The International Higher The International Higher Education Environment: Education Environment:

Human Jungle or Garden of Human Jungle or Garden of Eden?Eden?

Presentation to the Presentation to the Multi-National Higher Education Forum Multi-National Higher Education Forum New Zealand 15, 16 & 17 March 2006New Zealand 15, 16 & 17 March 2006

Colin WaltersColin WaltersDepartment of Education, Science and TrainingDepartment of Education, Science and Training

Higher Education Group ManagerHigher Education Group Manager

Factors influencing the internationalisation of education

Increased mobility of:

• Students

• Labour

• Employment

• Research

Factor – Student Mobility

• International student mobility to OECD countries has doubled over the past 20 years

• The number of international students coming into Australia has tripled since 1990

• In 2004 Australia received approximately 230,000 international students

Source: Internationalisation and Trade in Higher Education, OECD (2004)

International Students Coming to Australian Universities

Top 10 Countries - Percentage Share of Overseas Students coming into Australia, 1996 and 2004

05

10152025

China

Mal

aysia

Singa

pore

Hong

Kong

Indi

a

Indo

nesia

USA

Thaila

nd

Taiwan

Japa

n

South

Kor

ea

1996

2004

Source: DEST data

The UK Experience

First year overseas full-time students by gender

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04

000'

s Men

Women

Source: Higher Education Policy Institute, UK

Destination of professionals leaving Australia

2004-05 DEPARTURES OF PROFESSIONALS (ASCO Major Group 2) FROM AUSTRALIA Permanent and Long-Term (over 12 months), by Destination

(Source: Unpublished data from the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs)

UK 20,562

USA 5,756

Singapore 2,763

Japan 2,233

China (excl. SARs and Taiwan) 2,185

Canada 1,682

Ireland 1,415

India 1,181

Other 16,061

New Zealand 4,485

Hong Kong (SAR of China) 3,530

Factor - Employment Mobility

• Example - India:– The Bangalore miracle– Outsourcing legal

services from the US & the UK

• By 2015 80,000 legal jobs expected to shift from the USA to developing countries

Infosys

Factor - Research Mobility

• The BRIC countries– Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China – India to overtake Japanese spending on R&D by 2035

• Science & Technology in Asia– China to increase R&D spending by 2.5% of GDP by 2020 – new emphasis on science parks which focus on

biotechnology and life sciences• Additional R&D spending in US, Europe:

– But an ageing demographic in many countries– Where will the workforce come from?

Responses to the Internationalisation of Education

• Australian Government Initiatives

• Collaboration

– Between institutions

– Bilateral & multi-national agreements

• International Organisations & Fora

– Who are the major players & what are

they doing?

Responses.. Australian

• The Endeavour Scholarships Programme - AUS$111 million over 4 years

• Australian Mobility in Asia & the Pacific (UMAP) Programme – AUS$6.2 million over 4 years

• Federation Fellowships – AUS$38 million over 4 years

Response – Collaboration Between Institutions

• In 2003 38 Australian universities had approx 4,485 formal agreements with overseas higher education providers– Increased focus on Study Abroad arrangements – Growth in agreements with the USA, China

and several European countries (particularly Germany and Sweden)

Collaboration Between Institutions cont…

Source: International Links of Australian Universities, AVCC (2003)

Collaboration Between Institutions cont…

Source: International Links of Australian Universities, AVCC (2003)

Response – Bilateral and Multinational Collaboration

• International Programmes– Erasmus: the Higher Education action of the European

SOCRATES II programme– Framework: a budget of $17.5 Euros (2002-06) to

integrate research activities across Europe• Bilateral Relationships

– The Australian Government currently has in place approx 20 MoUs with other countries

– Agreements cover staff exchange, co-operation in R&D, information exchange, recognition of qualifications & credit transfer & the development of twinning programmes

Response – International Organisations & Forums

• UNESCO– International dialogue on the recognition of

qualifications– The Lisbon Recognition Convention– Building capacity in the area of trade in education

services• OECD

– Thematic Review of Tertiary Education– Education at a Glance– Guidelines on “Quality provision in cross-border

higher education” (2003-2005)– Focus on developing countries

More OECD …

• Programme on Institutional Management in Higher Education (IMHE) – Monitoring & efficient management– Attracting & retaining high quality staff– Managing & supporting research

• Committee for Science & Technology Policy (CSTP) – Next meeting being held in Sydney March 06– Research into the use of patented knowledge– Review of China’s science & technology policy– Evaluation of publicly funded research

International Organisations & Forums cont…

• The Bologna Process– 45 European signatory countries introducing reforms

intended to create an ‘integrated European higher education area’

– This process has implications for other countries• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

– Industrial Science & Technology Working Group (connecting research & innovation)

– Human Resource Development Working Group - Higher Education Quality Assurance and Accreditation Project - aims to collect and disseminate information on APEC economies' quality assurance and accreditation arrangements and identify best practice elements

Towards the Garden of Eden?

• International qualifications frameworks– Relating to international professional accreditation & the

spread of postgraduate entry level qualifications• Better credit transfer and articulation systems• International accreditation standards• Transnational development of research qualifications

– (e.g. soft skills considered in the Bologna process)• Interaction with visa regimes• Bilateral and multi national research frameworks• Transportable student finance?• International quality standards and assessment processes

– The role of “league tables”?

…the League Table Phenomenon

World

Rank

Institution* RegionRegional Rank

CountryNation

al Rank

Score on

Alumni

Score on

Award

Score on

HiCi

Score on

N&S

Score on SCI

Score on Size

Total

Score

1 Harvard Univ Americas 1 USA 1 100 100 100 100 100 72.4 100

2 Univ Cambridge Europe 1 UK 1 99.8 93.4 53.3 56.6 70.9 66.9 73.6

3 Stanford Univ Americas 2 USA 2 41.1 72.2 88.5 70.9 72.3 65 73.4

4 Univ California - Berkeley Americas 3 USA 3 71.8 76 69.4 73.9 72.2 52.7 72.8

5Massachusetts Inst Tech

(MIT)Americas 4 USA 4 74 80.6 66.7 65.8 64.3 53 70.1

6 California Inst Tech Americas 5 USA 5 59.2 68.6 59.8 65.8 52.5 100 67.1

7 Columbia Univ Americas 6 USA 6 79.4 60.6 56.1 54.2 69.5 45.4 62.3

8 Princeton Univ Americas 7 USA 7 63.4 76.8 60.9 48.7 48.5 59.1 60.9

9 Univ Chicago Americas 8 USA 8 75.6 81.9 50.3 44.7 56.4 42.2 60.1

10 Univ Oxford Europe 2 UK 2 64.3 59.1 48.4 55.6 68.4 53.2 59.7

11 Yale Univ Americas 9 USA 9 52.1 44.5 60.3 57.2 63.9 49.3 56.9

12 Cornell Univ Americas 10 USA 10 46.5 52.4 55 48.8 66.3 39.8 54.6

13 Univ California - San Diego Americas 11 USA 11 17.7 34.7 59.8 56.5 64.5 46.6 51

14 Univ California - Los Angeles Americas 12 USA 12 27.3 32.8 56.7 50.1 75.6 34.3 50.6

15 Univ Pennsylvania Americas 13 USA 13 35.5 35.1 56.7 42.9 71.8 39.1 50.2

16 Univ Wisconsin - Madison Americas 14 USA 14 43 36.3 52.1 46.3 68.7 29 49.2

17 Univ Washington - Seattle Americas 15 USA 15 28.8 32.4 53.9 47.1 73.8 27.2 48.4

18 Univ California - San Francisco

Americas 16 USA 16 0 37.6 55.6 57.9 58.8 45.2 47.8

19 Johns Hopkins Univ Americas 17 USA 17 51.4 28.3 41.6 52.2 67.7 24.9 46.9

20 Tokyo Univ Asia/Pac 1 Japan 1 36 14.4 38.5 52.1 86.5 34.7 46.7

And keeping down the jungle….

Setting to work..

• The role of Governments, institutions and NGOs

• Putting together the grand design?

The International Higher The International Higher Education Environment: Education Environment:

Human Jungle or Garden of Human Jungle or Garden of Eden?Eden?

Presentation to the Presentation to the Multi-National Higher Education Forum Multi-National Higher Education Forum New Zealand 15, 16 & 17 March 2006New Zealand 15, 16 & 17 March 2006

Colin WaltersColin WaltersDepartment of Education, Science and TrainingDepartment of Education, Science and Training

Higher Education Group ManagerHigher Education Group Manager