The International case for Integrated River Basin Management · June 22-24, 2010, St. Louis, MO Ivan Zavadsky Global Environment Facility. ... 2001 of ICPBS and ICPDR, 2001 ... World

The International case for Integrated River The International case for Integrated River Basin ManagementBasin Management

G L O B A L E N V I R O N M E N T F A C I L I T Y - www.thegef.org

America’s Inner Coastal Summit June 22-24, 2010, St. Louis, MO

Ivan ZavadskyGlobal Environment Facility

Global Environment Facility Global Environment Facility �� Established in 1991 as an international financial Established in 1991 as an international financial mechanism to address global environmental mechanism to address global environmental issuesissues

�� United Nations Conference on Environment and United Nations Conference on Environment and DevelopmentDevelopment-- Earth Summit, 1992Earth Summit, 1992

�� Instrument for the Establishment of the Instrument for the Establishment of the Restructured GEFRestructured GEF-- March 1994March 1994


�� Instrument for the Establishment of the Instrument for the Establishment of the Restructured GEFRestructured GEF-- March 1994March 1994

�� Replenishment of the GEF Trust Fund: Replenishment of the GEF Trust Fund:

–– GEFGEF--1 (1994) $2 billion1 (1994) $2 billion

–– GEFGEF--2 (1998) $2.75 billion 2 (1998) $2.75 billion

–– GEFGEF--3 (2002) $3 billion 3 (2002) $3 billion

–– GEFGEF--4 (2006) $3.13 billion4 (2006) $3.13 billion

–– GEFGEF--5 (2010) $4.25 billion5 (2010) $4.25 billion

GEF International Waters GEF International Waters Operational StrategyOperational Strategy

“International waters” includes the oceans, large marine “International waters” includes the oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semiecosystems, enclosed or semi--enclosed seas and estuaries as well enclosed seas and estuaries as well as rivers, lakes, groundwater systems, and wetlands with as rivers, lakes, groundwater systems, and wetlands with transboundarytransboundary drainage basins or common bordersdrainage basins or common borders

�� Foundational Work: Support for Initial Strategic Capacity Building Foundational Work: Support for Initial Strategic Capacity Building For MultiFor Multi--country Collaboration on Basins or Marine Ecosystems country Collaboration on Basins or Marine Ecosystems ––National InterNational Inter--ministry Committees; ministry Committees; TransboundaryTransboundary Diagnostic Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), Ministerial agreement on a Strategic Action Analysis (TDA), Ministerial agreement on a Strategic Action Program (SAP)Program (SAP)


Analysis (TDA), Ministerial agreement on a Strategic Action Analysis (TDA), Ministerial agreement on a Strategic Action Program (SAP)Program (SAP)

�� Implementation of Reforms and Stress Reduction Measures: Based Implementation of Reforms and Stress Reduction Measures: Based on an agreed SAP and political commitments, GEF may support a on an agreed SAP and political commitments, GEF may support a “SAP Implementation Project”, including national “SAP Implementation Project”, including national policy/legal/institutional reforms, demonstration investments for policy/legal/institutional reforms, demonstration investments for transboundarytransboundary priorities, regional institutionpriorities, regional institution--buildingbuilding

�� Experience Sharing/Learning for the IW PortfolioExperience Sharing/Learning for the IW Portfolio----IW:LEARNIW:LEARN

The The TransboundaryTransboundary Diagnostic Diagnostic Analysis (TDA)Analysis (TDA)

�� Initial identification and prioritization of Initial identification and prioritization of transboundarytransboundary water resource and environmental water resource and environmental concerns or opportunitiesconcerns or opportunities--spatial analysis and spatial analysis and national reportsnational reports

�� Identify immediate, underlying and root causes of Identify immediate, underlying and root causes of problems (often a Causal Chain Analysis problems (often a Causal Chain Analysis –– CCA)CCA)


�� Identify immediate, underlying and root causes of Identify immediate, underlying and root causes of problems (often a Causal Chain Analysis problems (often a Causal Chain Analysis –– CCA)CCA)

�� Undertake socioUndertake socio--economic and governance analyses economic and governance analyses and involve stakeholders on opinionsand involve stakeholders on opinions

�� Final priority setting for various spatial Final priority setting for various spatial transboundarytransboundary concerns or opportunitiesconcerns or opportunities

�� A factual/scientific analysis from a A factual/scientific analysis from a water body water body perspectiveperspective

THE THE Strategic Action Program Strategic Action Program (SAP)(SAP)

�� The SAP involves a process of reaching political The SAP involves a process of reaching political consensus nationally and then among countries on the consensus nationally and then among countries on the national policy, legal and institutional reforms, national policy, legal and institutional reforms, investments, and capacity building for regional investments, and capacity building for regional governance institutions needed to address the priority governance institutions needed to address the priority transboundarytransboundary concerns identified in the TDA (not all concerns identified in the TDA (not all environment issues) environment issues)


environment issues) environment issues)

�� Based Based on the principle of collaborative problem solving on the principle of collaborative problem solving and involvement of national interand involvement of national inter--ministry committees ministry committees and stakeholder consultationsand stakeholder consultations

�� Requires Requires longlong--term vision, setting of objectives with term vision, setting of objectives with timetables and indicators, costing of elements, political timetables and indicators, costing of elements, political commitments to action, commitments to action, adaptive management

THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN the most international basin in the most international basin in

the worldthe world

» 801,463 km2 (10% of Europe)

» 2,857 km

» > 81 M Inhabitants


» > 81 M Inhabitants

» 19 Countries

» Old EU, New EU and non-EU

» Regional social and economic disparities

» EU support

» 18 years GEF support

LegalLegal FrameworksFrameworks

•• Bucharest Declaration (1985)Bucharest Declaration (1985)

•• Danube River Protection Convention (Sofia Danube River Protection Convention (Sofia 1994)1994)


1994)1994)

•• Convention on the Protection of the Black Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution (Bucharest 1992)Sea against Pollution (Bucharest 1992)

•• EU Water Directives EU Water Directives –– specifically Water specifically Water Framework DirectiveFramework Directive

•• Memorandum of Understanding between Memorandum of Understanding between Danube and Black Sea CommissionsDanube and Black Sea Commissions

Danube River Basin Danube River Basin Analysis ReportAnalysis Report

WFD Article V


Approved at the Ministerial Meeting – Vienna, 13

December 2004

WFD Article V

Roof Report

Four Significant Water Four Significant Water

Management IssuesManagement Issues


Organic Pollution

Nutrient Pollution

Hazardous Substances Pollution

HydromorphologicalAlterations

Political commitments Political commitments

The Danube nutrient loads: important factor responsible for the The Danube nutrient loads: important factor responsible for the deterioration of the Black Sea ecosystemdeterioration of the Black Sea ecosystem

MoUMoU of ICPBS and ICPDR, 2001 of ICPBS and ICPDR, 2001

"the long"the long--term goal in the wider Black Sea Basin is to take measures to term goal in the wider Black Sea Basin is to take measures to


"the long"the long--term goal in the wider Black Sea Basin is to take measures to term goal in the wider Black Sea Basin is to take measures to reduce the loads of nutrients and hazardous substances discharged to reduce the loads of nutrients and hazardous substances discharged to such levels necessary to permit Black Sea ecosystems to recover to such levels necessary to permit Black Sea ecosystems to recover to conditions similar to those observed in the 1960s.conditions similar to those observed in the 1960s.

Danube Declaration (Ministerial Meeting, 2004)Danube Declaration (Ministerial Meeting, 2004)

"to reduce the total amount of nutrients entering the Danube and its "to reduce the total amount of nutrients entering the Danube and its tributaries to levels consistent with the achievement of good ecological tributaries to levels consistent with the achievement of good ecological status in the Danube river and to contribute to the restoration of an status in the Danube river and to contribute to the restoration of an environmentally sustainable nutrient balance in the Black Sea".environmentally sustainable nutrient balance in the Black Sea".

Danube Country’s Danube Country’s Responses to nutrientsResponses to nutrients

•• Developing Developing ‘Joint’ Programme of ‘Joint’ Programme of MeasuresMeasures

•• Implementing EU Directives (WFD, Implementing EU Directives (WFD, UWWT, Nitrates)UWWT, Nitrates)


UWWT, Nitrates)UWWT, Nitrates)

•• Reducing P in laundry detergentsReducing P in laundry detergents

•• Encouraging implementation of BAPsEncouraging implementation of BAPs

•• Promoting reconnection of Promoting reconnection of wetlands/floodplainswetlands/floodplains

MMONERIS ONERIS decision decision support and support and management toolmanagement tool

Concept for integration of data required by the EU directives for MONERIS calculations

Basin wide overview of point and diffuse pollution sources


diffuse pollution sources

Calculation of scenarios for possible changes of nutrients loads within the Danube river systems and into the Black Sea

Evaluation of Program of Measures






Results of the scenario calculationResults of the scenario calculation


The Danube The Danube -- Black Sea Basin Black Sea Basin

Strategic Partnership forStrategic Partnership for

Nutrient Pollution Reduction: Nutrient Pollution Reduction:

support to the GPA ($98 m support to the GPA ($98 m

GEF)GEF)

UNDP; UNEP, World Bank; EUUNDP; UNEP, World Bank; EU

16 basin countries 16 basin countries


3 Regional projects3 Regional projects

$70 million Investment Fund (WB) $70 million Investment Fund (WB) approved by GEF Council in 3 tranchesapproved by GEF Council in 3 tranches--$289 m co$289 m co--financing & $28 mil GEF financing & $28 mil GEF regional projects UNDP and UNEP.regional projects UNDP and UNEP.

PROGRAM, not just PROJECTS with PROGRAM, not just PROJECTS with multiple PARTNERSmultiple PARTNERS

NutrientNutrient LoadsLoads

Inorganic NInorganic N PhosphatePhosphate--PP

200

400

600

800

DIN

(k

t/y

)

.

20

40

60

80

Tota

l P

(kt/y) .


Trends in river Danube nutrient loads to the Trends in river Danube nutrient loads to the Black Sea, 1989Black Sea, 1989--20052005

0

1948-1

959

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

DIN (Q corr.) kt/y DIN kt/y Almazow

linear trend

0

1948-1

959

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Total P (Q corr.) kt/y Total P kt/y Almazow

Evidence of Recovery Evidence of Recovery -- PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

10

15

Abundance (x10

6 cells/l) .

12

18

Bio

mass (g/m

3 ) .


0

5

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Abundance (x10

0

6

Bio

mass (g/m

Phytoplankton cell density and biomass (average annual data) Phytoplankton cell density and biomass (average annual data) offshore of Constanta, Romania (1983offshore of Constanta, Romania (1983--2005)2005)

Evidence of Recovery Evidence of Recovery -- ZooplanktonZooplankton

3

4

5 a

bundance (num

ber/

l) .

1967-2005 data set


2

3

1966

1972

1980

1986

1996

2002

log 10 a

bundance (num

ber/

l) .

1967-2005 data set

1997-2005 data set

Linear (1967-2005 data set)

Linear (1997-2005 data set)

SSummer abundance of Cladocera and Copepoda three nautical miles ummer abundance of Cladocera and Copepoda three nautical miles offshore of Cape Galata, Bulgaria (1967offshore of Cape Galata, Bulgaria (1967--2005)2005)

Evidence of Recovery Evidence of Recovery -- PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

0

3

6

9

19

60

s

19

83

-

19

90

199

1-

20

00

20

01

-

20

05

Bio

mas

s (

g/m

3 )

Danube


PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton biomass on the decrease, but some way to go to biomass on the decrease, but some way to go to

reach levels observed in the 1960sreach levels observed in the 1960s

0

3

6

9

1961

-

1963

1983-

1990

1995-

1997

1998-

200

5

Bio

mass (

g/m

3 )

MacrozoobenthosMacrozoobenthos

Zoobenthos - Constanta (RO)

60

70

Zoobenthos - Constanta (RO)

60

70


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1960s 1988 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2006 2007 2008

Date

Nu

mb

er

of

sp

ecie

s

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1960s 1988 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2006 2007 2008

Date

Nu

mb

er

of

sp

ecie

s

Black Sea LMEBlack Sea LME--Reduction of Nutrients: Reduction of Nutrients: Reduction of Reduction of EutrophicationEutrophication & Hypoxia& Hypoxia


ImprovedImproved Black SeaBlack Sea

Ecological StatusEcological Status

•• In 2007, following conditions of the Black In 2007, following conditions of the Black Sea were identified:Sea were identified:

•• The “Dead Zone” in the Western Black Sea The “Dead Zone” in the Western Black Sea has been virtually eliminatedhas been virtually eliminated

•• Oxygen Levels are at near saturation in most Oxygen Levels are at near saturation in most


•• Oxygen Levels are at near saturation in most Oxygen Levels are at near saturation in most areasareas

•• Number of Benthic Species increased 1.5Number of Benthic Species increased 1.5--2 2 times with respect to 1980times with respect to 1980

•• Invasive alien species (Invasive alien species (MnemiopsisMnemiopsis) ) significantly curtailedsignificantly curtailed

•• Upper reaches of the Danube Basin no longer Upper reaches of the Danube Basin no longer considered at riskconsidered at risk

Opportunities for Mississippi Opportunities for Mississippi GEF Partnership GEF Partnership

•• Learning from each other/experience exchangeLearning from each other/experience exchange

•• Building NorthBuilding North--North partnership to foster NorthNorth partnership to foster North--South South cooperation, technology transfer and capacity buildingcooperation, technology transfer and capacity building


•• Utilization of GEF IW Portfolio knowledge management Utilization of GEF IW Portfolio knowledge management and learning platform and learning platform --IW:LEARNIW:LEARN

•• Join forces in cooperative effort to address the Gulf of Join forces in cooperative effort to address the Gulf of Mexico hypoxiaMexico hypoxia

Documents

The International case for Integrated River Basin Management · June 22-24, 2010, St. Louis, MO Ivan Zavadsky Global Environment Facility. ... 2001 of ICPBS and ICPDR, 2001 ... World