The Invaluable Value of Water - University of Bath · 2019. 10. 16. · 2 26 April 2018 The Invaluable Value of Water Water is abundantly available on our planet, in oceans, ices

The Invaluable Value of WaterJan Hofman

26 April 2018

2 26 April 2018 The Invaluable Value of Water

Water is abundantly available on our planet,in oceans, ices masses, aquifers, in the atmosphere

1 400 000 000 000 km3

71% of the surface is water

Only 3% is freshwater, mainly fixed in ice and groundwater

About 0.01% is available for humans and freshwater ecosystems

Value of water


Public health

Ecosystems (services)

Business/manufacturing

Food production

Value of water


Content

1. My career in water 2. My vision on water and its value


1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020 3. The role of WIRC@Bath

How I came to work in the water sector?Invited to apply by KIWA

- Project lead on re-use of iron sludge

- Project lead on removal of pesticides by membranes

- 1990


Membranes


• Separation of water and pollutants

• Can be used to remove• Salts and hardness

• Organic molecules like pesticides and pharmaceuticals

Feed stream

Concentrate stream

Product stream

Spiral wound membrane elements

First pilot plant – removal of pesticides with NF


Collaboration with University of Central Florida


• Prof James S. Taylor

• Developed a model to predict the performance of the membranes

AWWARF – Integrated membrane systems (#264)


Next step: Amsterdam Water SupplyOldest Water Utility in The Netherlands

Founded in 1853 with British capital investment

Started as a private company, later part of the municipality

Now Waternet

- 1997


Research for capacity extension


Water from the river Rhinepretreated near Utrecht

Infiltration in dunes

Treated to drinking water qualityTransported to the city

Existing plant 70 million m3/yearExtension 13 million m3/year

Advanced treatment

Extension: membranes

Amsterdam Water Supply


Membranes were very successful


Membrane filtration on river water is challenging

Fouling and Scaling may occur

Effects:• Increased energy consumption• Poor water quality• Membrane damage

Due to the intensive pretreatment including slow sand filters the membranes could operate more than 1 year without cleaning

What do you learn from 12 years membrane research?• Membranes deliver great water quality

• Dissolved salts and hardness removal• Pesticides and other organic micropollutants (polar)

• Important to control fouling - pretreatment• Remove biodegradable compounds – feed biologically stable water• Remove suspended solids• Optimise design for sparingly soluble salts

Amsterdam Water Supply:

• Operating RO pilot systems on surface water for more than 12 months without membrane cleaning

PWN

• Operating Heemskerk UF-RO system since 1999


What do you learn from 12 years membrane research?• Membranes deliver great water quality

• Dissolved salts and hardness removal• Pesticides and other organic micropollutants (polar)

• Important to control fouling - pretreatment• Remove biodegradable compounds – feed biologically stable water• Remove suspended solids• Optimise design for sparingly soluble salts

Amsterdam Water Supply:

• Operating RO pilot systems on surface water for more than 12 months without membrane cleaning

PWN

• Operating Heemskerk UF-RO system since 1999


Back to KIWA, later KWR WatercycleResearch Institute

Broad range of new topics

- Pharmaceuticals, fate and removal

- Modelling of flow

- Advanced oxidation

- Nano materials

- Wastewater treatment

2002 – 2004 combined with Waternet

2004 – 2015 KWR


What is ozone and how is it used for water?

• Ozone: special form of oxygen• Oxygen has 2 atoms: O2

• Ozone has 3 atoms: O3

• You can smell it after a thunderstorm or near an (old) copier

• It is formed by electrical discharges: lightning or in an ozone generator

Ozone is very reactive and can • Kill bacteria (disinfection)

• Destroy (oxidise) pollutants

Dissolve ozone gas in water in a bubble column

Needs time to react (20 minutes)

Higher concentrations and longer time will give better disinfection

Problem: bromate (BrO3-)

formation


Electrical dischargein ozone generator

Ozone bubble column

Ozone treatment Amsterdam


How can we achieve the best disinfection at low ozone dose,to minimise bromate formation?

Ozone treatment Amsterdam


B.A. Wols, CFD in drinking water treatment, PhD thesis TUDelft, 2010

Pharmaceuticals in the Meuse catchment


River water contains pharmaceuticals and transformation products

Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and TPs

• 43 pharmaceuticals and 18 TPs measured

• 23 pharmaceuticals and 13 TPs observed

1. Guanyl urea (50 %) 2. Metformine (21 %) 3. 10-11 trans diol carbamazepine (4%)4. Hydroxy ibuprofen (4%)5. Sotalol (3%)6. Metoprolol (2%)7. Tramadol (2%)8. Diatrizoic acid (2%)9. Furosemide (1%)10. Carbamazepine (1%)11. Other (10%)


Actual versus predicted loads in tributaries:The Geul


0.1 1 10 100 10000.1

1

10

100

1000

metformin

sotalol

metoprolol

tramadol

furosemide

carbamazepine

gemfibrozil

venlafaxine

diclofenac

atenololnaproxen

propranolol

clindamycin

ketoprofen

bezafibrate

Geul

predicted load (g/d)

measu

red

lo

ad

(g

/d)

We can predict the concentrations based on the number of people living in the area, and therefore also determine how effective abatement measures will be.

Advanced oxidation with UV and hydrogen peroxide


UV Phac

M1

M2

UV H2O2 2 HO•

Phac

M3

M4

Advanced oxidation

Photolysis

UV Pathogen

Disinfection

UV-dose: the “amount” of UV-light received over a specific time

Modelling and experiments UV reactors


Novel treatment concept for removing pharmaceuticals from sewage• WWTP contains significant

concentrations of pharmaceuticals (25-65 μg/l)

• And about 10-20 mg DOC/l

• Anion exchange removes humic acids and increases UV Transmittance from 38 to 85%

• Decrease in Energy Demand of Advanced oxidation 84%


Modern sewers• Water conservation: reduce

household water use by 50%• From 150 L/person/day to 75 L/person/day

• What does that mean for transport of waste in sewers?

• Can we make an advantage of the increased concentrations?

• Sewers contain energy from warm water use• 20-40% of the energy in a house leaves via

the sewer as warm water

• Can we recover this energy?


66%

17%

2%

3%12%

Domestic energy consumption UK 2013

Space heating Water Cooking Lighting Appliances

Temperature of sewage


Hofman, J., M. Bloemendal, B. Wols, C. Agudelo-Vera, J. E. Maxil, P. Boderie, M. Nijman and J. P. v. d. Hoek (2014)., Proc. 11th Int. Conf on Hydro Informatics, New York City.

Heat recovery on campus?


0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

Axi

s T

itle

Average weekly water demand

October

November

The model predictions are very accurate

Content



1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


2015 – To Bath – WIRC

• Opportunity to use my expertise in water treatment and water quality in a broader context

• Collaborate in research with academic colleagues, the water sector and international agencies

• Transfer the expertise to a new generation of Young Water Professionals

• Why is that important? – Water in a changing world


Global population growth


Urbanisation


52 % of the urban population already lives in cities

In more developed countries this is around 70%, or up to 80 % in some countries

Producing 80 % of global GDP

In only 2 % of the land surface

JobsNetworks of peopleCultureCreativityArtInnovation

Urban water use

• Urban water use has increased five-fold since 1950• Growth of cities

• Increase their per capita use from higher standards of living

• Many cities are in water scarce areas and are abstracting more water than is replenished.

A general pattern can be observed:

• Exhaustion of local surface and groundwater

• Import water from other basins

• Recycling of wastewater or storm water

• Desalination

Richter, B.D., et al., Tapped out: how can cities secure their water

future? Water Policy, 2013. 15(3): p. 335.


Current urban water cycleWater resources mostly outside city in the peri-urban areas

Water resources competing with agriculture

Clean water transport over long distances

Mixed wastewater and storm water collection and centralised wastewater treatment

Energy intensive

High capital

High maintenance cost


Connection to water supply and sewersin major cities

0

25

50

75

100

Mains water Sewer connection

North America Europe

Oceania Latin America and Caribbean

Asia Africa

• Developed countries: aging infrastructure (sometimes > 100 years old)

• Developing countries: significant investment in new infrastructure

• Global investment needs are estimated for water supply and sanitation areUSD 6.7 trillion by 2050

• Too expensive in the long term; other solutions are required


OECD, Infrastructure to 2030: Telecom, Land Transport, Water and Electricity. OECD Publishing: Paris, 2006.

Decoupling of growth and primary resourcesGrowth can’t continue when resources are finite

Resource decoupling

Reducing the rate of use of primary resources

Impact decoupling

Increase economic activity while decreasing the negative environmental impact

UNEP, City-Level Decoupling: Urban resource flows and the governance of infrastructure transitions. A Report of the Working Group on Cities of the International Resource Panel. Swilling M., Robinson B., Marvin S. and Hodson M. 2013.


Water and the Circular Economy


The Water PathwayClosed loop, water quality cascading, differentiated by use

The Materials PathwayCompete in demand driven market, consumer acceptance,Quality control

The Energy PathwayReducing costs for customers, minimising environmental impact, use and produce renewable energy

IWA, Water Utility Pathways in a Circular Economy. 2016.

Singapore


PUB strategy1. Collect every drop2. Reuse water endlessly3. Desalinate more seawater

Research1. Low energy desalination2. Improving NEWater

recovery3. Automation and robots4. Reduced energy in used

water treatment5. Industrial water solutions

Sponge Cities - China• Officially launched in December

2013

• 2014, Xi Jinping: construction of scientifically arranged urbanisation

• Over 30 pilot cities, including Beijing, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Nanchang• Urban waterlogging• Depletion of groundwater supplies• Pollution• Disasters, urban and economic damage

with high numbers of deaths

• Expected investment: RMB 86 billion

Objectives:

• 70 % rainwater absorbed and re-used• Permeation, detention , storage• Drainage, saving and re-use

Goal:

20 % of the urban area meet the new standard by 2020, 80 % by 2030

Integrated approach, including public greenland and ecosystems


My vision on future urban water cycleFurther diversification of water sources

Local closure of the water cycle, embedded in the urban design

Using ‘grey’ and ‘green’ infrastructure

Interconnected network to create resilience

Reduced pumping distances

Existing infrastructure can partly be re-used

Decoupling growth and resources

(Climate) resilience

Reduced energy consumption, resource recovery


Effects of recycling on water quality?Chemical Engineering principles:

- Mass and Energy balances

- Recovery of Water, Energy and Nutrients

- Fate, removal and accumulation of (micro) pollutants

- Sensors, use of data

- ‘Green’ infrastructure


Drinking water

treatment

Used water

treatment

NextGen• H2020 project to demonstrate water

in the circular economy

• Water, Energy and Material re-use

• 10 cases in Europe, including Filton Airfield

• Collaboration with YTL Development

• Total project €10m


The value of water

• Water is extremely important for our planet

• We need to make sure that we have sufficient water of the right quality

• And protect against water related disasters

• New solutions are needed, including• Closing water, energy and material cycles

• Using efficient and effective technology, and natural systems

• New water governance


Water security is the key challenge for the future

UNESCO definition of Water Security:

“The capacity of a population to safeguard access to adequate quantities of water of acceptable quality for sustaining human and ecosystem health on a watershed basis, and to ensure efficient protection of life and propertyagainst water related — floods, landslides, land subsidence and droughts.”

UNESCO, International Hydrology Programme - Eighth phase: "Water Security: Responses to Local, Regional, and Global Challenges" - Strategic Plan IHP-VIII (2014-2021).


Water security is the key challenge for the future

UNESCO definition of Water Security:

“The capacity of a population to safeguard access to adequate quantities of water of acceptable quality for sustaining human and ecosystem health on a watershed basis, and to ensure efficient protection of life and propertyagainst water related — floods, landslides, land subsidence and droughts.”

UNESCO, International Hydrology Programme - Eighth phase: "Water Security: Responses to Local, Regional, and Global Challenges" - Strategic Plan IHP-VIII (2014-2021).


The value of water is invaluable

Content



1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Water Innovation and Research Centre• Multi-disciplinary, cross-campus centre

• With all required disciplines to work on my vision on water management and systems

• Ambition to grow into a university institute

• Member of national and international networks

53 26 April 2018 The Invalueable Value of Water

The role of WIRC@Bath

• It is my dream that I can realise the vision I have shown you

• This can only be done with strong collaborations• With colleagues here in Bath in WIRC

• With students and post-docs – without them research would be impossible

• With colleagues in partner universities – The Water Security Alliance and international partners

• With support of the university



Ik heb gezegd

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The Invaluable Value of Water - University of Bath · 2019. 10. 16. · 2 26 April 2018 The Invaluable Value of Water Water is abundantly available on our planet, in oceans, ices