Compiled by

Contributions by

Martin Jakobsson*, University of New Hampshire, USARon Macnab*, Geological Survey of Canada (Retired)

Norman Cherkis*, Five Oceans Consultants, USA

Robert Anderson, U.S. Navy Arctic Submarine LaboratoryHarald Brekke, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate

Bernard Coakley*, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, USADavid Divins*, National Geophysical Data Center, USA

Margo Edwards, University of Hawaii, USAValery Fomchenko*, Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography, Russian Federation

Garrik Grikurov*, VNIIOkeangeologia, Russian FederationJennifer Harding, Geological Survey of Canada

Hilmar Helgason*, Icelandic Hydrographic ServiceMartin Klenke, Alfred Wegener Institute, GermanyMorten Sand*, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate

John Woodward*, Royal Danish Administration of Navigation and Hydrography

*Members of the IOC/IASC/IHO Editorial Board for IBCAO

Hans-Werner Schenke*, Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany

Compiled by

Contributions by

THE INTERNATIONAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN (IBCAO)

Map Production

Bathymetric and other information

Methods

Constructed from an assemblage of digital and analog information, this map is a modern version of Sheet5.17 of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) [Canadian Hydrographic Service, 1979].

The information used in the construction of this map consisted of: historic and recent under-ice soundingscollected by submarines of the United States and the United Kingdom; historic and recent observationscollected by icebreakers and drifting ice stations; and information portrayed in published navigation andcompilation charts. The locations of these data sets are shown in separate source distribution maps, whiledata contributors and relevant references are listed in this legend under "Data Contributions".

Although extensive, in some areas the database of digital trackline and spot observations contained criticalgaps that had to be augmented with information that was only available on paper maps and charts. In thecentral Arctic Ocean, original observations were augmented with contour information derived from a mappublished by the Russian Federation Navy [Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography et al., 1999].Similarly, contours extracted from maps published by the Geological Society of America [Perry et al., 1986;Cherkis et al., 1991; Matishov et al., 1995] were used in Bering Strait and in the Barents and Kara Seas. On thecontinental shelf adjacent to Siberia, soundings were extracted from a suite of navigational charts publishedby the Russian Federation Navy, and used to develop contours. Bathymetry in the Gulf of Bothnia wasderived from a compilation by Seifert and Kayser [1995]. Contours were extracted from the GEBCO DigitalAtlas (GDA) [IOC, IHO, and BODC, 1997] to supplement the database in the southern Norwegian-GreenlandSeas, in Baffin Bay, and in some areas of the Canadian Arctic.

Land relief was derived from the USGS GTOPO30 topographic model [U.S. Geological Survey, 1997], with theexception of Greenland, where the model developed by the Danish National Survey and Cadastre (KMS) wasused [Ekholm, 1996], and Alaska, where release 1.1 of the GLOBE topographic model was used

Coastline definition was provided by the World Vector Shoreline (WVS) in all areas exceptGreenland and northern Ellesmere Island, where an updated coastline was available from KMS.

[GLOBE TaskTeam, 1999].

Original soundings were corrected for sound velocity using Carter's Tables, or CTD (Conductivity,Temperature and Depth) profiles where available. Subsequently, all data (digitized isobaths; land and marinerelief grids; point, profile and swath observations; and vector shorelines) were imported into Intergraph'sGeomedia Professional, with projection parameters set to polar stereographic on the WGS 84 ellipsoid, andwith true scale at 75º N. Outliers, cross-track errors, and the fit between isobaths and original observation

Data Contributions

Printed Maps

Digital Compilations

The IBCAO compilation is based upon data sets that were acquired and/or provided by the organizationslisted below, and which were made available through individuals whose names are shown. References arealso listed for the published maps and digital compilations that were used. We thank the contributors ofthese data sets for their assistance in making this compilation possible.

Canadian Hydrographic Service, 1979, General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Sheet 5.17:Canadian Hydrographic Service, Ottawa, scale 1:6,000,000.

Cherkis, N. Z., Fleming, H. S., Max, M. D., Vogt, P. R., Czarnecki, M. F., Kristoffersen, Y., Midthassel, A., andRokoengen, K., 1991, Bathymetry of the Barents and Kara Seas: Geological Society of America Map andChart Series, MCH047, Boulder, Colorado, scale 1:2,313,000.

Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography, All-Russia Research Institute for Geology and MineralResources of the World Ocean (VNIIOkeangeologia), and Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999, Bottomrelief of the Arctic Ocean: Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography, St. Petersburg, Russia,scale 1:5,000,000.

Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography, 1989-1998, Hydrographic Charts: 11139, 11140, 11142,11143, 11150, 11152, 11155, 12230, 12334, 12335, 12344, 12348, 12401, 12404, 12407, 12417, 12428,12433, 13317, 13410, 13420, 13421, 13425, 13426, 13432, 14305, 14321, 14403, 14404, 14411, 14420,14421, 14427, 14433, 14434, 15430, 16442, 18330, 19448, 19453, 698, 948-955, scale 1:10,000 to1:700,000.

Matishov, G. G., Cherkis, N. Z., Vermillion, M. S., and Forman, S. L., 1995, Bathymetry of the Franz Josef LandArea: Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series, MCH080, Boulder, Colorado, scale 1:500,000.

Perry, R. K., Fleming, H. S., Weber, J. R., Kristoffersen, Y., Hall, J. K., Grantz, A., Johnson, G. L., Cherkis, N. Z.,and Larsen, B., 1986, Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean: Geological Society of America Map and ChartSeries, MC-56, Boulder, Colorado, scale 1:4,704,075.

Bamber, J.L., Layberry, R.L., and Gogenini, S.P., 2001, A new ice thickness and bed data set for theGreenland ice sheet 1: Measurement, data reduction, and errors. Journal of Geophysical Research v.106, no. D24, p. 33773-33780.

Ekholm, S., 1996, A full coverage, high-resolution, topographic model of Greenland computed from a varietyof digital elevation data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, no. B10, p. 21,961-21,972.

GLOBE Task Team, 1999, The Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) Digital Elevation Model,Version 1.0. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center,Boulder, Colorado.

data were checked. Suspicious soundings were removed and, where contours showed major discrepancieswith soundings, the contours were adjusted manually to agree with trackline data.

After inspection all data sets were exported to an XYZ coordinate system for further manipulation with GMT(Generic Mapping Tools) public domain software [Wessel and Smith, 1995]. Initially, the data sets were pre-processed with the GMT block-median filter, after which they were gridded at a cell size of 2.5 x 2.5 km byfitting a surface of continuous curvature to all points with a tension parameter set to 0.35. The resulting gridwas exported to Intergraph’s MGE Terrain Analyst (MTA) for detailed inspection, and for the identification ofdiscrepancies that had to be addressed in the input data set. The data were then regridded and reinspectedfor residual discrepancies. This process was repeated until the results were judged to be satisfactory.

Final visualization of the gridded data was performed by means of the Fledermaus software for three-dimensional visualization. Artificial illumination was applied to the grid in order to produce a realisticrendering of relief on the seafloor and on the surrounding land. This procedure also emphasized minor dataproblems that had escaped previous corrections, such as isolated observation errors and mis-levelled tracksegments. These were eliminated from the map image.

The grid that was used for the construction of this map can be obtained in two forms: Cartesian with a cell sizeof 2.5 x 2.5 km at 75ºN, and Geographic with a cell size of one minute of latitude by one minute of longitude.These grids, along with detailed descriptions of their formats and the techniques employed in theirpreparation, can be downloaded at:

Numerous individuals and institutions contributed to the construction of this map. George Newton of theU.S. Arctic Research Commission was instrumental to the release of historic submarine data. The followingarranged support on behalf of their respective agencies: Odd Rogne of the International Arctic ScienceCommittee (IASC); Dmitri Travin of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); Rear AdmiralNeil Guy of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO); Commander John Joseph and Chris Butler ofthe U.S. Office of Naval Research International Field Office; Anders Karlqvist of the Swedish Polar Secretariat;Dick Hedberg of the Swedish Polar Committee; Jan Backman of Stockholm University. The Ymer-80Foundation funded digitizing of contour maps.

Grid Availability and Format

Acknowledgments

NOAA Grant NA97OG0241 supported the contribution byMartin Jakobsson in the preparation of this map . John K. Hall of the Geological Survey of Israel, G. LeonardJohnson of the University of Alaska, and George F. Sharman of NOAA/NGDC reviewed the printed version ofthe IBCAO map. This map was p

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/arctic/arctic.html

rinted with support from ONR Grant N00014-2-02-1-1120.

IHO Data Center for Digital Bathymetry, U.S. National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado.

IOC, IHO, and BODC, 1997, GEBCO-97: The 1997 Edition of the GEBCO Digital Atlas, published on behalf ofthe Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (of UNESCO) and the International HydrographicOrganization as part of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO): British OceanographicData Centre, Birkenhead (this publication includes a CD-ROM).

Seifert, T., and Kayser, B, 1995, A high resolution spherical grid topography of the Baltic Sea:Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte, Institut fur Ostseeforschung, Warnemunde.

U.S. Geological Survey, ed., 1997, GTOPO30 Digital Elevation Model: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS DataCenter, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

U.S. National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder,Colorado.

Canada Canadian Hydrographic ServiceGeological Survey of Canada

Denmark Royal Danish Administration of Navigation and Hydrography: Nielsen, A.Germany Alfred Wegener InstituteIceland Icelandic Hydrographic ServiceNorway Norwegian Petroleum DirectorateRussia Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography

VNIIOkeangeologiaSweden Stockholm University

Swedish Polar Committee: Hedberg, D.Swedish Polar Secretariat: Karlqvist, A.

United Kingdom Royal Navy Submarine ForceUnited States Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory: Hunkins, K., Coakley, B., Langseth, M., and Hall, J.K.

National Geophysical Data Center: Sharman, G. and Loughridge, M.S.Naval Research Laboratory: Crane, K., Fleming, H. S., Cherkis, N.Z., and Kovacs, L. C.U.S. Geological Survey: Grantz, A.U.S. Navy Submarine Force

Geomedia Professional,

Contributing Organizations

Key Software ApplicationsGMT (Generic Mapping Tools): Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, 1995, New Version of the Generic

Mapping Tools Released, EOS Trans. AGU, 76, 329.IVS (Interactive Visualization Systems): Fledermaus 3D visualization and analysis softwareIntergraph: MGE Terrain Analyst (MTA)

Research PublicationNational Geophysical Data Center

Boulder, Colorado USA 803052004

RP-2

Bathymetric and topographic tints (heavy bars denote contours displayed on the map)

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Scale: 1:6 000 000Map projection: Polar stereographicStandard parallel: 75° NHorizontal datum: WGS 84

Solid earth topography under the Greenland ice cap hasbeen derived as contours from the Bamber et al [2001]5x5 km grid model and added to the chart as dashedcontours (-500, -200, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 m) and asolid (0 m) contour, all in gray.

Bathymetric contours are at 200, 500, multiples of 500meters depth to 3000 meters, and multiples of 1000meters deeper than 3000 meters. Depths are in correctedmeters (lake depths are not indicated).

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