in the nused gallery listening to their own funeral sermon! Aunt Polly, Mary, and the Harpers threw themselves upon their restored ones, smothered them with kisses and poured out thanksgivings (Twain‟s, 1876:185).

4.1.4 Theme

After reading and analyzed the novel, the writer concludes that the

theme of novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is Moral and Maturation. In

the beginning of the novel Tom is young and loves to play pranks. As the

novel progresses Tom slowly matures putting the concern for others

above the concern for Tom show more maturity, competence and moral

integrity. In the beginning, Tom Sawyer was being portrayed as a childish

character in the beginning of the story. As the story proceeds, he became

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a more mature adolescent as claimed by the author himself in the

conclusion as follow: "It being strictly a history of a boy, it must stop here;

the story could not go much farther without becoming a history of a man"

(Twain‟s, 1876:353)

Another theme such as love and imagination. One of the major

themes that portrays in the book is childhood love. It can clearly see the

associated emotions overcoming the boy (Tom sawyer) when he first

notices Becky Thatcher, as stated: "He worshiped this new angel with

furtive eye. He portrayal of this preferred girl as in the following quote:

As he was passing by the house where Jeff Thatcher lived, he saw a new girl in the garden, a lovely little blue-eyed creature with yellow hair plaited into two longtails, white summer frock and embroidered pan- talettes (Twain, 1876:28).

4.2 The Conflict Of Characters In The Novel

Firstly, when Tom and Huck goes out to a graveyard to perform a

said to be ritual but instead there was a murder and a man framed over it

as the town finds out who the real murderer was Injun Joe. Tom and Huck

witnessed Injun Joe murdered Dr. Robinson and ran away. After the

incident, Tom and Huck promised each other untold anybody, but they

were shocked when innocent Muff Potter who was drunk that night was

being blamed of murdering the young doctor.

Who‟ll tell? We? What are you talking about? S‟pose something happened and Injun Joe didn‟t hang? Why, he‟d kill us some time or other, just as dead sure as we‟re a laying here. That‟s just what I was thinking to myself, Huck. If anybody tells, let Muff Potter do it, if he‟s fool enough. He‟s generally drunk enough. After another reflective silence, Tom said: Hucky, you sure you can keep mum? Tom, we got

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to keep mum. You know that. That Injun devil wouldn‟t make any more of drownd-ing us than a couple of cats, if we was to squeak bout this and they didn‟t hang him. Now, look-a-here, Tom, less take and swear to one another− that‟s what we got to do− swear to keep mum (Twain, 1876: 110 -111).

Secondly, when Tom ran away from his problems to Jackson's Island

with his comrades. Tom, Huckleberry Finn and joe decided to being

pirates. One night everybody brought food and then left to an island near

town. While they stayed on the island, the people from the town searched

without rest, but this search was in vain because they have not been

founded. While the funeral was officially, the kids entered to the church‟s

door. Everybody was happy especially aunt Polly and lady Harper have

embraces the children and even Huckleberry.

Three miles below St. Petersburg, at a point where the Mississippi River was a trifle over a mile wide, there was a long, narrow, wooded island, with a shallow bar at the head of it, and this offered well as a ren- dezvous. It was not inhabited; it lay far over toward the further shore, abreast a dense and almost wholly unpeopled forest. So Jackson‟s Island was chosen (Twain‟s, 1876:137-138). Tom in the lead, Joe next, and Huck, a ruin of drooping rags, sneaking sheepishly in the rear! They had been hid in the unused gallery listening to their own funeral sermon! Aunt Polly, Mary, and the Harpers threw themselves upon their restored ones, smothered them with kisses and poured out thanksgivings, while poor Huck stood abashed and uncomfortable, not knowing exactly what to do orwhere to hide from so many unwelcoming eyes (Twain‟s, 1876: 185). Thirsty, when Tom and Becky went on the trip they visited a cave

like a labyrinth. They lost stayed in the cave for 2,3 days. Everybody was

looking for Tom and Becky. While the kids stayed in the cave Tom saw

Injun Joe The people could not found them but Tom founded the way out

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from the cave. The way out founded by Tom was near the river

Mississippi. All of them was very happy after the appearance of the kids.

Becky's father for being sure that nobody will never enter in that cave

decided to close it. When Tom heard that the cave has been closed he

told everyone that Injun Joe is in there. Almost every people went to that

cave to search him, but when the cave was opened they founded Joe

dead at the entrance of the cave.

When the cave door was unlocked, a sorrowful sight presented itself in the dim twilight of the place. Injun Joe lay stretched upon the ground, dead, with his face close to the crack of the door, as if his longing eyes had been fixed, to the latest moment, upon the light and the cheer of the free world outside (Twain‟s, 1876:323).

Finally, when Tom and Huck started to search after the treasure

they heard noises so they hide on the rooftop. The ones who made the

noise was Injun Joe and a friend of his. They came t