The Larz Anderson Bonsai Collection

Peter Del Hedici

The history of these majestic plants goes back to the Tbkugawa Period inJapan some 400 years ago.

The practice of growing plants in containershas a long history and is documented in thewriting and painting of various ancient civili-zations, including the Egyptian, the Hindu,the Greek and the Roman. But it was with theancient Chinese that the idea of miniaturiz-ing trees for ornamental purposes seems tohave originated around A.D. 200. From China,the practice spread to Japan, probably duringthe Heian Period (782-1185).During the peaceful and prosperous

Tokugawa Period of Japanese history(1603-1867), which began when the seat of theTokugawa shogunate was moved from Kyototo Edo (Tokyo), the arts and crafts relating tolandscape gardening reached new heights.Many of the great Japanese gardens that stillexist today were established during thisperiod, and the selection and cultivation ofnative Japanese plants, such as azaleas andmaples, reached new heights (Harada, 1928).Growing dwarf plants in containers was

popular during the Tokugawa Period, but bymodem bonsai standards such specimenswould be considered too large and their con-tainers too deep. The styles of the day weredistinctive, with the so-called tako or "octo-pus" shape being particularly common. Dur-ing the Tokugawa Period, the wordhachi-no-ki, meaning a "tree in a pot," wasused to describe dwarf potted trees. The termbonsai, literally meaning "planted in a con-tainer," does not seem to have come into wide

use until the late 1800’s, during the MeijiPeriod (1867-1912).

In general, bonsai is considered an art form,with high aesthetic aspirations, while hachi-no-ki is considered primarily decorative in itsfunction. Bonsai styles are characterized byminiaturized trees with natural shapes, grow-ing in shallow trays. Bonsai masters derivetheir inspiration from nature, and the drastictraining techniques they employ are intendedto enhance the intrinsic beauty of the plant.Ultimately Japanese bonsai idealizes naturein order to achieve the philosophical goals oftruth and beauty.

In common usage in the West, the wordbonsai has been popularized to mean anyornamental plant that is dwarfed by means ofpruning and by being grown in a small con-tainer. It is in this generalized, non-

philosophical sense that bonsai will be usedthroughout the remainder of this article.

The Larz Anderson Collection

The dwarf trees that make up the Larz Ander-son Collection were imported into the UnitedStates by the Honorable Larz Anderson in1913, upon his return from serving as ambas-sador to Japan. While these plants are not theoldest bonsai in the United States, they haveprobably been under cultivation in NorthAmerica longer than any other bonsai alivetoday. To be sure, Japanese bonsai had beenimported into the United States prior to 1913,

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"A rare specimen of dwarfed Thuja obtusa (400 years old). A relic of the ’IbkugawaEra." Illustration from the 1905 catalogue of the Yokohama Nursery Company.

as evidenced by an auction catalogue from1904, discovered in the library of the ArnoldArboretum. This sale, sponsored by the "S. M.Japanese Nursery Co." of West Orange, NewJersey, put some 600 plants on the auctionblock in New York City over a three-dayperiod (May 4, 5, and 6, 1904). Similar eventswere probably held in other major U.S. cities,such as Boston, with ports actively engagedin trade with the Orient (Long, 1971), but few,if any, of these auction plants seem to havesurvived the ravages of time.

It is particularly interesting to note that theS.M. Japanese Nursery display of bonsai ante-dates by five years an exhibit held in Londonin 1909, which is often described as the firstbonsai exhibition outside the Orient

(Yoshimura and Halford, 1957; Koreshoff,1984). Indeed, as far as the author could deter-mine, the date of the first public bonsai dis-

play outside Japan occurred in Paris in 1878,during the famous Universal Exposition,thirty-one years before the London exhibition(Carrier, 1889; Maumene, 1902).Anderson purchased his trees in 1913 from

the Yokohama Nursery Company, which wasstarted by the father and son, Uhei andHamakichi Suzuki.’ The Yokohama NurseryCompany catalogues from 1901 to 1922 areimpressive documents, beautifully illustratedwith colored plates, line drawings, and pho-tographs. Under the section titled "DwarfTrees Growing in Jardinieres," the cataloguesshow pictures of ancient specimens of thehinoki cypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa, simi-lar to those that are now part of the LarzAnderson Collection, captioned "Relics of theTokugawa Era," and provide lengthy instruc-tions on how to care for the plants (see Appen-dix, p. 36). Exactly how much Anderson paid

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for his plants is not known, but the 1913-14edition of the catalogue lists the prices asranging from one to fifty dollars ("in U.S.gold"). No doubt the older the plant, thegreater the cost.

Larz Anderson

Larz Anderson was born in Paris in 1866,while his parents were visiting Europe. Origi-nally from Cincinnati, Ohio, the Andersonstraveled to Europe frequently and eventuallymoved to Washington, D.C. As a boy Larzattended a number of different schools andwas tutored privately. Anderson enrolled inHarvard College and graduated in June 1888.Two months later, he set out on a trip aroundthe world. The journey lasted two years andincluded his first visit to Japan.

After serving in the military and holding avariety of diplomatic posts in Europe, hereturned to Japan in 1912 as "Ambassador

extraordinary and plenipotentiary." Andersonheld this post for only six months, resigningin March 1913, with the change from theRepublican Taft administration to theDemocratic Wilson administration. This wasthe last official diplomatic position thatAnderson held.Anderson married Isabel Perkins of Brook-

line, Massachusetts, in 1897. Isabel seemedto enjoy traveling as much as her diplomathusband did, writing no less than seven trave-logues about her experiences. Isabel’s familyhome in Brookline was called "Weld" (hermother’s maiden name), and it served as theAnderson’s country house during the summermonths. As befits a diplomatic couple, theAndersons made Washington, D.C., theirprimary home.The part of Brookline where "Weld" was

located, in the vicinity of Jamaica Pond, wasone of the centers of American horticultural

’Arbor of the Yokohama Nursery Company." Illustration from the 1908 catalogue.

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"Chamaecyparis obtusa var. nana Carr. Genuine dwarf tree about 70 years old. Value 50 yen. Grounds of theYokohama Nursery Co., Tune 7, 1918." Photo by E.H. Wilson, N-507, Archives of the Arnold Arboretum.

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activity from the early 1800’s up until the1930’s. The estates of Col. William Perkins,Thomas Lee, and Francis Parkman, the

historian, were showpieces of their time. LaterC. S. Sargent, H. H. Richardson, and F. L.Olmsted acquired property in the area, andthe Arnold Arboretum was established nearbyin 1872. In the now classic 1841 edition of TheTheory and Practice of Landscape Gardening,Andrew Jackson Downing described the areathis way:

The whole of this neighborhood of Brookline is akind of landscape garden, and there is nothing inAmerica of the sort, so inexpressibly charming asthe lanes which lead from one cottage, or villa, toanother. No animals are allowed to run at large, andthe open gates, with tempting vistas and glimpsesunder the pendent boughs, give it quite an Arcadianair of rural freedom and enjoyment. These lanes areclothed with a profusion of trees and wild shrubbery,often almost to the carriage tracks, and curve andwind about, in a manner quite bewildering to thestranger who attempts to thread them alone; andthere are more hints here for the lover of the pic-

Ambassador and Mrs. Larz Anderson. Portrait by Philip de Laszlo. Illustrationfrom Larz Anderson, Letters and Journals of a Diplomat, edited by IsabelAnderson.

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turesque in lanes than we ever saw assembledtogether in so small a compass. (pp. 40-41)

"Weld" was famous in horticultural circleslong before Anderson became involved inJapanese horticulture. The gardens, designedby Charles A. Platt, were featured in theMarch 12, 1904, issue of Tbwn and Country.The accompanying photographs show a lav-ishly ornate series of terraces laid out in a for-mal European style. Following Isabel’s death

in 1949, "Weld" was donated to the Town ofBrookline and is now called Larz AndersonPark, best known for its collection of antiquecars. Very little remains of the once gloriousgardens.

The Japanese ConnectionLarz Anderson’s interest in things Japanesepredated his assignment as ambassador tothat country. In 1907, he built a Japanesegarden at "Weld," and before that, in 1889, he

"The bosquet at the end of the garden, the pergola, flower draped, the marble balustrade, the wall fountainand the great Ludovisi jars." Note the parrot in the center of the picture. Illustration from the article onthe gardens at Anderson’s estate, "Weld," in the March 12, 1904, issue of Town and Country.

Chamaecyparis obtusa on display at "Weld." Note how wires were usedto hold the branches in a honzontal position. Illustration from a HouseBeautiful article that appeared in June 1933.

brought two dwarf maples back from his firsttrip to Japan. But it was in 1913 that hebecame enchanted with bonsai. His journalentry for February 1, 1913, shows this clearly:

About us were dwarf trees of fantastic shape andstunted plum m fragrant bloom, white and pink, andgnarled trees hundreds of years old with branchesblossoming out of seemingly dead trunks in pots ofbeautiful form and color. Isabel and I stopped so longm this little fairy place that we had to drive like thedickens through the congested streets of endless vil-lages to Yokohama, which we reached without dis-aster in a little over an hour, in time for one o’clockluncheon. (p. 384)

Anderson must have purchased at leastforty plants from the Yokohama NurseryCompany shortly after this experience, sincehe returned to the United States a little morethan a month later, on March 6. The purchaseof these bonsai marked the start of Anderson’sserious commitment to Japanese horticulture.Not only were the plants themselves expen-

sive to import but, once in the United States,they had to be maintained by gardenersknowledgeable in the techniques of bonsai.Given the total lack of such knowledge amongAmericans of the time, Anderson was forcedto hire a succession of Japanese gardeners totake care of the plants. The most famous ofthem was Rainosuke Awano, who maintainedthe collection while studying for his doctoratein philosophy at Columbia University.On at least two occasions, Larz Anderson

put his collection on public display: at the1916 spring flower show of the MassachusettsHorticultural Society, and again in November1933 when the M.H.S. sponsored a show ofchrysanthemums and Japanese dwarf trees. Apopular article about the Larz Andersonbonsai collection appeared in the June 1933edition of House Beautiful, featuring photo-graphs of the plants and an interview withAwano. The author’s anthropomorphicapproach to her subject matter is obvious:

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It seems unholy to move such venerable patriarchsfrom the land where they have lived so long in medi-tation and repose. But they are here, nevertheless,in this country which was a wilderness when theyand their art had reached a high degree of eleganceand culture. And on the wide green terrace beforethe stately Brookline home of Mr. Larz Anderson,noted statesman and scholar, these noble trees,samurai of their realm, seem quite at home. Thatmay be because adaptability is a quality of the noblyborn.

Following Anderson’s death in April 1937,Isabel Anderson donated the major portion ofthe collection (thirty plants) to the ArnoldArboretum, along with the funds necessary tobuild a shade house for their display. This wassituated on the grounds of the old BusseyInstitution, now occupied by the Mas-sachusetts State Testing Laboratories on thesoutheastern boundary of the Arboretum.

In 1949, following Isabel Anderson’s death,the remaining nine plants in the collectionwere donated to the Arboretum, including onethat the Andersons considered the most spe-cial of all, an eighty-year-old hinoki cypressthat had been given to them by "The ImperialHousehold" shortly before they left Japan.

Bonsai at the Arnold Arboretum

Unfortunately, the Larz Anderson Collectiondid not continue to get the attention of

knowledgeable Japanese gardeners followingits donation to the Arboretum. The staff didthe best it could with its limited knowledgeof how to take care of bonsai and the limitedfinancial resources of the Depression era.Additional stress was put on the collection bythe practice of periodically forcing it into earlygrowth for the spring flower show of the Mas-

The Larz Anderson Collection of Japanese dwarf trees at the Arnold Arboretum, May 1938. Photo by DonaldWyman, Archives of the Arnold Arboretum.

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sachusetts Horticultural Society. While thismade for a spectacular display, it seriouslyweakened the collection and contributed toits general decline (Wyman, 1964). As a resultof these factors, the collection shrank fromthe original thirty-nine plants to twenty-sevenin 1962. Included among the casualties wasthe hinoki that had been the Japaneseemperor’s gift to the Andersons.Things began looking up for the collection

in 1962 when work on the Charles StrattonDana Greenhouses of the Arnold Arboretumwas completed. This new facility included anattractive hexagonal redwood lath house fordisplaying the collection during the growingseason and a concrete-block cold-storage unitfor winter protection. The construction of thisbuilding, which maintains temperatures

Constance Derderian and Hank Goodell repottingone of the Larz Anderson bonsai in 1969. Photo byP. Burns, from the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum.

between 33 and 35 degrees Fahrenheit,brought an end to the practice of "plunging"the pots in the ground for the winter. Not onlywas this practice dangerous to the health ofthe plants, but the consequent freezing of theroot ball cracked many of the original Japanesecontainers.Another positive turn of events for the col-

lection occurred in 1969 when ConstanceDerderian of Watertown, Massachusetts, wasmade curator. Connie had been teachingcourses in bonsai at the Arboretum for severalyears prior to her appointment, and was wellknown to the greenhouse staff. Her own wordsdescribe how she became involved with theplants:

Perhaps because I was the only Bostoman who, foralmost ten years, had steadily pursued the study ofbonsai in the United States and in Japan, in 1969,through the efforts of Mr. Alfred Fordham, Dr.Donald Wyman asked me to repot the Anderson col-lection of bonsai. I did and began a program to renewthe vigor and beauty of these venerable trees. Dr.Richard A Howard, director, pleased with the mi-tial effort, had me appointed Honorary Curator ofthe Bonsai Collection.

Working patiently and with a clear sense ofpurpose, Connie began the long process ofrevitalizing the collection after years ofneglect. She continued to care for the collec-tion until 1984 when her failing health forcedher to resign the curatorship. The author, hav-ing worked as her apprentice since 1979,became the new curator the year she resigned.Over the Columbus Day weekend in 1986,

a break-in occurred at the bonsai house, andsix plants were stolen, including threeJapanese maples that were part of the origi-nal Larz Anderson Collection. Spurred on bythis disaster, the Arnold Arboretum Associ-ates decided to finance a renovation of the

deteriorating bonsai house in the spring of1987, replacing the rotting redwood plankswith the more structurally substantial,vertical-grain Douglas fir. New doors were

designed that allowed visitors an unobstructedview of the collection. Most importantly, anew security system was installed. The reno-vations were completed in time for the 1987

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illustration of Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’from the 1901 catalogue of the Yokohama Nursery Company.

season, and in June of that year, a ceremonywas held dedicating the structure to Mrs. Der-derian. She died a year later on September 20,1988.As of August 1989, fifteen plants still

remain of the original thirty-nine plants in thecollection. These include seven hinoki

cypresses (Chamaecyparis obtusa), fourJapanese maples (Acer palmatum), one tridentmaple (Acer buergerianum), one higan cherry(Prunus subhirtella), one sawara cypress(Chamaecyparis pisi fera ’Squarrosa’), and oneJapanese white pine (Pinus parviflora). Therecan be little doubt that in any list of "ironclad"bonsai, these species ought to be included.The hinokis seem to be the toughest of all inthat seven of ten original plants are still aliveand healthy. They are also the most ancientand most beautiful plants in the collection.Technically they should probably be consi-

dered hachi-no-ki rather than true bonsai.

According to Anderson’s records, the oldesthinoki specimen was started m 1737, makingit 252 years old in 1989.

Nomenclature

The one question concerning the Larz Ander-son bonsai that has dogged the author foryears is the correct identity of the specimensof Chamaecyparis obtusa, which make up themajor portion of the collection. Are they nor-mal hinokis that have developed their peculiarshape simply as a result of hundreds of yearsof pruning, or are they a horticultural selec-tion that is genetically dwarf to begin with?Fortunately, the 1901 Yokohama Nursery cata-logue contains an absolutely stunning wood-block print of its potted hinoki cypresses,identical to those in the Larz Anderson Col-lection, captioned "Thuja obtusa var. Chabo-

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hiba."2 In this same catalogue, golden and sil-ver variegated varieties of Chabo-hiba areoffered, which undoubtedly originated as

sports of the typical green variety.Since the name Chabo-hiba is not in com-

mon use in Japan today, it took some work touncover its exact meaning. By itself,the wordhiba means hatchet-shaped (in reference tothe foliage) and is the common name for thelow-growing conifer Thu;opsis dolobrata

(Kurata, 1971) as well as for various horticul-tural varieties of Chamaecyparis obtusa andpisi fera (Yoshio and Motoyoshi, 1891;Yoshimura and Halford, 1957). The wordchabo literally means bantam chicken. In

Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’ #1100-71. Thisplant originated as a cutting from one of the old bon-sai plants, but was left unpruned. At eighteen yearsof age, it is a meter and a half tall by a meter wide(60 in x 39 in).

combination, Chabo-hiba is best translated as"compact or bantam cypress."Compounding the problem of the identity

of the Larz Anderson hinokis is the fact thatthey were rigorously pruned for their entirelives. Based on an experiment at the ArnoldArboretum, such cultural practices seem tohave affected both the character of theirfoliage and the orientation of their branches.In 1971 a few cuttings of the Larz Andersonhinokis were rooted in the Arboretum green-houses. They were grown in the nursery forseveral years, unpruned, where they retainedtheir dwarf habit, congested foliage, andtwisted branches. In 1981, the author plantedone of these specimens, which was about 20centimeters tall and 20 centimeters wide (7inches x 7 inches), in the Arboretum’s dwarfconifer area-to see how it would develop ifleft unpruned. The plant continued to growin a manner similar to the old specimens fromwhich it had been taken until 1984, when itsuddenly produced an upright leader withlooser, less congested foliage. At eighteenyears of age in 1989, this unpruned plant iscompletely upright, a meter and a half tall bya meter wide (60 inches x 39 inches), and hasset an abundant crop of "normal" sized cones.3That this is typical behavior for unpruned

Chabo-hiba is attested to by the fact that inthe 1913 edition of the Yokohama Nurserycatalogue the listings under Chabo-hiba werechanged to read, "Thuja obtusa compacta orChabo-hiba." On a nearby page there is a photoof a narrowly pyramidal evergreen, five to sixmeters tall (15 to 20 feet) and neatly trimmed,captioned "Thuja obtusa compacta." This con-fluence of the historical evidence from 1913and the experimental data from 1989 makesit certain that the appearance of the LarzAnderson hinokis is the result of continual

pruning of the genetically compact, pyrami-dal variety, Chabo-hiba.The earliest use of the name Chabo-hiba

that this author could uncover is from thethree-volume book Somoku Kihin Kagami,published in 1827 and reprinted in 1976 withmodem Japanese characters and Latin plantnames (Kintaro, 1827; Tsukamoto, 1976). This

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work covers hundreds of plants consideredhighly unusual or very rare. While Chabo-hiba itself is not covered, a Chamaecypariscultivar listed as Chaboyadori, meaning "ban-tam’s nest," is described. The accompanyingillustration shows a plant with two types offoliage, the loose, feathery growth ("Cryp-tomeria-like") rising out of a "nest" of tight,congested growth ("Chabo-hiba-like"). In thetext, the author states that he first noticed theplant as an unusual branch (or sport) on aspecimen of Chabo-hiba, and propagated itspecially.As this reference in Somoku Kihin Kagami

indicates, the name Chabo-hiba has a longtradition of use in Japan that predates any pos-sible description of the plant by Westernbotanists. With such priority, ’Chabo-hiba’ canbe considered a proper cultivar name accord-ing to the guidelines laid out in the Interna-tional Code of Nomenclature for CultivatedPlants-1980.Over the years, three Latin names have been

proposed to replace ’Chabo-hiba’: breviramea* 4nana,5 and compacta. Of the three, only thelast describes the plant accurately. Publishedin 1875 by George Gordon, his description ofcompacta reads: "The leaves and branches ofthis variety resemble those of the species inevery way, except that they are much smaller,and the plant has a very dense and compacthabit." However accurate the name compactamay be, it suffers from the same drawbackthat affects all the Latinized botanical namesfor cultivated plants, namely that it can beand has been legitimately applied to a vari-ety of plants other than the specimen origi-nally described (Hornibrook, 1938). This lackof precision provides a second reason, prioritybeing the first, for favoring ’Chabo-hiba’ as acultivar name over ’Compacta.’The historical record leaves little doubt that

the Larz Anderson hinokis are best referredto as Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba,’defined here as a compact, slow-growing cul-tivar with dark green foliage that develops apyramidal shape over time. Often grown incontainers and intensively pruned, it respondsto such treatment by producing congested,

"Thuja obtusa compacta" Illustration from the 1914catalogue of the Yokohama Nursery Company.

planar foliage and contorted, horizontalbranches. By restoring the Japanese name’Chabo-hiba’ to the Larz Anderson hinokis,one not only eliminates confusion but alsoachieves a better sense of their rich history.

Bonsai Maintenance at the ArnoldArboretum

What follows is a general outline of the vari-ous procedures used by the staff of the ArnoldArboretum to maintain the Larz Andersonbonsai collection in a healthy condition.

REPOTTING: The smaller the pot, the more

frequently the plant needs repotting. Thisprocedure is best done in early spring, mid-to late March, before the plant shows any

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"Chamaecyparis obtusa var. nana Carr. Group of trained specimens. Tsuga diversifolia Maxim, in center. Groundsof the Yokohama Nursery Co., Tune 7, 1918." Photo by E.H. Wilson, N-509, Archives of the Arnold Arboretum.

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signs of growth. The plant is removed from itscontainer, and approximately two to threecentimeters (one inch, more or less) of roots,plus their attached soil, are removed allaround the sides and bottom of the root ball.Any roots thicker than a pencil are cut awayto encourage the development of small feederroots. This process effectively rejuvenates theroot system of the plant and prevents lethal"girdling" roots from forming. After the rootball is trimmed, the plant is returned to itsoriginal container surrounded by fresh soil.The large hinokis are repotted every four tofive years, while the smaller plants are repot-ted every two to three years.

SOIL MIXES: Plant roots are so intimatelyinvolved with soil particles that it is best tothink of the soil as part of the plant itself. Assuch, a great deal of time and care needs togo into its preparation. In general, the pottingmix should provide the plant with a balanceof water retention and air circulation. Ourrepotting mixes consist of coarse sand (parti-cle size 1-3 mm), peat moss or leaf mold, andscreened loam in various proportions depend-ing upon the plant being grown. In general, weuse a mix that is one-half sand, one-quarterloam, and one-quarter peat for the conifers;and one-third sand, one-third peat, and one-third loam for deciduous trees. In either case,small amounts of superphosphate and organicnitrogen fertilizer are added to the soil mix.

PRUNING: There are no universal rules abouthow much to prune a bonsai; the techniquesvary according to the species being workedwith. In general the best time to prune iswhen the plants are producing new growth-in early spring for deciduous plants, such asthe cherries and Japanese maples, in mid-spring for pines and spruces, and in early tomid-summer for the junipers and the hinokis.Generally, at least 50 percent of the new

growth is removed at the time of pruning. Ifthe plant produces a second flush of leaveslater in the growing season, these also requirepruning.

. With pines, the number of candles isthinned out by one-half to two-thirds, andthose that remain are shortened.

. With spruces and firs, the newly flushingshoots are pinched back to half their length,inducing replacement buds to form at the baseof the new growth rather than at the tip.

2022 With maples, the new shoots are pinchedback to a maximum of two pairs of leaves andsometimes only one pair. Any vertical-growing shoots are removed or are wired intoa horizontal position.

. With hinokis and junipers, which producenew growth over an extended portion of thegrowing season rather than in a single flush,the new growth is pinched back several times.If the new growth is not rigorously thinned,it becomes excessively congested and subjectto death by self-shading.

WIRING: In young vigorous bonsai, wiringthe branches into pendant or horizontal posi-tions with copper or aluminum wire is anrextremely important part of the trainingprocess. On plants as old as the hinokicypresses in the Larz Anderson Collection,reorienting their twisted branches with wireis very difficult. These branches thicken soslowly that it may take two or three years forthem to produce enough wood to overcometheir old orientation. We have found that tyingthem down with nylon fishing line is moreeffective than wiring.

For the other plants in the collection, wegenerally wire young vigorous branches intoa horizontal position in order to achieve theeffect of age. It is important to remember thatwire should not be left on the tree more thana year, since the branch can easily be girdledby the wire.

WATERING: Because the Larz Anderson Col-lection consists of such large plants in suchsmall pots, their water requirements are quitehigh. During the period of spring growth, theyneed watering at least once a day. During thesummer, one daily watering is a minimum ondays when no rain has fallen, and often they

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The bonsai house at the Arnold Arboretum, completed in 1962. Photo by P. Burns, from the Archives of theArnold Arboretum.

require more than this. Extending this needfor daily watering back into the past some twohundred years, one begins to appreciate themagnitude of continuity and commitmentthat has gone into maintaining these venera-ble specimens.To determine if a plant needs water, place

the palm of the hand on the soil surface. If anyfeeling of moisture is detectable, the plantshould not be watered. When the root ball isdry to the touch, the plant is watered. It is bestto use the palm of the hand to make thisdetermination because it is less heavily cal-loused, and hence more sensitive, than the

fingertips. The root ball of a healthy bonsaibehaves like a sponge, that is, water is uni-formly distributed throughout its mass at alltimes, so the moisture content of the surfaceis essentially the same as that of the base.When the plants are watered, care is taken

not to get the foliage wet, particularly onsunny days when water drops can magnify theenergy of the sun sufficiently to produce bumspots on the leaves. At watering time, the potis filled to the top, and the water is allowedto drain through; the pot is then filled up asecond time. This "double dousing" insuresthat sufficient water is provided to wet the

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entire root ball and to percolate out thedrainage holes. If only the top part of the rootball is moistened, the bottom part willbecome excessively dry and the plant couldbe seriously injured. Less frequent, thoroughwatering is always preferable to frequent lightwatering for any containerized plant.

FERTILIZING: While the instructions

provided by the Yokohama Nursery call for fer-tilizing the plants with powdered oil cake(consisting of soybean or rapeseed, after theoil has been pressed out) or bone meal, we usea chemical fertilizer solution diluted to a con-centration of approximately 0.01 percent

Item #340 from the 1904 auction catalogue of the S.M. Japanese Nursery Com-pany. The description reads: "Chabo-hiba. One of the most imposing-looking speci-mens in this collection. This grand tree once belonged to the famous templeHongau)i, Kyoto, the ancient Capitol of the Japanese Empire. It has been said thatowing to its most attractive shape, this specimen was admired by almost a mil-lion people, who made the pilgrimage to this noted temple of Buddha. It was trainedby the several master gardeners who gave their services to the temple. Trainedin the standard Jikka style. Note: its most graceful branches extended into bothsides. About 100 years old; height, 2 feet, 6 inches. With Chinese pottery pot onstand."

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nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Whengrowth commences in the spring, we waterthe plants with this dilute fertilizer every oneto two weeks until mid-July, at which pointwe fertilize only once every two to threeweeks through October. From this point on,the plants are going dormant, and we stop fer-tilizing them altogether.

WINTER STORAGE: In the milder parts ofthe United States, as in much of Japan, bon-sai can be left out-of-doors all winter withonly minimal protection from the elements.In New England, however, with our more

severe winter weather, the plants need to beprotected from the cold. A plant that is per-fectly hardy growing in the ground is not ashardy when grown in a container aboveground. This is due to the fact that the soil,which has great insulating power, never getsas cold as the air, which has no insulatingvalue.The Arboretum bonsai are stored in a

concrete-block structure for the winter. Thetemperature in the building is maintainedbetween 33 and 36 degrees Fahrenheit, and theplants are checked for water once a week. Ingeneral, they need watering about once a

THE LARZ ANDERSON BONSAI COLLECTION INVENTORY

Plants living in 1989, and year started as bonsai:

870-37 Acer buergerianum872-37 Acer palmatum877-37 Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba‘878-37 Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’879-37 Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’880-37 Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’881-37 Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’889-37 Prunus subhirtella899-37 Chamaecyparis pisifera ’Squarrosa’886-49 Acer palmatum888-49 Acer palmatum889-49 Acer palmatum890-49 Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’892-49 Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’893-49 Pinus parviflora101-69 Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’

Trident Maple 1852

Japanese Maple 1887

Compact Hinoki Cypress 1737

Compact Hinoki Cypress 1787

Compact Hinoki Cypress 1802

Compact Hinoki Cypress 1832

Compact Hinoki Cypress 1862

Higan Cherry 1852Sawara Moss Cypress 1907

Japanese Maple 1887

Japanese Maple 1897

Japanese Maple 1897

Compact Hinoki Cypress 1832

Compact Hinoki Cypress 1787Japanese White Pine 1887

Compact Hinoki Cypress 1969

Plants dead or stolen (numbers of individuals of each species in parentheses):Acer palmatum (5)Acer palmatum ’Dissectum’ (1)Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba’ (3)Chamaecyparis pisifera ’Squarrosa’ (1)Cryptomeria japonica (1)Euonymous fortunei ’Kewensis’ (1)funiperus rigida (1)

Photinia villosa (2)Prunus mume (2)Prunus subhirtella (2)Punica granatum (1)Spiraea thunbergii (1)Thujopsis dolobrata ’Variegata’ (1)Zelkova serrata (2)

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month. One must be extremely careful thatthe plants do not get overly dry during storageas they can become extremely difficult torewet come spring. On the other hand, if theplants are kept too wet during storage, theybecome susceptible to fungal infections.As long as the temperatures remain below

36 degrees, the plants seem to survive, evenin total darkness. Such dark storage will notwork at higher temperatures. The key to suc-cessful winter storage is to make sure that theplants are fully dormant before they go in andthat they come out before they show any signsof growth. Generally speaking, our plants gointo cold storage on Armistice day (Novem-ber 11) and come out on Patriots’ Day (April19), although a week either way makes littledifference.

Endnotes

1 The Suzukis were employed by the Louis BoehmerCompany while it was run by Boehmer himself, butin 1889 Alfred Unger became Boehmer’s partner andthe Suzukis went out on their own to establish theYokohama Gardeners’ Association, and, m 1890, theYokohama Nursery Company (Unger, 1930, YokohamaCatalogue, 1908)

2 The genus Chamaecypans was established by E. SSpach in 1842, but it was not universally accepted, andin the older literature it is often treated as Thuia orRetimspora Fortunately the species name for thehinoki cypress, obtusa, has remained relatively sta-ble since its description by Siebold and Zuccarmi m1844.

3 The horticultural forms of Chamaecyparis obtusa arenotoriously unstable m their morphology. Specimensof many of the widely grown dwarfs, such as ’NanaGracilis,’ sport out continually, the sport producingfoliage much looser than that found on the rest of theplant. When one of these dwarfs produces seeds, theseedlings show a wide range of variability in size, rateof growth, and foliage characteristics (Spmgam, 1978).In the author’s own work with seedlings of ’Graciosa,’’Nana Gracilis,’ and ’Verdoon,’ they all pass throughthe developmental process that is normal for the spe-cies, first producing a few needle leaves (the juvenilefoliage) and then, in their axils, branches consistingof scale leaves (the adult foliage) However, these scaleleaves are much smaller and their "mtemodes" muchshorter than is typical for the species, and a congestedcone- or bun-shaped plant develops. The length of timethat these plants retain their dwarf habit varies greatly,but I suspect that eventually all of them will produce

a leader and foliage that are more or less "normal." Toput it another way, many of the dwarf forms of

Chamaecypans obtusa seem to possess mutations inthe genes that regulate the rate of development ratherthan m the genes that control specific morphologicalcharacters.

4 A second Latm name that is often listed as synony-mous with ’Chabo-hiba’ is var. breviramea (Yoshimuraand Halford, 1957; Walker, 1976). This curious namewas originally published by Maximowicz in 1866 todescribe a supposed wild species from southern Japan.Later authors (Masters, 1881; Carrier, 1889, Beissner,1900) reduced the name to a variety of obtusa, but stillconsidered it a wild-growing plant that was cultivatedas an ornamental. Rehder (1914) describes brevirameaas a "tree of narrow pyramidal habit, with shortbranches’ branchlets crowded, glossy green on bothsides." More recent authors have reduced brevirameato synonymy with the species (Ohwi, 1984). To usethis essentially botanical name to describe the bon-sai hinokis is inappropriate since ’Chabo-hiba’ is

clearly a horticultural variety that has been in culti-vation in Japan since the 1700’s.

5 The name nana was first published by E.-A. Carrierm 1867 as, "much smaller than the species, this vari-

ety is distinguished mostly by its branches, branch-lets and twigs which are very slender and very short."In the 1904 S. M. Nursery Company auction catalogue,’Chabo-hiba’ is listed as synonymous with Thulaobtusa nanus. In 1918, E H Wilson of the ArnoldArboretum visited the Yokohama Nursery Companyand photographed its specimens of ’Chabo-hiba,’ whichhe labeled Chamaecypans obtusa var. nana. Since thisname does not accurately describe ’Chabo-hiba,’ it

should be rejected.

AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to thank Dr. John Creech, formerDirector of the U.S. National Arboretum, for informationconcerning Unger and Boehmer; Mr. Barry Yinger, Headof the Horticulture Department, Somerset County ParkCommission, for providing the author with a copy ofSomoku Kihin Kagami; Mr. Hitoshi Kanegae of NewEngland Bonsai Gardens for his help with the Japaneselanguage; Istvan Racz for taking the pictures of the LarzAnderson Collection, and the Library of the ArnoldArboretum for keeping the Yokohama Nursery cataloguesfor all those years. A generous grant from the ArnoldArboretum Associates was helpful in funding the publi-cation of this work.

Peter Del Tredici is Acting Editor of Arnoldia and Cura-tor of the Larz Anderson Collection of Dwarf Plants.

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References

Anderson, I. 1937. Japanese dwarf trees collected by theHon. Larz Anderson. Typed manuscript m the Archivesof the Arnold Arboretum.

Anderson, I. 1940. Larz Anderson, Letters and Journalsof a Diplomat. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co.

Beissner, L. 1900. Interessantes uber coniferen. Mitt.Deutsch. Dend. Gesell. 9: 57-69.

Brickell, C.D., et al. 1980. International code of nomen-clature for cultivated plants. Regnum Vegetabile 104.

Carrier, E.-A. 1867. Traite General des Comfereres, 2nded. Paris: Chez LAuteur.

Carrier, E.-A. 1889. Japonaiseries. Revue Horticole 61:374-378.

Creech, J. 1988. Pioneer plantsmen in Japan. The Garden113(8): 380-383.

Derdenan, C. E. 1971. Japanese theory-American prac-tice. Arnoldia 31: 294-296.

Derderian, C. E. 1980. Bonsai at the Arnold Arboretum.Bonsai lour. 13(4): 75-78.

Downing. A. J. 1841. A Treatise on the Theory and Prac-tice of Landscape Gardening. New York: Orange Judd Co.

The gardens at Weld. 1904. Town and Country 59(1):12-16.

Gordon, G. 1875. The Pinetum, new ed. London: HenryG. Bohn.

Guthrie, E. 1933. The ancient art of bonsai. House Beau-tiful 73 (5): 284 F-N.

Harada, J. 1928. The Gardens of Japan. London: The Stu-dio Ltd.

Hornibrook, M. 1938. Dwarf and Slow-Growing Conifers.2nd ed. Reprmt 1973. Little Compton, R.I.: Theophrastus.

Kintaro. 1827. Somoku Kihin Kagami. 3 vols. Reprintedin facsimile in 1976. Tokyo: Seiseido (in Japanese).

Koreshoff, D. R. 1984. Bonsai: Its Art, Science, Historyand Philosophy. Brisbane: Boolarong.

Kurata, S., et al. 1971. Illustrated Important Forest Treesof Japan. Tokyo: Chikyo Shuppan Co.

Long, C. R. 1971 An informal history of bonsai. Arnol-dia 31: 261-273.

Masters, MX 1881. On the conifers of Japan. Jour. Linn.Soc. 18: 473-524.

Maumene, A. 1902. Les Arbres Nams Japonair. Paris:Francois Tedesca.

Ohwi, J. 1984. Flora of Japan Washington, DC: Smith-sonian Institution.

Rehder, A. 1914. Chamaecyparls, in The Standard

Cyclopedia of Horticulture, L. H. Bailey, ed. New York:Macmillan.

Spingarn, J. W. 1978. The Baldwin dwarfs. Bull. Am. RockGard. Soc. 36(1): 123-125.

Tsukamoto, Y, et al. 1976. Explanation Volume to Accom-pany 1976 Facsimile Reprint of Somoku Kihm Kagami.Tokyo: Seiseido (in Japanese).

Unger, A. 1930. Japan -betrachtungen und -erinnerungen.Die Gardenwelt 3412): 25-26.

Walker, E. H. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the SouthernRyukyu Islands. Washmgton, D.C.: Smithsonian Insti-tution.

Wyman, D. 1938. The Larz Anderson collection of

Japanese dwarf trees. Arnold Arb. Bull. Pop. Info., ser. 4,vol. 6: 31-39.

Wyman, D. 1964. Bonsai at the Arnold Arboretum. Arnol-dia 24 (12): 101-104.

Yoshio, T., and O. Motoyoshi. 1891. Yuyo ShokubutsuZusetsu. 3 vols. Tokyo. Japanese Imperial Museum.

Yoshimura, Y, and G. M. Halford. 1957. The Japanese Artof Miniature Trees and Landscapes. Rutland, Vt.: CharlesE. Tuttle.

Young, D.S 1985. Bonsar The Art and Technique. Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice-Hall.

Portraitsof the

Larz Anderson Collection1913-1989

22 La.

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Acer buergerianum, Trident Maple (#870-37),started in 1852. Tbp left, the plant c. 1913, 58cm high (23 in). Bottom left, the plant in 1933.Above, the plant in 1989, 70 cm high (28 in).Photo by Racz and Debreczy. Note how theplant has remained in the same container forover 75 years.

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25

Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba,’ CompactHinoki Cypress (#892-49), started in 1787. Left,the plant in 1952. Notice how the branches aretied to bamboo sticks to hold them in ahorizontal position. Above, the plant in 1989,160 cm wide (63 in). Photo by Racz andDebreczy.

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Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba,’ CompactHinoki Cypress (#880-37), started in 1832. Thpleft, the plant in 1954. Bottom left, the plant in1963. Above, the plant in 1989, 70 cm high (28in). Photo by Racz and Debreczy. This unusualboat-shaped container is original and may wellhave been a gift to the Andersons, a "travellingbonsai" when they left Japan in 1913.

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Prunus subhirtella, Higan Cherry (#889-37),started in 1852. Bottom left, the plant c. 1913,61 cm high (24 in). Thp left, the plant in 1965.Note the same pot as in 1913. Above, the plantin 1989, 50 cm high (20 in). Photo by Racz andDebreczy.

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31

Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba,’ CompactHinoki Cypress. (#879-37), started in 1802. Thpleft, the plant in 1963. Above, the final result ofa successful operation performed by ConnieDerderian in 1969. As she describes it, "A lowerbranch had split away from the main trunk of879-37. Rather than cut it off and lose it, awedge-shaped piece of soil was cut away fromthe root ball to create a new plant. It was putinto the container on the right." Bottom left,the lower branch (#101-69) in 1989, 60 cm wide(24 in). Photo by Racz and Debreczy.

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Pinus parviflora, Japanese White Pine (#893-49),started in 1887. Left, the plant in 1952. Notehow bamboo sticks were used in training thebranches. Above, the plant in 1989, 100 cmhigh (39 in). Photo by Racz and Debreczy.

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35

Chamaecyparis obtusa ’Chabo-hiba,’ CompactHinoki Cypress (#878-37), started in 1787. Ibpleft, the plant in 1938. Bottom left, the plant in1954. Above, the plant in 1989, 120 cm high (47in). Photo by Racz and Debreczy. Note how thecurved branch to the lower left of the plant hasremained a constant feature over time.

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APPENDIX

Bonsai Maintenance at Yokohama NurseryThe Arnold Arboretum is fortunate to have inits library the catalogues issued by the Yoko-hama Nursery Company between the years1901 and 1922. Interestingly they all containexactly the same instructions for how to takecare of the dwarf plants that the nursery sold.This information has great historical sig-nificance since it is one of the earliest Englishdescriptions of how to maintain the health ofbonsai plants. The instructions are reprintedbelow in their entirety. According to Dr. JohnCreech, these instructions could well havebeen written by Alfred Unger’s Americanwife, Mary, who published two books onJapanese plants around 1898.

Dwarfed Trees Growing in Jardinieres andTheir Cultural Direction

Treatment of Thuja obtusa [= Chamaecyparisobtusa]. During spring and summer, by preferencekeep this plant in a sunny airy situation where thewind will pass freely through the branches; wateronce a day giving just enough to make the soilmoist; in dry hot weather it may be necessary togive water twice a day. Care however should betaken not to have the soil wet and never waterunless the plant needs it. Watering overhead in dryweather is bad but rain is always beneficial. Dur-ing winter keep the tree in a cold greenhouse par-tially shaded, or in an unheated orangery, givingwater about once in 10 days; the soil however mustnever be allowed to get dry. (The science of success-ful culture of all plants in pots consists in judiciouswatering, giving too much or too little is equallybad.)

Treated as above this plant is very ornamentalon balconies, terraces, etc. If this plant is keptindoors, it should always be placed out-of-doors atnight and as often as it is not wanted for decora-tion. Indoors it should never be exposed to the dryheat from a stove or open fireplace, otherwise theleaves will drop off and the plant perish.

Pinus pentaphylla [= Pinus parviflora] and pinetrees in general growing in jardinieres require thesame attention in watering and general treatmentas Thuja obtusa but are not so much influencedby atmospheric conditions; nevertheless sun and

air are necessary to maintain health, therefore keepthe plants out-of-doors as much as possible.Maples and other deciduous trees take the same

treatment as Thuja obtusa as regards watering, butare much more accommodating than evergreens;in fairly mild climates the maples may remain out-of-doors all winter, but where the frost is very severethey should be kept in a cool cellar after the leaveshave fallen in autumn; the soil must always be keptmoist but not wet; early in spring put the plantsout-of-doors and fully exposed to all weathers andwhen in full leaf use for decoration indoors asneeded.

MANURING: When the trees commence growingin spring, we give manure twice a month, sayMarch, April, May and June, again September andOctober. In the hot days of July and August, we giveno manure and the same in winter and early spring,the plants then being at rest; the best manure isfinely powdered oil cake or bone meal. To a

jardimere one foot in diameter we give 3 or 4 largeteaspoonfuls not heaped of this dry manure spreadevenly around the edge of the jardiniere; a largeror smaller jardiniere will require more or less. Fora small jardiniere, say three inches by six inches,half a teaspoonful will be ample each time.

REPOTTING: This is done by us once in two orthree years as follows; lift the plant out of thejardiniere and with a sharp pointed stick removeabout one-third of the old soil around the edges andbottom, cutting away a portion of the old fine rootsbut none of the strong roots, then replace the plantin the same jardiniere first looking to the drainage;for a small shallow jardiniere we use a flat pieceof tin or a flat crock over each hole; over this spreadsome rich fresh soil; neatly balance the plant andfill up with the same rich fresh soil to within one-half an inch of the rim; this holds the water andprevents the manure being washed over the sidesof the jardiniere; also the soil should be made suffi-ciently tight round the edges of the jardiniere toprevent the escape of water, it being of the firstimportance that the entire ball of soil around theplant be moistened at each watering. Should thewatering of the plant at any time be neglected andthe soil has become quite dry, put the jardinierein a tub of water for 10 or 15 minutes, not longer,and if the injury is not too serious, the plant willrecover. In the case of large plants, we use hollow

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crocks for drainage, the same as is used by growersof specimen plants. After several repottmgs, theplant having increased in size, shift into a largerpot, but as dwarfness is the thing aimed at, thesmaller the shift the better. Repotting should bedone in February or March just before spring growthcommences.

We advise when it is possible to get the abovework done by a good gardener who has beenaccustomed to the handling of heaths, New Hol-land plants, etc. In the case of very shallow

jardinieres we find it desirable annually to replacea portion of the old soil to maintain a healthygrowth.

PRUNING: To maintain dwarfness in the trees,pinch back the young growth; this we usually dofrom April to the middle of June and always withthe finger and thumb, a practice followed by the

late Mr. Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth,England, when preparing his dwarfed fruit treesfruiting in pots. In Thuja obtusa we pinch out thepoints of the young growth all over the plant tomaintain the form; this practice we also apply toCryptomena and all other conifers except Pmus.Pinus: we pinch out the points of the irregulargrowth simply to maintain the shape of the plant.Pomegranate, Lagerstroemia mdica, floweringpeach, flowering cherry, etc.: we pinch back thenonflowering shoots either before or after bloom-ing. Wisteria: in July and August we pinch back allthe young growth leaving only four or five leaveson each shoot. Maple and other deciduous trees arepinched back at the same time as Thuja obtusaleaving two to four leaves as may be necessary tomaintain the desired shape of the plants. Shoulda second growth be made, the same rule is followedof pinching out the points.