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The Integumentary System
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The skin is the body’s largest organ
Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels.
The Integumentary System
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The Integumentary System
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The integumentary system, consisting of the skin, hair and nails, act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.
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Red with embarrassment!White from fright!
Functions of the Skin
• Protection• Barrier Function • Resistance to wear and tear• Vitamin D Production• Protection from UV light• Sensations• Temperature regulation
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Skin Facts:
1. SKIN AND ITS ACCESSORY ORGANS-THE HAIR, NAILS, AND A VARIETY OF GLANDS, MAKE UP THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.
2. The Skin is the human body's Largest Organ. 3. The word INTEGUMENT comes from a LATIN word that
means to COVER. 4. Because the skin contains several types of Sensory
Receptors, it serves as the gateway through which Sensations such as PRESSURE, HEAT, COLD, AND PAIN ARE TRANSMITTED TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
5. THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM IS PROTECTION.
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Skin Facts:
• You have approximately 19,000,000 skin cells on every square inch of your body.
• Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour – about 1.5 pounds a year.
• House dust is mainly skin flakes!
• Skin weighs about 2.5 kilograms - the largest organ in the body.
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Skin Facts:• What hurts if you pull it, but doesn't hurt if you cut
it? Your hair, of course!
• Skin is elastic - it springs back into shape when stretched. Some medicines (estrogen, nicotine) can pass through the skin, but others cannot (insulin). This is because only fat-soluble substances can enter the skin, not water-soluble ones.
• Skin grows faster than any other organ and continues to grow throughout our lives.
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The Skin is composed of Two Main Layers - The EPIDERMIS and DERMIS.
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Why do fingers and toes wrinkle in the bathtub?
It’s the Skin We’re In!
(The epidermis is the topmost layer. It helps to prevent evaporation of water from the body and to protect the internal layers from harm. The dermis is the middle layer. It contains the
blood vessels, nerves, hair roots, and sweat glands.
The subcutaneous tissue is the deepest layer. It contains fats and connective tissue along with large blood vessels and nerves.
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EPIDERMIS The OUTER most layer of Skin is known as the
EPIDERMIS. It is composed of many sheets of Flattened, Scaly Epithelial Cells. This is a thin outer layer of skin.
Its layers are made of mostly DEAD CELLS. Most of the cells of the Epidermis undergo rapid cell
division (MITOSIS). As new cells are produced, they push Older cells to
the surface of the skin. The older cells become Flattened, Lose their Cellular Contents and begin making KERATIN.
THERE ARE NO BLOOD VESSELS IN THE EPIDERMIS, WHICH IS WHY A SMALL SCRATCH WILL NOT CAUSE BLEEDING.
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Keratin
KERATIN IS A TOUGH FIBROUS PROTEIN AND FORMS THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF HAIR, NAILS, AND CALLUSES.
In animals keratin forms cow horns, reptile scales, bird feathers, and porcupine quills.
Eventually, the Keratin-producing Cells (KERATINCYTES) DIE AND FORM A TOUGH, FLEXIBLE WATERPROOF COVERING ON THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN. Our thickest Epidermis in on the palms and soles.
THIS OUTER LAYER OF DEAD CELLS IS SHED OR WASHED AWAY ONCE EVERY 14 TO 28 DAYS.
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Melanocytes
The Epidermis contains MELANOCYTES, CELLS THAT PRODUCE MELANIN, A DARK BROWN PIGMENT.
BOTH LIGHT SKINNED AND DARK SKINNED PEOPLE HAVE ROUGHLY THE SAME NUMBER OF MELANOCYTES, THE DIFFERENCE IN OUR SKIN COLOR IS CAUSED BY THE AMOUNT OF MELANIN THE MELANOCYTES PRODUCE AND DISTRIBUTE.
The Amount of Melanin produced in Skin depends on TWO Factors - Heredity and the Length of Time the Skin is Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation (Tanning).
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Skin Color
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Melanin is important for protection, by absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation from the sun. All people, but especially people with Light Skin, need to minimize exposure to the sun and protect themselves from its Ultraviolet Radiation, which can Damage DNA in Skin Cells and lead to deadly forms of Skin Cancer such as MELANOMA
CANCER.
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Skin Cancers
Basal Cell Carcinoma least malignant and most commonaffects cells of the
stratum basale full cure in 99% of
cases when removed surgically
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Skin Cancers
Squamous Cell CarcinomaArises from the cells of the stratum
spinosumgrows rapidly and
metastisizes to adjacent lymph nodes if not removed.
chance of complete cure good with early detection
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Skin Cancers
Malignant Melanomaaccounts for only 5% of skin cancersoften deadlychance for survival
about 50% therapy includes wide
surgical excision with immunotherapy.
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ABCD Rule
(A) Assymmetry: the two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match.
(B) Border irregularity: the borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indetations.
(C) Color: the pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds).
(D) Diameter: the spot is larger than 6 mm in diamter (the size of a pencil eraser).
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Dermis
THE DERMIS IS THE INNERMOST THICK LAYER OF THE SKIN COMPOSED OF LIVING CELLS.
The Dermis lies beneath the Epidermis and contains BLOOD VESSELS, NERVE ENDINGS, GLANDS, SENSE ORGANS, SMOOTH MUSCLES, AND HAIR FOLLICLES.
Tiny Muscle fibers attach to Hair Follicles contract and pull hair upright when you are cold or afraid, producing what is commonly called Goose Bumps.
The Dermis helps us to control our body temperature: A. On a cold day when the body needs to conserve heat, the
Blood Vessels in the Dermis NARROW. B. On hot days, the Blood Vessels WIDEN, warming the skin
and increasing heat loss.
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Layers of the Dermis: Papillary Layer
Papillary layerAreolar connective tissue with collagen and
elastic fibers Its superior surface contains peglike
projections called dermal papillaeDermal papillae contain capillary loops,
Meissner’s corpuscles, and free nerve endings
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Layers of the Dermis: Reticular Layer
Reticular layerAccounts for approximately 80% of the
thickness of the skinCollagen fibers in this layer add strength
and resiliency to the skinElastin fibers provide stretch-recoil
properties
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Blisters & Calluses
When first wearing new shoes, the skin of the foot may be subject to friction. This will separate layers of Epidermis, or separate the Epidermis from the Dermis, and tissue fluid may collect, causing a BLISTER.
If the skin is subjected to pressure, the rate of mitosis will increase and create a thicker Epidermis; we call this a CALLUS.
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Hypodermis
Beneath the Dermis is the HYPODERMIS, (SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER), A LAYER OF FAT AND LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT INSULATES THE BODY AND ACTS AS AN ENERGY RESERVE.
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The Skin is composed of Two Main Layers - The EPIDERMIS and DERMIS.
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Epidermal Ridges (Fingerprints)
A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. In a wider use of the term, fingerprints are the traces of an impression from the friction ridges of any part of a human hand. A print from the foot can also leave an impression of friction ridges.
These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered, for example, when fingertips brush across an uneven surface, better transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved in fine texture perception. These ridges also assist in gripping rough surfaces, as well as smooth wet surfaces.
A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the fingers and toes (digits), the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary pegs of the epidermis.
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Fingerprints
Impressions of fingerprints may be left behind on a surface by the natural secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands that are present in friction ridge skin, or they may be made by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a relatively smooth surface such as a fingerprint card.
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3 Basic Types of Fingerprints
ArchLoop Whorl
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Red, Yellow, Black or White
The red and yellow hues of skin are due to hemoglobin in the red blood vessels, which pass through the capillaries beneath the epidermis, and carotene (yellowish pigment), which accumulates in fat cells found in the dermis and hypodermis.
Brown skin color is due to melanin.
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Skin Color
Three pigments contribute to skin color:1. the amount and kind of melanin in the
epidermis2. the amount of carotene deposited in the
stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue.3. the amount of oxygen bound to
hemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels.
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What can cause a baby to turn orange?
Malfunctioning Melanocytes
Albinism – melanocytes completely fail to secrete melanin. Hair, skin and/or iris are white.
Vitiligo – loss of pigment in certain areas of the skin producing white patches.
Freckles and Moles are formed when melanin becomes concentrated in local areas.
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Skin Color
Skin color is also influenced by emotional stimuli and can signal disease. Erythema (redness) – embrassment, fever,
hypertension, inflammation or allergy. Pallor (pale) – fear, anger, low blood pressure,
impaired blood flow. Jaundice (yellow cast) – liver disorder Bruises (black & blue) – blood has escaped from
circulation and clotted. Cyanosis (blue) – poorly oxygenated blood
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Tattoos
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Tattoos
Tattoos are made by inserting pigment into the skin with an electrically powered solid needle that punctures the skin between 50 and 3,000 times per minute. The needle penetrates the skin by about a millimeter and deposits a drop of insoluble ink into the skin with each puncture.
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Tattoos
When you look at a person's tattoo, you're seeing the ink through the epidermis. The ink resides in the dermis. Dermis cells are far more stable than the cells of the epidermis, so the tattoo's ink will stay in place, with only minor fading and dispersion, for a person's entire life!
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Tattoo Removal
Laser removal surgery is the most common form of tattoo removal. Lasers penetrate the skin and break up ink trapped in the dermis, fading or erasing the tattoo.
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Tattoo Removal
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Tattoo Removal
Other methods of tattoo removal include: Intense Pulsed Light TherapyExcisionDermabrasion
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Appendages of the Skin
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Appendages of the Skin
The Dermis contains TWO major types of CUTANEOUS GLANDS: SWEAT GLANDS AND SEBACEOUS, OR OIL GLANDS.
These Exocrine Glands PASS through the Epidermis and RELEASE THEIR PRODUCTS AT THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN.
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Appendages of the Skin
SEBACEOUS GLANDS, (OIL GLANDS) PRODUCE OILY SECRETION KNOWN AS SEBUM THAT SPREADS OUT ALONG THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN AND KEEPS THE KERATIN RICH EPIDERMIS FLEXIBLE AND WATERPROOF.
The production of Sebum is controlled by Hormones. Oil Glands are usually connected by Tiny Ducts (Exocrine
Glands) to Hair Follicles. Sebum coats the surface of the skin and the shafts of hair, preventing excess water loss and lubricating and softening the Skin and Hair.
Sebum is mildly toxic to some Bacteria - protection. If the Ducts of Oil Glands become clogged with excessive
amounts of Sebum, Dead Cells, and Bacteria, the Skin disorder ACNE can result.
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SWEAT GLANDS PRODUCE THE WATERY SECRETIONS KNOWN AS SWEAT, WHICH CONTAINS SALT, WATER, AND OTHER COMPOUNDS.
These secretions are stimulated by nerve impulses that cause the production of sweat when the temperature of the body is raised. They help to cool the body.
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How much do we sweat in a day?
Don’t Sweat It!
Eccrine glands are the most common sweat gland . They produce sweat, a watery mixture of salts, antibodies and metabolic wastes.
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Hair
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Appendages of the Skin
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Hair
HAIR IS PRODUCED BY CELLS AT THE BASE OF STRUCTURES CALLED HAIR FOLLICLES. (Figure 46-15)
Hair Follicles are tubelike pockets of Epidermal Cells that extend into the Dermis.
Individual hairs are actually large columns of DEAD Cells that have filled with KERATIN..
Rapid cell growth at the base of the Hair Follicle in the HAIR ROOT causes hair to grow longer. Hair gets its color from Melanin.
Hair Follicles are in close contact with Sebaceous Glands. The oily secretions of these Glands help maintain the condition of each individual hair.
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Hair protects and insulates the body. Hairs are found all over the body surface
except the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, nipples, and lips.
Humans are born with as many hair follicles as they will ever have, and hairs are among the fastest growing tissues in the body.
Most individual hairs grow for several years and then fall out.
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Hair Color
Hair pigment is made by melanocytes in the hair bulb, and varying amounts of different types of melanin (yellow, rust, brown, black) combine to produce all varieties of hair color from pale blond to pitch black.
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Why do men have to shave everyday?
It’s a Hairy Situation!
• Melanocytes become less active with age. Gray hair is a mixture of pigmented and non-pigmented hairs.
Red hair results from a modified type of melanin that contains iron.
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Hair Texture
When the hair shaft is . . .oval, hair is smooth and silky and
the person has wavy hair.
flat and ribbon-like, the hair is curly or kinky.
perfectly round, the hair is straight and tends to be course.
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NAILS!
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Nails
NAILS GROW FROM AN AREA OF RAPIDLY DIVIDING CELLS KNOWN AS THE NAIL MATRIX or NAIL ROOT. (Figure 46-16)
THE NAIL MATRIX IS LOCATED NEAR THE TIPS OF THE FINGERS AND TOES.
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Nails
During cell division, the cells fill with keratin and produce a tough, strong plate-like nail that covers and protects the tips of the fingers and toes.
Nails rest on a bed of tissue filled with blood vessels, giving the nails a pinkish color.
Nails grow at a rate of 0.5 to 1.2 mm per day, with fingernails growing faster than toenails.
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Infections & Allergies
Athlete’s footBoils and carbunclesCold soresContact dermatitisImpetigoPsoriasis
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BURNS
FLAMES, HOT WATER OR STEAM, SUNLIGHT, ELECTRICITY, OR CORROSIVE CHEMICALS MAY CAUSE BURNS OF THE SKIN.
THE SEVERITY OF BURNS RANGES FROM MINOR TO FATAL AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS IS BASED ON THE EXTENT OF DAMAGE.
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First-Degree Burns (partial-thickness burns)
ONLY THE SUPERFICIAL EPIDERMIS IS BURNED, AND IS PAINFUL BUT NOT BLISTERED. Causes death of Epidermal Cells.
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Second-Degree Burns (partial-thickness burns)
DEEPER LAYERS EPIDERMIS ARE
AFFECTED, COULD HAVE
INFLAMMATION, BLISTERS, AND
THE BURNED SKIN IS OFTEN
PAINFUL.
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Third-Degree Burns (full-thickness burns)
The entire epidermis is charred or burned away and may extend into the dermis.
May not be painful at first if the receptors in the dermis have been destroyed.
• Extensive third-degree burn is potentially life threatening because of loss of skin. Without this natural barrier living tissue is exposed to the environment and is susceptible to infection and dehydration.
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Rule of Nines
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Developmental Aspects
Rickets The primary cause of rickets is a vitamin D
deficiency. Vitamin D is required for proper calcium absorption from the gut.
Cases have been reported in Britain in recent years of rickets in children of many social backgrounds caused by inability to make vitamin D because the sun's ultraviolet light was not reaching the skin because of persistent use of strong sunblock, or too much "covering up" in sunlight, or spending too much time indoors.
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Life Span Changes
• Skin becomes scaly• Age spots appear• Epidermis thins• Dermis becomes reduced• Loss of fat• Wrinkling• Sagging• Sebaceous glands secrete
less oil
• Melanin production slows• Hair thins• Number of hair follicles
decrease• Nail growth becomes
impaired• Sensory receptors decline• Body temperature unable to
be controlled• Diminished ability to activate
Vitamin D
