The Korea Press - emamablog.files.wordpress.com · based paper, founded Bridgenews, a paper for both online and offline platforms, on Sept. 15, 2014. New sections targeting young

Publisher Kim Byung-ho Editor in Chief Woo Deuk-jung
Managing Editor Lee Sang-heun Tel 82-2-2001-7757 Email [email protected]
Translated by Yang Sung-jin (Editor of The Korea Herald) Copyedited by Elaine Ramirez (Copy Editor of The Korea Herald) Chung Yong-kuk (Professor, Dept. of Journalism & Mass Communication, Dongguk Univ.)
Published by Korea Press Foundation www.kpf.or.kr
Korea Press Foundation 12-15F., Korea Press Center 124 Sejong-daero, Jung-gu, Seoul, Korea
First Edition December 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Korea Press Foundation
Designed by Nine Communication
Chapter 2. Media Market … 22
Chapter 3. Media Workers … 30
Chapter 4. Print Newspaper Market … 40
Chapter 5. Broadcasting Market … 44
Chapter 6. Internet Newspaper Market … 55
Chapter 7. Media Audience : Pattern and Evaluation … 61
Chapter 8. Current Situation of Newspaper Industry Support … 70
Appendix 1. Overseas Branches of the Korean Media … 72
Appendix 2. Korean Correspondents Overseas … 74
Appendix 3. Foreign Correspondents in Korea … 79
Appendix 4. Directory … 86
Chapter 1
Attempt to depart from ‘exposure- first’ strategy
The “digital-first” strategy adopted by South Korean news media reflects the ongoing shift in news consumption toward mobile media. In the past two decades — from 1993 to 2014 — overall media usage has steadily declined, except for on mobile Internet. According to the 2014 Audience Research report published by the Korea Press Foundation, respondents spent 339.9 minutes (5 hours 40 minutes) using media on a daily basis. They spent 95.3 minutes reading and watching news, which accounted for 28.0 percent. Compared with the figure in 2013, the news usage time declined by 14.4 minutes. In detail, overall news usage time shrank, except through mobile Internet.
South Korean media are pursuing a digital- first strategy; however, they could end up pushing for a mere “exposure-first” strategy — focused on boosting online traffic by producing as many articles as possible on different platforms — unless the newsroom culture achieves substantial change. Newsroom culture is an intangible asset that cannot be changed easily, not least because it reflects each media outlet’s
unique production practices that are formed over time. News media must overhaul the news production system to tailor it to a rapidly changing media environment while preserving traditional news values; if not, they are unlikely to turn a profit in the fast-evolving media market. Against this backdrop, it is a positive development that Korean media are noticeably investing in mobile-centered news production and distribution. In particular, some news media have stood out from the pack by adopting a mobile-friendly online layout, marking a departure from the con- ventional front-page format.
News outlets using social media
A growing number of news consumers are opting for social media. In a survey conducted in 2014, the ratio of respondents who said they used social media to read news stood at 20.7 percent, up from 11.3 percent in 2011. The rate of those who said they consumed news every day came in at 8.6 percent, up from 2.8 percent in 2011 (2014 Audience Research report, Korea Press Foundation). Given that half of media consumers regularly use social media, media outlets are actively sharing their news on social media platforms. However, it is premature to say that traditional media have fully adapted to the social media environment. After all, about half of news
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consumers (49.9 percent) use social media, but only 20.7 percent are tapping into social media to consume news.
For instance, the weekly paper by the Jour- nalists Association of Korea analyzed the Facebook pages run by newspapers covering a period from April 26 through May 4 in 2014. In the article, Kyunghyang Shinmun topped the list with 238,067 fans, followed by Chosun Ilbo (158,269), Segye Times (142,191) and Han- kyoreh (141,733). As for PTAT (People Talking about This), a seven-day Facebook metric that measures how many people are “talking” (creating stories) about a certain page, Chosun Ilbo and Segye Times recorded more than 150,000. Kyunghyang Shinmun attracted 83,000 on the PTAT metric. When it comes to the daily average PIS (Post Interaction Score), Segye Times outpaced other media. But for the daily average page sharing index, Kyunghyang Shinmun topped the ranking with 1,916, followed by Hankyoreh (1,506), Chosun Ilbo (733) and Se- gye Times (576).
Print media enter online news; online media launch print papers
Some media outlets revealed their preference for creating more “old media” rather than embrace the digital-first strategy. Twenty-four daily newspapers were established in 2014. Among them, 22 were general newspapers, 10 of which were launched in Seoul and 12 in other regions. Two special papers were established in Seoul. This move suggests that some media companies are seeking to shore up their profit structure by rediscovering the value of the traditional media platform rather than investing into mobile media, whose future return remains uncertain and
unpredictable. Many print papers newly founded in Seoul are business papers, reflecting the market reality in which general newspapers are witnessing a decline in revenue while business papers are increasing their revenue and operat- ing profits.
Several media companies also rushed to launch online or offline business journals. News Tomato, an online business paper established in 2008, kicked off its print version on May 11, 2015, as part of its “strategy to expand its platform.” Kyunghyang Shinmun launched Biz@ Life, a mobile Web service in May 2014, offering news content in six categories (life, market/ business, real estate, automobile, technology, and business columns). Seoul Media Group, specializing in magazines for women, established Woman Economy, an online paper, on May 29, 2014, and then launched its print version in a tabloid format on Nov. 11 in the same year. A major shareholder of Joongdo Ilbo, a Daejeon- based paper, founded Bridgenews, a paper for both online and offline platforms, on Sept. 15, 2014.
New sections targeting young readers
The newspaper subscription rate stood at 20.2 percent in 2014, with little change from 20.4 percent in 2013. But newspaper readership slid by 3.1 percentage points to 30.7 percent (2014 Audience Research report, Korea Press Founda- tion). Those in their 20s and 30s spent less than 10 minutes reading print newspapers. In detail, newspaper readers in their 20s spent an average of 4.9 minutes on weekdays and 2.5 minutes on the weekend reading print papers, while the figure for those in their 30s was 6.8 minutes and 3.4 minutes, respectively. The two age groups’
6 Chapter1. 2014/2015 Korean Media Overview
daily newspaper reading time (4.2 minutes/5.8 minutes) was less than half of that of those in their 40s (11.5 minutes) and 60s (12.2 minutes). Those in their 50s read newspapers for 17.3 minutes, far longer than those in their 20s and 30s. The underlying problem is that print newspapers could go out of print if they continue to fail to grab the attention of younger readers. Perhaps a sense of crisis has hit Korean media since a handful of them started developing news content customized for younger readers. JoongAng Ilbo is said to have outpaced other rivals in developing news content for younger readers. The paper overhauled its page format and content in April 2014, introducing a thematic section (Younger Tuesday) targeting those in their 20s and 30s. Hankook Ilbo also drew keen interest by high- lighting everyday topics of the young generation under the serialized feature titled “KakaoTalk 2030.” Chosun Biz also kicked off a series of articles portraying workplace episodes with a comical touch.
Data journalism
Journalism is undergoing a wave of sweeping changes stemming from new innovative technologies such as cloud computing, smartphones and open-source software. Especially noteworthy is the emergence of what is called “data journalism” as media companies are now capable of accommodating and processing a huge amount of data — far greater data sets than previously imagined. In essence, data journalism is related to Computer-Assisted Reporting. It refers to collecting a massive amount of data and statis- tically analyzing it to better tell a news story. Data journalism is drawing interest in the media circles as it helps journalists to better observe
and analyze a huge amount of data available in the age of smart media. Thanks to data journalism, journalists can better explain what a news story really means.
Most news media collect and utilize existing statistical data. They identify relations between different data sets before producing a repack- aged data product or expressing it in the form of infographics. Specifically, Newstapa runs the Korea Investigative Journalism Center to utilize existing statistical data or collect previously unpublished data. The company offers not only raw data but also analysis of trends on political issues. Yonhap News Agency and Herald Busi- ness provide reporting on political and economic issues through simple tables and charts. Chosun Ilbo’s “infographics” allow readers to read much information in a small online space by adopting an interactive infographic format with hyper- links.
Securing paid subscribers
In 2013, Maeil Business Newspaper and Korea Economic Daily launched the Maekyung ePa- per (September) and Hankyung Plus (October), respectively. Chosun Ilbo started offering paid news content with its Premium Chosun (No- vember). While business papers attempted to sell the PDF edition of their papers, Chosun Ilbo attempted to stand out by pursuing a higher level of online journalism to kick-start its paid service. JoongAng Ilbo also joined the fray of paid news services by unveiling a revamped Joins, its digital subscription platform, in September 2014.
A noteworthy trend in the development of paid news services is that all the newspapers sought to develop their own strategies in push-
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ing for paid news content services (Choi Jin-sun, 2014). For instance, business papers focused on providing early PDF editions and reporters’ exclusive commentaries related to their beat and coverage, while strengthening ties with their broadcasting units. Chosun Ilbo concentrated on cultivating premium journalism and communi- cating with readers instead of abruptly introducing a full-fledged paid service. JoongAng Ilbo’s Joins, meanwhile, is designed to offer diverse news content in PDF format and develop new packages of different media services targeting its diverse audiences. The paid services by the three front-runners are said to have garnered largely positive responses on the market. Maeil Business Newspaper’s Maekyung ePaper signed up as many as 40,000 paid subscribers in a year. Korea Economic Daily’s Hankyung Plus also expanded its user base by showing a 20-30 percent increase in its subscribers from January to September in 2014. Premium Chosun garnered 50,448 daily visitors in July 2014, 3.4 times more than pre-launch.
Rules on disaster coverage
Five media organizations (Korean Association of Newspapers, Korean Broadcasters Associa- tion, Korean Newspaper Broadcaster Editors Association, Journalists Association of Korea, Korea Press Ethics Commission) jointly announced rules on disaster coverage on Sept. 16, 2014, after examining the problems related to the coverage of the Sewol ferry sinking, which took place on April 16 in the same year. The organizations consulted with local media companies to come up with solutions to improper disaster coverage. The rules on disaster coverage consist of a body and three supplementary
provisions (purpose and application; reporting and news coverage; obligations of media), fea- turing a total of 44 articles. As the disaster coverage rules stress accuracy rather than speed, individual media outlets are likely to find it hard to follow the rules when they jump into the coverage competition. In this context, it was a positive development that Korean media attempted to regulate themselves from break- ing the disaster coverage rules by running a joint body called Cooperative Reporting Body for Disaster Sites. The body would comprise representatives of participating media companies. The envisioned body is a sort of media pool system, in which news produced by participating reporters are shared with each other in a way that blocks excessive competition and enhances the accuracy of news coverage. What should be noted is that the body should play its role properly, especially its role to ensure the public’s right to know. As the government, which tends to avoid taking responsibility, can be passive in disclosing pertinent information, it might be difficult for the media to play the role of a watchdog. Therefore, some suggested that the government should join the envisioned body as a member. There is clearly a limitation in enforcing the rules on disaster coverage as they have been set up by journalists on a voluntary basis. However, some observers argue that if journalists follow the rules concerning their interactions with sources, they could make proper moral decisions and seek solutions when they attempt to explore the nature and cause of a disaster and identify those who are responsible.
• Broadcasting
New restriction on ownership of paid broadcast services
Paid broadcast service providers intensified their competition, sparking a call for a reform of the asymmetric legal regulations. As a result, the regulations on paid broadcast service providers underwent a change that aims to regulate the joint ownership of different broadcast media. Previously, there were two separate regulations: the Broadcasting Act and the Internet Multime- dia Business Act. In April 2015, Jun Byung-hun, a lawmaker, led a revision bill titled the Internet Multimedia Broadcast Business Act, which the National Assembly passed in a plenary session. Article 1 of Section 13 (concerning the restrictions of market share) of the new law states that “a certain Internet multimedia broadcast provider cannot offer its services to more than a third of all paid broadcast subscribers including those who sign up for Internet multimedia broadcast, general cable broadcast and satellite broadcast.” Internet multimedia broadcast providers, general cable broadcast providers and satellite broadcast providers (specified in Sec- tion 2 of Broadcasting Act) are now categorized into a group who is subject to the new regula- tion. Accordingly, a new clause was added to Broadcasting Act: Article 16 and 17 in Section 8 (ownership restriction) states that a single business operator’s combined market share of cable broadcast, IPTV and satellite broadcast cannot surpass 33.3 percent. However, in a separate clause, the Minister of Science, ICT and Future Planning is allowed to designate an area that can be excluded from the restriction, such as remote
areas where only satellite broadcast is available. Details on subscriber data calculation and verification concerning Article 16 and 17 are to be decided by the President’s executive order. According to Section 2 of Law No. 13341 (June 22, 2015), the related parts of Articles 16 and 17 are to expire June 27, 2018.
Conflict over bundled broadcast products and reform measures
Cable TV operators strongly protested that wireless carriers were offering excessive discounts by offering products bundling broadcast and telecommunications services. As the conflicts deepened, regulators came up with a plan to address the issue. The Ministry of Science, ITC and Future Planning and the Korea Communica- tions Commission jointly formed the Research Team to Improve Bundled Products in January 2015 and unveiled reform measures in August. The reform measure, finalized and announced on Aug. 6, 2015, is titled Reform Proposal for Bundled Products of Broadcast and Telecom- munication Services. The measures are aimed at addressing negative impacts on both customers and business operators. As for the welfare of customers, the measures intend to make sure that customers can get correct information about penalties on cancellation and contract duration so that they can make informed decisions about bundled products. Regulators also introduced a system in which operators cannot engage in unfair business practices such as offering certain services free of charge or for a hefty discount, releasing exaggerated advertisements and cut- ting certain products excessively. The standard user agreement is to be modified in a way that operators cannot label certain products as “free
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of charge” or offer instant reimbursements. Reg- ulators also announced that they would crack down on operators offering extremely generous discounts for certain products, while ensuring that customers would continue to get similar discount benefits.
700 MHz spectrum allocated to terrestrial networks after disputes
Following the full digitalization of terrestrial broadcast services, disputes flared up over the 700 MHz spectrum which was no longer used. The final decision was made in July 2015, divid- ing the 108 MHz bandwidth in the frequency range 698-806 MHz into three sections: 20 MHz band for integrated public network, 30 MHz band for UHD broadcast (6 MHz each for five channels: KBS1, KBS2, MBC, SBS, EBS), and 40 MHz band for wideband LTE (Long Term Evolution) service. The remaining spectrum would be used for guard band.
The most-coveted 700 MHz bandwidth caused a storm of conflicts among broadcast and telecom operators. Broadcasters argued that the 700MHz should be reallocated to the future- oriented UHD broadcast service, while telecom firms claimed it should be used for mobile services in line with the international trends. With the conflict deepening, the Korea Communica- tions Commission announced in August 2014 that it would examine the issue without precon- ditions. In the previous month, a subcommittee of the Science, ICT, Future Planning, Broad- casting and Communications Committee at the National Assembly decided that UHF bandwidth would be allocated to four terrestrial broadcasters, which run a total of five channels. The move evenly distributes spectrum to both broadcast
and telecom operators, particularly in favor of the proposal from terrestrial broadcasters. In addition, the government originally planned to allocate the spectrum to KBS, MBC and SBS, but later changed its position to include EBS to the final list, reflecting the demand from the Korea Federation of Teachers’ Associations. The KFTA suggested that EBS should be given the 700 MHz band in order to ensure the rights for students.
Conflicts deepen over the retransmission of terrestrial network programs
In August 2015, terrestrial broadcasters demand- ed additional fees for the Incheon Asian Games content, putting pressure on paid broadcast operators and online portals. The move touched off another round of disputes over the retransmission rights of massive sports content in the aftermath of the conflict that flared up over the Brazil World Cup finals. In April 2015, the Content Al- liance Platform, which runs a subscription-based video-on-demand service called Pooq, attempted to strike a new pricing deal with wireless carriers, which operate mobile IPTV. CAP wanted to hike the retransmission fee per subscriber from the current 1,900 won to 3,900 won, but the three major wireless carriers refused to accept the new pricing. As a result, CAP notified the mobile carriers that their real-time channels and VOD streaming would be stopped. On June 22, 2015, SK Broadband’s mobile IPTV service “Btv Mobile” and LG Uplus’s mobile IPTV “U+tv G” shut down real-time terrestrial broadcast channels and halted VOD streaming.
In late July 2015, the Korean government suggested forming a 10-member negotiation
committee, consisting of representatives of the government, terrestrial broadcasters and paid broadcast operators. But terrestrial broadcasters refused to join the committee. Amid this opposition, the government created the 10-member negotiation body with experts in broadcast, business, law and TV viewership, and held its first meeting on Aug. 11.
Deregulation on advertising: introduction of advertisement cap system
The advertisement cap system refers to an advertising policy that limits the total amount of advertising time regardless of the type of TV commercial. Although it had been applied only to paid broadcast services, the government decided to apply it to terrestrial broadcast. In addition, regulations on indirect and virtual advertisement on paid broadcast services have been loosened. The Korea Communications Commission announced the Third KCC Vision and Seven-point Policy Agenda on Aug. 4, 2014. “Introducing the advertisement cap system for terrestrial broadcast will accelerate the production of high- quality content and shore up the investment infrastructure to revitalize hallyu,” the KCC said, referring to Korean cultural content. It said the slump in advertisement could undermine content production and hurt hallyu’s growth potential. To prevent this vicious cycle, the advertisement regulations would be reformed in a way that in- troduces the cap system for terrestrial broadcast, the KCC said. Up until then, terrestrial broadcasters had been subject to strict regulations that put a limit on the airtime of advertisement for each program, depending on their category (e.g., three minutes for advertisements during station
breaks and six minutes for advertisements for program sponsors). In a Cabinet meeting held on July 14, 2015, policymakers approved a revision bill to the Broadcasting Act, which would introduce the advertisement cap system and deregu- late indirect, virtual and sponsor advertisement.
New viewership survey suitable for ‘N-screen’ era
As more and more viewers watch video on smartphones, PCs and tablet computers in the form of VOD (video on demand), the Korea Communications Commission carried out a pilot survey aimed at reflecting what is called “N-screen” data. The move is intended to improve the viewership surveys that were largely focused on fixed-type TV, as well as preparing for an integrated viewership system. To that end, the KCC formed an “N-screen viewership survey committee” whose members come from both public and private sectors. The committee members include those from the TV industry (terrestrial, cable, satellite TV and IPTV), mobile handset makers, content service providers (Naver, Tving, Pooq) and survey firms. The committee members would help coordinate the N-screen survey by working with service operators, manufacturers and broadcasters.
EBS 2TV and MMS launched
On Feb. 11, 2015, EBS 2TV kicked off its service as the country’s first terrestrial MMS (Multi Mode Service). MMS utilizes digital compres- sion technology to divide a single digital broadcast bandwidth (6 MHz) into several smaller bands to provide various HD or SD digital channels at the same time.
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On Dec. 23, 2014, the Korea Communica- tions Commission held a plenary meeting and approved EBS’ plan to launch MMS, citing the need for helping to rein in sky-high private education costs and narrow the education gap. The first terrestrial MMS is designed to help EBS secure a variety of education content including English as well as materials for elementary and middle school students.
EBS MMS’ pilot service started with a new channel (No. 10-2), offering commercial-free education programs ranging from curricular materials to English lessons. It also provided TV programs to aid multicultural families in Korea. At the beginning of the pilot service, however, only those who have direct access to terrestrial TV broadcast were able to watch EBS 2TV. The viewership of EBS 2TV, in other words, was limited to two groups. The first group was 1.13 million households who have installed TV antennas, or 6.8 percent of the total number of households who have TV sets. The second group was 2.68 million households who can watch EBS 2TV via the public TV network. However, the problem was fixed in April when cable TV started airing EBS 2TV to its paid subscribers.
Some critics claimed that EBS could come under financial burden as the regulators allowed for MMS on the condition that the channel would not sell its airtime for commercial advertisement. The country’s public stations (KBS and EBS) charge a mandatory monthly reception fee, but their proposal to increase the fee has been repeatedly rejected and the chance for a rate hike in the near future remains slim, which might put financial pressure on EBS 2TV with no alternative income sources other than MMS.
7th shopping channel IM Shopping launched; T-commerce market revitalized
On Aug. 12, 2014, the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning unveiled a plan to launch a state-run TV shopping channel. On Jan. 21, 2015, the ministry selected a company to run the channel. On July 14, IM Shopping, the country’s seventh TV shopping channel, went on air. IM Shopping is 50 percent owned by the Small and Medium Business Distribution Cen- ter, 45 percent by Nonghyup Economic Holding Group and 5 percent by the National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives. The new shopping channel set the commission rate at 23 percent, which is lower than that of existing rivals. Com- pared with other channels, IM Shopping holds a unique market position as it is run by public funds. It airs on channel 20 or 21, depending on the region. For IPTV service, IM Shopping is available on channels 22 (KT), 17 (SK Broad- band) and 20 (LG Uplus).
Assessment results and license extension for general PPs
On Dec. 4, 2014, the Korea Communications Commission completed the 2013 Broadcast Assessment and released its results. The assessment involves 153 broadcast operators in three areas (broadcast content, programming, operations) for all of 2013. According to the annual assessment, KBS1 topped the ranking among terrestrial broadcasters, while Daegu TBC ranked first among provincial broadcasters. In the category of general PPs (program providers), TV Chosun outperformed its rivals. But some liberal media and KCC panel mem-
bers who were recommended by the opposition parties showed a skeptical response to the result concerning TV Chosun, a unit of the conserva- tive daily Chosun Ilbo.
In March 2014, the KCC extended the li- censes for the general PPs such as TV Chosun, JTBC, Channel A and Yonhap TV. At the time, the regulator imposed conditions on the three general PPs for extending the license: imple- menting business plans, taking steps to ensure fair and impartial broadcast, drawing up content investment plans, and maintaining the ratio of rebroadcast and outsourced programs. The KCC set a different set of conditions for Yonhap TV, a news PP, in extending its license: implement- ing business plans, establishing a fair broadcast committee, and taking steps not to get news from its affiliate Yonhap News Agency at a discount that discriminates other news media.
Revision to bill over disaster coverage
In December 2014, the Korea Communications Commission said it would revise many of the clauses regarding disaster-related broadcasts in the Framework Act on Broadcasting Commu- nications Development. The revision was approved in April 2015, aiming to address a slew of coverage issues following the Sewol ferry tragedy and to establish an infrastructure for ef- ficient disaster coverage.
There were three key changes. First, the number of media responsible for covering di- sasters was increased to provide information and news updates quickly in the multi-channel environment. As a result, on top of the existing 62 media outlets (terrestrial broadcasters, general PP and news PP), 96 companies in the SO (system operator), satellite and IPTV sec-
tors were added to the list (revision proposal for Section 40, Article 2). Second, media firms are now required to make disaster coverage manuals available and educate their reporters regularly. For effective implementation, broadcasters were allowed to publish their own disaster manuals and make them available, while offering related education classes to their reporters and program directors in charge of disaster coverage so that they can internalize the related rules (revision proposal for Section 40, Article 7). Third, those who fail to abide by the rules should be subject to fines. To strengthen the enforcement of the law, broadcasters could be imposed a fine of up to 10 million won if they violate regulations concerning disaster coverage manuals and education programs.
Community Media Foundation and Seoul viewer media center launched
The first viewer media center was launched in Busan in November 2005. In the following years, additional media centers were set up in various cities across the nation. A revision to the Broadcasting Act was made in May 2014 so that all the viewer media centers would be turned into private organizations. On May 15, 2015, the Community Media Foundation (www.kcmf. or.kr) was launched. Based on Section 90-2 of the Broadcasting Act, the Community Media Foundation runs all the centers including the Seoul center, which kicked off its service in June 2015, and the Ulsan center, which is scheduled to open in the first half of 2016. The Seoul viewer media center was jointly established by the Korea Communications Commission, the Seoul Metropolitan Government and Seongbuk Ward.
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The Seoul center was the sixth in the nation, following ones in Busan (2005), Gwangju (2007), Gangwon Province (2014), Daejeon (2014) and Incheon (2014). Aside from running regional viewer media centers, the Community Media Foundation is in charge of setting up additional regional centers in provinces, offering media education, promoting viewers’ rights, monitoring broadcast advertisement and the performances of public channels, securing broadcast access to the underprivileged, supporting broadcast for the handicapped and participatory programs, and as- sisting viewers who are selected to join the TV monitoring panel.
World’s first commercialization of UHD
UMAX, a channel dedicated to UHD cable TV broadcast, kicked off its commercial service in September 2014. CJ E&M launched UXN (Ul- tra Extraordinary Network), a 24/7 UHD cable channel. In August of the same year, experts from the government, industry and academia inaugurated a joint team to introduce terrestrial UHD TV and discuss a road map. IPTV service providers also put forth proposals to expand UHD channels.
As of August 2015, SK Broadband signed up about 35,000 households for its UHD service, while KT and LG Uplus each attracted some 200,000 households for their services. KT Sky- life saw its UHD subscribers surpass 30,000. SK Broadband said it would launch a real-time UHD channel in September 2015 and another in November. In June, meanwhile, KT Skylife introduced three UHD channels. For all the government and industry-wide efforts to kick-start the UHD format, however, the UHD TV market
is still in an infant stage due to the dearth of UHD-only content.
• Internet News Industry
Data on registered Internet newspapers in 2014
The number of registered Internet newspapers stood at 5,950 in 2014, up 1,980.4 percent from 286 in 2005. This rapid growth of Internet newspapers is in contrast with the 133.6 percent growth of registered periodicals over the same period. During the period, the proportion of Internet newspapers in the total registered periodicals surged from 3.8 percent to 33.8 percent.
Increase in dispute mediation cases over Internet newspapers
The Act on the Promotion of Newspapers, etc. states that Internet newspapers and Internet news services are subject to media dispute mediation. As the number of Internet newspapers climbs, so has the number of applications for media dispute mediation. The proportion of disputes linked to Internet newspapers was 14.0 percent (233 cases) in 2009. It rose to 46.4 percent (1,130 cases) in 2013 and stayed at a similar level at 44.3 percent (8,436 cases) in 2014. It is noted that the dramatic increase of disputes from 2013 to 2014 appears to stem from the Sewol ferry tragedy. If a similarly controversial social issue flares up in the future, the applications for media dispute mediation are expected to go up drasti- cally.
Revision to Act on the Promotion of Newspapers, etc.
The Act on the Promotion of Newspapers, etc. has been revised. The revision was made to Sec- tion 2 (Internet newspaper) and Section 4 (registration), while Section 7-2 (person in charge of protecting the youth) was newly added. Under the revised law, Internet newspaper operators are now required to “hire five or more employ- ees including reporters and editorial staff on a permanent basis” and submit official documents involving “national pension, national health insurance or industrial accident compensation insurance” as proof of their employment. In addition, a person in charge of protecting the youth should be appointed and made public. The revised act went into effect on Nov. 19, 2015.
Naver and Kakao kick off open-type news partnership assessment committee
On May 28, 2015, portal sites Naver and Daum Kakao (which renamed itself as Kakao on Sept. 23) proposed a plan to set up an open-type news partnership assessment committee. The existing internal news partnership committee had been operated on a voluntary basis in a closed format. Naver and Kakao said it is time to reflect the social demand for an open and socially responsible operation of the committee in managing news content partnership with media. In detail, the new committee would evaluate news content partnership proposals and consider which media should be allowed to join or which existing partners lose their qualification. The body is also expected to establish a set of standards to monitor excessive “abusing” (an act of sending
similar, rehashed stories to portals to boost traffic) and prevent substandard media from engag- ing in unethical acts. Once the committee starts evaluating the status of news content partners on a regular basis, Naver and Kakao plan to consider extending or terminating the contract with media partners, based on the committee’s evaluation results. Until the committee kicks off its operation, Naver and Kakao said they would halt the news partnership process temporarily.
Meanwhile, Naver and Kakao proposed to set up a preparatory group for the envisioned committee. The preparatory group would be in charge of determining the makeup of its members and the operation rules, as well as other essential details needed to launch the committee. On July 10, 2015, the first preparatory meeting was held, with representatives from seven organizations in attendance. The organizations involved were the Korean Broadcasters Association, Korean Association of Newspapers, Korea Press Foun- dation, Korean Society for Journalism & Com- munication Studies, Korea Online Newspaper Association, Korea Internet Newspaper Associa- tion and Korean Cable TV Association. On Sept. 24, 2015, the preparatory group released a set of agreements on the rules that would apply to the new news partnership committee.
Card news gains popularity
Card news, referring to a collection of infographic news as a new storytelling method for Korean news media, is attracting keen interest not only as a new news format on the mobile platform but also as a platform for recycling news content. Card news basically recycles the news created by the media. Therefore, media can produce the recycled visual news at a low
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cost in a way that boosts productivity and effi- ciency. Another strength of card news lies in the potential of creating a new breed of news consumers, especially from the young generation. The main reason behind the extensive use of card news is that Korean media are telling stories tailored for the mobile format. As with other news formats, media can secure their competi- tive edge for card news by developing optimal storytelling techniques. (Kim Ik-hyun, Aug. 8, 2015). Currently, a number of Korean media are providing card news or preparing to do so. As nearly all media rush to embrace the card news format, some critics pointed out the possibility that card news could go out of fashion just like other outdated news formats customized for the mobile and Internet platforms.
Adoption of native advertising
The hottest advertising trend in the Internet media industry is “native advertising.” It is defined as a type of advertising that matches the function, layout/design and content of the platform on which it appears, while clearly displaying its identity as a commercial advertisement or sponsorship. It was Huffington Post Korea that fully adopted the format of native advertising as the first Korean media. The Hankyoreh also em- braced native advertising in July 2015. Native advertising differs from sponsored news articles or display advertisements. Native advertising is presented as “native” content on the news web- site and is also positioned online alongside other regular news articles. The biggest advantage of native advertising is that users voluntarily share the advertisement with others. Even though they are apparently advertisements, they contain interesting information that appeal to users. As
a result, native advertising often functions as social media content. Listicles (a portmanteau of list and article), a popular form of native advertising, lists a series of images or videos on a specific topic. It is generally accepted that native advertising has a greater impact as it is designed and produced like regular content on the platform, and it contains content that users need.
Robot journalism attracts attention
A new type of news production called “robot journalism” or “algorithm journalism” is actively discussed and tested in recent days. Robot journalism refers to the machine-aided production of news based on computer algorithms. Some foreign media are already generating news on weather, sports and finance — news categories that rely heavily on data — with the help of robot journalism as part of their efforts to automate some of the steps involved in news production. In Korea, a team led by Lee Jun- hwan of Seoul National University is experi- menting with “Pro Baseball News Robot.” Lee’s team is currently releasing four to five news articles per day — each at a length of 400 Korean characters — via Facebook and Twitter after the robot writes up articles based on the data up- dated in the baseball sections on major portals. The team started its robot journalism service in March 2015. Going beyond the simple delivery of facts, Lee’s robot journalism program uses subtle expressions reflecting judgement calls, such as a team “falling into a rut” or making “a game-winning move.” In the near future, Lee’s team plans to produce simple finance news, such as stock market updates (Lee Jung-kuk, Sept. 1, 2015). Given the latest developments, it seems a matter of time before Korean media and users
will witness a full-fledged production of news articles powered by robot journalism.
A growing number of users tap smartphones to read news
As the number of smartphone users went up sharply, the gap narrowed between the two groups: users accessing the Internet via desktop PC and mobile phones. Overall, the consumption of news via PC shrank. It appears that some PC users moved to smartphones to read news. In September 2015, data on PC-based news media usage showed that newspapers’ websites, broadcasters’ websites and Internet newspapers attracted more net visitors than portal news services. Of the PC users in the fixed environment, 64 percent opted for professional news media and 63 percent used portal news services, showing little difference. But there was a big gap between the two groups in average visit duration and average page views. For the month of Sep- tember, PC users stayed at portal news services for about 1 hour and 43 minutes on average, while the figure for professional news media came in at just 45 minutes. By average page view, portal news users read about 134 pages and professional news media users read about 77 pages per month.
• Advertising
New media surges, while traditional media fizzles
Cheil WorldWide and Korea Broadcasting Ad- vertising Corp. (KOBACO), which tally Korea’s
net advertisement expenditures, reported that the domestic advertisement market has been in the low-growth trajectory, despite many growth opportunities. Cheil WorldWide reported that Korea’s net expenditure stood at 9.6477 trillion won ($8.0317 billion), a 0.6 percent on-year growth from 9.5893 trillion won in 2013. On the other hand, KOBACO’s broadcasting and communication advertisement expenditure analysis put the figure at 10.9722 trillion won, a 1.6 percent on-year growth. With major sporting events including the Winter Olympics, the World Cup and the Asian Games, many had hoped that the market would grow substantially as well. Unfor- tunately, the sluggish economic growth, reduced marketing in the aftermath of the Sewol ferry tragedy and Korea’s failure to advance into the World Cup quarterfinals resulted in disappoint- ing performance.
The following is a breakdown of the 2014 advertisement expenditures by major media as categorized by Cheil WorldWide — broadcast, print media, online (Internet and mobile) and OOH (out of home) advertising. Broadcast media still takes the largest share, accounting for 36.2 percent of total ad spending. Of broadcast media, terrestrial TV advertisements took out a share of 17.4 percent. Online media, covering both Internet and mobile categories, accounted for 28.1 percent, surpassing print media. Print media, which consists of newspaper and magazines, recorded 20.0 percent and OOH took 9.7 percent. Compared to 2013, growth trends var- ied by media. Of broadcast media, terrestrial TV expenditure witnessed an 8 percent drop on-year, though terrestrial TV still retained its position as the single largest advertising medium. Major sporting events slated for 2014 had given rise to hopes for market growth, but
17
the Sewol ferry tragedy brought the market to a standstill.
Radio advertisement expenditure also declined by 9.9 percent, standing at 202.4 billion won. On the other hand, cable and general PPs grew by 3.8 percent to account for 14.9 percent of the entire advertising expenditure. IPTVs’ share soared to 67.1 percent in 2014, up 5.4 percentage points from 61.7 percent in 2013. These trends reflect two major changes: one is the expansion of the N screen service and the other is users’ preference for VOD service. Print media still took 20 percent of the total advertising expenditure, but continued its downward slide with newspaper posting negative 3.3 percent growth and magazines recording negative 5.9 percent. Online advertising also witnessed a shift in spending in favor of mobile media. Ad spending on Internet media fell by 6.8 percent, while the figure for mobile media rose 82.4 percent to take an 8.7 percent share of the overall advertising expenditure. The OOH advertisement market also fell by 2.9 percent. In addition, according to a study by KOBACO, daily life advertisement and DM (direct mail) advertisement fell by 6.7 percent and 2.4 percent, respectively. Only job-seeking advertisements grew by 4.4 percent. Korea’s advertising expenditure trends continued to reflect changes in users’ media usage. In 2014, advertising expenditures for the four major traditional media dropped while diverse new media and advertising media took a bigger portion. The shift of advertising money toward IPTV and mobile media is a noteworthy development.
Trends on advertising companies
According to “Korean Advertising Company’s
Analysis Report 42” conducted by the Korea Federation of Advertising Association, Korean advertising companies’ sales stood at a total of 13.688 trillion won in 2014. The ad sales figure is a total sum of all advertising revenue recorded by Korean advertising companies and agencies. The 2014 figure marks a 3.6 percentage point drop from 14.1927 trillion won in 2013, caused by the contraction in the advertising market amid the economic slump. In 2014, the 10 biggest advertising companies handled 11. 6420 trillion won worth of advertising, a 2.1 percentage point drop compared to 11.8906 trillion won in 2013.
A breakdown of ad sales among the top 10 advertising companies showed that Cheil World- Wide was the front-runner (4.9231 trillion won), followed by Innocean Worldwide (3.5988 trillion won), HS AD (1.639 trillion won), Daehong Communications (744.4 billion won), SK Planet (398 billion won), TBWA Korea (295.8 billion won), Group M Korea (164.6 billion won), Ori- com (154.2 billion won), Hancom (150.1 billion won) and Leo Burnett (149.1 billion won). A 2014 growth analysis among the top 10 advertising companies revealed that Cheil WorldWide and Innocean’s advertising revenue fell by 5 percent and 3 percent, respectively. Other firms including TBWA Korea, Oricom and Hancom handled less advertising than a year earlier. Meanwhile, HS AD and Daehong Communica- tions’ advertising revenue rose by 7 percent and 5 percent, respectively. Notably, advertising agency Group M Korea entered the ranks of the top 10 as its advertising revenue increased by 25 percent in 2014, continuing its growth trend from 2013.
Contraction in advertising market caused by Sewol ferry tragedy
Local elections and major sporting events such as the World Cup had been planned for 2014, but in the aftermath of the Sewol ferry tragedy, Korean companies refrained from running marketing and advertising campaigns. In the face of the unprecedented national tragedy and public mourning, special memorial broadcasts were aired and corporate marketing activities were canceled or delayed out of respect for the bereaved. According to KOBACO and Media Create, which are agencies that sell broadcasting advertisements, advertising revenue for terrestrial TV in April 2014 (when the tragedy took place) stood at 143.8 billion won, a 22.3 percent drop from 185 billion won a year earlier. This is because news coverage on the tragedy increased, while drama and entertainment programs were suspended, which in turn led to the cancellation of advertisements.
Advertisement cap system for terrestrial broadcasters
After months of discussions, the Korea Commu- nications Commission approved the introduction of the advertisement cap system in a bid to reform the broadcast advertising sector, which was part of a revision to the Broadcasting Act. Under the new system, regulators limit only the total airtime of broadcast advertising, allowing broadcasters to choose the type of advertisements and allocate their airtime freely. Terrestrial broadcasters can set aside an average of 9 minutes (or up to 10 minutes 48 seconds) for advertisements per hour-long program. Paid broadcast service providers can use an average of 10 minutes 12
seconds (or up to 12 minutes) for advertisement when they air an hour-long program. The KCC expects that the new advertisement cap system would help broadcasters produce more creative broadcasting advertisement and secure a firmer financial footing.
Cable channels and general PPs introduce ‘killer content’
Despite the overall declines in cable TV ratings, some PPs enjoyed great success with TV shows such as “Three Meals a Day” and “Misaeng” on tvN. These cable programs recorded a respect- able rating that almost matched that of terrestrial programs in 2014, drawing plenty of advertis- ers. “Golden Egg,” “Non Summit,” “Witch Hunt” and “Hidden Singer” contributed greatly in steering the advertisement spending to the general PPs. Broadcasters are expected to face tougher competition in producing better content as the popularity of programs increasingly af- fects the advertising revenue.
The number of local IPTV subscribers sur- passed 10 million in 2014 and it continues to post positive growth, even though the growth rate itself has slowed down. In addition, more and more households watch VOD on the IPTV platform. In 2011, the proportion of households watching VOD on TV accounted for 70 percent; in 2014, the figure climbed to 92 percent. In addition, the ratio of viewers opting for IPTV to use VOD came in at 51 percent in 2014.
Mobile media play central role
The advertising spending for mobile media surged by 82 percent in 2014, demonstrating its rapid growth potential amid the protracted
19
slump in the overall advertising market. As PC traffic and TV usage shifted to mobile platforms, the total advertising spending for mobile media is expected to have topped 1 trillion won in 2015. The advent of the “mobile-only” era — all types of media content from information to entertainment to shopping gets handled on mobile platforms — is likely to increase the mobile advertising spending at a steady pace.
Meanwhile, food delivery and real estate apps are infusing fresh energy into the advertising market. Major food delivery apps — Baedal Minjok, Yogiyo and Baedaltong — sparked buzz in the advertising market as they put their creative advertisements on various platforms including terrestrial TV networks. In the first half of 2015, real estate apps such as Dabang and Zigbang staged advertising battles starring celebrities.
• Media-Related Laws
Although few major changes were proposed in media-related legislation from 2014 to 2015, some minor but important amendments were made. While the Special Act on the Promotion of Local Newspapers is revised to reinforce the penalties for noncompliance, the Act on the Promotion of Newspapers, etc. is now requiring Internet media such as “Internet newspapers” and “Internet news services” to appoint a person to be in charge of the protection of the youth. Reflecting the overall deregulation trend in the industry, the Broadcasting Act has relaxed restrictions on foreign investment in PPs (program providers). However, home shopping channels are subject to stricter regulations, as legislators
are mindful of the recent controversy of top dogs abusing the rights of underdogs in contrac- tual relationships. The move came after some shopping channels turned out to have exploited sellers and contractors by taking advantage of their superior position.
Critics have argued that media-related laws fall behind the rapid changes and development of information technologies. Surviving the radical shift to digital is by far the biggest chal- lenge the media is facing these days. The days of traditional print media as the exclusive news outlets are long gone, and now the social media is emerging as a new dominant news platform, replacing the Internet portals as primary content distributors. Thus, lawmakers need to provide legislative measures necessary to better manage the rapid transition so as to support the media to perform its indispensable duty to the society as a whole.
The Special Act on the Promotion of Local Newspapers
Most government regulations and decrees set details about criminal penalties to ensure com- pliance and reinforce the effective implementation of the administrative measures sanctioned therein. Yet, the Special Act prescribed signifi- cantly different prison sentences for similar vio- lations with no reasonable justification, which is deemed unconstitutional. Furthermore, the fines stipulated therein did not take into account the profound economic changes in recent years, therefore failing to present adequate penalty for transgressions. As such, the revision of the Special Act was enacted to address these issues. Fines in particular are adjusted in accordance with the National Assembly Secretariat Act and
the recommendations by the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, so as to function as sufficient deterrence against unlawful acts by the citizens.
The Broadcasting Act
• Amendment dated March 13, 2015.
Pursuant to the Korea-US Free Trade Agree- ment, when the governments, organizations or individuals of the foreign countries that are the contracting parties to the FTA with Korea, as decreed by the Minister of Science, ICT and Future Planning, own stocks or equity shares in excess of 50 percent of domestic legal entities, such entities are permitted to obtain with no restriction or limit the stocks or equity shares of domestic PPs, with exception of general PPs, news PPs and PPs specializing in product pre- sentation and sales.
Korea’s home shopping market amounted to 10 trillion won as of 2013 with channel operators’ revenue exceeding 3.3 trillion won, and 10 percent market growth was projected in 2014. This means the business license from the government can guarantee the operators a huge profit, while the safeguards against unfair business practices were close to inexistent. Leg- islative grounds are now provided through the revision in order to facilitate the implementation of business suspension or the curtailing of the license or approval periods of the home shopping operators who are found to unfairly determine, cancel or influence the air dates, airtime and production cost of subcontractors. The requirements for registering as a delivery network business operator have been deregulated; in principle, all the applicants can register. The revision is also
intended to address some of the problems in the current system, by setting up the channel operation coverage for RO (replay cable operator) and the abolition of the approval system for the local retransmission of terrestrial broadcasts by satellite broadcast operators.
• Amendment dated June 22, 2015 2015. 6. 22.
The revision is designed to prevent a particular platform operator in the paid broadcast business sector from monopolizing the market through people with a special relationship, thereby ensuring a market environment for balanced growth. When restrictions are imposed in con- nection with market share of paid broadcast operators, people with a special relationship in the overall paid broadcast market are now taken into account. Broadcasters are required to maintain the ratio of outsourced programs, but the clause specifying the ratio of programs made by people with a special relationship has been deleted. The change is designed to maintain the obligatory ratio of outsourced programs and de- regulate broadcast operators in a way that boosts investment and nurture desirable production environment involving broadcasters and independent productions. The move is expected to help enhance the competitiveness of Korea’s content industry at home and abroad.
The Act on the Promotion of News- papers, etc.
The Ministry of Gender Equality and Family monitored 210 Internet newspapers registered with the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism for eight months from February to September
21
2013, and detected 791 advertisements and articles that were likely to produce harmful effects on the youth. This study called for measures to restrict the exposure of content deemed unsuit- able for children and adolescents. Accordingly, the Act is revised to require the Internet newspapers and news services to appoint a person to be in charge of protecting children and adolescents from negative media content, and also stipulates the imposition of fines in case of violation.
22 Chapter 2. Media Market
• Notice
The Definition of the Newspaper Industry
The Newspaper Law defines newspaper as periodicals that are published in the same name, two or more times a month, to spread reports, commentaries, public opinion and information on general areas such as politics, economy, society, culture, industry, science, religion, education, and sports or a specific area. These newspapers are categorized into general daily newspapers, special daily newspapers, general weekly newspapers, and special weekly newspapers.
General daily newspapers are defined as periodicals published every day to spread reports, commentaries, and public opinion on politics, economy, society, culture and other topics. Spe- cial daily newspapers are defined as periodicals published daily to spread reports, commentaries and public opinion on topics limited to a special area other than politics, such as industry, science, religion, education or sports. General weekly newspapers are defined as periodicals published once a week, twice a week or more than twice a month to spread reports, commentaries and public opinion on politics, economy, society, culture and so on. Special weekly newspapers are defined as periodicals published once a week, twice a week or more than twice a month to spread reports, commentaries, and
public opinion on things limited to special areas, other than politics, industry, science, religion, education or sports. Newspaper companies’ are those that publish newspapers.
The Newspaper Law defines internet newspapers as electronic periodicals published to spread reports, commentaries, public opinions and information on politics, economy, society, culture and other topics by using devices such as computers and communication networks capable of processing information. To fit this definition, they have to meet the standards, as designated by a presidential order, of independent article production and continuous publication. Internet newspaper companies are defined as those that publish internet newspapers electronically.
Typology of newspapers
Except for the internet news service, newspapers designated by the Newspaper Law are largely categorized as print or paper newspapers and internet newspapers. This survey categorizes the newspaper industry in two large areas.
First, newspapers can be classified into two categories, daily newspapers and weekly newspapers. Considering the current newspaper environment, daily newspapers might be categorized as national general daily newspapers, local general daily newspapers, economic daily newspapers, sports daily newspapers, foreign language daily newspapers, other special daily newspapers and free daily newspapers. Weekly
Chapter 2
Media Market
23
newspapers can be categorized as national general weekly newspapers, local general weekly newspapers and special weekly newspapers.
Second, internet newspapers can be categorized as internet general newspapers, internet local newspapers and internet special newspapers, according to the characteristics of the news that they produce.
Third, national general daily newspapers are print newspapers published and distributed nationwide every day to spread reports, commentaries and public opinions on nationwide politics, economy, society, culture and so forth. This survey places them in two categories, I and II, based on whether they provide stable management information as newspapers posting public financial information electronically with the Korean Financial Supervisory Commission.1
Survey on the Current Status of Newspaper Industry
All daily newspapers, local general weekly newspapers, special weekly newspapers, and internet newspapers, among the periodicals registered in the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and local autonomous governments as of December 31, 2013, were selected after eliminating duplication, suspension, and closure through phone surveys. Since a newspaper company can run several kinds of media, all media entities were separately categorized.
Within the domestic newspaper industry, the number of media entities totaled 3,609. These included 1,541 print or paper newspapers and 2,068 internet newspapers. The number of media responding included 1,217 print newspapers, a 79.0% response rate, and 1,416 internet newspapers, a response rate of 68.5%.
The number of business entities that respond- ed to the survey included 1,031 paper newspapers, a 78.5% response rate, and 1,188 internet newspaper entities, a 66.9% response rate. In all, the response ratio based on the number of media was 73.0% and the rate based on the number of business entities was 71.8%.
The Definition of ‘broadcast’ in the Chapter 2 and 3
In these chapters, broadcast refers to broadcasts providing news reports. Accordingly, data related to comprehensive programming channels and news channels under the Broadcast Act were collected as primary sources, and other channels (EBS and select religious stations) were added as secondary sources. Terrestrial DMB channels were included in the data since last year. As a result, this book classifies “broadcast” into the following subcategories: public broadcast, private broadcast, religious/specialized broadcast, comprehensive programming channels and professional news channels, and terrestrial DMB.
1 National general daily newspaper categorization criteria: Newspapers that meet all conditions are considered as national general daily newspapers in the first category. Newspapers that meet some but not all of the conditions fall into the second category of national dailies. These conditions include newspapers with nationwide distribution registered as general daily newspapers as defined by the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism. Conditions also require stable and continuous publication for ten or more years. They also must fit the criteria of size as announced by the Financial Supervisory Commission.
Types of Media
1. Newspaper
111. National General Daily Newspaper National General Daily Newspaper
National General Daily Newspaper
112. Local General Daily Newspaper
113. Economic Daily Newspaper
114. Sports Daily Newspaper
117. Free Daily Newspaper
123. Special Weekly Newspaper
2. Broadcasting 21. Broadcasting
215. Terrestrial DMB
311. General Internet Newspaper
321. Local Internet Newspaper
331. Special Internet Newspaper
25
Revenue (1 million
Daily News- paper
National Daily l 11 1,415,353 -2.5 11 1,415,353 4,537 2,400 52.9 312 128,668
National Daily ll 15 28,448 8.7 - - 576 431 74.8 49 1,897
Local Daily 107 420,032 4.9 9 224,025 6,054 4,135 68.3 69 3,926
Financial Daily 13 666,108 4.2 8 634,523 3,090 1,851 59.9 216 51,239
Sports Daily 4 63,284 -32.0 3 55,234 283 165 58.3 224 15,821
Foreign Language Daily 2 16,577 7.6 - - 127 82 64.6 131 8,289
Special Daily 17 85,246 -20.3 2 42,463 738 425 57.6 116 5,014
Free Daily 2 6,125 -82.3 1 5,278 65 44 67.7 94 3,063
Subtotal 171 2,701,173 -2.4 34 2,376,876 15,470 9,533 61.6 175 15,796
Weekly News- paper
National Weekly 31 43,425 11.2 - - 476 328 68.9 91 1,401
Local Weekly 554 73,572 0.1 - - 3,012 2,152 71.4 24 133
Special Weekly 558 237,632 -10.9 - - 4,565 3,179 69.6 52 426
Subtotal 1,143 354,629 -6.5 - - 8,053 5,659 70.3 44 310
Print Newspaper Total 1,314 3,055,802 -2.9 34 2,376,876 23,523 15,192 64.6 130 2,326
Broad- casting
Public Broadcasting 21 2,956,387 -0.4 21 2,956,387 9,147 1,445 15.8 323 140,780
Private Broadcasting 13 1,079,640 8.4 13 1,079,640 2,593 516 19.9 416 83,049
Special Broadcasting 10 451,838 3.3 10 451,838 2,568 285 11.1 176 45,184
Cable Channel (Comprehensive/
News) 6 564,644 20.9 6 564,644 2,434 894 36.7 232 94,107
Terrestrial DMB 3 10,982 -24.9 3 10,982 103 - 0.0 107 3,661
Broadcasting Total 53 5,063,491 3.7 53 5,063,491 16,845 3,140 18.6 301 95,538
Internet News- paper
General Internet Newspaper 631 207,306 6.7 5 163,150 5,060 3,360 66.4 41 329
Local Internet Newspaper 771 42,850 86.2 - - 2,801 2,387 85.2 15 56
Special Internet Newspaper 930 191,930 7.5 - - 5,599 3,616 64.6 34 206
Internet Newspaper Total 2,332 442,086 11.7 5 163,150 13,460 9,363 69.6 33 190
News Agency 15 205,233 6.5 1 128,658 1,679 1,323 78.8 122 13,682
Total 3,714 8,766,612 1.7 93 7,732,175 55,507 29,018 52.3 158 2,360
Total Media Revenue, Top 3 Newspapers & Top 3 Terrestrial Broadcasting Companies (1 Million Won)
Media Industry 3 Newspapers 3 Broadcasters
8,766,612
918,532
3,094,462
* 3 Newspapers: Chosun Ilbo, JoongAng Ilbo, Dong-A Ilbo * 3 Broadcasting Companies: KBS(Including local offices), MBC(Excluding local stations), SBS
Newspaper Revenue (1 Million Won)
1,478,013 1,523,477
National Daily
Local Daily
Financial Daily
Sports Daily
Foreign Language
-2.3 -2.7
Public Broadcasting
Private Broadcasting
Special Broadcasting
Public Broadcasting
Category Advertising Revenue
Value-Added & Other Business
Print Newspapers
Broadcasting Sector Revenue (1 Million Won)
Category Total
Public Broadcasting 2,956,387 2,780,585 624,983 116,302 5,130 1,227,067 196,659 448,865 0 0 161,579 175,801
Private Broadcasting 1,079,640 1,032,373 0 38,841 27 607,860 125,227 223,238 0 0 37,180 47,266
Special Broadcasting 451,838 176,126 0 0 5,812 59,376 41,667 909 0 0 68,362 275,711
Cable Channels (Comprehensive/
News) 564,644 537,353 0 0 60,505 292,184 137,145 23,535 595 16,936 6,453 27,291
Terrestrial DMB 10,982 10,430 0 0 0 3,732 433 1,480 0 0 4,785 552
Total 5,063,491 4,536,867 624,983 155,143 71,474 2,190,219 501,131 698,027 595 16,936 278,359 526,621
29
Category Number of Companies
Special Daily
Free Daily
National Weekly
Local Weekly
Special Weekly
Seoul 1,686 1,415,353 23,498 2,051 664,770 63,284 16,577 83,990 5,278 42,558 6,931 214,746
Busan 84 63,837 1,338 1,256 603 3,851
Daegu 65 61,415 741 1,421
Incheon 103 7,921 167 1,471 1,769
Gwangju 101 27,799 847 1,185 1,010
Daejeon 77 31,539 697 567
Ulsan 35 10,789 798 584
Sejong 15 547
7 Metropolitan cities 480 0 0 203,300 1,338 0 0 1,256 847 167 6,042 9,202
Gyeonggi 609 4,950 81,699 167 14,663 9,541
Gangwon 76 44,725 4,172 141
North Chung- cheong 82 15,910 4,605 322
South Chung- cheong 123 70 9,950 488
North Jeolla 84 21,480 3,295 931
South Jeolla 167 130 7,915 71
North Gyeong- sang 218 13,712 6,565 475
South Gyeong- sang 147 22,174 533 8,720 692
Jeju 42 14,781 714 1,023
9 Provinces 1,548 0 4,950 214,681 0 0 0 0 0 700 60,599 13,684
Total 3,714 1,415,353 28,448 420,032 666,108 63,284 16,577 85,246 6,125 43,425 73,572 237,632
Category Public
Broadcast- ing
Private Broadcast-
Seoul 2,576,318 795,687 447,128 564,644 10,982 187,450 2,530 159,527 205,007 7,488,309 85.4
Busan 38,100 57,932 2,411 0 0 1,562 1,796 963 173,649 2.0
Daegu 33,890 35,611 0 0 0 1,009 535 1,966 6 136,594 1.6
Incheon 0 6,602 0 0 0 1,429 1,346 2,424 23,129 0.3
Gwangju 25,267 30,407 2,299 0 0 1,129 950 3,004 93,897 1.1
Daejeon 26,947 25,604 0 0 0 1,254 1,043 1,498 6 89,155 1.0
Ulsan 25,782 20,563 0 0 0 153 1,276 298 60,243 0.7
Sejong 0 0 0 0 0 114 1,887 0 2,548 0.0
7 Metropolitan cities 149,986 176,719 4,710 0 0 6,650 8,833 10,153 12 579,215 6.6
Gyeonggi 0 42,266 0 0 0 7,897 9,322 16,345 214 187,064 2.1
Gangwon 54,320 18,816 0 0 0 823 944 881 124,822 1.4
North Chun- gcheong 27,411 15,013 0 0 0 29 1,178 517 64,985 0.7
South Chun- gcheong 0 0 0 0 0 670 3,022 932 15,132 0.2
North Jeolla 20,901 18,633 0 0 0 44 2,145 549 67,978 0.8
South Jeolla 31,045 0 0 0 0 1,296 5,566 1,356 47,379 0.5
North Gyeong- sang 29,121 0 0 0 0 1,293 6,065 707 57,938 0.7
South Gyeong- sang 49,798 0 0 0 0 771 1,890 845 85,423 1.0
Jeju 17,486 12,506 0 0 0 383 1,355 118 48,366 0.6
9 Provinces 230,082 107,234 0 0 0 13,206 31,487 22,250 214 699,087 8.0
Total 2,956,387 1,079,640 451,838 564,644 10,982 207,306 42,850 191,930 205,233 8,766,612 100.0
30 Chapter 3. Media Workers
Number of Media Workers (2014)
Category Number of Companies
Workers within Media (%)
Reporters within Media (%)
Local Daily 107 6,054 4,135 68.3 10.9 14.2
Financial Daily 13 3,090 1,851 59.9 5.6 6.4
Sports Daily 4 283 165 58.3 0.5 0.6
Foreign Language Daily 2 127 82 64.6 0.2 0.3
Special Daily 17 738 425 57.6 1.3 1.5
Free Daily 2 65 44 67.7 0.1 0.2
Subtotal 171 15,470 9,533 61.6 27.8 32.9
Weekly Newspaper
Subtotal 1,143 8,053 5,659 70.3 14.5 19.5
Print Newspaper Total 1,314 23,523 15,192 64.6 42.4 52.4
Broadcasting
Cable Channel (Comprehensive/News) 6 2,434 894 36.7 4.4 3.1
Terrestrial DMB 3 103 0 0.0 0.2 0.0
Broadcasting Total 53 16,845 3,140 18.6 30.3 10.8
Internet Newspaper
News Agency 15 1,679 1,323 78.8 3.0 4.6
Total 3,714 55,507 29,018 52.3 100.0 100.0
Chapter 3
Media Workers
Category 2013 2014 On-year
2013 2014
Print Newspaper
Daily Newspaper
Local Daily 6,058 6,054 -0.1 56 57
Financial Daily 2,938 3,090 5.2 294 238
Sports Daily 323 283 -12.4 54 71
Foreign Language Daily 115 127 10.4 58 64
Special Daily 789 738 -6.5 42 43
Free Daily 128 65 -49.2 32 33
Subtotal 15,583 15,470 -0.7 88 90
Weekly Newspaper
Subtotal 6,771 8,053 18.9 6 7
Print Newspaper Total 22,354 23,523 5.2 17 18
Broadcasting
Cable Channel (Comprehensive/News) 2,524 2,434 -3.6 421 406
Terrestrial DMB 112 103 -8.0 37 34
Broadcasting Total 16,755 16,845 0.5 316 318
Internet Newspaper
News Agency* 1,633 1,679 2.8 117 112
Total 51,883 55,507 7.0 16 15
32 Chapter 3. Media Workers
Print Newspaper Worker Numbers in the Past 3 Years (person)
National Daily
Local Daily
Financial Daily
Sports Daily
20132012 2014
Public Broadcasting
Internet Newspaper Worker Numbers In the Past 3 Years (person)
3,291
4,080
5,060
2,801
2012 2013 2014
Media Workers by Gender & Employment Type (person)
Full-Time Male 59.7
Under 29
30~34 35~39 40~44 45~49 50 or Older
3,807 (10.3%)
5,599 (15.1%)
6,014 (16.3%)
Seoul7 Metropolitan Cities
High School Graduate or Under
College Graduate
University Graduate
Graduate School
or Higher
1,695 (4.6%)
3,152 (8.5%)
30,112 (81.4%)
2,024 (5.5%)
Executive
Planning
Editorial
Newsroom
AD/Marketing
Executive
Planning
Editorial
Newsroom
AD/Marketing
Number of Reporters (person)
Category 2013 2014 Percentage (%)
2013 2014 2013 2014
Daily News- paper
National Daily l 2,431 2,400 8.3 -1.3 54.3 52.9 221 218
National Daily ll 548 431 1.5 -21.4 72.7 74.8 34 29
Local Daily 4,418 4,135 14.2 -6.4 72.9 68.3 41 39
Financial Daily 1,683 1,851 6.4 10.0 57.3 59.9 168 142
Sports Daily 207 165 0.6 -20.3 64.1 58.3 35 41
Foreign Language Daily 84 82 0.3 -2.4 73.0 64.6 42 41
Special Daily 420 425 1.5 1.2 53.2 57.6 22 25
Free Daily 74 44 0.2 -40.5 57.8 67.7 19 22
Subtotal 9,865 9,533 32.9 -3.4 63.3 61.6 56 56
Weekly News- paper
National Weekly 301 328 1.1 9.0 66.4 68.9 12 11
Local Weekly 1,774 2,152 7.4 21.3 77.1 71.4 4 4
Special Weekly 3,115 3,179 11.0 2.1 77.5 69.6 5 6
Subtotal 5,190 5,659 19.5 9.0 76.7 70.3 5 5
Print Newspaper Total 15,055 15,192 52.4 0.9 67.3 64.6 11 12
Broad- casting
Public Broadcasting 1,442 1,445 5.0 0.2 15.4 15.8 66 69
Private Broadcasting 548 516 1.8 -5.8 19.8 19.9 42 40
Special Broadcasting 243 285 1.0 17.3 12.3 11.1 27 29
Cable Channel (Comprehensive/News) 863 894 3.1 3.6 34.2 62.4 144 149
Terrestrial DMB 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Broadcasting Total 3,096 3,140 10.8 1.4 18.5 19.8 58 59
Internet News- paper
General Internet Newspaper 2,954 3,360 11.6 13.7 72.4 66.4 6 5
Local Internet Newspaper 1,664 2,387 8.2 43.4 90.2 85.2 3 3
Special Internet Newspaper 3,383 3,616 12.5 6.9 64.8 64.6 4 4
Internet Newspaper Total 8,001 9,363 32.3 17.0 71.8 69.6 5 4
News Agency 1,246 1,323 4.6 6.2 76.3 78.8 89 88
Total 27,398 29,018 100.0 5.9 52.8 53.2 9 8
37
23,091 (79.6%)
5,927 (20.4%)
8,307 (28.6%)
20,711 (71.4%)
60.0%
6,512 (22.4%)
16,579 (57.1%)
1,795 (6.2%)
4,132 (14.2%)
Full-Time Female
Full-Time Male
Part-Time Female
Part-Time Male
Under 29
30~34 35~39 40~44 45~49 50 or Older
2,690 (11.0%)
4,200 (17.1%)
4,933 (20.1%)
4,518 (18.4%)
4,067 (16.6%)
4,147 (16.9%)
Newspaper Reporters by Educational Background (person)
University Graduate
21,133 (86.1%)
851 (3.5%)
1,572 (6.4%)
999 (4.1%)
College Graduate
Subeditor Investigative Reporter
Subeditor Investigative Reporter
Periodical Registration Numbers, 2012~2014
Category 2012 2013 2014
Daily 324 363 374
Other 369 353 360
Weekly 3,014 3,138 3,289
Monthly 4,512 4,696 4,905
Bimonthly 611 646 665
Quarterly 1,354 1,408 1,495
Annual/Biannual 451 506 551
Total 14,563 16,041 17,607
Corporate Structure (n=1,103)
No Answer
Evening Paper
Publication Cycle, Weekly Newspapers (n=935)
Twice a week Once a week Every 10 days Biweekly Other
13 (1.4%)
490 (52.4%)
22 (2.4%)
333 (35.6%)
77 (8.2%)
With
Without
With
Without
Print Newspapers with/without Ombudsman System (n=1,214)
With
Without
Newspaper
Reader
Advertising Revenue for Print Media (100 million won)
Category Media Advertising Revenue Growth Rate (%) Percentage (%)
2012 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014
Print Media
Source: Cheil Worldwide Inc.
Newspaper Net Press Run Paid Copies
Chosun Ilbo 1,673,049 1,294,931
JoongAng Ilbo 1,056,946 795,209
Dong-A Ilbo 916,546 737,053
The Korea Economic Daily 505,263 350,952
Nongmin Newspaper 297,567 283,798
Munhwa Ilbo 170,460 149,401
Kukmin Ilbo 201,322 141,648
Hankook Ilbo 199,613 141,375
Sports Donga 169,744 136,266
Ilgan Sports 190,774 135,629
Sports Seoul 172,264 121,591
Seoul Shinmun 161,131 110,217
Segye Times 89,583 65,765
Money Today 75,276 57,494
Electronic Times 62,359 50,148
Sports Kyunghyang 67,978 49,495
Naeil Shinmun 58,584 47,027
Herald Business 56,988 40,898
Financial News 34,084 20,282
Chunji Ilbo 27,163 17,530
E daily 30,194 15,025
Aju Economic 20,000 14,656
Aju Economic-Chinese 20,000 14,656
E Today 21,966 13,897
Geonseol Economic 20,000 11,976
Digital Times 21,290 10,188
Asia Today 20,550 10,027
44 Chapter 5. Broadcasting Market
Number of Firms by Broadcast Media
Relay Cable, 65
Program Provider, 181
Terrestrial TV, 32
Terrestrial Radio, 21
Terrestrial DMB, 19
Cable System Operator, 92
The Korea Communications Commission provided all data in this chapter. More detailed data is available in its annual report, Broadcast Industry Status Research Report(2015)
Chapter 5
Broadcasting Market
Category Digital TV Radio
KBS(Headquarter + 18 Local Offices) 32 25 49 2 76 108
EBS 1 1 1 2
MBC 1 1 2 3 4
MBC(17 Local Stations) (Busan, Ulsan, Gyeongnam, Daegu, Andong, Pohang, Gwangju,
Mokpo, Yeosu, Daejeon, Cheongju, Chungju, Jeonju, Jeju, Chuncheon, Wonju, Gangwon Yeongdong)
19 19 38 57 76
SBS 1 1 2 3 4
Local Private Broadcasting(9)
OBS 1 1
Local Radio Station(2)
Religious Broadcasting(5)
BBS 7 7 7
PBC 5 5 5
WBS 5 5 5
Traffic Station(2)
tbs-eFM(English) 1 1 1
Traditional Music(1) Gugak Broadcasting Foundaion 2 2 2
English Broadcasting(3)
Gwangju English Broadcasting Foundation 1 1 1
Busan English Broadcasting Foundation 1 1 1
Community Radio(7)
Channel Status of Terrestrial Broadcast Stations as of March, 2015
Category Broadcaster Channels Affiliated
Public Broadcasting
KBS WORLD TV
U KBS Heart U KBS Music U KBS Clover
KBS N Sports KBS Drama KBS Prime
KBS joy KBS Kids
Daegu, Andong, Pohang, Gwangju, Mokpo, Yeosu, Daejeon, Cheongju, Chungju,
Jeonju, Jeju, Chuncheon, Wonju, Gangwon Yeongdong)
MBC TV AM
Standard FM FM4U
MBC MUSIC MBC NET
MBC SPORTS+ Terrestrial DMB
EBS plus1 EBS plus2
EBS English EBS u
Nickelodeon
UBC UBC TV UBC FM
JTV JTV TV JTV FM
CJB CJB TV CJB FM
G1(former GTB) G1 TV G1 FM G1 u
JIBS JIBS TV JIBS FM JIBS u
OBS OBS Kyeong-in TV Media OBS
Local Radio Station
Kyung-In Broadcasting iTVFM
Gyeonggi Broadcasting KFM
Gwangju Jeonbuk, Cheongju, Chuncheon, Daejeon, Ulsan, Pohang, Gyeongnam, Jeju,
Yeongdong, Jeonnam)
BBS (7 local Stations: Seoul, Busan, Gwangju,
Daegu, Cheongju, Chuncheon, Ulsan) BBS FM BBS
PBS (5 local Stations: Seoul, Daejeon,
Daegu, Busan, Gwangju) PBC FM PBD/ SKY Pyeong-
hwa
Jeju, Mokpo, Changwon, Pohang, Ulsan, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju)
FEBC AM FEBC FM
Daegu, Gwangju, Jeonbuk) WBS FM
Traffic Station
Road Traffic Authority (10 regions: Seoul metropolitan area, Busan, Gwangju, Daegu, Daejeon, Incheon, Wonju,
Jeonju, Ulsan, Changwon)
Traffic Station TBS
Broadcasting)
rental) TBS TV
English Broadcasting
The Korea International Broadcasting Foun- dation Arirang English FM Arirang DMB Arirang TV
Gwangju English Broadcasting Foundation GFM
Busan English Broadcasting Foundation Busan-eFM
News Broadcasting YTN Radio YTN FM YTN DMB
YTN Science TV
YTN Weather
Traditional Music
Gugak FM (8 regions: Seoul, Namwon, Gangneung, Jindo, Gyeongju, Jeonju, Busan, Daegu)
Gugak FM Gugak Gwangju
News Channel Status of Terrestrial Broadcast Stations as of December, 2014
Category Broadcaster TV Radio DMB
Public Broadcasting
1AM 2AM 3AM
MBC (17 Local stations) MBC TV AM My MBC TV
EBS EBS TV
KNN KNN TV KNN u
TBC TBC TV TBC FM TBC u
KBC KBC TV KBC FM KBC u
TJB TJB TV TJB u
UBC UBC TV UBC FM
JTV JTV TV
CJB CJB TV
OBS OBS Kyeong-in TV
BBS BBS FM
PBS PBC FM
WBS WBS FM
TBS tbs eFM
Gwangju English Broadcasting Foundation GFM
Busan English Broadcasting Foundation Busan-eFM
News Station YTN Radio YTN News FM YTN DMB
Program Genres by Public Broadcast Stations
Station Media News Culture Entertainment
Minutes Percentage(%) Minutes Percentage(%) Minutes Percentage(%)
KBS
EBS TV 7,056 1.5 455,210 98.5 0 0.0
MBC TV 104,960 20.3 177,225 34.3 234,015 45.3
R(AM) 72,695 13.9 356,405 68.1 94,400 18.0
Broadcast Channel Status of Comprehensive Programming Channels & Cable News Channels
Category Provider Channel
Comprehensive Programming Channel
YTN YTN
SBS TV 74,480 16.0 175,059 37.7 214,979 46.3
R(AM) 72,967 13.9 240,416 45.9 210,057 40.1
KNN TV 114,615 24.8 153,989 33.3 193,609 41.9
TBC TV 68,665 14.7 222,075 47.5 176,343 37.8
R(FM) 3,680 0.7 305,430 58.4 214,130 40.9
KBC TV 110,269 23.6 158,614 33.9 199,186 42.6
R(FM) 6,385 1.2 0 0.0 517,775 98.8
TJB TV 99,530 21.5 183,533 39.6 180,720 39.0
UBC TV 95,107 20.5 199,226 42.9 170,362 36.7
R(FM) 1,260 0.2 304,500 58.2 217,680 41.6
JTV TV 93,968 20.3 175,176 37.8 194,779 42.0
CJB TV 90,080 19.4 184,070 39.6 190,363 41.0
G1 TV 88,405 19.0 171,659 36.9 204,664 44.0
JIBS TV 100,276 21.7 174,272 37.7 188,085 40.7
OBS TV 68,285 15.2 250,105 55.9 129,400 28.9
Kyung-In Broadcasting R(FM) 18,840 3.6 64,484 12.3 442,276 84.1
Gyeonggi Broadcasting R(FM) 110,208 21.0 218,971 41.7 196,421 37.4
49
Station Media News Culture Entertainment
CBS Seoul R(FM) 56,178 10.7 467,982 89.3 0 0.0
PBC Seoul R(FM) 42,245 9.2 317,806 69.1 99,849 21.7
BBS R(FM) 70,343 14.6 327,624 68.0 83,833 17.4
WBS R(FM) 39,620 7.6 343,880 65.7 139,940 26.7
The Korea International Broadcasting Foundation R(FM) 41,500 7.9 302,070 57.5 182,030 34.6
TBS tbs(FM) 25,558 4.9 347,222 67.2 143,820 27.8
Ko Rood TBN(FM) 394,200 90.0 21,900 5.0 21,900 5.0
Gwangju English Broadcasting Foundation R(FM) 45,575 9.6 158,880 33.4 270,729 57.0
Busan English Broadcasting Foundation R(FM) 52,567 10.0 275,368 52.4 197,665 37.6
YTN Radio R(FM) 327,591 62.3 198,009 37.7 0 0.0
Yearly Programming of Terrestrial DMB Broadcasters
Stations Media News Culture Entertainment
KBS TV U KBS STAR 165,520 31.7 290,525 55.7 65,820 12.6
U KBS HEART 33,390 7.4 211,380 46.7 208,290 46.0
MBC TV MY MBC 106,415 20.6 166,935 32.3 243,065 47.1
SBS TV SBS u TV 87,215 16.8 174,230 33.6 257,125 49.6
Radio SBSuDMB Radio 61,766 11.8 218,117 41.7 243,557 46.5
YTN DMB TV YTN DMB 402,195 76.5 62,730 11.9 41,885 8.0
Hankook DMB TV QBS 115,035 22.0 251,040 48.0 156,655 30.0
U1 Media TV U1 TV 79,600 15.4 277,870 53.8 158,710 30.7
Broadcast Production Cost by Sources
Category Terrestrial Broadcasting Program Provider Total
Minutes Cost (100 million won) Minutes Cost
(100 million won) Minutes Cost (100 million won)
In-house Production 24,858,948 4,909 38,525,478 5,926 63,384,426 10,835
Joint Production 7,105,666 74 503,592 44 7,609,258 119
Outsourcing 1,209,050 4,655 1,814,976 2,530 3,024,026 7,185
Affiliate Outsourcing 118,230 466 26,937 398 145,167 864
Purchase of Domestic Program 332,206 107 9,380,756 3,307 9,712,962 3,414
Purchase of Foreign Program 145,514 74 4,509,171 2,401 4,654,685 2,475
Total 33,769,614 10,284 54,760,910 14,607 88,530,524 24,891
Yearly Program Production Distribution of Terrestrial Broadcast Stations (100 million won)
2012 2013
2012 2013
1,260 1,090
Yearly Program Production Distribution of Program Providers (100 million won)
2012 2013
Category News Culture Entertainment
KBS 1TV 164,670 31.6 289,380 55.5 67,815 13.0
KBS 2TV 44,065 9.7 200,970 44.4 208,025 45.9
MBC TV 104,960 20.3 177,225 34.3 234,015 45.3
SBS TV 74,480 16.0 175,059 37.7 214,979 46.3
EBS TV 7,056 1.5 455,210 98.5 0 0.0
YTN Radio 327,591 62.3 198,009 37.7 0 0.0
Broadcast Programming of Terrestrial Stations by Sources
Category In-house/Joint Production Outsourcing Purchase of Domestic and Foreign
Programs
KBS 1TV 309,400 59.3 187,550 35.9 24,915 4.8
KBS 2TV 143,485 31.7 289,090 63.8 20,485 4.5
MBC TV 268,670 52.0 235,590 45.6 11,940 2.3
SBS TV 201,805 43.4 252,683 54.4 10,030 2.2
EBS TV 245,210 53.0 142,017 30.7 75,039 16.2
Domestic Broadcast Sales and Purchasing (100 million won)
2012 2013
Import
Export
2013 Program (Unit)
2013 Amount ($1,000)
2014 Program (Unit)
2014 Amount ($1,000)
1,081 5,5591,279 3,109
Terrestrial Broadcasting Program Provider
15,807 15,351
Taiwan
Taiwan
China
Thailand
Thailand
Vietnam
Vietnam
Advertising Revenue by Broadcast Media, 2012~2014 (100 million won)
Category 2012 2013 2014 Percentage (%) Growth Rate(%)
2012 2013 2014 2013 2014
Terrestrial TV 19,373 18,373 16,900 54.1 52.9 51.5 -5.2 -8.0
Terrestrial Radio 2,368 2,253 2,027 6.6 6.5 6.2 -4.8 -10.0
Terrestrial DMB 135 107 37 0.4 0.3 0.1 -21.2 -65.4
Cable System Operator 1,099 1,220 1,417 3.1 3.5 4.3 11.0 16.1
Satellite Broadcasting 145 174 212 0.4 0.5 0.6 20.1 21.8
Satellite DMB Broadcating 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - -
Program Provider 12,675 12,636 12,258 35.4 36.4 37.3 -0.3 -3.0
Total 35,796 34,763 32,851 100.0 100.0 100.0 -2.9 -5.5
Top 10 Industries in Advertising Expenses, 2013~2014 (100 million won)
Rank Category
1 Computer & IT 3,254 15.9 13.3 3,047 16.2 -6.4
2 Beverage & Favorite Food 1,840 9.0 5.7 1,785 9.5 -3.0
3 Finance, Insurance & Securities 2,483 12.1 -19.3 1,756 9.3 -29.3
4 Transportation 1,700 8.3 -4.0 1,649 8.8 -3.0
5 Service 1,372 6.7 -8.1 1,527 8.1 11.3
6 Food 1,977 9.6 -9.6 1,518 8.1 -23.2
7 Housewares 1,419 6.9 29.2 1,285 6.8 -9.4
8 Pharmaceuticals & Health care 1,008 4.9 -3.9 1,226 6.5 21.6
9 Home Electronics 1,181 5.8 3.3 1,176 6.3 -0.3
10 Distribution 623.9 3.0 0.3 832.0 4.4 33.3
AD Revenue and Growth Rate by Broadcast Media, 2012~2014 (100 million won, %)
-4.8 -21.2
3.8 0%
Registered Internet Newspaper Status
Year (As of Dec.) Number of Registered Internet Newspaper (Cumulative) Growth Rate (%)
2010 2,484 46.3
2011 3,193 28.5
2012 3,914 22.6
2013 4,916 25.6
2014 5,950 21.0
General Internet Newspaper Local Internet Newspaper Special Internet Newspaper
631 (27.1%)
771 (33.0%)
930 (39.9%)
Chapter 6
Internet News by Sources (unit: %)
News article with reporter by lineNews article with
organization as author
61.1% 27.0%
2.7 1.8
5.7 1.7
1,262 (64.7%)
179 (9.2%)
59 (3.0%)
28 (1.4%)
32 (1.6%)
15 (0.8%)
7 (0.4%)
12 (0.6%)
1 (0.1%)
9 (0.5%)
30 (1.5%)
18 (0.9%)
2 (0.1%)
296 (15.2%)
Under 10
11~20
21~30
31~40
41~50
51~60
61~70
71~80
81~90
91~100
101~200
201~500
1,145 (58.7%)
92 (4.7%)
187 (9.6%)
38 (1.9%)
100 (5.1%)
103 (5.3%)
285 (14.6%)
Once a day
Once a week
Other / No answer
1,136 (58.3%)
114 (5.8%)
1,040 (53.3%)
210 (10.8%)
700 (35.9%)
Internet Newspaper with/without Reader’s Rights Protection Unit (N = 1,950)
326 (16.7%)
924 (47.4%)
700 (35.9%)
1,203 (61.7%)
46 (2.4%)
1,172 (60.1%)
77 (3.9%)
701 (35.9%)
1,090 (55.9%)
159 (8.2%)
701 (35.9%)
Media Advertising Revenue Growth Rate (%)
2013 2014 2013 2014
Display Advertising 6,820 6,383 3.5 -6.4
Subtotal 20,030 18,674 2.5 -6.8
Mobile 4,600 8,391 119.0 82.4
Total 24,630 27,065 13.8 9.9
Source: Cheil Worldwide Inc.
User Traffic of News Sections, Major Portal Sites (PC Users) (2015. 6)
Rank Domain Unique Visitor (person) Total Page View (1,000 Page) Average Page View (Page)
Total 21,807,256 3,172,519,255 145.5
Source: Nielsen Koreanclick
Internet Newspaper User Traffic (PC Users) (2015. 6)
Rank Domain Unique Visitor (person) Total Page View (1,000 Page) Average Page View (Page)
Total 22,132,200 1,860,358,803 84.1
Source: Nielsen Koreanclick
91.5
Two or more household (n=1,922)
source: Survey report on Current Situation of Broadcasting Industry (2014), KCC
Individual Device Ownership (Unit: set N=6,042 persons)
Mobile Handset MP3 PMP Portable
Game Player E-Book (Total) Feature Phone Smartphone
Number of D

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