The Integration of The Integration of

English Loanwords in English Loanwords in

Hong Kong CantoneseHong Kong Cantonese

SEALSXVIIAugust 2007

byby

Cathy S.P. Wong Cathy S.P. Wong

Robert Bauer Robert Bauer

ZoeZoe WaiWai Man Lam Man Lam

The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University

22

1.1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

�� English and Cantonese are typologically distinct English and Cantonese are typologically distinct languageslanguages but but this in no way impedes mutual this in no way impedes mutual borrowingborrowing..

�� Historical contact between English and Historical contact between English and Cantonese Cantonese began inbegan in the late 17th century when the late 17th century when British traders came to Canton to buy Chinese British traders came to Canton to buy Chinese tea and porcelain. tea and porcelain.

�� English loanwords are documented in the first English loanwords are documented in the first EnglishEnglish--Cantonese, CantoneseCantonese, Cantonese--English English dictdictiionary published in 1828.onary published in 1828.

33

�� Three methods by which English words have Three methods by which English words have

been borrowed into Cantonese: been borrowed into Cantonese:

�� (1) phonetic transliteration (1) phonetic transliteration

•• e.g.e.g. 士多士多 si6 do1 si6 do1 ‘‘storestore’’

�� (2) semantic translation (2) semantic translation

•• e.g.e.g. 跛跛腳腳鴨鴨 bai1 goek3 aap3 bai1 goek3 aap3 ‘‘lame ducklame duck’’

�� (3) the combination of these two(3) the combination of these two

•• e.g.e.g. 蛋撻蛋撻 daan6 taat1 daan6 taat1 ‘‘egg tartegg tart’’

�� We have limited our database to borrowings of We have limited our database to borrowings of

(1) and (3).(1) and (3).

44

2.2. DATABASE OF ENGLISH DATABASE OF ENGLISH

LOANWORDS IN HONG LOANWORDS IN HONG

KONG CANTONESEKONG CANTONESE

�� Our database of English loanwords Our database of English loanwords comprises about 650 lexical entries. comprises about 650 lexical entries.

�� 85% include only phonetically85% include only phonetically--transliterated syllables.transliterated syllables.

�� 15% are made up of at least one 15% are made up of at least one phoneticallyphonetically--transliterated syllable and at transliterated syllable and at least one Cantonese least one Cantonese morphosyllablemorphosyllablewhich bears some semantic relationship which bears some semantic relationship to the loanword.to the loanword.

55

Table 1

Loanword Syntactic Categories

0.43Adverbs

0.58Fixed Expressions

1.29Classifiers

5.47Attributives

11.65Verbs

80.58Nouns

Percentage %Category

66

Table 2Table 2

Loanword Semantic CategoriesLoanword Semantic Categories

3.78Occupations

4.10Drinks

4.71Units of Measurement

5.17Daily Life

5.62Technology

5.78Fashion

6.38Mechanical instruments and

materials

6.69Language (descriptive/social)

7.60Academic environment

10.03Recreation

11.40Food

%Category

0.46Animals and plants

1.22Fabrics

1.37Brand names

1.52Transportation

1.67Garments

1.82Household

1.98Address terms

2.13Office environment

2.58Police jargon

3.19Chemicals, medicines, drug

3.34Finance, Business

3.65Verbs

3.65Music

%Category

77

3.3. INTEGRATION OF INTEGRATION OF

LOANWORDS IN CANTONESELOANWORDS IN CANTONESE

�� 3.13.1 Written Representation of Written Representation of LoanwordsLoanwords

�� 3.23.2 MorphoMorpho--syntactic Processessyntactic Processes

�� 3.33.3 Change of Syntactic CategoriesChange of Syntactic Categories

�� 3.43.4 ClippingClipping

�� 3.53.5 ProductivityProductivity

�� 3.63.6 Semantic Transfer and Semantic Semantic Transfer and Semantic Change in LoanwordsChange in Loanwords

�� 3.73.7 AcceptabilityAcceptability

88

3.3.11 Written Representation of Written Representation of

LoanwordsLoanwords�� One measure of loanword integration in One measure of loanword integration in

Cantonese is the sizeable number of loanwords Cantonese is the sizeable number of loanwords which are conventionally written with Chinese which are conventionally written with Chinese characters.characters.

�� In Robert MorrisonIn Robert Morrison’’s Vocabulary of the Canton s Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, the worldDialect, the world’’s first Englishs first English--Cantonese, Cantonese, CantoneseCantonese--English dictionary published in 1828, English dictionary published in 1828, the following English words were listed as having the following English words were listed as having been borrowed into Cantonese:been borrowed into Cantonese:

•• arackarack 亞叻酒亞叻酒 aa3 lik1 zau2aa3 lik1 zau2 ballball 波球波球 bo1 kau4bo1 kau4

•• brandybrandy 罷闌地酒罷闌地酒 baa6 laan4 di6 zau2baa6 laan4 di6 zau2 beer beer 卑酒卑酒 be1 zau2be1 zau2

•• chocolatechocolate 知古辣知古辣 zi1 gu2/1 laat6/1zi1 gu2/1 laat6/1 cheesecheese 支士支士 zi1 si6zi1 si6

•• couchcouch 勾子床勾子床 ngau1 zi2 cong4ngau1 zi2 cong4 coffeecoffee 架啡架啡 gaa3 fi1gaa3 fi1

•• flannelflannel 佛囒仁佛囒仁 fat6 laan4 jan4fat6 laan4 jan4 liqueurliqueur 利哥酒利哥酒 li6 go1 zau2li6 go1 zau2

99

Table 3Table 3 Loanwords with Written RepresentationsLoanwords with Written Representations

‘waffle’wo1 fu1 窩夫‘whiskey’wai1 si6 gei6/2 威士忌

‘wire’wai1 jaa5/2 威也‘wife’wai1 fu4 威乎

‘wafer’wai1 faa3 威化餅‘T-shirt’ti1 seot1 T恤

‘soda’sou1 daa2 梳打‘sundae’san1 dei2 新地

‘strawberry’si6 do1 be1 lei6/2 士多啤梨‘store’si6 do1 士多

‘stick’si6 dik1 士的‘sergeant’saa1 zin2 沙展

‘certificate’saa1 zi2 沙紙‘pose’pou1 si6/2 甫士

‘playing cards’pe1 paai4/2 啤牌‘pie’pai1 批

‘baking powder’paau1 daa2 fan2 泡打粉‘partner’paat1 naa4/2 拍乸

‘over’ou1 faa3/2 柯化‘ounce’on1 si6/2 安士

‘Ovaltine’o1 waa4 tin4 阿華田‘orlon’o1 leon4/2 柯崙

‘order’o1 daa2 柯打‘margin’maa1 zin2 孖展

‘number’lam1 baa2 巴‘cast’kaa1 si6/2 卡士

‘foreman’fo1 man4/2 科文‘film’fei1 lam4/2 菲林

‘toast’do1 si6/2 多士‘taxi’dik1 si6/2 的士

‘darling’daa2/1 ling6/2 打令‘chance’caan1 si6/2 餐屎

‘beer’be1 zau2 啤酒‘bus’baa1 si6/2 巴士

English OriginRomanizationWritten FormEnglish OriginRomanizationWritten Form

1010

3.23.2 MorphoMorpho--syntactic Processessyntactic Processes

�� If a loanword shares the same If a loanword shares the same morphomorpho--syntactic syntactic features of native Cantonese lexical items, it is a features of native Cantonese lexical items, it is a clear indication that the loanword has been clear indication that the loanword has been integrated into the Cantonese language system.integrated into the Cantonese language system.

�� The following The following morphomorpho--syntactic structures are syntactic structures are found among English loanwords:found among English loanwords:�� -- --dei2 construction dei2 construction

�� -- --zo2 suffixed to verbs zo2 suffixed to verbs

�� --仔仔 --zai2 suffixed to nounszai2 suffixed to nouns

�� 好好 / / 咁咁 hou2 / gam3 modifying hou2 / gam3 modifying stativestative verbsverbs

�� ‘‘AA--notnot--AA’’ constructionconstruction

1111

-- --dei2 constructiondei2 construction

�� The The Cantonese sCantonese suffix uffix -- --dei2 dei2 isis added toadded toreduplicatedreduplicated monosyllabic monosyllabic stativestative verbsverbs toto mean mean ‘‘having some quality ofhaving some quality of the the stativestative verbverb’’, such as , such as 藍藍 laam4 laam4 blueblue becomesbecomes 藍藍藍藍 laam4 laam4/2 laam4 laam4/2 dei2 dei2 ‘‘with a shade of bluewith a shade of blue’’�� (1)(1) highhigh hai1 becomes hai1 hai1 becomes hai1 hai1hai1 dei2 dei2 ((‘‘a little a little

excitedexcited’’))

�� (2)(2) cutecute kiu1 becomes kiu1 kiu1 becomes kiu1 kiu1kiu1 dei2 dei2 ((‘‘quite cutequite cute’’))

�� (3) (3) coffeecoffee gaa3 fe1 becomes fe1 gaa3 fe1 becomes fe1 fe1fe1 dei2 sik1 (dei2 sik1 (‘‘a a little coffee in little coffee in colourcolour))

�� (4) (4) short circuitshort circuit becomes sot1 becomes sot1 sot1sot1 dei2 (dei2 (‘‘a little a little crazycrazy’’))

1212

-- --zo2 suffixed to verbszo2 suffixed to verbs

�� Another very common suffix for Cantonese Another very common suffix for Cantonese

verbs is the Cantonese aspectual markerverbs is the Cantonese aspectual marker

zo2zo2..

�� (5) (5) check check cek1 becomes cek1 becomes cek1 zo2 cek1 zo2 ((‘‘have have

checkedchecked’’))

�� (6)(6) doubledouble dak1 bou4 dak1 bou4 becomes dak1 bou4 becomes dak1 bou4

zo2zo2 ((‘‘have doubled have doubled in amountin amount’’))..

1313

--仔仔 --zai2 suffixed to nounszai2 suffixed to nouns

�� Cantonese nouns can be suffixed with the Cantonese nouns can be suffixed with the diminutive diminutive 仔仔 zai2. So can some English zai2. So can some English loanwords:loanwords:�� (7) (7) babybaby bi4 bi1 bi4 bi1 啤啤啤啤 is suffixed by zai2 is suffixed by zai2 仔仔 to to

form form 啤啤仔啤啤仔 bi4 bi1 zai2 (bi4 bi1 zai2 (‘‘small babiessmall babies’’))

�� (8) (8) cadetcadet ket6 det1 is suffixed by zai2 ket6 det1 is suffixed by zai2 仔仔 to form to form ket6 det1 zai2 (ket6 det1 zai2 (‘‘a cadet guya cadet guy’’))

�� (9) (9) ecstacyecstacy is borrowed into Cantonese as an is borrowed into Cantonese as an abbreviation abbreviation ‘‘EE’’. It is suffixed by zai2 . It is suffixed by zai2 仔仔 and and this drug is called this drug is called ‘‘E E 仔仔’’ ji1 zai2 in Cantonese.ji1 zai2 in Cantonese.

�� (10) Similarly, (10) Similarly, ketamineketamine is borrowed as an is borrowed as an abbreviation abbreviation ‘‘KK’’. It is then suffixed by the . It is then suffixed by the diminutive zai2 diminutive zai2 仔仔 to form to form ‘‘K K 仔仔’’ kei1 zai2.kei1 zai2.

1414

好好 / / 咁咁 hou2 / gam3 modifying hou2 / gam3 modifying

stativestative verbsverbs�� Most Cantonese Most Cantonese stativestative verbs share the property verbs share the property

of being able to be modified by the intensifiers of being able to be modified by the intensifiers 好好hou2 hou2 ‘‘veryvery’’, or , or 咁咁 gam3 gam3 ‘‘soso’’, such as , such as 好靚好靚 hou2 hou2 leng3 leng3 ‘‘very prettyvery pretty’’, , 好醒好醒 hou2 sing2 hou2 sing2 ‘‘very smartvery smart’’, , 咁靚咁靚 gam3 leng3 gam3 leng3 ‘‘so prettyso pretty’’, , 咁醒咁醒 gam3 sing2 gam3 sing2 ‘‘so so smartsmart’’..�� (11) (11) highhigh hai1 becomes hai1 becomes 好好highhigh hou2 hai1 (hou2 hai1 (‘‘very very

highhigh’’), ), 咁咁 hai1 hai1 gam3 hai1 (gam3 hai1 (‘‘so highso high’’))

�� (12)(12) fitfit fit1 becomes fit1 becomes 好好fit hou2 fit1 (fit hou2 fit1 (‘‘very fitvery fit’’, , which is not acceptable in standard English), which is not acceptable in standard English), 咁咁 fit1 (fit1 (‘‘so fitso fit’’).).

�� (13)(13) propro pou6 becomes pou6 becomes 好好propro hou2 pou6 hou2 pou6 ((‘‘very professionalvery professional’’), ), 咁咁 pou6 gam3 pou6pou6 gam3 pou6 ((‘‘so so professional)professional)..

1515

The The ““AA--notnot--AA”” ConstructionConstruction

�� A prevalent syntactic operation in Cantonese is A prevalent syntactic operation in Cantonese is

the the ‘‘AA--notnot--AA’’ construction. construction.

�� 涼涼 cung1 loeng4 (cung1 loeng4 (‘‘to take a bathto take a bath’’) ) �� 唔涼唔涼

cung1 m4 cung1 loeng4 (cung1 m4 cung1 loeng4 (‘‘To take a bath or not?To take a bath or not?’’). ).

�� 辛苦辛苦 san1 fu2 (san1 fu2 (‘‘having a hard timehaving a hard time’’) ) �� 辛唔辛苦辛唔辛苦 san1 san1

m4 san1 fu2 (m4 san1 fu2 (““Having a hard time?Having a hard time?’’) )

�� (14) (14) happyhappy hep1 pi2 hep1 pi2 �� hep1 hep1 唔唔 hep1 pi2? (hep1 pi2? (‘‘Happy?Happy?’’))

�� (15) (15) understandunderstand �� an1 an1 �� 你你 un un 唔唔 un un 呀？呀？nei5 an1 nei5 an1

m4 an1 aa3? (m4 an1 aa3? (‘‘Do you understand?Do you understand?’’))

1616

3.33.3 Change of Syntactic Change of Syntactic

CategoriesCategories

‘Where shall we go to enjoy

ourselves?’

heoi3 bin1 dou6 so1 fu4?Adj � Vso1 fu4soft

‘this design has a very cyber

feel’

nei1 go3 di6 saain1 hou2 sai1

baa4

N � Stative Vsai1 baa4cyber

‘Have you said goodbye to

Auntie?’

nei5 tung4 aan1 ti4 baai1 baai3

zo2 mei6 aa3

Exp � Vbaai1 baai3bye-bye

‘let’s weigh the rice’bong6 haa5 di1 mai5Unit � Vbong6

‘the scale’go3 bong2Unit � Nbong2pound

‘two cars of cargo’loeng5 kaa1 fo3N � Clfkaa1car

‘a mug of rice’jat1 mak1 mai5N � Clfmak1mug

‘moderately difficult’ou1 kei1 naan4Exp � Advou1 kei1okay

‘take a taxi to get there’dik1 heoi3 laa1N � Vdi1 si2taxi

‘let’s go and have a beer’be1 jat1 be1N � Vbe1 zau2beer

‘he and I are good friends’keoi5 tung4 ngo5 hou2 fen1N � Stative Vfen1friend

‘very manly’

‘with some manly quality’

hou2 men1

men1 men1 dei2

N � Stative Vmen1man

English GlossExampleChangeLoanwordOrigin

1717

3.43.4 ClippingClipping

�� In everyday Cantonese, lengthy expressions In everyday Cantonese, lengthy expressions are are normallynormally abbreviated or clipped to become abbreviated or clipped to become shorter ones.shorter ones. The same is found in loanwords.The same is found in loanwords.

�� One area in which clipping is very prolific is One area in which clipping is very prolific is among among academic subjectsacademic subjects::�� aaccountingccounting �� aa6 kaang1 (for aa6 kaang1 (for ‘‘accountaccount’’); );

�� biologybiology �� bai6 o1 (for bio); bai6 o1 (for bio);

�� chemistrychemistry �� kem1 (for kem1 (for ‘‘chemchem’’); );

�� computingcomputing �� kam6 piukam6 piu11 (for (for ‘‘computecompute’’); );

�� economicseconomics �� ji6 kon1 (for ji6 kon1 (for ‘‘econecon’’); );

�� English literatureEnglish literature �� ing1 lit1 (for ing1 lit1 (for ‘‘Eng litEng lit’’); );

�� geography geography �� zok1 gaa2 (for zok1 gaa2 (for ‘‘ggeogeogrraa’’)). .

1818

�� Other examples include:Other examples include:

�� an1 (an1 (‘‘unun’’) from ) from ‘‘understandunderstand’’

�� fek1 from fek1 from ‘‘faxfax’’

�� ji1 from ji1 from ‘‘emailemail’’

�� kon1 from kon1 from ‘‘contact lenscontact lens’’

�� dik1 from dik1 from ‘‘taxitaxi’’

�� fe1 from fe1 from ‘‘coffeecoffee’’

�� pou6 from pou6 from ‘‘professionalprofessional’’

�� so6 lit1 from so6 lit1 from ‘‘solicitorsolicitor’’

�� tiu6 to1 from tiu6 to1 from ‘‘tutorialtutorial’’

1919

3.53.5 ProductivityProductivity

�� AA loanwordloanword can generate new wordscan generate new words::�� RolexRolex lou1 lou1 �� 金撈金撈 gam1 lou1 gam1 lou1 ‘‘gold Rolexgold Rolex’’, , 鑽撈鑽撈

zyun3 lou1 zyun3 lou1 ‘‘diamond Rolexdiamond Rolex’’, and , and 鋼撈鋼撈 gong3 lou1 gong3 lou1 ‘‘stainless steel Rolexstainless steel Rolex’’. .

�� bus bus baa1 si2 baa1 si2 �� 大巴大巴 daai6 baa1 daai6 baa1 ‘‘public busespublic buses’’, , 小巴小巴siu2 baa1 siu2 baa1 ‘‘mini busesmini buses’’, , 飛巴飛巴 fei1 baa1 fei1 baa1 ‘‘mini buses mini buses that speedthat speed’’..

�� New iNew idiomatic expressions can be formed by diomatic expressions can be formed by loanwords: loanwords: �� TchaikovskyTchaikovsky, , the the famous composerfamous composer,, is is borrowborrowed as ed as

caai4 ho2 fu1 si1 gei1caai4 ho2 fu1 si1 gei1;; the first three syllables caai4 the first three syllables caai4 ho2 fu1 ho2 fu1 nownow means means ‘‘the chauffeurthe chauffeur’’ becausebecause the last the last two syllables si1 kei1two syllables si1 kei1 is the regular Cantonese wordis the regular Cantonese wordfor for ‘‘chauffeurchauffeur’’!!

2020

�� While both While both ‘‘ballball’’ and and ‘‘bootboot’’ have their respective have their respective native terms (native terms (球球 ffor or ‘‘ballball’’ and and 靴靴 ffor or ‘‘bootboot’’)),, these these two native terms are not two native terms are not usedused. Instead. Instead of using of using the Cantonese words the Cantonese words 球靴球靴 tto refer to o refer to ‘‘ball bootsball boots’’,,the loanword the loanword ‘‘ballball bootboot’’ bo1 but1 isbo1 but1 is usedused..

�� From the adjective From the adjective ‘‘cutecute’’, the phrase Q, the phrase Q 版版 is is created to refer to a cartooncreated to refer to a cartoon--like version. like version.

�� A more recent creation is the term A more recent creation is the term 咪咀咪咀 mai1 mai1 zeoi2, which comes from the loanword zeoi2, which comes from the loanword ‘‘microphonemicrophone’’ and refers to and refers to ‘‘lip synchronylip synchrony’’..

2121

3.63.6 Semantic Transfer and Semantic Transfer and

Semantic Change in LoanwordsSemantic Change in Loanwords

�� TThe meanings of some loanwords can undergo he meanings of some loanwords can undergo change by becoming narrower or more specific in change by becoming narrower or more specific in relation to the meanings of the original English relation to the meanings of the original English wordswords..�� aa3 soe4 aa3 soe4 (from (from ‘‘sirsir’’))

•• an address term for male teachers and police officers can also an address term for male teachers and police officers can also be used as a noun to mean male teachers and police officersbe used as a noun to mean male teachers and police officers

�� gei6 lim4/1 gei6 lim4/1 (from(from ‘‘creamcream’’))•• used used only only in the context of cake, such as gei6 lim4/1 daan6 in the context of cake, such as gei6 lim4/1 daan6

gou1 gou1 ‘‘cream cakecream cake’’. .

•• Cantonese has actually borrowed English cream twice, first as Cantonese has actually borrowed English cream twice, first as gei6 lim1 and then later as kwim1 which can mean eithergei6 lim1 and then later as kwim1 which can mean either face face cream or the drinkable creamcream or the drinkable cream made from whole milk. made from whole milk.

2222

�� foem1 foem1 ((from from ‘‘firmfirm’’))•• only used in reference to oneonly used in reference to one’’s muscless muscles

�� gin3 bot1gin3 bot1 (from (from ‘‘boardboard’’))•• means means ‘‘to attend an interview for promotion in the police to attend an interview for promotion in the police

force or civil serviceforce or civil service’’..

�� ou1 faa3/2 ou1 faa3/2 (from (from ‘‘offeroffer’’))•• only used in walkieonly used in walkie--talkie or shorttalkie or short--wave radio exchanges to wave radio exchanges to

indicate that the speaker has finished his/her utterance and is indicate that the speaker has finished his/her utterance and is indicating that it is the turn of the other party to speak.indicating that it is the turn of the other party to speak.

�� sot1 (from sot1 (from ‘‘short circuitshort circuit’’))•• originally used in referring to electricity short circuit; now originally used in referring to electricity short circuit; now

used to refer to someone whoused to refer to someone who’’s s ‘‘crazycrazy’’, an analogy to , an analogy to electricity malfunction.electricity malfunction.

2323

3.73.7 AcceptabilityAcceptability

�� Many English letters have been accepted in Cantonese.Many English letters have been accepted in Cantonese.

�� MMost commonost common: : M and XM and X because of bus routes.because of bus routes.

�� BBus routeus routess that end in an M indicate that the bus that end in an M indicate that the bus terminates at a subway station (the subway in Hong Kong terminates at a subway station (the subway in Hong Kong is called MTR) while X stands for an is called MTR) while X stands for an ‘‘expressexpress’’ bus route. bus route.

�� The letters M and X are also found in a lot of loanwords The letters M and X are also found in a lot of loanwords such as MC, MP3, MV, SM, XO, Xsuch as MC, MP3, MV, SM, XO, X 光光 (for X(for X--ray). ray).

�� Other English letters Other English letters used used in Cantonese includein Cantonese include::�� C (as in PVC, MC), C (as in PVC, MC), G (as in G (as in 3G3G, NG, RPG), , NG, RPG),

�� K (as in OK, K K (as in OK, K 仔，仔，OK OK 便利店便利店), ), N (as in N N (as in N 年前年前, NG), , NG),

�� O (as in OK, OL, OO (as in OK, OL, O記記), ), P (as in P P (as in P 場場, MP3, PVC,, MP3, PVC, RPG), RPG),

�� R (as in RPG), R (as in RPG), S (as in SM), S (as in SM),

�� T (as in TT (as in T--恤恤, , TT--back, Tback, T字位字位), ), U (as in CU, BU, UV), U (as in CU, BU, UV),

�� V (as in VCD, MV, VV (as in VCD, MV, V--領領, PVC, UV, VIP)., PVC, UV, VIP).

2424

4.4. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

�� TThe integration of loanwords he integration of loanwords has been analyzed has been analyzed according toaccording to several aspects: the writing system, several aspects: the writing system, the the morphomorpho--syntactic structure, word formation syntactic structure, word formation processes, semantic feature, and social processes, semantic feature, and social acceptability.acceptability.

�� The evidence is clear that many English The evidence is clear that many English loanwords have been fully integrated into the loanwords have been fully integrated into the Cantonese language.Cantonese language.

�� More recently borrowed items tend to show More recently borrowed items tend to show fewer of the above features, indicating that the fewer of the above features, indicating that the integration process takes time and it is an integration process takes time and it is an ongoing one.ongoing one.

2525

REFERENCESREFERENCES

�� Bauer, Robert. 2006. The Stratification of English Bauer, Robert. 2006. The Stratification of English Loanwords in Cantonese. Loanwords in Cantonese. Journal of Chinese LinguisticsJournal of Chinese Linguistics, , 34(2).34(2).

�� Bauer, Robert and Benedict, Paul. 1997. Bauer, Robert and Benedict, Paul. 1997. Modern Modern Cantonese PhonologyCantonese Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de . Berlin: Mouton de GruyterGruyter..

�� Chan, Mimi and Kwok, Helen. 1982. Chan, Mimi and Kwok, Helen. 1982. A Study of Lexical A Study of Lexical Borrowing from English in Hong Kong ChineseBorrowing from English in Hong Kong Chinese. Hong . Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong.Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong.

�� PoplackPoplack, Shana and , Shana and SankoffSankoff, David. 1984. Borrowing: , David. 1984. Borrowing: the synchrony of integration. the synchrony of integration. LinguisticsLinguistics 22: 9922: 99--135.135.

�� Wong, Cathy S.P. 2006. Wong, Cathy S.P. 2006. From fiu1si2 to saa1si2From fiu1si2 to saa1si2——A A look at the stages of integration of English loanwords in look at the stages of integration of English loanwords in CantoneseCantonese. Paper presented at the 5th Workshop on . Paper presented at the 5th Workshop on Cantonese. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Cantonese. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong.Hong Kong.

2626

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

�� This paper is part of the project entitled This paper is part of the project entitled

‘‘Etymological Dictionary of English Etymological Dictionary of English

Loanwords in CantoneseLoanwords in Cantonese’’ which which is funded is funded

by an Internal Competitive Research Grant by an Internal Competitive Research Grant

of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

�� We would like to take this opportunity to We would like to take this opportunity to

thank Miss thank Miss ZoeZoe Lam (Research Associate) Lam (Research Associate)

for her consistent effort in this project.for her consistent effort in this project.