The Interwar Years

1919-1939

Interwar Years p9

Interwar Years p12

1. Why did the new republic fall into chaos after 1912?

• Warlords and rival armies battle for control• Economy • Famine spreads

2. Who is Sun Yixian? What did he do for China?

• Tried to rebuild China• 3 Principles of the

People1. Nationalism2. Democracy/Republic3. Economic Security

• Resigned the presidency in favor of General Yuan Shikai

3.Who is Yuan Shikai? What did he do for China?

• Tried to restore order• Yuan tried to set up

new ruling dynasty w/ himself as emperor

• Yuan dies 1916

4. Significance: May Fourth Movement?

• 1919, Beijing• German colonies given to Japan• Students protest• Boycott Japanese goods

5. Another name for the Nationalist People’s Party

• Guomindang• 1920• Dedicated to unifying

China• Created by Sun Yixian• Run by Jiang Jieshi after

Sun’s death

6. Jiang Jieshi- What did he do for China?

• 1925: Army officer– Crushed local warlords– Saw communists as a

threat

• 1927: Chinese Civil War– Slaughtered communist

party leaders– 22 years– Occupied Beijing-set up

a capital in Nanjing

7. Why is Mao Zedong an important figure in modern Chinese history?

• 1921• Formed the Chinese

Communist Party• Former teacher +

librarian• Agreed w/radical

communist ideas– Women’s equality– Dictatorship of proletariats

(workers)

• Supported by peasants

8. What was the Long March?

• 1934• 6,000 miles• Communists escape

from nationalists• 100,000 people began• 20,000 survived• Victory for communists

b/c gained support from peasants

• Mao rebuilt forces

People’s Republic of China

• October 1, 1949• Mao Zedong

Interwar Years page 15: India Seeks Self Rule

1. How did WWI affect relations between India and Britain?

• Sacrifices from WWI led to Indian demands for independence

2. What is Amirtsar?

• City in Northeast India• April 13, 1919• General Reginald Dyer

banned public meetings• Meeting held to protest

forced conscription and war tax

• 379 men, women and children killed

• 1,100 were wounded

3. How did Amirtsar Massacre change Indian Goals?

• Call for full independence• Influenced Gandhi in wanting complete

independence from Britain

4. Who is Gandhi?

• Born Indian Hindu 1869• Educated as lawyer in

England– Practiced in South Africa

1893– 1914 returned to India

• Ahisma (nonviolence)• Civil disobedience• 1948 murdered

5. How did Gandhi revive Indian pride?

• Wore dhoti• Encouraged self-

sufficiency• Made spinning wheel

symbol of nationalist movement

6. Describe Gandhi’s method for resisting British rule?

• Civil disobedience• Nonviolent protests• Boycotts• Marches• fasting

7. What is the Salt March? What were its effects?

• March 12,1930• Britain had monopoly on

salt• 78 followers• 240 mile march to the sea• Thousands began

producing own salt• Defying British law• Embarrassed British for

cruel treatment of Indians

8. How did the goals of Muslims in India change in the 1930s?

• Called for a separate state

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah– Leader of Muslim League

• Becomes Pakistan

India 1947 Pakistan 1947

Interwar Years packet page 18:Middle East and Africa

• 1. How did Turkey and Iran seek to modernize?– Developed industrialized technology– Replaced sharia w/secular law– Adopted western ways

2. How was modernization linked to nationalism?

• Modernization = a way to resist western power and imperialism

3. Who is Ataturk? Significance w/Turkey?

• Mustafa Kemal, (1881-1938

• "Father of the Turks”• Won fame as a military

commander during World War I

• Led the revolution that established the Republic of Turkey in 1923

• Modernization.

4. How did Ataturk try to transform Turkey into a western, secular state?

• Replaced:– Islamic law– Muslim calendar

• Forced people to wear western clothes• Closed religious schools• Changed laws regarding women

Iran

• Like Turkey modernized to resist foreign rule.

• Reza Shah Pahlavi became the ruler of Iran.

5. Why did Arabs feel betrayed at the Paris Peace Conference after WWI?

• They were promised independence• Husayn bin Ali –wanted independent Arab

state stretching from Syria to Yemen (all of Arabian peninsula)

6. Why did Arabs resent the mandate system?

• Kept their lands under European control

• France: Syria and Lebanon

• Britain: Palestine and Iraq and Transjordan

7. Why did Palestine become a center of conflict?

• 1917 Balfour Declaration– Promoted Zionism– Migration pushed

Palestinians out of their land

• Who’s land is it anyways?

8. Is there still conflict in Palestine?

Now called Israel.

9. How was Pan-Africanism an expression of African nationalism?

• Emphasized UNITY of Africans and people of African descent

Treaties Drafted to Encourage International Peace

• Locarno Treaty– settled borders btwn Germany, France, Belgium,

Czechoslovakia, Poland• Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928– Renounced War– Disarmament for U.S., Britain, Japan, France, etc.

• League of Nations– Nations cooperate

• Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act– 1930 placed heavy taxes on imports to the USA

• “Buy American!!!!!”

Countries want Independence

• Commonwealth of Nations: – formed by British after WWI

• Canada• New Zealand• Australia• South Africa

• Ireland-I.R.A.– (Irish Republican Army)– used guerilla warfare against British– 1916 Easter Rising-revolt against British – 1922 gains freedom except in Northern Ireland

Crisis of Democracy in the West

• Problems After the war:1 Jobs for Veterans2 Rebuilding3 Debt4 Socialism + Nationalism=radical ideas5 Peace Settlements unfair6 Lack of Strong Leaders

Weak Spots in the World Economy

• Overproduction• Decreased demand• prices for raw materials+goods• Great Depression– affected world economy– banks stopped loans abroad– demand for repayment of foreign lands– tariffs=“snowball effect

Causes of the Depression1. Overproduction, too much stuff (Factories and Farms)

a. Factory Workers begin to get layed-off - Workers cannot buy goods, even more goods are overproducedb. Farmers Can’t Survive -low prices (can’t pay loans / make a living)c. Supply & Demand- Prices Drop

2. Bank Failures a. Banks close and loose $$$

b. People default on loans (Can’t pay Back) c. Banks cannot cover their deposits, because it was lent out to

bad creditors **5,000 banks close between 1929-1932**d. People loose entire LIFE SAVINGS

1920’s Problems

Factories making Too Much,

Farms growing too much

Factories Fire Workers

(Don’t need them)

Farm Prices fall

(Farmers can’t make $$)

Farmers & Factory Workers

can’t pay back loans to Banks:

DEFAULT!!Banks Close because theyhave no money: Loans have not been paid back, can’t give people their savings

BANKS Have NO $$

PEOPLE LOST SAVINGS & JOBS

NO ONE TO HELP!

QUICK REVIEW:

Causes: 1. Overproduction 2. Bank Closings

Spark: 1. Stock Market Crash

Results: 1. Unemployment 2. Life Savings Lost

Results of GD in USA

• Presidents during this time: – Wilson, Coolidge, Hoover, FDR

• New Deal – 1932• Get out of Depression• gov’t more involved• jobs• social security• bank insurance

Reactions to Depression

• Coalition governments– merging of political parties.

• Britain,1926– general strike, Labour Party + Conservative Party gain

support in Parliament.• France, 1936-Leon Blum– Socialist Leader, Popular Front Government, Tried to

solve labor problems and pass social legislation.• Germany– Weimar Republic-political division, competition for

power, plagued by corruption.

More reactions

• U.S.A. returns to isolation– does not join League– Limited Immigration “Red Scare” • (Russians, Chinese, Japanese)

Interwar Years packet page 35:Japanese Aggression

1. Who is Hirohito? What did he do for Japan?

• Emperor 1926-1989• Improved economic

hard times– Urbanization– Universal education– Expand for natural

resources

2. How did the Great Depression affect Japan’s economy?

• Exports declined• Unemployment increased• Trade was Japan’s only economic force

3. How did the Great depression affect Japan’s politics?

• Poverty, unemployment, labor disputes• Expansion = answer to economic problems• Promoted the military due to loss of faith in

gov’t

4. Why did the Japanese support their military’s aggressive acts?

• Needed strong military leadership to end economic crisis

5. Significance: Manchurian Incident

• 1931• Invasion of Manchuria– northeast China– Needed natural resources– Coal and iron– Renamed Manchukuo

• Condemned by League of Nations

6. Significance: Second Sino-Japanese War

• 1937• Japan con’t to expand

east• Captured city of Nanjing– Killed over 100,000

Chinese civilians– Nanjing massacre– Reaction by world =

horror

7. Becoming friendly with Germany

• 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact– Japan + Germany work together to oppose/fight

spread of communism– Italy joins 1937

Interwar Years page 41:Dictators in Europe

• Economic Hardship = rise of totalitarian dictators

• Totalitarian Government– Single party dictatorship– State control of economy– Censorship– Obedience to single ruler– Schools and Media used to force id

Benito Mussolini

Mussolini

• 1883-1945• Il Duce (“the leader”)• 1919 founded National Fascist Party• 1922 October March on Rome • King Victor Emanuel resigns• Mussolini establishes dictatorship– Propaganda & Fear

• Black Shirts• Women = mothers not workers

• Influenced Hitler and Stalin

Mussolini and Aggression

• 1935 Italians Invade Ethiopia.

• King Haile Selassie goes to League of Nations for help

Joseph Stalin

• USSR = totalitarian state• 5 year plans

– Goals set by state– Central planning– Modernize + industrialize

• Collectivization – Took back land– Combination of small farms– Led to famine– Resistance = Gulag (Siberia)– Ukraine-1932 millions died

(starvation)

Adolf Hitler

• Weimar Republic = weak• Nationalist Socialist Party

– Nazi Party• Wrote Mein Kampf “My Struggle”• Germans = master race• 1933 appointed chancellor• Fuhrer “leader”• Reduced unemployment

– wage controls, gov’t spending, public works programs• Anti-Semitism

– Nuremberg Laws– Kristallnacht

Fascism vs Communism

Fascism• EXTREME NATIONALISM• No Human value exists

outside the state• Believes state controls:

– Corporatism (Economy)– Militartism (Armed forces)– Totalitarianism (dictatorship)

• State = # 1

Communism• EXTREME SOCIALISM• Stateless Society• Socioeconomic System• Community controls means of

production• Believes State is Custodian of

means of production

Fascism vs NazismFascism

1919-1945

• Italy: Mussolini• Fascio-Italian for union• Emphasis: Nationalism

– National Culture rules

• Social Mobility Accepted• Peace = Weakness• Aggression = Strength

Nazism1933-1945

• Germany: Hitler• Nationalist Socialist German

Workers’ Party– Nationalism Socialism

• Emphasis: Racism– “Master Race”