THE LATINO MOVEMENT

1960S HISTORY OTHER SOCIAL MOVEMENTSSALSBERRY

LATINOS IN AMERICATHE LATINO

PRESENCE GROWS In the 1960s, the

Latino population in the United States grew from 3 million to more than 9 million. People from Mexico,

Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Central America, and South America. Map of Latin America

LATINOS IN AMERICAWHY DID THEY COME

HERE? Better paying jobs To be braceros

(temporary laborers) Freedom from a

corrupt government Escaping Civil War Escaping chronic

povertyRevolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia

BRACEROS

Braceros on a train from Mexico City headed for the United States

LATINOS IN AMERICAWHERE WERE THEY IN THE U.S.? Southwest East CoastHOW WERE THEY TREATED IN THEU.S.? Faced ethnic prejudice and

discrimination in jobs and housing. Most lived in segregated barrios

(Spanish-speaking neighborhoods). The Latino jobless rate was nearly

50% higher than that of whites

LATINOS FIGHT FOR CHANGETHE FARM WORKER MOVEMENT Thousands of Latinos did backbreaking work for

little pay and few benefits. A lot of them wanted to unionize (bargain as a

group) What they wanted

Equal opportunities Better employment opportunities Better working conditions Respect for their culture and heritage Assimilation (to become a part of the dominant

culture)

CÉSAR CHÁVEZLEADER OF THE FARM

WORKER MOVEMENT Urged California farm workers to

unionize and group together Merged with the Filipino

agricultural union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC)

Led a boycott against California grape growers

Believed in using non-violence

STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES USED BY THE FARM

WORKER MOVEMENT Marched Picketed Went on strike Fasted Boycotted

SUPPORTERSSUPPORTERS OF

THE UFWOC Other union

members Teenagers Senator

Robert F. Kennedy

Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Cesar Chavez

PRIDE AND POWERCULTURAL PRIDE The activities of the

California farm workers helped to inspire other Latino “brown power” movements. School walkouts

Some of these movements were militant Federal Alliance of Land

Grants Brown Berets

Above: the Brown Berets lead a school walkout for more cultural classesLeft: “Chicano” was a shortening of Mexicano”

PRIDE AND POWERPOLITICAL POWER As a result of this new respect,

8 Hispanic Americans served in the House and 1 Hispanic American served in the Senate during the 1960s

Some worked within the system Mexican American Political

Association (MAPA) Others created their own

system La Raza Unida (The People

United)¡El pueblo unido jamás será vencido!

THE NATIVE-AMERICAN MOVEMENT

1960S HISTORY OTHER SOCIAL MOVEMENTSSALSBERRY

NATIVE AMERICANS IN AMERICA HOW WE SAW THEM

NATIVE AMERICANS IN AMERICATHE REALITY Hundreds of distinct

tribes What they all shared

was a bleak existence in the U.S.

Poorest Americans; highest unemployment rate

Death rate was nearly twice the national average

Indian Reservation

BACKGROUND OF THE MOVEMENT

1954 “INDIANTERMINATION POLICY” Indians were relocated

from isolated reservations into mainstream American life

Terrible failure Completely ignored the

sovereignty (right to independent authority) of the different tribes

What else did they ignore?

BACKGROUND OF THE MOVEMENT

1961 DECLARATION OF INDIAN PURPOSE

Stressed determination Ended termination program Wanted to create economic opportunities

for Native Americans on their reservations1968 NATIONAL COUNCIL ON INDIANOPPORTUNITY Promised to ensure that progress and

reform would be made

AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)

1968 AMERICAN INDIAN

MOVEMENT Militant organization Self-defense group

against police brutality

Branched out to include protecting rights

Youth movement

“Remember Wounded Knee”

THE MOVEMENTWHAT PROBLEMS THEY SAW Unhappy with the lack of reform Lack of autonomy (ability to

control and govern one’s own life)

GOALS Self determination They did not want to

assimilate / become part of the dominant culture.

Take back Native American lands (for some)

They wanted respect for their culture

Self determination – is it a right or how it ought to be?

MILITANT ACTIONS1972 TRAIL OF BROKENTREATIES Washington D.C. Protesting U.S.

government’s treaty violations throughout history

Wanted the restoration of 110 million acres of land

Wanted to get rid of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Caused $2 million in damage

OCCUPATIONS

Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1973)

OCCUPATIONS

Alcatraz Island (1968)

VICTORIES LEGISLATIVE VICTORIES 1972 Indian Education Act 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education

Assistance Act These acts gave tribes greater control over their own

affairs and over their children’s education.

LAND CLAIM VICTORIES New Mexico

Sacred Blue Lake 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act

$962 million in cash 40 million acres

LEGACY

1979

1980

1988

1979Maine Implementing Act provides $81.5 million for native tribes, including Penobscot and Passamaquoddy, to buy back land

1980U.S. awards Sioux $106 million for illegally taken land in South Dakota

1988U.S. awards Puyallup tribe $162 million for land claims in Washington