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702831 Development of Western Architecture p
the language of architecturethe language of architecture
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIACopyright Regulations 1969
Warning
This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part
VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).
The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protectionmaterial by you may be the subject of copyright protection
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do not remove this notice
analysing buildingsy g g
are we getting buildings that we like?g g g
who is entitled to decide what we get?
should buildings harmonise with their environment or stand out from it?stand out from it?
can you lay down rules that will create good design?
have we the right to impose design ideas upon other l ?people?
should we be conserving old buildings or trying toshould we be conserving old buildings or trying to create better ones?
architecture as memoryarchitecture as memoryarchitecture as memoryarchitecture as memory
the flat roofthe flat roofthe norm in from ancient times in the Middle East and northern Africa
the pitched (or sloping roof)the norm in the more forested and wetter areas of central and northern Europe
fl t f d h i B l b T kflat-roofed houses in Balaban, TurkeyMiles Lewis
l l fipalm log roofingimitated in stone
Zozer complex,Saqqara, Egypt
House of the South
Entrance Hall
Miles Lewis
the possible wooden origins of the Doric order
the Shrine of RemembranceMelbourne
Jim Harter [ed], Images of World Architecture (New York 1990), p 54
Brian Lewis
hit thit tarchitecture as architecture as material culturematerial culturematerial culturematerial culture
the monolithic archarch
church of the monastery at Sitt-er-Rum Syria AD C6thSitt-er-Rum, Syria, AD C6th
Miles Lewis
San Pedro de la Nave, near Zamora, Spain, late C7th
view from south-west
window in the south side of the sanctuary
X B i Altet [translated Lory Frankel], The Early Middle y yAges from Late Antiquity to A.D. 1000 (Köln 1997), p
105 Miles Lewis
classical principlesclassical principlesclassical principlesclassical principlesclarity
simplicity
structural logicstructural logic
the Parthenon Athens by Iktinos & Kallikrates 447 432
refinementthe Parthenon, Athens, by Iktinos & Kallikrates, 447-432
BC: reconstructionAthens [brochure, undated, unpaginated]
Lever House New Yorkthe Parthenon, Athens, by Iktinos &
Kallikrates, 447-432 BC: reconstruction
Lever House, New York,by Gordon Bunshaft
of Skidmore, Owings &Merrill 1952
Athens [brochure, undated, unpaginated]
Merrill, 1952.
MUAS1,920
architecturalarchitecturalarchitecturalarchitecturalvocabularyvocabularyvocabularyvocabulary
classical vocabulary
columns
capitals
entablature
dipediment&c
the Parthenon, Athens, by Iktinos & Kallikrates, 447-432 BC: reconstruction
Athens [brochure, undated, unpaginated]
the Parthenon, Athens, by Iktinos & Kallikrates, 447-432 BC: reconstruction
Sant' Agnese in Agone, Piazza Navona, Rome, by Francesco Borromini
& ( )Athens [brochure, undated, unpaginated]
& others (1652-66).
MUAS13,504
architectural languagearchitectural languagevocabulary
columns capitals piers pilasterscolumns, capitals, piers, pilasters, entablature, pediment
syntax or grammarsyntax or grammare.g. a capital goes on top of a column, not g p g p ,
beneath it
expressionexpressionexpressionexpressionth lthe plan
the functionthe functionthe servicesthe services
&c
‘expressing’ the pipesBeauborg (Pompidou) Centre, Paris, by Piano & Rogers
George Tibbits
constraints upon the architect
the client requirements, or ‘brief’
cost
l ti d f f th itlocation and form of the site
properties of building materialsp p g
laws and regulations
taste and fashion
Newton Memorial, by Étienne-Louis Boullée, late C18thunsourced, from George Tibbits
the classical languagethe classical languagethe classical languagethe classical language
Parliament House, Spring St, Melbourne Kobe Chartered Bank, IBC Bank, Tianjin, , p g ,west front by Peter Kerr, 1880s
Miles Lewis
,Japan
Office of Kingo Tatsuno, 1920
Hugh O’Neill
, j ,China
Hemmings & Parkin1918-21
Miles Lewis
north side of the main temple court at Baalbek, Lebanon, AD C1st/2nd
l ti b R b t W d d ith d ielevation by Robert Wood compared with a modern view
Robert Wood, The Ruins of Balbec (London 1757), pl xiiMiles Lewis
architectural languagearchitectural languagearchitectural languagearchitectural languageb lvocabulary
columns, capitals, piers, pilasters, entablature, pediment
syntax or grammarsyntax or grammare.g. a capital goes on top of a column, not beneath it
idiom, or phrasingmotifs such as the recessed colonnade, the giant order &c
the transformation of the classical language
window from a traditional house in Suzdal, Russia
Miles LewisMiles Lewis
l i l G k i i ll i l G k i i lsome classical Greek principlessome classical Greek principles
( )trabeation (post and beam construction):they ignored the archy g
cylindrical columns, not square pillars orcylindrical columns, not square pillars or piers
three ‘orders’ – Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
the Doric order in classical Greek architecture
the Parthenon, Athens, from the south-westDoric order from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, c 460 BCDoric order from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, c 460 BC
Trewin Copplestone [ed], World Architecture: an Illustrated History (London 1963), p 48 MUAS 12,545
the Doric order
Temple of Zeus, Olympia,c 460 BC
the frieze is a horizontal band containing blocks andband containing blocks and
panels – triglyphs and metopes
(possibly derived from(possibly derived from timber construction)
Trewin Copplestone [ed], World Architecture: an Illustrated History (London 1963), p 48
the three classical Greek ordersthe three classical Greek orders
Ionic, from the Temple on the Ilissos, c 450 BCDoric, from the Theseion (Hephaesteion), Athens,
c 449-444c 449 444Corinthian, from the Choragic Monument of
Lysicrates, Athens 334 BC
Trewin Copplestone [ed], World Architecture: an Illustrated HistoryTrewin Copplestone [ed], World Architecture: an Illustrated History(London 1963), p 48
the frieze in the Ionic and the Corinthian does not have triglyphs and metopes, but
is a continuous band of sculptureis a continuous band of sculpture
the Ionic capital is a linked pair of scrolls or volutesor volutes
the Corinthian capital is made of foliage (of the acanthus plant)(of the acanthus plant)
i G k d R d f hicomparative Greek and Roman orders of architectureBanister Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method (17th ed, London 1961 [1896]), p 160
h i th W t C l d farch in the West Colonnade of the Agora at Izmir, Turkey,
c AD 178-180
Miles Lewis
arcuation (or arch construction)
the arch is made of wedge-shaped blocks, or voussoirs
the arch is structurally unstable until a wall is built on topthe arch is structurally unstable until a wall is built on top
aesthetically, the arch is regarded as a hole in a wall, and a row of arches is therefore supported on rectangular piers rather than cylindrical columns as in the trabeatedsupported on rectangular piers rather than cylindrical columns as in the trabeated
system
Hadrianic Baths Ephesus C2nd ADHadrianic Baths, Ephesus, C2nd ADMiles Lewis
represented structurerepresented structurerepresented structurerepresented structure
the Coliseum, Rome, c AD 80Isometric diagram and view
Copplestone, World Architecture, p 59 MUAS 12,257
the real structure is arcuated –arches carried on piers
the represented structure is trabeated – beams carried on
colunms
an example of a solecism, or
grammatical error, in a represented structure
C B A Bank, 333 Collins Street,Melbourne,
by Lloyd Tayler and Alfred Dunnby Lloyd Tayler and Alfred Dunn,c 1890-1892
Michael Cannon, Land Boom andBust (Melbourne 1972), p 230
represented structure in medieval architectureSt-Étienne, Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen, France, 1067-1081: detail of nave elevation
Lichfield Cathedral, England, after 1250, interior.
Gantner, L'Art Monumental Roman, pl 151.MUAS 4,252
the obsession with ‘orders’
classical architecture was defined by the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders mainly defined by the form ofand Corinthian orders, mainly defined by the form of
column capital used in each
historians tried to define medieval architecture by orders in the same way, and described foliated
(l f ) it l ‘C i thi ’(leafage) capitals as ‘Corinthian’
architects trying to develop radical new styles did so inarchitects trying to develop radical new styles did so in terms of new orders of architecture
‘Gothick entablature and capital of the first order atcapital of the first order at large’ by Batty Langley,
1741
Batty Langley, Gothic Architecture improved by Rules and Proportions, in many Grand
Designs of Columns Doors WindowsDesigns of Columns, Doors, Windows, Chimney-Pieces ... (London 1747 [1741-2)]),
pl II
an invented order
corn cob capital in theCapitol WashingtonCapitol, Washington,
by Benjamin Latrobe, 1809
Hugh Honour, Neo-Classicism(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1968), p 109
University MuseumUniversity Museum, Oxford, by Deane & Woodward, 1855-9
view of the internal courtyard, and detail of a
capitalcapital
Miles Lewis
wit, wit, associationismassociationism,,,, ,,and theand theand theand the
classical languageclassical languageclassical languageclassical language
Oratorio di San Filippo Neri, by Borromini, 1637-49, fireplace in the Sala di Recreazione: elevation, and detail of the Doric frieze and tassels
Weinreb, The Architect's Eye, p 16Anthony Blunt, Borromini (London 1979), p 105
architectural languagearchitectural languagea further stagea further stage
b lvocabularycolumns, capitals, piers, pilasters, entablature, pediment
syntax or grammarit l t f l t b th ite.g. a capital goes on top of a column, not beneath it
idiom or phrasingidiom, or phrasingmotifs such as the recessed colonnade, the giant order &c
wit and humourki thi l k lik thi l l i t i kmaking something look like something else, playing tricks
with classical principles, &c
P Gü ll k t h llParque Güell, market halldetail of columns and entablature
Miles Lewis
the Doric order used to effect monumentalitycompetition entry for the Chicago Tribune Tower, by Adolf Loos, 1923competition entry for the Chicago Tribune Tower, by Adolf Loos, 1923
the column and capital abstracted into a futuristic formJohnson Wa Co Racine Wisconsin b Frank Llo d Wright 1936 9Johnson Wax Co, Racine, Wisconsin, by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1936-9
MUAS 13,177, 14,419
a postmodern revival of the ionic
order
Allen Memorial ArtAllen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, Ohio,
USA: additions by Venturi & Rouch 1974 7: timber& Rouch, 1974-7: timber sheathed steel column
Progressive Architecture, 1977