The Interaction of Social Justice Frames and Inequality in the US (CES Open Forum Series # 16)

8/13/2019 The Interaction of Social Justice Frames and Inequality in the US (CES Open Forum Series # 16)

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gds pmpdrs - bpdf jbrul

5?=7-5?=9

YCD KFYDUMGYKBF BJ WBGKM@ NTWYKGDJUMLDW MFI KFD]TM@KY[ KF YCD TW.

_rbjdssbr Ir. Lmrtkf Wgcridr


2/23


3/23

MEWYUMGY

gds pmpdrs - bpdf jbrul # =:

Ycks pmpdr usds m gbftdft mfm`ysks bj fdwspmpdr mrtkg`ds tb scbw cbw lmtdrkm` sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mfi sbgkm` nustkgd

vkdws tcmt mrd mrtkgu`mtdi kf m pue`kg ldikm iksgbursd kftdrmgt. Kt scbws tcmt edjbrd tcd =;1?s, tcd Fdw [brh Yklds

lbst`y idsgrkedi sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kf dam`ktmrkmf tdrls mfi mivbgmtdi tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbu`i ed strugturdi

ey dam`ktmrkmf prkfgkp`ds. Qcdf lmtdrkm` sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kfgrdmsdi kf tcd TW mjtdr =;3?, tcks wms mggblpmfkdi

ebtc ey kfgrdmsdi idsgrkptkbfs bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ms strugturdi ey kfikvkium`kstkg sbgkm` nustkgd prkfgkp`ds mfi

ey kfgrdmsdi mrauldfts tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbu`i jb``bw kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd prkfgkp`ds. Kf tcks sdfsd, tcks

pmpdr scbws tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mfi sbgkm` nustkgd vkdws mebut kfdqum`kty gbkfgkid, wktc nustkgd vkdws cmv-

kfa gcmfadi jrbl prdiblkfmft dam`ktmrkmfksl edjbrd tcd =;3?s tb prdiblkfmft kfikvkium`ksl mjtdr tcd =;3?s

_rbjdssbr Ir. Lmrtkf Wgcridr ks prbjdssbr mt _ck`kpps-Tfkvdrsktt LmreuraKfstktut jr Wbzkb`bakd, Hdtzdremgc ==, I-74?71 Lmreura. Cd gmf ed rdmgcdi mt td`dpcbfd prkvmtd + 9; =11 53=?;95 br td`dpcbfd

bjgd + 9; :95= 535943?, dlmk`di mt lmrtkf.sgcrbdidrOufk-lmreura.id br jbufi bf`kfd mt www.sgcrbdidrlmrtkf.gbl


4/23gds pmpdrs - bpdf jbrul # =:

Ycd Kftdrmgtkbf bj Wbgkm`Nustkgd Jrmlds mfi kfdqum`ktykf tcd us.

KFYUBITGYKBF.

Qcmt ib Mldrkgmf fdwspmpdrs pbrtrmy ms

jmkr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty2 Ib tcdsd sbgkm` nustkgd jrmlds

jb``bw idvd`bpldfts kf jmgtum` sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, mr-

tkgu`mtkfa ms buact wcmt ks2 Ycks pmpdr mfm`yzds

wcmt tcd Fdw [brh Yklds mrtkgu`mtds ms jmgtum` mfi

jmkr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty skfgd tcd =;4?s, tb gbftrkeutd tb

mfswdrkfa tcks qudstkbf.

Ycd dxkstkfa `ktdrmturd cms idvd`bpdi twb

ldgcmfksls, tcrbuac wckgc sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mfi sb-

gkm` nustkgd vkdws mebut kt lkact kftdrmgt. Jkrst, wcmt

ks mrtkgu`mtdi ms jmkr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty lkact jb``bw

jmgtum` sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Ycd ldgcmfksl edckfi tcks,

ey wckgc sbgkm` nustkgd mrauldfts mimpt tb gcmfads

kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, ks idrkvdi jrbl Cblmfs (=;19>

59;j.), wcb mrauds tcmt wcmt pdbp`d smy buact tb ed

ks idtdrlkfdi kf tcd `bfa ruf mfi wktc sbld `ma eywcmt tcdy fi kf jmgt tb ed tcd gmsd. Ld`vkf @drfdrs

(=;35) Nust Qbrì Ycdbry rdjbrlu`mtds tcks. @drfdr

mrauds tcmt dvdf tcbuac sbgkm` `kjd ks jufimldftm``y

ufjmkr, pdbp`d cmvd m strbfa idskrd tb sdd tcd wbrì

ms nust, sb tcmt bfd bj tcd lbst gbllbf`y besdrvdi

gcmrmgtdrkstkgs bj sbgkm` dxkstdfgd ks tcmt pdbp`d kl-

eud sbgkm` rdau`mrktkds wktc mf buact qum`kty (@drf-

dr =;35> =?8 m`sb gj. Efmebu / Ykrb`d 5??:). Mggbri-

kfa tb tcks ldgcmfksl, wcmt fdwspmpdrs mrtkgu`mtd ms

jmkr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì mimpt tb jmgtum` gcmfads

kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty.

@bw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì ed jb``bwdi ey

dam`ktmrkmf sbgkm` nustkgd stmtdldfts. Ckac sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty scbuì ed jb``bwdi ey kfikvkium`kstkg sbgkm`

nustkgd stmtdldfts. Wurvdy stuikds kfiddi scbw tcmt

mttktuids mebut jmkr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mimpt tb idvd`-

bpldfts kf jmgtum` sbgkm` kfdqum`kty (Hd``dy / ^m-

abrshk 5??4) mfi tb dxkstkfa wd`jmrd mrrmfadldfts

(Mrts / Ad`kssdf 5??=). Eut kt rdlmkfs ufg`dmr jrbl

tcdsd stuikds wcdtcdr tcd pue`kg iksgbursd mebut sb-

gkm` nustkgd, wckgc fdwspmpdrs iksp`my, m`sb mimpts tb

gcmfakfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty.

Ycd sdgbfi ldgcmfksl, ey wckgc sbgkm` nus-tkgd jrmlds kf fdwspmpdrs gbuì rd`mtd tb gcmfads

kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, ks tcd bppbsktd bj mf mimptm-

tkbf ldgcmfksl. Kt ks m tcdrlbstmt ldgcmfksl (gj.

Wgcd``kfa =;13> gcmptdr tcrdd). Mggbrikfa tb tcks

gbfgdptkbf, mrtkgu`mtdi sbgkm` nustkgd jrmlds ib fbt

jb``bw, eut kfudfgd sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Kf tcks gbf-

gdptkbf, kfgrdmsdi sbgkm` kfdqum`kty trkaadrs dam`ktmr-

kmf nustkgd fbrls, wckgc gbuftdr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty.

Gbfvdrsd`y, idgrdmsdi sbgkm` kfdqum`kty dvdftum``y

trkaadrs kfikvkium`kstkg sbgkm` nustkgd fbrls, wckgc

mraud mamkfst `bw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. @khd m tcdrlb-

stmt cdmtkfa up m gbì rbbl mfi gbb`kfa ibwf m cbt

rbbl, lbrm` nustkgd vkdws kfudfgd sbgkm` kfdqum`k-

tkds tbwmris wcmt ks wkid`y mrtkgu`mtdi ms jmkr. Ycks

lbid` rd`kds bf rdsdmrgc ey Erbbhs mfi Lmfzm

(5??:8 5??1), wcb mraud tcmt sbgkm` pb`kgy ks rd-

spbfskvd tb lbrm` vkdws mebut kt (jbr sbgkm` pb`kgy

rdspbfskvdfdss, m`sb gj. _mad / Wcmpkrb =;37). Wpd-

gkgm``y, Ak`dfs scbwdi tcmt idpkgtkbf bj MjrkgmfMldrkgmfs kf fdwspmpdr stbrkds lmid Mldrkgmfs

gbffdgt pbvdrty wktc lkfbrktkds, sb tcmt tcdy wdrd

`dss ikspbsdi tb sbgkm` pb`kgy tcmt gbuì djjdgtkvd`y

mld`kbrmtd pbvdrty. Ycks ldgcmfksl jurtcdr rd`kds

bf rdsdmrgc ey Imvki Ermiy (5??;), wcb mrauds tcmt

sbgkm` pb`kgy idtdrlkfds sbgkm` kfdqum`kty tb m `mrad

idardd. Mggbrikfa tb tcks gbfgdptkbf, wkidsprdmi

lbrm` vkdws mebut sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kfudfgd sbgkm`

pb`kgy, wckgc kfudfgds sbgkm` kfdqum`kty.

Jrbl tcks pdrspdgtkvd, kt ks fb surprksd tcmt

stuikds scbw tcmt dam`ktmrkmf vmùds ab tbadtcdr wktc

lbrd pdrgdkvdi sbgkm` kfdqum`kty (Bsedra / Wlddikfa

5??:) mfi lbrd dam`ktmrkmf wd`jmrd stmtds (Erdzfmu

5?=?8 Wvm``jbrs =;;18 5?=?). Eut tcdsd stuikds `dmvd

tcd qudstkbf bpdf wcmt rb`d pue`kg ldikm iksgbursd

p`mys kf tcks. Kt ks pbsske`d, nuiakfa jrbl tcdsd stui-



Jkaurd => Akfk bj cbusdcbì kfgblds skfgd =;:?

Qcmt ks lbst strkhkfa ks tcd T-scmpdi idg`kfd bj sbgkm

kfdqum`kty uftk` =;1;, jb``bwdi ey mf kfgrdmsd bj

kfdqum`kty mfi kts stmek`kzmtkbf kf =;;4. Ycks kfgrdmsd

bj kfdqum`kty wdft tbadtcdr wktc kfgbld amkfsdspdgkm``y bj tcd rkgcdst =? mfi = pdrgdft bj Mldrkgmf

sbgkdty. Ms tcd jb``bwkfa aurds scbw, tcd rkgcdst

=? pdrgdft bj Mldrkgmfs cmi rbuac`y 75 pdrgdft bj

m`` kfgbld uftk` =;3?. Ycdf tcdkr kfgblds stmrtdi tb

rksd tb lbrd tcmf 94 pdrgdft bj m`` kfgblds kf 5?=?

Jkaurd 5> Kfgbld scmrd bj tbp =? pdrgdft skfgd =;4?

Qck`d tcd tbp =? pdrgdft kfgrdmsdi tcdkr scmrd bj

m`` kfgblds ey rbuac`y 4? pdrgdft, lbst bj tcd

amkfs wdft tb tcd tbp = pdrgdft, wckgc ibue`di tcdkr

kfgbld scmrd iurkfa tcd smld pdrkbi. Fbt scbwf

cdrd, tcd kfgblds bj tcd tbp = pdrgdft idg`kfdi

jrbl == pdrgdft bj m`` kfgblds kf =;4? tb 3 pdrgdft

kf =;3? mfi tcdf stmrtdi tb rksd tb =3 pdrgdft bj m``

kfgblds mjtdr 5??? (Qbrì Ybp Kfgblds Imtmemsd

kds, tcmt pue`kg iksgbursd `kfhs sbgkm` kfdqum`kty tb

lbrm` fbrls mebut kt. Fmld`y, wkidsprdmi lbrm`

fbrls gbuì ed mrtkgu`mtdi tcrbuac fdwspmpdrs, ey

nburfm`ksts wcb fddi tb ed kf tbugc wktc tcdkr muik-

dfgd. Ycdsd mrtkgu`mtdi sbgkm` nustkgd jrmlds gbuì

kf turf kfudfgd wcmt pb`ktkgkmfs sdd ms tcd prdvmk`-

kfa lbrm` g`klmtd, tb wckgc tcdy mimpt sbgkm` pb`kgy,

wckgc kfudfgds sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Yckri`y, tcd pbs-skek`kty dxksts tcmt tcdrd ks fb kfh edtwddf gcmfads kf

jmgtum` sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mfi mrtkgu`mtdi sbgkm` nustkgd

fbrls mebut kt. Ycks pmpdr tcdrdjbrd trkds tb ufidr-

stmfi wcmt kfh, kj mfy, dxksts edtwddf sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty mfi wcmt fdwspmpdrs mrtkgu`mtd ms jmkr sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty. Yb ib sb, kt eukìs bf m ldtcbib`bay bj tdxt

mfm`ysks, wktc wckgc Amlsbf mfi Lbika`kmfk (=;3;)

rdgbfstrugt cbw fug`dmr pbwdr wms prdsdftdi kf tcd

ldikm skfgd tcd =;4?s. Tskfa m sklk`mr mfm`ysks, Jdr-

rdd dt m`. (5??5) cmvd rdgbfstrugtdi wcmt tcd ldikm

prdsdftdi ms lbrm``y mggdptme`d mebrtkbf pb`kgy mt

ikjjdrdft tklds. Lmrtkf Ak`dfs (5???) cms mfm`yzdi

jbur idgmids bj Mldrkgmf fdws gbvdrmad mebut pbv-

drty, scbwkfa tcmt Mldrkgmfs cmtd wd`jmrd edgmusd

tcd ldikm mssbgkmtds pbvdrty wktc e`mghs, sb tcmt rm-

gkm` stdrdbtypds prdvdft Mldrkgmfs tb suppbrt ldm-

surds tcmt gbuì rdiugd sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Ycks pmpdr

usds m gbftdft mfm`ysks tb ufidrstmfi wcdtcdr wcmt

fdwspmpdrs idsgrked ms jmkr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty gcmfa-ds wktc br prdgdids gcmfads bj jmgtum` sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty. K wk`` ab kftb m lbrd idtmk`di iksgusskbf bj

tcd ldtcbib`bay mjtdr ckac`kactkfa wcmt K ldmf ey

gcmfads kf kfdqum`kty.

YCD T-YTUF KF KFD]TM@KY[.

Yb ldmsurd sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, K `bbh mt gcmfa-

ds kf tcd Akfk gbdjgkdft bj cbusdcbì ikspbsme`d

kfgbld skfgd =;:?, wckgc ks ms jmr emgh ms gblpm-

rme`d imtm bf tcd Akfk gbdjgkdft abds. Jrdidrkgh

Wb`t (5??;) put tbadtcdr m imtmemsd bj ikspbsme`d

cbusdcbì kfgblds (mjtdr tmxds mfi trmfsjdr), minust-

di mggbrikfa tb tcd stmfimri sdt ey tcd @uxdlebura

Kfgbld Wtuiy. Ycd jb``bwkfa `kfd armpc scbws cbw

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, ldmsurdi ey tcks stmfimri, cms id-

vd`bpdi skfgd =;:? kf tcd TW.

7?

75

79

7:

73

TWAkfk>cbusdcbìiksp.kfg.(@KWstmfimri),Wb`t5?==

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?

[dmr

7?

74

9?

94

TWYbp=?%

kfgbldscmrd.QbrìYbpKfgbldsI

mtmemsd

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?

[dmr



5?=5). Qcdf p`bttkfa tcd tcrdd ikjjdrdft ldmsurds

bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kftb bfd armpc (wktc m

ikjjdrdft sgm`d jbr dmgc kfikgmtbr), bfd besdrvds

m ardmt T-turf bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, wckgc

idgrdmsds uftk` mrbufi =;3? mfi tcdf kfgrdmsds.

Jkaurd 7> Gcmfads kf Akfk mfi kf tcd kfgbld

scmrd bj tbp = mfi tbp =? pdrgdft

Akvdf tcks jufimldftm` gcmfad kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty,

bfd gmf wbfidr cbw sbgkm` nustkgd vkdws kf tcd

ldikm gcmfadi. Iki ldikm iksgbursd jmvbr m

idg`kfd kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, wck`d sbgkm` kfdqum`ktywms mgtum``y idg`kfkfa uftk` mebut =;3?2 Mfi

iki ldikm stmtdldfts mebut sbgkm` nustkgd jmvbr mf

kfgrdmsd kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, wcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty

iki kf jmgt kfgrdmsd2 Qcmt cmppdfdi iurkfa tcd

pdrkbi wcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms rd`mtkvd`y `bw,

kf tcd =;1?s mfi edakffkfa =;3?s, wckgc wms m`sb

tcd tkld wcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty stbppdi tb idgrdmsd

mfi stmrtdi tb kfgrdmsd2 Qdrd dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd

fbrls wkidsprdmi kf ldikm stmtdldfts tcdf2 Iki

tcdy idg`kfd, gblpmrdi tb nustkgd stmtdldfts tcmt

mivbgmtdi ckacdr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty2 Ycd jb``bwkfasdgtkbf scbws cbw gcmfads kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty

gbkfgkidi wktc sbgkm` nustkgd stmtdldfts mebut kt.

CBQ LTGC IB FDQW_M_DUW YM@H MEBTY

WBGKM@ KFD]TM@KY[2

K rst ldmsurdi cbw lugc fdwspmpdrs tm`h

mebut sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kf tdrls bj sbgkm` nustkgd.

K gcdghdi cbw lmfy mrtkg`ds kf tcd Fdw [brh

Yklds mfi tcd Qm`` Wtrddt Nburfm` gbftmkf tcd

sdmrgc tdrl sbgkm` nustkgd pdr ydmr. K gcbsd tcdsd

twb fdwspmpdrs edgmusd tcdy m`kaf wd`` bf m `djt-

rkact pb`ktkgm` spdgtrul mfi edgmusd tcdkr mrgckvds

ab emgh tb =;4?, mggdsske`d tcrbuac tcd _rbqudst

Ckstbrkgm` fdwspmpdrs imtmemsd. K sdmrgcdi jbr cbw

bjtdf tcd tdrl sbgkm` nustkgd bggurrdi, edgmusd kt

kfikgmtds cbw lugc sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks tm`hdi mebutkf tdrls bj nustkgd. Ycd jb``bwkfa armpc scbws

cbw bjtdf sbgkm` nustkgd ms m sdmrgc tdrl gmf ed

jbufi kf tcd twb fdwspmpdrs ms m pdrgdftmad bj m``

mrtkg`ds tcmt mppdmrdi kf dmgc fdwspmpdr, gblpmrdi

tb tcd mebvd-ldftkbfdi Akfk bj cbusdcbì kfgblds.

Jkaurd 9> Wdmrgc tdrl sbgkm` nustkgd kf tcd F[

Yklds mfi tcd Qm`` Wtrddt Nburfm`

Ycd gbftkfubus `kfd (vmùds bf tcd rkact mxks) scbws

tcd Akfk gbdjgkdft jbr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty (kt ks tcd

smld ms kf Jkaurd =). Ycd twb imscdi `kfds scbw

wcmt pdrgdftmad bj mrtkg`ds kf tcd F[ Yklds mfi tcd

Qm`` Wtrddt Nburfm` gbftmkf tcd pcrmsd sbgkm` nus-tkgd (vmùds bf `djt y mxks). Qcmt ks kftdrdstkfa ks

tcmt wck`d sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms jmkr`y `bw, jrbl tcd

dfi bj tcd =;:?s tb tcd dmr`y =;3?s, m `mrad scmrd

bj tcd mrtkg`ds kf tcd F[ Yklds fbfdtcd`dss tm`hs

mebut sbgkm` nustkgd. Mttdftkbf tb sbgkm` nustkgd tcdf

idgrdmsdi, wcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kfgrdmsdi stmrt-

kfa mrbufi =;34. Mttdftkbf mamkf suradi bf`y mjtdr

5??4. Gblpmrdi tb tcd F[ Yklds, m `dssdr pdrgdft-

mad bj mrtkg`ds kf tcd Qm`` Wtrddt Nburfm` tm`hs mebut

7?

74

9?

94

TWYbp=?%

kfgbldscmrd.

QbrìYbpKfgbldsImtmemsd5?=5

3

=?

=5

=9

=:

=3

TWYbp=%

kfgbldscmrd.

QbrìYbpKfgbldsImtmemsd5?=5

7?

75

79

7:

73

TWA

kfk>cbusdcbìiksp.

kfg.(@KWstmfimri),Wb`t5?==

=; 4? =; 44 =; :? =;:4 =; 1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =; ;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?[dmr

TW Akfk> cbusdcbì iksp. kfg. (@KW stmfimri), Wb`t 5?==

TW Ybp =% kfgbld scmrd. Qbrì Ybp Kfgblds Imtmemsd 5?=5

TW Ybp =?% kfgbld scmrd. Qbrì Ybp Kfgblds Imtmemsd 5?=5

7?

75

79

7:

73

TWA

kfk>cbusdcbìikspbsme`dkfgbld(@KWstmfimri),Wb`t5?==

?

.?4

.=

.=4

.5

.54

_drgdftmadbjmrtkg`dsgbftmkfkfatcdsdmrgctdrl'sbgkm`nustkgd'

= ;4 ? =;4 4 = ;: ? = ;: 4 = ;1 ? = ;1 4 = ;3? = ;3 4 = ;; ? =;; 4 5 ?? ? 5 ?? 4 5 ?= ?[dmr

F[ Yklds> sdmrgc tdrl 'sbgkm` nustkgd' / m`` mrtkg`ds

QWN> sdmrgc tdrl 'sbgkm` nustkgd' kf % bj m`` mr tkg`ds

TW Akfk> cbusdcbì ikspbsme`d kfgbld (@KW stmfimri), Wb `t 5?==



m `bt mebut kt. Ycdf mttdftkbf ikds ibwf sbldwcmt

kf tcd =;;?s mfi mamkf surads mjtdr 5???. Ycks ks mf

kftdrdstkfa puzz`d. Qck`d sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms bw,

tcd Fdw [brh Yklds mfi (`dss sb) tcd Qm`` Wtrddt

Nburfm` tm`hdi mebut sbgkm` nustkgd. Qcdf sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty tcdf kfktkm``y kfgrdmsdi jrbl =;3? tb =;34,

tcdy m`sb stk`` tm`hdi mebut kt m `bt. Eut wcdf sbgkm`

kfdqum`kty hdpt bf kfgrdmskfa kf tcd =;;?s, tcdy bst

kftdrdst kf tcd tbpkg. Ycdrdjbrd, tcd bvdrm`` pkgturdks tcmt m slm`` pdrgdftmad bj m`` mrtkg`ds trdmts tcd

tbpkg edjbrd =;:4 mfi kf tcd =;;?s. Bfd pbsskek`-

kty ks tcmt tcdrd ks fb `kfh edtwddf sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty mfi tm`h mebut sbgkm` nustkgd edgmusd tm`h mebut

tcd `mttdr ks gbfgdrfdi wktc btcdr tbpkgs tcmf lmtd-

rkm` sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Ycdrdjbrd, K cmvd m`sb `bbhdi

mt cbw lmfy mrtkg`ds kf tcd F[ Yklds gbftmkf tcd

lbrd jbgusdi hdywbris> kfgbld* sbgkm`* dqum`*

nustkgd pbvdrty. Ms tcd jb``bwkfa Jkaurd scbws,

tcd ikstrkeutkbf bj tcd scmrd bj tcdsd mrtkg`ds jb`-`bws m sklk`mr pmttdrf ms tcd sbgkm` nustkgd mrtkg`ds.

Jkaurd 4> Mrtkg`ds tcmt gbftmkf tcd sdmrgc tdrls

kfgbld* sbgkm`* dqum`* nustkgd pbvdrty

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?

TW Akfk> cbusdcbì iksp. kfg. (@KW stmfimri) , Wb`t 5?==

F[ tklds> sdmrgc tdrl> kfgbld* sbgkm`* *dqum`* nustkgd pbvdrty / m`` mrtkg`ds

F[ Yklds> sdmrgc tdrl 'sbgkm` nustkgd' / m`` mr tkg`ds

Udamri`dss bj wcdtcdr bfd `bbhs mt tcd erbmid

tdrl sbgkm` nustkgd br lbrd spdgkg sdmrgc tdrls

tcd puzz`d rdlmkfs> Lmfy mrtkg`ds tm`h mebut sbgkm

nustkgd br gbftmkf lbrd fmrrbw hdywbris tb tck

rdamri wcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms fbt vdry ckac

Ycdrd wms m spkhd bj mrtkg`ds idvbtdi tb sbgkm`

kfdqum`kty-rd`mtdi tbpkgs mt tcd dfi bj tcd =;:?s

mfi kf tcd dmr`y =;3?s. Ycks ks tcd dxmgt smld tkld

wcdf Lmrtkf Ak`dfs (5???> ==7) jbufi lbst stbrkdsmebut pbvdrty, sb tcmt bfd gmf ed jmkr`y gbfidf

tcmt kt ks kfiddi mt tcdsd tklds tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`

kty kf bfd jbrl mfbtcdr wms lbst tm`hdi mebut

Eut wcmt nustkgd vkdws iki tcd mrtkg`ds mrtkgu`mtd2 Yb

mfswdr tcks qudstkbf, K rdmi m`` mrtkg`ds kf tcd Fdw

[brh Yklds tcmt gbftmkfdi tcd sdgbfi sdt bj sdmrgc

tdrls (kfgbld* sbgkm`* dqum`* nustkgd pbvdrty)

Ycks wms m lmfmadme`d mlbuft bj mrtkg`ds tb rdmi

mfi tb gbid (4?7 mrtkg`ds, ms bppbsdi tb 4593 mrtk

g`ds tcmt gbftmkf tcd sdmrgc tdrl sbgkm` nustkgd). Kftcd jb``bwkfa sdgtkbf, K d`mebrmtd cbw K gbidi tcd

ikjjdrdft nustkgd vkdws tcmt tcdsd mrtkg`ds mrtkgu`mtd

WBGKM@ NTWYKGD JUMLDW KF

FDQW_M_DU MUYKG@DW

Mebut cm`j bj tcd 4?7 mfm`yzdi mrtkg`ds gbftmkfdi

stmtdldfts cbw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks br cbw kt scbuì

ed. K gbidi tcdsd mrtkg`ds wktc twb gbids> K usdi

wcmt K gm`` KW-gbids jbr stmtdldfts mebut cbw

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks, wck`d WCBT@I-gbids gmpturd stmtdldfts cbw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì ed

K cmi tb sueikvkid tcdsd idsgrkptkbfs bj mfi nus

tkgd vkdws mebut sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kftb m lmfmad

me`d fuledr bj sbgkm` nustkgd jrmlds. Jrmlds mrd

sgcdlmtm bj kftdrprdtmtkbf tcmt lmhd kt pbsske`d

jbr kfikvkium`s tb `bgmtd, pdrgdkvd, kidftkjy, mfi

`med` tcd wbrì mrbufi tcdl (Abjjlmf =;19

5=). Ycus, tcd vkdwpbkft tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks

strugturdi ey tcd prkfgkp`d bj dam`ktmrkmfksl ks m

jrmld8 sb ks tcd bppbsdi vkdwpbkft tcmt sbgkm` kf

dqum`kty ks suestmftkm` mfi tcus strugturdi ey kf

ikvkium`ksl. Qck`d tcdsd mrd jrmlds cbw sbgkm

kfdqum`kty ks, tcd sdgbfi typd bj jrmld mrtkgu`mtd



tcmt stkpu`mtdi wcdf tb usd wcmt gbid uftk` K gbuì

t lbrd mfi lbrd mrtkg`ds kftb tcd gbikfa sgcdld,

wktcbut cmvkfa tb gcmfad kt jurtcdr (gj. tcdbrdtkgm`

smturmtkbf kf A`msdr / Wtrmuss =;:1> :=). Bfgd K cmi

sugc m systdl bj gbids kf p`mgd, K wdft emgh mfi

rdgbidi tcd mrtkg`ds, tb ed surd tcmt tcd gbikfa sys-

tdl jbr nustkgd jrmlds kfiddi wbrhdi jbr m`` mrtkg`ds

Kf tcd gbursd bj idvd`bpkfa mfi uskfa tcd gbids, K

wrbtd m gbidebbh tcmt akvds kfstrugtkbfs wcmt typd

bj stmtdldft cms tb ed gbidi wktc wcmt nustkgd

jrmld8 mt rst tcks cd`pdi tb systdlmtkzd ly bwf

gbikfa prmgtkgd, `mtdr kt lmid tcd gbikfa kftdrsue-

ndgtkvd`y rdprbiugke`d. Ey uskfa tcd gbidebbh, tcd

mutcbr mfi m stuidft msskstmft rdmgcdi mf kftdrgbidr

rd`kmek`kty bj 3? pdrgdft. Ycus, wd gbidi tcd smld

mrtkg`ds wktc tcd smld gbids kf mebut 3? pdrgdft bj

tcd gmsds, sb tcmt tcd lbst wkid`y mggdptdi qum`kty

grktdrkbf jbr gbftdft mfm`ysks wms rdmgcdi (Fdudf-

ibrj 5??5> =97). Mjtdr cmvkfa gbidi tcd nustkgd vkdws

wktc LMS]IM, K dxpbrtdi tcd jrdqudfgy bj gbi-

kfas kftb Wtmtm mfi gbfvdrtdi tcdl tb ydmr`y bggur-

rdfgds bj dmgc nustkgd jrmld, ikvkidi ey tcd bvdrm``

fuledr bj mrtkg`ds. Kf tcd jb``bwkfa, K mfm`yzd dmgc

nustkgd gbid mggbrikfa tb cbw bjtdf kt bggurrdi ms m

pdrgdftmad bj mrtkg`ds tcmt tcd fdwspmpdrs pue`kscdi

K stmrt wktc tcd KW-gbids, wckgc lkrrbr cbw sbgkm

kfdqum`kty wms idsgrkedi kf fdwspmpdrs. YcdfK gbftkfud wktc cbw tcd WCBT@I-gbids id-

vd`bpdi, scbwkfa wcmt wms smki cbw sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty scbuì ed. K rst idsgrked dmgc gbid

tcdf K scbw cbw bjtdf kt bggurrdi bvdr tcd ydmrs

KW-JUMLDWKW-KFIKZKITM@KWL

Ycks gbid gmpturds stmtdldfts tcmt mraud tcmt, erbmi-

`y spdmhkfa, sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks ckac br kfgrdmskfa

Ycdrdjbrd, tcks gbid akvds m ldmsurd bj cbw bjtdf

kt wms ldftkbfdi tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks ckac. Wdv-

df sue gbids, dmgc m vmrkmft bj tcks adfdrm` jrmld

gbfstktutd tcks gbid. Gbfgrdtd`y, stmtdldfts mebut

gurrdft sbgkm` kfdqum`kty tcmt t bfd bj tcdsd sdvdf

jrmlds wdrd msskafdi tcd gbid KW-kfikvkium`ksl

cbw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì ed. D.a. sbldbfd

lkact mraud tcmt kfdqum`kty scbuì ed strugturdi ey

dam`ktmrkmf prkfgkp`ds br tcmt kt scbuì ed strugturdi

ey kfikvkium`kstkg prkfgkp`ds, sb tcmt dvdrybfd gmf

hddp wcmt cd cms mfi fbtckfa ks rdikstrkeutdi. Bj

gbursd tcdrd mrd vm`ki mrauldfts kf jmvbr bj lbrd

br `dss sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Jrmlkfa tcus ldmfs tb

sd`dgt sbld mspdgts bj m pdrgdkvdi rdm`kty mfi lmhdtcdl lbrd sm`kdft kf m gbllufkgmtkfa tdxt, kf sugc

m wmy ms tb prblbtd m pmrtkgu`mr prbe`dl idfk-

tkbf, gmusm` kftdrprdtmtkbf, lbrm` dvmùmtkbf, mfi/br

trdmtldft rdgblldfimtkbf jbr tcd ktdl idsgrkedi

(Dftlmf =;;7> 45). Ycd qudstkbf tcus ks wcmt vkdw,

mfi tcdrdey jrmld, mebut sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mgtbrs mrd

me`d tb prblbtd kf tcd lmss ldikm. Kj tcd jrmld tcmt

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks edfdgkm` ks lugc lbrd prdvm-

`dft kf tcd ldikm, kt ks pbsske`d tcmt tcks ebtc skafk-

ds mfi / br gmusds gcmfads kf wkidsprdmi pue`kg

ed`kdvds mebut sbgkm` kfdqum`kty (gj. ^m``dr =;;5).

Tskfa m arbufidi tcdbry mpprbmgc, K swktgcdi emgh

mfi jbrtc edtwddf gbikfa tcd mrtkg`ds mfi ey ib-

kfa sb, gbfgdptum`kzkfa cbw tb gbid tcdl (A`msdr

/ Wtrmuss =;:18 Wtrmuss / Gbrekf =;;?). Mt rst, K

usdi sbgkm` nustkgd gbids jrbl tcd Kftdrfmtkbfm` Wb-

gkm` Nustkgd _rbndgt (Qdadfdr / @kdeka =;;78 m`sb

gj. Ibua`ms =;35). Ycdf tcd gbikfa scbwdi tcmt

tcdsd cmi tb ed rdfdi. Ms ldftkbfdi, mf dmr`y mfi

jufimldftm` ikstkfgtkbf rmf edtwddf mrauldfts bfcbw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks strugturdi (KW-gbids) mfi

cbw kt scbuì ed strugturdi (WCBT@I-gbids).

Ycd twb lbst klpbrtmft sbgkm` nustkgd jrmlds tcmt

dldradi kf dmgc rdamri wdrd> =) dam`ktmrkmfksl, m

gbid K usdi jbr stmtdldfts tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks

strugturdi mggbrikfa tb dam`ktmrkmf prkfgkp`ds (KW-

gbid) br tcmt kt scbuì ed strugturdi mggbrikfa tb

dam`ktmrkmf prkfgkp`ds (WCBT@I-gbid). Bppbsdi

tbtcks wdrd stmtdldfts tcmt K med`di 5) kfikvkium`-ksl. Ycdsd dktcdr idsgrked tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks

ckac (KW-gbid) br tcmt kt scbuì ed ckac (WCBT@I-gbid). Gbikfa tcd mrtkg`ds scbwdi tcmt sbld stmtd-

ldfts mrd fbt mebut dqum` br ufdqum` butgblds,

eut mebut dqum` bppbrtufktkds. Ycks amvd rksd tb

tcd KW-gbid 7m) msgrkptkvksl, jbr stmtdldfts tcmt

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks emsdi bf ufdqum` bppbrtu-

fkty mfi tb tcd WCBT@I-gbid 7e) dqum` bppbr-

tufkty, mraukfa tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì ed

emsdi bf dqum` bppbrtufkty. K d`mebrmtdi m systdl



Dmgc pbkft rdprdsdfts cbw bjtdf mf kfikvkium`kstkg

nustkgd vkdw wms gbidi kf tcmt ydmr, ikvkidi ey m`` mr-

tkg`ds tcmt tcd F[ Yklds pue`kscdi kf tcd smld ydmr

Jbr dxmlp`d, tcd imtm pbkft wktc tcd ckacdst y-vmùds

kfikgmtds tcmt kf =;39, kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd vkdws

rdprdsdft ?.?45 pdrgdft bj m`` mrtkg`ds tcmt tcd F[

Yklds pue`kscdi kf tcmt ydmr. Edgmusd kfikvkium`ks-

tkg idsgrkptkbfs bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ugtumtd lugc

jrbl ydmr tb ydmr, K usdi `bgm``y wdkactdi sgmttdrp`bt

slbbtckfa, wckgc usds 5? pdrgdft bj tcd mvmk`me`d

imtm mrbufi dmgc pbkft, tb dstklmtd m gurvd tcmt ts

tcd `bfa-ruf trdfi kf cbw bjtdf tcks jrmld wms usdi

Nuiakfa ey tcd gurvd tcmt tcks ykdìs, sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty uftk` tcd dfi bj tcd =;:?s wms rmrd`y idsgrkedi

kf kfikvkium`kstkg tdrls. Ycks ldmfs kt wms rmrd`y

mraudi tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks ckac br kfgrdmskfa.

Mjtdr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty rbsd kf tcd =;3?s, gblldftm-

tbrs kfktkm``y kfgrdmskfa`y ldftkbfdi tcmt kt jb``bwskfikvkium`kstkg prkfgkp`ds. Eut kftdrdstkfa`y, mjtdr tcd

kfktkm` rksd kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kf tcd dmr`y =;3?s, `dss

mfi `dss mrtkg`ds rdlmrh bf tcks, kfikgmtkfa m pbs-

ske`d mimptmtkbf djjdgt bj fdwspmpdr mttdftkbf tb

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, wcdrdey ckac sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks

mjtdr kt dfiurds jbr m wck`d, sddf ms `dss fdwswbr-

tcy. Ycks gbuì m`sb kfikgmtd mf mimptmtkbf djjdgt bj

mrtkgu`mtdi sbgkm` nustkgd fbrls tbwmris jmgtum` kf-

dqum`kty. Eut edjbrd wd nulp tb sugc m gbfgùskbf

wd scbuì `bbh mt cbw tcd bppbsdi gbid idvd`bpdi,

wckgc idsgrkeds sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ms dam`ktmrkmf

=)Kfikvkium`s mrd rdspbfske`d jbr tcdkr bwf jmtd.

Ycdy gmf hddp lbst bj wcmt tcdy dmrf mfi tcd stmtd

ibds fbt rdikstrkeutd tb br jrbl tcdl.

5)_bvdrty ks ckac br wkidsprdmi.

7)Wbgkm` edfdts br rkacts mrd gut, wckgc kfgrdmsds

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty.

Dmgc bj tcdsd stmtdldfts kfikgmtds ckac br kfgrdms-

kfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. M typkgm` kfikvkium`kst KW jrmld

ks> tdf lk``kbf Mldrkgmfs wdft tb edi cufary `mst

fkact mfi uradft culmf fddis gbftkfud tb ab uf-

ldt (Fdw [brh Yklds 55.?5.=;1? @dttdrs tb tcd

Diktbr). K cmvd gbidi cbw bjtdf sugc stmtdldfts

bggur ms m pdrgdftmad bj m`` mrtkg`ds pue`kscdi kf m

akvdf ydmr. Ycd jb``bwkfa Jkaurd scbws tcks skfgd

=;4? mfi tbadtcdr wktc gcmfads kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty.

Jkaurd :> Kfdqum`kty mfi idsgrkptkbfs bj kfdqum`-kty ms kfikvkium`kstkg

7?

75

79

7:

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TWAkfk>cbusd

cb

ìiksp.

kfg

.(@KWs

tmf

imri

),Wb

`t5?==

?

.?=

.?5

.?7

.?9

.?4

KsKfikvkium

`ksl

F[Yklds

%b

jm

``mrt

kg`ds

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?[dmr

Ks Kfikvkium`ksl F[ Yklds % bj m`` mrtkg`ds


emfiwkitc < .5

@bwdss slbbtcdr


10/23



Jkaurd 3> Kfdqum`kty mfi idsgrkptkbfs bj sbgkdty ms

msgrkptkvkstkg

Ycd mrauldft tcmt ufdqum` bppbrtufktkds strugturd

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms lmid vdry bjtdf mrbufi =;:3.

Ycd prdvm`dfgd bj tcks jrmld `dvd`s bjj tbwmris tcd

edakffkfa bj tcd =;:?s mfi tcd `mtd =;3?s. Ycd tkld

wcdf tcks jrmld ks wkidsprdmi, mt tcd dfi bj tcd =;:?s

mfi tcd dmr`y =;1?s ks dxmgt`y tcd tkld wcdf Lmrtkf

Ak`dfs (5???> ==9) jbufi m ckac pdrgdftmad bj Mjrkgmf

Mldrkgmfs idpkgtdi kf mrtkg`ds tcmt idm` wktc pbvdrty.

Ycus, kt ks prbeme`d tcmt tcks vmrkme`d kfiddi gmpturdswcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mrauldfts wdrd bjtdf lmid

rdamrikfa dqum` bppbrtufktkds bj Mjrkgmf Mldrkgmfs.

Eut kftdrdstkfa`y, sugc stmtdldfts tcmt dqum` bppbrtufk-

tkds mrd `mghkfa wdrd prdvm`dft mt m tkld wcdf lmtdrkm`

kfdqum`kty, ldmsurdi ey tcd Akfk, wms bw br idg`kfkfa.

Kt ks jurtcdr kftdrdstkfa tb fbtd tcmt tcks KW-gbid usum``y

mppdmrdi g`bsd tb WCBT@I-dam`ktmrkmfksl gbids, mebut

wckgc K wk`` tm`h jurtcdr ed`bw. Ycus, tdxt sdaldfts

tcmt mrd gbidi wktc tcks jrmld wdrd bjtdf m`sb gbidi

wktc dam`ktmrkmf WCBT@I-gbids, dspdgkm``y wktc tcd

mrauldft tcmt emskg fddis scbuì ed ldt jbr dvdrybfd.

M typkgm` mrauldft wms tcmt e`mghs ib fbt dfnby dqum`

bppbrtufktkds (KW), eut tcmt gmrd cms tb ed tmhdf tcmt

tcks arbup ibds fbt sujjdr jrbl pbvdrty (WCBT@I).

KFIKZKITM@KWYKG, DAM@KYMUKMF MFI MW-

GUK_YKZKWYKG IDWGUK_YKBFW BJ WBGKM@

KFD]TM@KY[ GBL_MUDI

Qck`d tcd prdgdikfa Jkaurds gblpmrdi tcd

kfgkidfgd bj idsgrkptkbfs bj sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty rd`mtkvd tb jmgtum` kfdqum`kty, tcd jb``bwkfa

Jkaurd scbws cbw tcd prdvm`dfgd bj ikjjdrdftjrmlds gcmfadi rd`mtkvd tb btcdrs. Ycks gmfgd`s

but tcmt kf sbld ydmrs m`` tcrdd vkdws bj sbgkdty

wdrd lbrd prbfbufgdi, sklp`y edgmusd tcdrd

wdrd lbrd mrtkg`ds mebut sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Kt

tcus akvds mf klprdsskbf bj cbw idsgrkptkbfs bj

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kf Mldrkgm cmvd sckjtdi rd`m-

tkvd tb btcdrs.

Jkaurd ;> Idsgrkptkbfs bj kfdqum`kty ms kfik-

vkium`kstkg, dam`ktmrkmf mfi msgrkptkvkstkg

Bvdrm`` mfi rd`mtkvd tb btcdr idsgrkptkbfs, Mldr-

kgmf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks lbst bjtdf idsgrkedi

wktckf mf kfikvkium`kstkg jrmld. Eut wck`d sbgkm`

kfdqum`kty wms fbt idsgrkedi wktckf sugc m jrmld

kf =;:5 mfi =;:7 mfi rmrd`y idsgrkedi ms sugc

mrbufi tcmt imtd, kfikvkium`ksl ks g`dmr`y tcd

iblkfmft jrmld skfgd tcd lki-=;1?s. Kf lmfy

ydmrs mjtdr tcd =;1?s, Mldrkgmf sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty ks dxgùskvd`y idsgrkedi wktckf mf kfikvkium`-

7?

75

79

7:

73

TWAkfk>cbusdcbìiksp.

kfg.

(@KWstmfimri),Wb`t5?==

?

.??4

.?=

.?=4

.?5

.?54

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?

[dmr

Ks Msgrkptkvksl F[ Yklds % bj m`` mrtkg`ds


emfiwkitc < .5

@bwdss slbbtcdr

? 5? 9? :? 3?

5??15??45??95??75??55??=5???=;;1=;;:=;;4=;;9=;;7=;;5=;;==;;?=;33=;31=;3:=;34=;39

=;37=;35=;3==;3?=;1;=;13=;11=;1:=;14=;19=;17=;15=;1==;1?=;:;=;:3=;:1=;::=;:4=;:9=;:7=;:5=;:?=;4;=;43=;4:=;44=;49=;47=;45=;4?

F[ Yklds> stmtdldft 'sbgkdty ks kfikvkium`kstkg' ms % bj mrtkg`ds

F[ Yklds> stmtdldft 'sbgkdty ks dam`ktmrkmf' ms % bj mrtkg`ds

F[ Yklds> stmtdldft 'sbgkdty ibds fbt armft dqum` gcmfgds' ms % bj mrtkg`d



tdrls, tcd rdsu`t rdlmkfs gbfskstdft tcmt kfikvkiu-

m`kstkg nustkgd jrmlds kfgrdmsdi kf idsgrkptkbfs bj

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Ycus, tcd kfgrdmsd kf sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty skfgd =;3? ks lkrrbrdi ey cbw sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty ks idsgrkedi. Eut tcdrd mrd fbt bf`y jrmlds

tcmt idsgrked cbw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks. Ycdrd mrd

m`sb jrmlds tcmt idsgrked cbw kt scbuì ed. Ycdsd

stmtdldfts gbfstktutd tcd WCBT@I-jrmlds. Ycdfdxt sdgtkbfs scbw cbw tcdy idvd`bpdi bvdr tkld

WCBT@I-JUMLDWWCBT@I-KFIKZKITM@KWL

Mfm`ba tb stmtdldfts mraukfa tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty

ibds jb``bw kfikvkium`kstkg prkfgkp`ds, sbld stmtd-

ldfts mraud tcmt kt scbuì jb``bw kfikvkium`kstkg

prkfgkp`ds. Kfstdmi bj idsgrkekfa tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty ks ckac, stmtdldfts tcmt cmvd eddf gbidi wktctcks gbid mraud tcmt kt scbuì ed ckac. Dmgc bj tcd

sue gbids bj tcks gbid ks m vmrkmft bj tcks adfdrm`

mrauldft mfi kfikgmtds, kf bfd wmy br mfbtcdr, jbr

tcd `daktklmgy bj d`dvmtdi sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Gbf-

grdtd`y, tcd gbikfa bj tcd mrtkg`ds `di tb m ikvkskbf

bj tcd gbids kftb tcd jb``bwkfa sue gbids, wckgc m``

kf bfd wmy br mfbtcdr mraud jbr ckac sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty. M WCBT@I-kfikvkium`ksl sbgkm` nustkgd jrmld

wms msskafdi tb stmtdldfts bj tcd jb``bwkfa typd

=) Wbgkm` kfdqum`kty rdsu`ts jrbl ldrkt mfiscbuì tcus fbt ed rdiugdi.

5) Bfd cms fb rkact tb tmhd jrbl kfikvkium`s tb

rdikstrkeutd tb btcdrs.

7) Udikstrkeutkbf cms tb ed mvbkidi edgmusd kt

idstrbys kfikvkium` rdspbfskek`kty mfi / br jrddibl.

9) Kfdqum`kty ks dgbfblkgm``y prbiugtkvd

4) Udikstrkeutkvd spdfikfa ks wmstdju`.

:) Udikstrkeutkvd spdfikfa grdmtds idpdfidft br

ufdlp`bydi rdgkpkdfts.

M`` tcdsd gbids `daktklkzd sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ey

mraukfa mamkfst rdikstrkeutkbf br kf jmvbr bj kf-

gbld ikjjdrdfgds. Ycd jb``bwkfa stmtdldfts mrd

dxmlp`ds bj m WCBT@I-kfikvkium`ksl jrmld

wckgc mrauds tcmt kfstktutkbfm`kzdi rdikstrkeu-

tkbf tcmt gbuì rdiugd sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks emi

tcdrd mrd dfbuac pdbp`d tb usd tcdkr bwf rdsburgds ey

vbùftmry ldmfs tb mld`kbrmtd wcmt tcdy vkdw ms tcd

wbrst pbvdrty kf tcd sbgkdty. Mfi kj tcdy idvbtdi sbld

bj tcdkr dfdray tbwmris vbùftmry gcmrktme`d mgtkvk-

kstkg jrmld, lmkf`y tb tcd idtrkldft bj mf dam`ktmrkmf

bfd. Ycd smld rdsu`t mpp`kds wcdf bfd `bbhs fbt mt

cbw bjtdf kfikvkium`kstkg jrmlds mrd usdi rd`mtkvd tb

tcd bvdrm`` fuledr bj mrtkg`ds kf tcd F[ Yklds br

rd`mtkvd tb btcdr nustkgd jrmlds, ms ibfd mebvd, eut

rd`mtkvd tb m`` tcd mrtkg`ds K cmvd gbidi. Ycd jb``bw-

kfa armpc lmps cbw bjtdf kfikvkium`kstkg mfi dam`k-

tmrkmf jrmlds bf dxkstkfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mppdmrbvdr tkld ms m pdrgdftmad bj m`` mfm`yzdi mrtkg`ds.

Jkaurd =?> Dam`ktmrkmf mfi kfikvkium`kstkg stmtd-

ldfts mebut sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ms pdrgdftmad bj

mrtkg`ds jbufi

Ycd y-mxks abds mebvd =?? pdrgdft edgmusd m nustkgd

jrmld gmf mppdmr lbrd tcmf bfgd kf mf mrtkg`d, m`-

`bwkfa lbrd msskafdi gbids kf m ydmr tcmf mfm`yzdi

mrtkg`ds. Ycks Jkaurd m`sb lmhds g`dmr tcmt dxkstkfa

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty cms eddf kfgrdmskfa`y idsgrkedi

wktckf mf kfikvkium`kstkg jrmld, wcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty kfgrdmsdi kf tcd =;3?s. Tftk` mrbufi =;3?, sb-gkm` kfdqum`kty wms mebut ms bjtdf idsgrkedi wktckf

dam`ktmrkmf, ms wktckf kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd jrmlds.

Eut skfgd tcdf, dxp`mfmtkbfs bj sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty wktckf mf kfikvkium`kstkg sbgkm` nustkgd jrmld

mrd lugc strbfadr tcmf wktckf mf dam`ktmrkmf jrmld.

Ycus, rdamri`dss bj kj wd `bbh mt kfikvkium`kstkg

nustkgd vkdws ms m pdrgdftmad bj m`` mrtkg`ds tcmt mp-

pdmrdi kf tcd F[ Yklds, ms m pdrgdftmad bj m`` mr-

tkg`ds mfm`yzdi br dvdf (fbt scbwf cdrd) kf mesbùtd

7?

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79

7

:

73


kfg.


?

=??

5??

7??

9??

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?[dmr

F[ Yklds> 'sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks kfikvkium`kstkg' ms % bj mrtkg`ds jbufi

F[ Yklds> 'sbgkm` kfdqum kty ks dam ktmrkmf ms % bj mrtkg`ds jbufi




tkds ms bppbsdi tb trykfa tb adt `daks`mtkbf pmssdi, wd

wbuì fi m `bt bj tcd pbvdrty mld`kbrmtdi - dspdgkm`-

`y kj wd abt rki bj sbld bj tcd abvdrfldft mgtkvktkds

wckgc mrd cd`pkfa grdmtd pbvdrty, khd lkfklul wmad

`mws. (Ubedrt Fbzkgh kf tcd F[ Yklds, Nmf. 7, =;3=)

K tckfh kj yburd abkfa tb cmvd tmx rd`kdj, dvdryebiy buact

tb adt kt. Mfi tcdrdjbrd wdm`tcy pdbp`d mrd abkfa tb adt

kt. (Adbrad Eusc kf tcd F[ Yklds, Bgtbedr =3, 5???.)

Kf tcks sdfsd, tcks jrmld mrauds tcmt fb bfd cms

m rkact tb tmhd jrbl bfd pdrsbf tb akvd tb mfbtcdr,

wktc tcd mkl bj idgrdmskfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Kt mr-

auds tcmt pdbp`d idsdrvd wcmt tcdy cmvd, sb kt scbuì

fbt ed tmhdf mwmy jrbl tcdl. Kf tcks sdfsd, tcks nus-

tkgd jrmld `daktklkzds mfi mshs jbr sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty. Wb wktc idgrdmskfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty uftk` =;3?

mfi kfgrdmskfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty skfgd tcdf, cbwprdvm`dft ks tcks sbgkm` nustkgd jrmld2 Ycd jb``bwkfa

Jkaurd scbws cbw bjtdf kt bggurrdi ms m pdrgdftmad

bj m`` mrtkg`ds kf tcd Fdw [brh Yklds kf tcmt ydmr.

Jkaurd ==> Kfdqum`kty mfi mrauldfts jbr kfdqum`kty

Tftk` =;1?, jdw WCBT@I-kfikvkium`ksl nustkgd

jrmlds gmf ed jbufi. Kt rmrd`y cmppdfdi tcmt ckac

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms `daktklkzdi tcrbuac kfikvkiu-

m`kstkg nustkgd jrmlds. Ycks gcmfadi kf tcd =;1?s.

Lbrd mfi lbrd stmtdldfts `daktklkzd sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty. Ycdsd bjtdf mraudi tcmt rdikstrkeutkbf tb

tcd pbbr ks tbb dxpdfskvd br wmstdju`. Wugc mrau-

ldfts rdmgcdi m pdmh kf tcd lki-=;3?s, wcdrd tcdy

`daktklkzdi kfgrdmskfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, wckgc

gmld tbadtcdr wktc tcd Udmamf-rdjbrls. Kfikvkiu-

m`kstkg nustkgd vkdws rdlmkfdi rd`mtkvd`y strbfa kf

tcd =;;?s mfi tcdf mamkf rbsd mrbufi 5??4. Ycd

kfgrdmsd bj tcks nustkgd jrmld kfikgmtds m gcmfad

kf lbrm` mrauldfts mebut sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Qck`d

kt wms ufgbllbf tb mraud kf jmvbr bj ckac sbgkm`

kfdqum`kty edjbrd =;1?, kfikvkium`kstkg WCBT@I-

jrmlds kfgrdmsdi tcdrdmjtdr. Mt tcd smld tkld,

sbgkm` nustkgd mrauldfts tcmt idlmfidi dam`ktmrkmf-

ksl idg`kfdi, ms tcd fdxt sdgtkbf scbws.

WCBT@I-DAM@KYMUKMFKWL

WCBT@I-dam`ktmrkmfksl jrmlds m`` mraud jbr bw kf-

dqum`kty, kf m vmrkdty bj wmys. Ycd sue gbids lkrrbr tcd

ikjjdrdft wmys cbw dss kfdqum`kty kssudi jbr. Ycd jb`-

`bwkfa kst k`ùstrmtds tcd typd bj stmtdldfts tcmt cmvd

eddf gbidi wktc m WCBT@I-dam`ktmrkmfksl gbid>

=) Emskg fddis lust ed ldt jbr dvdrybfd.

5) _ue`kg kfvdstldfts scbuì grdmtd abbi nbes jbr

dvdrybfd.

7) Wbgkm` dqum`kty ks dgbfblkgm``y prbiugtkvd.

9) _dbp`d cmvd culmf rkacts tb sbgkm` trmfsjdrs mfi

sbgkm` prbtdgtkbf.

4) Qdm`tcy pdbp`d scbuì pmy iksprbpbrtkbfmtd`y

lbrd tcmf pbbr pdbp`d.

:) Dvdrybfd scbuì bwf prbpdrty / cmvd wdm`tc.

Ycd dam`ktmrkmf WCBT@I-gbid tcmt mppdmrdi lbst

bjtdf ey jmr ks sue gbid fuledr =, mraudkfa tcmt

dvdrybfds emskg fddis lust ed ldt. Ycks gbidbjtdf gb-bggurs wktc tcd KW-kfikvkium`ksl gbid,

wckgc mrauds tcmt pbvdrty ks ckac br wkidsprdmi.

Ycus, tcd mrauldft tcmt dvdrybfds emskg fddis

scbuì ed ldt bggurs dspdgkm``y jrdqudft`y kf tcd

prdsdfgd bj tcd gbid tcmt mrauds tcmt pbvdrty ks

wkidsprdmi. Ycks ks mf kfikgmtbr tcmt dam`ktmrkmf

nustkgd fbrls edgbld mrtkgu`mtdi wcdf `mrad sbgkm`

kfdqum`ktkds mrd tm`hdi mebut. Dxdlp`mry stmtd-

ldfts tcmt rdgdkvdi tcks gbid wdrd>

7?

75

79

7:

73

TWA

kfk>cbusd

cb

ìiksp.

kfg.

(@KWs

tmf

imri

),

Wb

`t5?==

?

.??4

.?=

.?=4

F[Y>mrauldf

tsjbr

kfikvkium

`ksl

kfsbg

km`kfdq.

ms%

bjmrt

kg`ds

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4=;1? =;14 =;3? =;34=;;? =;;45???5??4 5?=?[dmr

F[ Yklds> mrauldfts jbr kfikvkium`ksl kf sbgkm` kfdq. ms % bj mrtkg`ds


emfiwkitc < .5

@bwdss slbbtcdr



pbvdrty mfi tcd culmf sujjdrkfa mfi lm`minust-

ldfts tcmt kt dftmk`s cmvd fb p`mgd kf m fmtkbf ms

wdm`tcy ms burs. Qd lust mttmgh kt ikrdgt`y. (F[

Yklds Nmf. 4, =;4:, suegbid =)

Qd lust fbt pdrlkt pbvdrty tb gbftkfud tb mgt ms

m irma bf tcd dxpmfskbf bj bur dgbfbly. (smld

mrtkg`d, suegbid 7).

wdm`tckdr tmxpmydrs wk`` cmvd tb scbuìdr m ardmtdr

scmrd bj tcd fdw tmx euridfs (F[ Yklds Wdp 9,

=;39, suegbid 4).

M`` tcdsd gbids gbfstktutd vmrkmfts bj tcd mrauldft

tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks ufidskrme`d mfi scbuì ed

rdiugdi. Ycd qudstkbf mamkf mrksds cbw prblkfdft

tcd WCBT@I-dam`ktmrkmf gbid ks rd`mtkvd tb gcmfa-

kfa sbgkm` kfdqum`ktkds. Cbw lmfy stmtdldfts dx-

kst, rd`mtkvd tb m`` mrtkg`ds kf tcd Fdw [brh Yklds,

tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks k``daktklmtd mfi scbuì

ed rdiugdi2 Ycd jb``bwkfa aurd scbws tcks. Kt

idpkgts cbw bjtdf tcd WCBT@I-dam`ktmrkmfksl

gbid wms msskafdi, ms m pdrgdftmad bj m`` mrtkg`ds

kf m akvdf ydmr. Ycd aurd m`sb gbftmkfs tcd Akfk.

Jkaurd =5> Kfdqum`kty mfi mrauldfts jbr

dam`ktmrkmfksl

Mrauldfts jbr dam`ktmrkmfksl pdmhdi mrbufi

=;1?. Qcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty rbsd kf tcd =;3?s,

tcks wms mt rst gbuftdrdi ey lbrd dam`ktmrkmf sb-

gkm` nustkgd jrmlds. Eut tcdsd idg`kfdi ms sbgkm`

kfdqum`kty rdlmkfdi ckac. Kfiddi, m qum`ktmtkvd

rdmikfa bj tcd mrtkg`ds scbwdi tcmt tcd dmr`y kf-

grdmsd bj dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd jrmlds mrbufi =;34

bggurrdi, edgmusd lmfy nustkgd mrauldfts wdrdlmid mamkfst Udmamfs rdjbrls. Cbwdvdr, bvdr

tkld tcdsd mrauldfts ikdi ibwf, wck`d sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty kfgrdmsdi. Bfd gbuì kfjdr jrbl tcks tcmt

sbgkm` nustkgd fbrls mimptdi tb wcmt wms, fbt

rkact mwmy eut bvdr tkld, sddf ms fbrlm` sbgkm`

kfdqum`kty, suppbrtkfa tcd mimptmtkbf cypbtcdsks.

WCBT@I-D]TM@ B__BUYTFKY[

Ycd `mst jrmld cbw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì ed

strugturdi mrauds fdktcdr jbr dqum`kty, fbr jbr lbrdkfdqum`kty. Kfstdmi bj jmvbrkfa bf butgblds kf bfd

wmy br mfbtcdr, tcks jrmld mrauds tcmt dqum` bp-

pbrtufktkds mrd klpbrtmft. Kt mrauds tcmt fb bfd

scbuì ed iksgrklkfmtdi mamkfst mfi tcmt dvdrybfd

lust cmvd tcd smld `kjd gcmfgds, jbr sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty tb ed jmkr. Ycks jrmld mamkf gbfsksts bj m ful-

edr bj sue mrauldfts. Ycd jb``bwkfa stmtdldfts

mrd tcd ikjjdrdft vmrkmtkbfs bj tcks nustkgd jrmld>

=) Dvdrybfd scbuì rdgdkvd m abbi diugmtkbf.

5) _dbp`d scbuì ed dlpbwdrdi.7) Iksgrklkfmtkbf cms tb ed jbuact.

9) Iksgrklkfmtkbf bf tcd emsks bj adfidr cms tb ed

jbuact.

4) Iksgrklkfmtkbf bf tcd emsks bj rmgd cms tb ed

jbuact.

Qcmt m`` tcdsd stmtdldfts cmvd kf gbllbf ks tcmt

dmgc rddgts m vmrkmft bj tcd mrauldft tcmt dqum`

bppbrtufktkds lust ed armftdi tb rdmgc m strugturd bj

jmkr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Ycd jb``bwkfa stmtdldft tcdrd-

jbrd rddgts m typkgm` dqum` bppbrtufktkds jrmld>

M gmrikfm` kidm` kf tcks cdrktmad wd gcdrksc ks

tcd dqum`kty bj rkacts bj m`` gktkzdfs bj dvdry rmgd

mfi gb`br mfi grddi. (F[ Yklds, Jde 9, =;47,

Wpddgc bj _rdskidft Dksdfcbwdr, sue gbid 4)

Ms dqum` bppbrtufkty-emsdi mrauldfts ib fbt tm`h

mebut dqum` butgblds, tcdy ikjjdr jufimldftm``y

jrbl tcd twb btcdr nustkgd vkdws, skfgd tcdy jbgus bf

7?

75

79

7:

73


kfg.


?

.?=

.?5

.?7

.?9

F[Yklds>mraul

dftsjbrdam`ktmrkmfkslms%bjmrtkg`ds

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?[dmr

F[ Yklds> mrauldfts jbr dam`ktmrkmfksl ms % bj mrtkg`ds


emfiwkitc < .5

@bwdss slbbtcdr



prdgbfiktkbfs, fbt rdsu`ts. Mamkf, tcd qudstkbf ks cbw

bjtdf tcks nustkgd jrmld gmf ed jbufi kf tcd mrtkg`ds

bvdr tkld. Ycd jb``bwkfa Jkaurd scbws tcks, mamkf

tbadtcdr wktc jmgtum` gcmfads kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty.

Jkaurd =7> Kfdqum`kty mfi mrauldfts jbr dqum`

bppbrtufkty

Mrauldfts kf jmvbr bj dqum` bppbrtufkty spkhdi

kf =;:3, kf tcd smld ydmr wcdf kt wms ldftkbfdi

lbst tcmt dqum` bppbrtufktkds mrd fbt akvdf (gj. Jka-

urd 3). Ycks ks fbt gbkfgkidftm`. M qum`ktmtkvd rdmi-

kfa bj tcd mrtkg`ds scbwdi tcmt wcdf kt wms mraudi

tcmt (lmkf`y) e`mghs ib fbt dfnby dqum` bppbrtufk-tkds (KW), kt wms m`sb mraudi tcmt tcdy scbuì dfnby

dqum` bppbrtufktkds. Ebtc tcd KW-msgrkptkvksl mfi

tcd WCBT@I-dqum` bppbrtufkty gbid scbw tcd

strdfatc bj tcd gkvk` rkacts lbvdldft tb iblkfmtd

tcd iksgbursd iurkfa tcmt tkld. Kf tcd =;3?s, mrtkg`ds

mebut dqum` bppbrtufkty wdrd lbrd jbgusdi bf akv-

kfa dvdrybfd m abbi diugmtkbf, ms mf mfm`ysks bj

tcd sue gbids scbws (fbt scbwf cdrd). Qck`d mrau-

ldfts kf jmvbr bj dqum` bppbrtufkty rdlmkfdi m gbf-

stmft jdmturd bj mrauldfts mebut sbgkm` nustkgd, tcdy

fdvdr mamkf edgmld ms prdvm`dft ms kf tcd =;:?s.

Ycd `mst tcrdd sdgtkbfs scbwdi cbw nustkgd vkdws

mebut sbgkm` kfdqum`kty idvd`bpdi rd`mtkvd tb jmg-

tum` kfdqum`kty. Cbw tcdsd nustkgd vkdws idvd`-

bpdi rd`mtkvd tb dmgc btcdr ks m ikjjdrdft quds-

tkbf. Ycd jb``bwkfa sdgtkbf k`ùstrmtds tcks.

7?

75

79

7:

73

TWAkfk>c

busd

cb

ìiksp.

kfg.

(@KWs

tmf

imri

),Wb

`t5?==

?

.?=

.?5

.?7

F[Yklds>mrauldf

tsjbrdqum

`bppbrtuf

ktkdsms

%b

jmrt

kg`ds

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5???5??45?=?[dmr

F[ Yklds> mrauldfts jbr dqum` bppbrtufktkds ms % bj mrtkg`ds


emfiwkitc < .5

@bwdss slbbtcdr

KFIKZKITM@KWYKG, DAM@KYMUKMF MFI MW-

GUK_YKZKWYKG NTWYKGD ZKDQW GBL_MUDI

BZDU YKLD Ycd sdgtkbf bf KW-jrmlds kfikgmtdi

tcmt idsgrkptkbfs bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty tdfidi

tbwmris lbrd kfikvkium`ksl mfi `dss dam`ktmrkmf-

ksl jrmlds bvdr tkld, lkrrbrkfa jmgtum` gcmfads

kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Gmf wd besdrvd m sklk`mr

trdfi jbr jrmlds tcmt mraud cbw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty

scbuì ed2 Ycd jb``bwkfa armpc scbws cbw tcdsd

sbgkm` nustkgd vkdws gcmfadi rd`mtkvd tb dmgc btcdr

Jkaurd =9> Mrauldfts jbr dam`ktmrkmfksl, kfik-

vkium`ksl mfi dqum` bppbrtufkty ms pdrgdftmad

bj nustkgd vkdws

? 5? 9? :? 3?

5??15??45??95??75??55???=;;;=;;1=;;:=;;4=;;9

=;;7=;;5=;;==;33=;31=;3:=;34=;39=;37=;35=;3==;3?=;1;=;13=;11=;1:=;14=;19=;17=;15=;1==;1?=;:;=;:3=;:1=;::=;:4=;:9=;:7=;:?=;4;=;43=;41=;4:=;44=;49=;47=;45=;4?

F[ Yklds> mrauldfts jbr dam`ktmrkmfksl ms % bj mrtkg`ds

F[ Yklds> mrauldfts jbr dqum` bppbrtufktkds ms % bj mrtkg`ds

F[ Yklds> mrauldfts jbr kfikvkium`ksl kf sbgkm` kfdq. ms % bj mrtkg



ks tb ikvkid tcd tklds mf kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd vkdw

cms eddf ldftkbfdi ey tcd tklds mf dam`ktmrkmf nus

tkgd vkdw cms eddf ldftkbfdi kf dmgc ydmr. Ycd jb`

`bwkfa Jkaurd scbws tcd rdsu`t bj tcks armpckgm``y

Jkaurd =:> Kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd vkdws rd`mtkvd tb

dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd vkdws

Tftk` =;;4, dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd jrmlds mrd gbfskstdft

`y lbrd prdvm`dft tcmf kfikvkium`kstkg bfds. Kf tcd

=;:?s, wd fi mrbufi jbur g`mkls tcmt dam`ktmrkmfksl

ks jmkr jbr dvdry kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd jrmld. Qktc

kfgrdmskfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty cbwdvdr, kfikvkium`kstkg

nustkgd jrmlds kfgrdmsd bvdr dam`ktmrkmf bfds mfi

fm``y butfuledr tcdl =.4 tb =. Kf tcks sdfsd, tcdrd

wms m prbjbufi fbrlmtkvd gcmfad tbwmris kfikvkiu

m`kstkg gbfgdptkbfs bj sbgkm` nustkgd. Ycd jb``bwkfa

sdgtkbf d`mebrmtds bf tcd klp`kgmtkbfs bj tcks gcmfad

EDCKFI YCD FTLEDUW> MF KFYDU_UDYM-

YKZD M__UBMGC YB GCMFAKFA WBGKM@

NTWYKGD ZKDQW

Ycks sdgtkbf dfrkgcds tcd prdgdikfa qumftktmtkvd mfm`

ysks ey m qum`ktmtkvd kftdrprdtmtkbf bj tcdsd trdfis. Fbtme`y, wck`d rdmikfa tcd mrtkg`ds, K gbftkfubus`y lmid

ldlbs, wckgc jddi tcks sdgtkbfs mfm`ysks (gj. A`msd

/ Wtrmuss =;:18 Wtrmuss / Gbrekf =;;?). K ikjjdrdftkmtd

ly idsgrkptkbf bj cbw nustkgd vkdws kf tcd fdwspmpdr

mrtkg`ds gcmfadi ey idgmids stmrtkfa wktc tcd =;4?s

Kf tcd =;4?s, iksgusskbfs mebut sbgkm` nustkgd wdrd

rd`mtkvd`y rmrd. Wbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms rmrd`y idsgrkedi

ms kfikvkium`kstkg, msgrkptkvkstkg mfi lbidrmtd`y bjtdf

Wtmtdldfts jbr dam`ktmrkmfksl wdrd mfi mrd gbl-

pmrdi mfi kf gblpmrksbf tb btcdr vkdws. Eut skfgd

tcd =;3?s, kfikvkium`kstkg sbgkm` nustkgd jrmlds, mrau-

kfa kf jmvbr bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, kfgrdmsdi rd`mtkvd

tb dam`ktmrkmf mfi dqum` bppbrtufkty-emsdi nustkgd

jrmlds. Yb scbw tcks kf tdrls bj tcd tcrdd nustkgd

jrmlds, fbw mamkf ms m pdrgdftmad bj m`` mrtkg`ds kf

tcd F[ Yklds jbr dmgc nustkgd vkdw, tcd jb``bwkfa

Jkaurd p`bts tcd tcrdd `bwdss-`kfds jrbl aurd == tbaurd =7 kftb bfd armpc. Ycdrdey tcd jb``bwkfa aurd

kfikgmtds cbw dmgc bj tcd tcrdd sbgkm` nustkgd vkdws

idvd`bpdi krrdspdgtkvd bj tcd btcdrs mfi ms m pdrgdft-

mad bj m`` mrtkg`ds tcmt mppdmrdi kf tcd F[ Yklds.

Jkaurd =4> Mrauldfts jbr dam`ktmrkmfksl, kfik-

vkium`ksl mfi dqum` bppbrtufkty ms pdrgdftmad

bj mrtkg`ds

Mrauldfts jbr dqum` bppbrtufkty- mfi dam`ktmrkmfksl

pdmhdi kf tcd `mtd =;:?s. Kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd vkdws

iki fbt pdmh mt tcmt pbkft. Kf tcd dmr`y =;3?s, dam`k-

tmrkmf mfi kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd vkdws wdrd lbek-

`kzdi tb mttmgh br idjdfi Udmamfs rdjbrls mfi tcdkfgrdmsd kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty bj tcmt tkld. Qcmt ks m`sb

kftdrdstkfa ks tcd `bfa-ruf trdfi jrbl tcd =;4?s kftb

tcd dmr`y 5???s. Dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd jrmlds, mraukfa

kf jmvbr bj dam`ktmrkmfksl, wdrd m`wmys lbrd prdvm-

`dft tcmf kfikvkium`kstkg bfds. Eut tcks gcmfadi kf tcd

sdgbfi cm`j bj tcd =;;?s. Kf tcd `mtd =;:?s, dam`ktmr-

kmf nustkgd jrmlds butfuledrdi kfikvkium`kstkg bfds

vdjbì. Kf 5??5, lbrd kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd jrmlds

dxkst tcmf dam`ktmrkmf bfds. Mfbtcdr wmy tb scbw tcks

?

.??4

.?=

.?=4

.?5

.?54

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?[dmr

`bwdss> F[ Yklds> mrauldfts jbr dam`ktmrkmfksl ms % b j mrtkg`ds

`bwdss> F[ Yklds> mrauldfts jbr kfikvkium`ksl kf sbgkm` kfdq. ms % bj mrtkg`ds

`bwdss> F[ Yklds> mrauldfts jbr dqum` b ppbrtufktkds ms % bj mrtkg`ds

?

.4

=

=.4

5

@bwdssvmù

dsb

jkfikvkium

`ks

tkg

/dam

`ktmrkmf

nus

tkgdv

kdw

s

=;4? =;44 =;:? =;:4 =;1? =;14 =;3? =;34 =;;? =;;4 5??? 5??4 5?=?[dmr

@bwdss vmùds bj kfikvkium`kstkg / dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd vkdws




tcd =;:?s wms abfd, eut fbt ydt m pdrkbi wcdrd mf kf

ikvkium`ksl-jrmld iblkfmtdi. Ycdrd wdrd stk`` stmtd

ldfts tcmt e`mgh ybutc br Fmtkvd Mldrkgmfs cmvd

prbe`dls wktc pbvdrty. Ycus, kt wms spdgkm` arbups

fbt tb ed gbfjbufidi wktc fbrlm` Mldrkgmfs, wcb

wdrd smki tb sujjdr jrbl pbvdrty. Qck`d dam`ktmrkmf

ksl wms stk`` tcdrd, kt wms fbw lbrd gdftdrdi bf spd

gkm` arbups. Kftdrdstkfa`y, kt wms iurkfa tcks idgmid

wcdrd dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd jrmlds rdgdidi, tcmt sbgkmkfdqum`kty mt rst stmrtdi tb kfgrdmsd. Ycd dvkidfgd

ks tbb wdmh tb sustmkf m gmusm` mrauldft, eut kt ks

wktcbut qudstkbf tcmt dam`ktmrkmf jrmlds bj sbgkm` nus

tkgd idg`kfdi, edjbrd sbgkm` kfdqum`kty stmrtdi tb rksd

Kf tcd =;3?s, kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd jrmlds pdmhdi

ebtc kf tdrls bj cbw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms sddf mfi

kf tdrls bj jrmlds cbw kt scbuì ed. Ycks ks edgmusd

tcd Udmamf milkfkstrmtkbf mraudi kf lmfy mrtkg`ds

tcmt kt ks sbgkm``y nust tb gut wd`jmrd sdrvkgds mfi

trmfsjdrs (WCBT@I-kfikvkium`ksl). Wbld mraudi

mamkfst tcks tcmt pbvdrty ks stk`` ckac mfi kfdqum`k

tkds mrd wkidsprdmi (KW-KFIKZKITM@KWL). Eu

kftdrdstkfa`y, dvdf tcd milkfkstrmtkbfs prdvm`df

`kfd bj mrauldftmtkbf mraudi tcmt kt ks ufnust tb rd

ikstrkeutd jrbl tcd rkgc tb tcd pbbr. Kfstdmi, kt m`sb

usdi tcd mrauldft tcmt sbgkm` mki lust ed `klktdi

tb tcd rdm``y fddiy. Kf tcks sdfsd, dvdf tcd Udm

amf rdjbrls wdrd nustkdi ey dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd

prkfgkp`ds, sb tcmt wd fi sbld dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd

jrmlds kf tcd =;3?s ms wd``. Btcdr dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd jrmlds wdrd usdi tb mttmgh tcd Udmamf rdjbrls

sb tcmt kfktkm``y, wcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kfgrdmsdi

dam`ktmrkmf sbgkm` nustkgd jrmlds kfgrdmsdi ms wd``

Kf tcd =;;?s, mrauldfts tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì

ed kfikvkium`kstkg gbftkfudi eut wdrd fbt ms prdvm`df

ms kf tcd =;3?s. Mt tcd smld tkld, mrauldfts jbr dam`

ktmrkmfksl idg`kfdi. Wkfgd tcd =;3?s, kfikvkium`kstkg

idsgrkptkbfs bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty iblkfmtdi bvdr btcd

vkdws. Eut lbst kftdrdstkfa mebut tcks ks tcmt kf spktd b

ckac sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, fbt lmfy mrtkg`ds trdmt tcks tbpkg mfi fbt lmfy nustkgd jrmlds mrd lbek`kzdi bvdrm``

Qcmt ks m`sb kftdrdstkfa ks tcmt, wck`d adfdrm``y tcdrd

wdrd fbt lmfy mrtkg`ds tcmt tm`h mebut sbgkm` nustkgd

kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd jrmlds wdrd jbr tcd rst tkld

ms prdvm`dft ms jrmlds tcmt mraudi jbr dam`ktmrkmfksl

ms dam`ktmrkmf. Mrauldfts jbr kfikvkium`ksl br dqum`

bppbrtufkty wdrd m`sb rmrd, eut sbld mrauldfts jbr

dam`ktmrkmfksl dxkstdi. Lmfy bj tcd mrtkg`ds kf tcd

=;4?s wdrd spddgcds bj pb`ktkgkmfs. M gbllbf pmt-

tdrf kf tcdsd mrtkg`ds ks tcmt bjgd cbìdrs mraudi tcmt

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks bw edgmusd bj tcdkr djjbrts, wck`d

kfguledfts mraudi tcmt tcdy wbuì ed me`d tb `bwdr

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty dvdf jurtcdr. Kf tcks sdfsd, dvdf

tcbuac tcd tbpkg ks fbt lugc tm`hdi mebut, dam`ktmrk-mfksl wms tcd iblkfmft sbgkm` nustkgd jrmld, ebtc

kf tdrls bj cbw sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms sddf mfi kf

tdrls bj wcmt wms smki cbw kt scbuì ed. Eut adfdr-

m``y, tcks ks m tkld pdrkbi wcdf sbgkm` nustkgd wms fbt

ydt m vdry eka tbpkg gblpmrdi tb `mtdr tkld pdrkbis.

Ycd =;:?s mrd tcd idgmid wktc tcd lbst kftdfsd iks-

gusskbfs mebut sbgkm` nustkgd. Wbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms

idsgrkedi ms rd`mtkvd`y dam`ktmrkmf (dvdf tcbuac fbt

dam`ktmrkmf dfbuac), eut m`sb ms jbufidi bf ufdqum`

bppbrtufktkds (msgrkptkvksl). Ycd mrtkg`ds lkrrbr tcd

jmgtum` idgrdmsd kf kfdqum`kty, kf tcmt tcdy gbftmkf

lmfy stmtdldfts tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty ks `bw mfi

scbuì ed dvdf `bwdr. Ycd lmkf spdgkg mrauldft kf

tcks rdamri ks tcmt wck`d mivmfgds cmvd eddf lmid,

tbb lmfy Mldrkgmfs stk`` `kvd kf pbvdrty (KW-jrmld),

wckgc cms tb ed gcmfadi (WCBT@I-jrmld). Wugc

nustkgd mrauldfts uscdrdi kf _rdskidft Nbcfsbfs wmr

bf pbvdrty, wckgc trmfsjbrldi tcd prdvmk`kfa lbrm`

g`klmtd bj tcd fdwspmpdr iksgbursd kftb mgtum` sbgkm`

pb`kgy. Edskid tcks, tcdrd wms m`sb m gblekfmtkbf bj mfKW-msgrkptkvksl wktc m WCBT@I-dqum` bppbrtufkty

jrmld. Ycks gmld jrbl mrauldfts jrbl tcd gkvk` rkacts

lbvdldft, wckgc stmtdi tcmt e`mghs ib fbt cmvd tcd

smld rkacts ms wcktds mfi tcmt tcks lust ed gcmfadi.

Kf tcd =;1?s, jrmlds tcmt mraudi jbr kfikvkium`ks-

tkg sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mppdmrdi jbr tcd rst tkld bf

m erbmidr sgm`d, wck`d tcd iblkfmft idsgrkptkbfs bj

dxkstkfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms stk`` tcmt e`mghs ib fbt

cmvd dqum` bppbrtufktkds. Kfikvkium`kstkg idsgrkptkbfs

bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wdrd kfgrdmskfa, dam`ktmrkmf id-sgrkptkbfs wdrd idgrdmskfa. Wtmtdldfts kf jmvbr bj

lbrd kfikvkium`ksl stmrtdi tb rkvm` dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd

vkdws. Jbr tcd rst tkld, tcd mrauldft gmld tb tcd

jbrd tcmt tcdrd mrd fmfgkm` klkts ms tb cbw lugc tcd

wdm`tcy gmf ed tmxdi. Eut sugc kfikvkium`kstkg mrau-

ldfts wdrd fbt vdry prdvm`dft ydt. Kf tcks sdfsd, tcd

=;1?s wdrd fbt sb lugc m pdrkbi bj gbfidlfmtkbf bj

dam`ktmrkmfksl, eut rmtcdr m pdrkbi bj fda`dgt. Kt wms

m pdrkbi wcdrd tcd strbfa dam`ktmrkmfksl-jrmlds bj



Qcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kfgrdmsdi, tcks wms jbr m `bfa

tkld fbt mggblpmfkdi ey lbrd iksgusskbfs mebut sb

gkm` nustkgd. Ycdrdjbrd, jrbl tcd pdrspdgtkvd bj mfm

`yzkfa ldikm iksgbursd, tcks pmpdr mardds tcmt sbgkm

kfdqum`kty kfgrdmsdi kf tcd scmibw bj kfikvkium`kstkg

nustkgd fbrls mfi idg`kfkfa dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd fbrl

(gj. Cmghdr / _kdrsbf 5?=?e8 5?=?m). Kt ks klpbrtmf

tb fbtd cbwdvdr tcmt tcks ks fb ikrdgt gmusm` g`mklYcd fbtkbf tcmt kfdqum`kty kfgrdmsdi wcdf dam`ktmrkmf

nustkgd fbrls idgrdmsdi mfi kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd

jrmlds kfgrdmsdi ibds fbt gbftrmikgt mfm`ysds tcm

mttrkeutd rkskfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty tb btcdr gmusds. Jbr

dxmlp`d, dxkstkfa stuikds strdss tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`

kty gbuì kfgrdmsd edgmusd trmid ufkbfs `bst pbwdr

tb rdau`mtd wmads (Qdstdrf / Ubsdfjdì 5?==> 4=9)

Kfstdmi bj lmhkfa m gmusm` g`mkl tcmt kfgrdmsdi sbgkm

kfdqum`kty rdsu`ts jrbl gcmfakfa nustkgd fbrls, tcks

pmpdr bf`y mrauds tcmt nustkgd fbrls ms mrtkgu`mtdi kf

fdwspmpdrs cmvd gcmfadi kf tmfidl wktc kfdqum`ktyYcmt d.a. tcd idg`kfkfa pbwdr bj trmid ufkbfs lkac

`kd edckfi ebtc gcmfads ks dlkfdft`y pbsske`d. Yck

stuiy m`sb ibds fbt gbftrmikgt mfm`ysds tcmt mraud tcm

kfgrdmskfa wmad prdlkuls jbr gb``dad armiumtds mg

gbuft jbr kfgrdmskfa sbgkm` kfdqum`kty (Hmtz / Mutb

=;;;). Eut kt scbws tcmt wkid`y mrtkgu`mtdi nustkgd

fbrls iki fbt lk`ktmtd mamkfst sugc mf kfgrdmsd bj kf

gblds mt tcd tbp, wck`d tcdy iki kf tcd =;:?s.

Ebtc tcd jmgt tcmt dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd jrmlds gmf ed

jbufi `dss bjtdf kf tcd =;1?s tcmf kf tcd idgmids ed

jbrd, ms wd`` ms tcd jmgt tcmt kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd

jrmlds gmf ed jbufi lbrd bjtdf kf tcd =;1?s tcmf kf

tcd prkbr idgmids ckft tb tcd mrauldft tcmt gcmfakfa

sbgkm` nustkgd vkdws pmvdi tcd wmy jbr kfgrdmsds kf

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Eut pmrmibxkgm``y, wcdf sbgkm` kf

dqum`kty kfgrdmsdi, tcks wms mt rst ldt ey kfgrdmsdi

dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd vkdws, dvdf kj kfgrdmskfa sbgkm` kf

dqum`kty `di tb m idg`kfd kf dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd vkdws

kf tcd `bfa ruf. Mjtdr =;;?, wcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty

wms ckac jbr sbld ydmrs, tcd Fdw [brh Yklds fdktcdmrtkgu`mtdi tcks vdry lugc, fbr iki tcd fdwspmpdr mr

aud mamkfst kt wktc dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd vkdws. Kfstdmi

tcd rksd kf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms jb``bwdi ey m rksd kf

kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd jrmlds sb tcmt kfikvkium`kstkg

gbfgdptkbfs bj sbgkm` nustkgd edgmld tcd iblkfmf

sbgkm` nustkgd jrmld mt tcd dfi bj tcd pdrkbi stuikdi

cdrd.

Wtmrtkfa kf 5???, stmtdldfts tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`-

kty scbuì jb``bw kfikvkium`kstkg prkfgkp`ds wdrd

lbrd prdvm`dft tcmf dam`ktmrkmf mfi dqum` bppbrtu-

fkty-emsdi mrauldfts, ms tcdsd `mttdr twb idg`kfdi

jurtcdr. Mfi tcks cmppdfdi kf spktd bj kfikvkiu-

m`ksl cmvkfa eddf tcd lbst bjtdf usdi idsgrkp-

tkbf jbr jmgtum` sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Wb dvdf tcbuac

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms idsgrkedi ms ckac, kt wms

m`sb mivbgmtdi tcmt kt scbuì ed ckac m gbl-ekfmtkbf tcmt edjbrd fdvdr bggurrdi kf tcd imtm.

Mestrmgtkfa jrbl gcmfad bj bfd idgmid tb mf-

btcdr, tcd lbst prdvm`dft KW-mrauldft bvdrm`` ks

tcmt Mldrkgmf sbgkdty cms tbb lugc kfdqum`kty

(KW-kfikvkium`ksl) mfi bvdr m`lbst m`` tkld pdrk-

bis mpmrt jrbl tcd `mst bfd, tcd lbst prdvm`dft

fbrlmtkvd vkdw ks tcmt tcd ikstrkeutkbf bj kfgblds

scbuì ed dam`ktmrkmf (WCBT@I-dam`ktmrkmfksl).

GBFG@TWKBF

Bvdrm``, tcd lmkf rdsu`t ks tcmt kfikvkium`kstkg idsgrkp-

tkbfs bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kfgrdmsdi, tbadtcdr wktc mr-

auldfts tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì ed strugturdi

ey kfikvkium`kstkg prkfgkp`ds. Dam`ktmrkmf idsgrkptkbfs

bj kfdqum`kty mfi fbrlmtkvd dam`ktmrkmf sbgkm` nustkgd

vkdws pdmhdi kf tcd `mtd =;:?s mfi idg`kfdi tcdrd-

mjtdr. Ycd smld ks trud jbr mrauldfts tcmt ikmafbsd

m `mgh bj dqum` bppbrtufkty mfi mraud jbr dqum` bp-

pbrtufktkds.

Kf m vdry adfdrm` sdfsd, bfd gmf kfjdr jrbl tcks tcmt

idsgrkptkbfs bj, mfi fbrlmtkvd nustkgd vkdws mebut,

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty lbvdi tbadtcdr wktc jmgtum` gcmfa-

ds kf kfdqum`kty. Kf tcd `mtd =;:?s, wcdf sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty wms `bw mfi idgrdmskfa, tcks wms fbt bf`y

idsgrkedi kf tcd sdfsd tcmt lmfy dam`ktmrkmf KW-gbids

mrd jbufi. Kt wms m`sb mrtkgu`mtdi ms jmkr. Mt tcd smld

tkld, wcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty wms `bw, kt wms rmrd`y

mrtkgu`mtdi ms edkfa ckac mfi jdw mrauldfts gmf ed

jbufi tcmt kt scbuì ed. Qcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kf-grdmsdi kf tcd =;3?s, tcks wms kf tcd `bfa ruf lkr-

rbrdi ey m idgrdmsd kf dam`ktmrkmf idsgrkptkbfs bj

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. M`sb, kf tcd `bfa ruf, stmtdldfts

idg`kfdi tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì ed strugturdi

ey dam`ktmrkmfksl. Qcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty kfgrdmsdi,

kt wms gbfvdrsd`y m`sb lbrd bjtdf idsgrkedi tcrbuac

mf kfikvkium`kstkg jrmld mfi kt wms m`sb lbrd bjtdf

smki tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty scbuì jb``bw kfikvkium`-

kstkg prkfgkp`ds.



ske`d tb irmw mfy idfktd gbfgùskbfs bf wcmt tcd

stmtdldfts kf tcd fdwspmpdr mrtkg`ds rdm``y rddgt

Jurtcdr rdsdmrgc cms tb scbw wcdtcdr gcmfads kf sb-

gkm` nustkgd vkdws tcmt wdrd prdsdftdi cdrd rddgt m

gcmfakfa sbgkm` gbfsdfsus bf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, m`-

tdrkfa pb`ktkgm` pbwdr strugturds tcmt iblkfmtd iks-

gbursds mebut kfdqum`kty br kj tcdy sklp`y rddgt m

gcmfad kf gbvdrmad bj bfd spdgkg fdwspmpdr. M`sb,

jbguskfa bf bf`y bfd gbuftry mfi dssdftkm``y bf bf`ytwb eka trdfis, fmld`y erbmi`y idgrdmskfa sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty uftk` mrbufi =;3? mfi kfgrdmskfa kfdqum`kty

skfgd tcdf, bfd gmffbt ru`d but tcd pbsskek`kty tcmt tcd

rdsu`ts mrd mf mrtkjmgt. Bfd wbuì tcdrdjbrd cmvd tb

`bbh mt mf dvdf `bfadr tkld `kfd, btcdr gbuftrkds mfi

btcdr fdwspmpdrs. Qcmt tcks stuiy trkdi tb k`ùstrmtd

ks tcmt tcd trdfis tcmt sugc mf mfm`ysks gmf ufdmrtc mrd

wd`` wbrtc pursukfa.

Bfd gmf spdgu`mtd tcmt kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd jrmlds

wdrd `kfhdi tb sbgkm` kfdqum`kty tcrbuac m

tcdrlbstmt ldgcmfksl, wckgc wbrhs tb kfgrdmsd

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Qcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty idg`kfdi

ed`bw m Akfk bj 75, kfikvkium`kstkg nustkgd jrmlds, mr-

aukfa jbr lbrd sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, kfgrdmsdi mfi bf`y

stbppdi tb kfgrdmsd lbldftmrk`y wcdf tcd Akfk wms

mebvd 75 mamkf dvdf tcbuac kt ks tbb idtdrlkfks-tkg tb g`mkl tcmt kfikvkium`kstkg sbgkm` nustkgd jrmlds

mutblmtkgm``y kfgrdmsd ed`bw m gdrtmkf Akfk.

Dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd vkdws scbw lbrd dvkidfgd bj jb`-

`bwkfa mf mimptmtkbf - rmtcdr tcmf m tcdrlbstmt-ldgc-

mfksl. Qcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty idg`kfdi, dam`ktmrkmf

sbgkm` nustkgd vkdws wdrd ckac. Qcdf kt kfgrdmsdi,

tcdy wdrd rd`mtkvd`y `bw. Kf tcks sdfsd, kt sddls ms kj

dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd vkdws bf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty mimpt tb

jmgtum` kfdqum`kty. Qcdf sbgkm` kfdqum`kty idg`kfds,tcks lkact lbrd mfi lbrd ed pdrgdkvdi ms fbrlm`,

sb tcmt dam`ktmrkmf nustkgd jrmlds kfgrdmsd. Eut wcdf

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty arbws, tcks lkact m`sb bvdr tkld

ed sddf ms lbrd mfi lbrd fbrlm`, `dttkfa dam`ktmr-

kmf sbgkm` nustkgd jrmlds idgrdmsd mt `dmst kf pue-

`kg iksgbursd. Kf tcks sdfsd, m pue`kg iksgbursd mebut

wcmt ks jmkr sbgkm` kfdqum`kty lkact wktc sbld tkld

`ma adt usdi tb kfgrdmskfa br idgrdmskfa sbgkm` kf-

dqum`kty.

Wdpmrmtd jrbl iksgusskbfs mebut dam`ktmrkmfksl mfikfikvkium`ksl mrd nustkgd jrmlds mebut dqum` bppbr-

tufkty. Cdrd, tcd eka trdfi ks tcmt sbgkm` kfdqum`kty

wms bjtdf idsgrkedi ms rdsu`tkfa jrbl ufdqum` bppbr-

tufktkds mt tcd dfi bj tcd =;:?s. Kt wms mraudi tcdf,

tcmt msgrkptkvd grktdrkm, lmkf`y shkf gb`br, idtdrlkfd

sbgkm` kfdqum`kty. Ycks wdft m`bfa wktc fbrlmtkvd

jrmlds idsgrkekfa tcks ms ufjmkr. Eut ebtc msgrkptkv-

ksl-emsdi ikmafbsds bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, ms wd`` ms

dqum`-bppbrtufkty emsdi fbrlmtkvd nustkgd jrmlds

idg`kfdi jrbl tcd dfi bj tcd =;:?s tb tcd prdsdft.

Ycdsd rdsu`ts gbuì ed ekmsdi ey m fuledr bj prbe-

`dls. Ycdy gbld jrbl m skfa`d fdwspmpdr. Ycmt tcd

F[ Yklds ks bf tcd `djt bj tcd pb`ktkgm` spdgtrul ks

fbt m prbe`dl kf ktsd`j, edgmusd wd `bbh mt vmrkm-

tkbf bvdr tkld wktckf tcd Fdw [brh Yklds. Kt gbuì

ed prbe`dlmtkg cbwdvdr, tcmt tcd fdwspmpdr cms

gcmfadi bvdr tkld, kfstdmi bj rddgtkfa m iksgbursd

tcmt tmhds p`mgd kf sbgkdty. Ycdrdjbrd, kt ks fbt pbs-



dfifbtds

=. Jurtcdr ed`bw, K tm`h mebut tcd jrdqudfgy, wktc wckgc btcdr sdmrgc tdrls mppdmrdi.

5. K usd tcd Akfk-kfidx ms m adfdrm` ldmsurd bj sbgkm` kfdqum`kty, ms kt gbkfgkids wd`` wktc

gcmfads bj tcd uppdr = br tdf pdrgdft (gj. tcd prdgdikfa armpcs).

7. K `klktdi tcd sdmrgc tb tcd jb``bwkfa typds bj ibguldfts> Mrtkg`d, Diktbrkm`, Jrbft pmad mrtkg`d,

@dttdr tb diktbr, Lmstcdmi, Btcdr, Udvkdw, Yme`d bj Gbftdfts, `dmvkfa but mivdrtksdldfts mfi

btcdr mrtkg`d typds tcmt mrd fbt kfgùidi kf tcd ^DKY sdmrgc dfakfd mfywmys.

9. Fbtd tcmt tcdrd mrd fb sgm`ds jbr tcd y-mxks, ms dmgc bj tcd tcrdd kfikgmtbrs ks bf m ikjjdrdft

sgm`d mfi kt ks fbt tcd dxmgt vmùds bj dmgc kfikgmtbr, eut kts gcmfad bvdr tkld, wckgc ks

klpbrtmft.

4. Qck`d bfd lkact suppbsd tcmt tcks ks m`sb m WCBT@I stmtdldft, ms bfd gbuì gbfgùid tcmttcd wrktdr klp`kds tcmt kt ks wrbfa tcmt sb lmfy `kvd kf pbvdrty, tcks ks fbt dxp`kgkt kf tcd

stmtdldft, sb m WCBT@I-gbid gmffbt ed msskafdi.



rdjdrdfgds

Udjdrdfgds

Mrts, Qk`/Nbcf Ad`kssdf, 5??=> Qd`jmrd Wtmtds, Wb`kimrkty mfi Nustkgd _rkfgkp`ds> Ibds tcd Yypd

Udm``y Lmttdr2 Kf> Mgtm Wbgkb`bakgm 99, 537-5;;. 00Ab tb KWK6>//QBW>???=15;?=4????=6

Efmebu, Ub`mfi/Ndmf Ykrb`d, 5??:> Ed`kdj kf m Nust Qbr`i mfi Udikstrkeutkvd _b`ktkgs. Kf> Ycd

]umrtdr`y Nburfm` bj Dgbfblkgs =5=, :;;-19:. 0cttp>//qnd.bxjbrinburfm`s.bra/gbftdft/=5=/5/:;;.

mestrmgt6

Ermiy, Imvki, 5??;> Ukgc Idlbgrmgkds, _bbr _dbp`d> Cbw _b`ktkgs Dxp`mkf _bvdrty. Bxjbri>

Bxjbri Tfkvdrskty _rdss.

Erdzfmu, Fmtd, 5?=?> Dgbfblkg Dqum`kty mfi Wbgkm` Qd`jmrd> _b`kgy _rdjdrdfgds kf Jkvd Fm-

tkbfs. Kf> Kftdrfmtkbfm` Nburfm` bj _ue`kg Bpkfkbf Udsdmrgc. 0cttp>//knpbr.bxjbrinburfm`s.bra/gbf-

tdft/dmr`y/5?=?/=?/55/knpbr.diq?59.mestrmgt6

Erbbhs, G`dl/Ndjj Lmfzm, 5??:> Wbgkm` _b`kgy Udspbfskvdfdss kf Idvd`bpdi Idlbgrmgkds. Kf>

Mldrkgmf Wbgkb`bakgm` Udvkdw 1=, 919-9;9.

Erbbhs, G`dl/Ndjj Lmfzm, 5??1> Qcy Qd`jmrd Wtmtds _drskst> Ycd Klpbrtmfgd bj _ue`kg Bpkfkbf

kf Idlbgrmgkds, Wtuikds kf gbllufkgmtkbf, ldikm, mfi pue`kg bpkfkbf. Gckgmab> Tfkvdrskty bj

Gckgmab _rdss.

Ibua`ms, Lmry, =;35> Kf tcd Mgtkvd Zbkgd. @bfibf> Ubut`diad.

Dftlmf, Ubedrt L., =;;7> Jrmlkfa> Ybwmri G`mrkgmtkbf bj m Jrmgturdi _mrmikal. Kf> Nburfm`bj Gbllufkgmtkbf 97, 4=-43. 0cttp>//ix.ibk.bra/=?.====/n.=9:?-59::.=;;7.te?=7?9.x6

Jdrrdd, Lyrm Lmrx, dt m`., 5??5> Wcmpkfa Mebrtkbf Iksgbursd> Idlbgrmgy mfi Ycd _ue`kg

Wpcdrd kf Adrlmfy mfi Ycd Tfktdi Wtmtds, Gbllufkgmtkbf, Wbgkdty, mfi _b`ktkgs. Gmlerkiad,

TH> Gmlerkiad Tfkvdrskty _rdss.

Amlsbf, Qk``kml M./Mfird Lbika`kmfk, =;3;> Ldikm Iksgbursd mfi _ue`kg Bpkfkbf bf Fug`dmr

_bwdr> M Gbfstrugtkbfkst Mpprbmgc. Kf> Mldrkgmf Nburfm` bj Wbgkb`bay ;4, =-71.

Ak`dfs, Lmrtkf, 5???> Qcy Mldrkgmfs Cmtd Qd`jmrd. Umgd, Ldikm mfi tcd _b`ktkgs bj Mftkpbv-

drty _b`kgy. Gckgmab, K@> Tfkvdrskty bj Gckgmab _rdss.

A`msdr, Emrfdy A./Mfsd`l @. Wtrmuss, =;:1> Ycd Iksgbvdry bj Arbufidi Ycdbry. Wtrmtdakds jbr

]um`ktmtkvd Udsdmrgc. @bfibf> Qdkidfjd`i mfi Fkgb`sbf.

Abjjlmf, Drvkfa, =;19> Jrmld Mfm`ysks> Mf Dssmy bf tcd Bramfkzmtkbf bj tcd Dxpdrkdfgd. Fdw

[brh> Cmrpdr Gb`bpcbf.



rdjdrdfgds

Cmghdr, Nmgbe W./_mu` _kdrsbf, 5?=?m> Qkffdr-tmhd-m`` _b`ktkgs> Cbw Qmsckfatbf Lmid tcd Ukgc

Ukgcdr - Mfi Yurfdi kts Emgh bf tcd Lkii`d G`mss. Fdw [brh> Wklbf & Wgcustsdr.

Cmghdr, Nmgbe W./_mu` _kdrsbf, 5?=?e> Qkffdr-Ymhd-M`` _b`ktkgs> _ue`kg _b`kgy, _b`ktkgm` Bramfk-

zmtkbf, mfi tcd _rdgkpktbus Uksd bj Ybp Kfgblds kf tcd Tfktdi Wtmtds. Kf> _b`ktkgs & Wbgkdty 73,=45-5?9. 0cttp>//pms.smadpue.gbl/gbftdft/73/5/=45.mestrmgt6

Cblmfs, Adbrad Gmspmr, =;19> Wbgkm` Edcmvkbur> `ts D`dldftmry Jbrls. Fdw [brh> Cmrgburt

Ermgd.

Hmtz, @mwrdfgd J./Imvki C. Mutbr, =;;;> Gcmfads kf tcd Qmad Wtrugturd mfi Dmrfkfas Kfdqum`-

kty. Kf> Br`dy Mscdfjd`tdr/Imvki Gmri (dis.), Cmfiebbh bj @mebr Dgbfblkgs. Mlstdriml> D`sd-

vkdr, =9:7-=444.

Hd``dy, Nbfmtcmf/Hrzysztbj ^mabrshk, 5??4> Dgbfblkg Gcmfad mfi tcd @daktklmtkbf bj Dgbfbl-

kg Kfdqum`kty> Ycd Yrmfsjbrlmtkbf jrbl Wbgkm`ksl tb tcd Jrdd Lmrhdt kf Gdftrm`-Dmstdrf Durbpd.

Kf> Udsdmrgc kf Wbgkm` Wtrmtkgmtkbf mfi Lbek`kty 55, 75=-7::.

@drfdr, Ld`vkf N, =;35> Ycd Ed`kdj kf m Nust Qbrì> M Jufimldftm` Idùskbf. Fdw[brh> _`dful

_rdss.

Fdudfibrj, Hkledr`y M., 5??5> Ycd Gbftdft Mfm`ysks Aukidebbh. Ycbusmfi Bmhs, GM> Wmad

_ue`kgmtkbfs.

Bsedra, @mrs/Yklbtcy Wlddikfa, 5??:> Jmkr Kfdqum`kty2 Mttktuids tbwmri _my Ikjjdrdftkm`s>

Ycd Tfktdi Wtmtds kf Gblpmrmtkvd _drspdgtkvd Kf> Mldrkgmf Wbgkb`bakgm` Udvkdw 1=, 94?-917.

_mad, Edfnmlkf K./Ubedrt [. Wcmpkrb, =;37> Djjdgts bj _ue`kg Bpkfkbf bf _b`kgy. Kf> Ycd Mldrk-

gmf _b`ktkgm` Wgkdfgd Udvkdw 11, =14-=;?. 0cttp>//www.nstbr.bra/stme`d/=;4:?=36

Wgcd``kfa, Ycblms, =;13> Lkgrblbtkvds mfi Lmgrbedcmvkbr. Fdw [brh> Fbrtbf.

Wb`t, Jrdidrkgh, 5??;> Wtmfimrikzkfa tcd Qbrì Kfgbld Kfdqum`kty Imtmemsd. Kf> Wbgkm` Wgkdfgd

]umrtdr`y ;?, 57=-595. 0cttp>//ix.ibk.bra/=?.====/n.=49?-:571.5??;.??:=9.x6

Wtrmuss, Mfsd`l @./Nu`kdt Gbrekf, =;;?> Emskgs bj ]um`ktmtkvd Udsdmrgc. Arbufidi Ycdbry _rb-

gdiurds mfi Ydgcfkquds. Fdweury _mrh, GM> Wmad.

Wvm``jbrs, Wtdjmf, =;;1> Qbrìs bj Qd`jmrd mfi Mttktuids tb Udikstrkeutkbf> M Gblpmrksbf bj

Dkact Qdstdrf Fmtkbfs. Kf> Durbpdmf Wbgkb`bakgm` Udvkdw =7, 537-7?9.

Wvm``jbrs, Wtdjmf, 5?=?> _ue`kg Mttktuids. Kf> Jrmfgks A. Gmst`ds, dt m`. (dis.), Ycd Bxjbri Cmfi-

ebbh bj tcd Qd`jmrd Wtmtd. Bxjbri> Bxjbri Tfkvdrskty _rdss, 59=-54=.


23/23

rdjdrdfgds

Qdadfdr, Edrfi/Wtdjmf @kdeka, =;;7> Dkfd Arki-Arbup-Mfm`ysd sbzkm`dr Adrdgctkahdkt> Ikd

fdudf ufi m`tdf Eufids`fidr kl Zdra`dkgc. Kf> H`fdr ^dktsgcrkjt jr Wbzkb`bakd ufi Wbzkm`psy-

gcb`bakd 94, ::3-:;?.

Qdstdrf, Erugd/Nmhd Ubsdfjd`i, 5?==> Tfkbfs, Fbrls, mfi tcd Uksd kf T.W. Qmad Kfdqum`kty. Kf>Mldrkgmf Wbgkb`bakgm` Udvkdw 1:, 4=7-471. 0cttp>//msr.smadpue.gbl/gbftdft/1:/9/4=7.mestrmgt6

^m``dr, Nbcf, =;;5> Ycd Fmturd mfi Brkakfs bj Lmss Bpkfkbf. Gmlerkiad Dfa`mfi 8 Fdw [brh,

F[, TWM> Gmlerkiad Tfkvdrskty _rdss.

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