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The Latest Leadership TheoriesPMI JORDAN CHAPTER SESSIONBY: OMAR ABU ATHRA

AUG 29,2015

2Agenda

Myths About Leadership Topic Map Most Studied Leadership Theories Traditional Known Theories. Current Trend in Leadership New Known Theories

3Myths About Leadership

Leadership is Management Leaders Are born (Great Man Theory) Leaders are Charismatic Leadership is Emotional Intelligence (EI) Leadership exists at Top only Leaders Control, Direct and Manipulate Leaders don’t learn

4Topic Map

Entrance & Boundaries History & Development Models & Styles

Theories•Transformational•Traits•LMX•3 Level

Tools/Techniques•For Each Theory

Components•Vision•Leader•Followers Characteristics Creating Leaders

Pros & Cons

Field•Military•Gov.• IT•Health•Consultancy

5Top Leadership Theories

Jessica Dinh, Robert Lord, and their colleagues recently published a most interesting study in The Leadership Quarterly.

Examined the top ten academic journals that published leadership research for a ten year period.

752 leadership research articles. 41 established leadership theories and 26 emerging theories, 67

overall

6Top Leadership Theories – Results

transformational (20%) traits (16%) leader-member exchange (15%) Authentic leadership (4%) Behavioral approaches (2%) Servant leadership (1%) Contingency leadership theory (1%)

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16

15

4 21 1

TransformationalTraitsLMXAuthentic Behavioral Servant Contingency 

7Transformational Theory

Downton 1973, James Burns 1978, Bass 1985 Four Major Leader Roles

Creates an inspiring vision of the future. Motivates and inspires people to engage with that vision. Manages delivery of the vision. Coaches and builds a team, so that it is more effective at achieving

the vision

8Transformational Theory

Kouzes and Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 2002 over twenty years, asked seventy five thousand people a list of common characteristics of leaders Honest then Forward-looking then Competent then Inspiring Five successful leadership actions:

Model the way Inspire a shared vision Challenge the process Enable others to act Encourage the heart

9Traits Theory

Ordway Tead (Would surely be an ideal leader) Physical and Nervous Energy A Sense of Purpose & Direction Enthusiasm Friendliness Integrity Technical Mastery Decisiveness (Sharp) Intelligence Teaching Skill Faith

10Traits Theory

Limitations: Some leaders don’t have them. Situations Group effect Priorities between traits

11Situational Leadership Theory

Developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard Matured in 1980s (Blanchard) Don’t Lead the all the same. Theory Core:

4 Development Levels (Competence / Commitment) 4 Styles of Behavior (Telling, Selling, Participating, Delegating)

12Situational Leadership Theory

Vecchio (1987): conducted a study of more than 300 high school teachers and their principals

Fernandez and Vecchio (1997): Replication on University Employees

Only one styles succeeded (S1: Telling) The other Three Styles failed. Distraction from Mission / Vision.

13The Behavioral Theory

Skinner: Father of Behavioral theory (Reward/Punishment) Successful leadership is based in definable, learnable behavior do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they look at what

leaders actually do success can be defined in terms of describable actions assumes that leadership capability can be learned, rather than

being inherent (Difference from Traits) Care about people vs. care about work

14The Behavioral Theory - DISC

15Servant Leadership

Greenleaf first coined the phrase "servant leadership" in 1970 Team members needs before yours struggle to earn respect focusing on other people's needs – not their feelings As A leader:

acknowledge other people's perspectives give them the support they need meet their work and personal goals involve them in decisions where appropriate build a sense of community within your team

16Servant Leadership

10 most important characteristics of servant leaders: Listening. Empathy. Healing. Awareness. Persuasion. Conceptualization (dream great dreams) Foresight (See the future). Stewardship. Commitment to the growth of people. Building community.

17Shared Leadership

Synonyms: Distributed, Horizontal, Collective, Team "serial emergence" of multiple leaders over the life of a team Lead each other Shared leadership occurs when two or more members engage in

the leadership of the team in an effort to influence and direct fellow members to maximize team effectiveness (Bergman, 2012)

Big challenges in organizations can’t be solved by a leader who claims to know everything.

18Shared Leadership

Three dimensions (Carson et al. (2007): Shared purpose Social support Voice

Supporting Studies (Wang, 2014 and Muethel, 2012). Challenges:

Lack of formality High Quality Team

19LMX - Leadership Theory

Leader-Member Exchange Theory. Evolved from an earlier theory called the vertical

dyad linkage (VDL) model conceptualizes leadership as a process Centered on the interactions between a leader and

subordinates The Leader provides certain benefits such as task

guidance, advice, support, and/or significant rewards The followers reciprocate by giving the leader respect,

cooperation, commitment to the task and good performance

20LMX - Leadership Theory

Two Type of Exchange In-group members

high-quality exchanges with the leader more information, influence, confidence & concern more dependable, highly involved & communicative

Out-group members low-quality exchanges with the leader less compatible with Leader usually just come to work, do their job & go home

213-Levels Leadership Theory

Emerged 2011 by James Scouller. Focusses on developing leaders in all areas (Leadership Presence). The two outer levels – Must do behaviorally with individuals or groups:

A shared, motivating group purpose or vision. Action, progress and results. Collective unity or team spirit. Individual selection and motivation.

The inner level : Developing one’s technical knowhow and skill. Cultivating the right attitude toward other people. Working on psychological self-mastery.

223-Levels Leadership– Public

34 distinct public leadership behaviors: Setting the vision, staying focused Organizing, planning, giving power to others Problem-solving, decision-making Executing Group building and maintenance Leaders need to balance their time between the 22

vision/planning/thinking/execution behaviors and the 12 group building/maintenance behaviors

233-Levels Theory – Private

14 private leadership behaviors: Individual purpose and task (e.g. appraising, selecting, disciplining) Individual building and maintenance (e.g. recognizing rising talent)

243-Levels of Leadership

Leadership Presence Limitations:

Still Not Mature Not Widely accepted Tries to collect all previous theories

25The 5 Levels of Leadership Theory

By Jim Collins, 2001 (Harvard Business Review article) Improved by: John C. Maxwell, 2011 (The 5 Levels of Leadership:

Proven Steps to Maximize Your Potential) leaders have humility, don't seek success for their own glory share credit for success, the first to accept blame for mistakes. often shy, but fearless when it comes to making decisions,

especially ones that most other people consider risky

26The 5 Levels of Leadership

27Other Recent Theories

The 108 Skills of Natural Born Leaders: Warren Blank Authentic Leadership Lewin's leadership styles (Shared) Likert's leadership styles (Shared) Vroom and Yetton's Normative Model (Situational)