THE INQUIRY PROCESS Question Hypothesis Identifying Variables
Materials Diagram Procedure Results Conclusion
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Identifying Variables Manipulated variable - the factor that is
purposely changed. Also know as the independent variable.
Responding Variable - the factor that changes as a result of the
manipulated variable. Also known as the dependent variable.
Controlled variables - the factors that are kept the same
throughout the experiment. Comparison group (when necessary) a part
of the investigation where all variables are controlled. Represents
normal conditions for comparing results of the manipulated
variable.
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CELLS The Building Blocks of Life Organic Molecules Cells
Tissues Organs Systems
Bacteria Cell Generally smaller than plant/animal cells Have
cell walls and cell membranes. Bacteria cells are called
prokaryotes, meaning they do not have a nucleus. Cells that have a
nucleus are called eukaryotes. Ribosomes are the only organelle in
the cytoplasm of bacterial cells. DNA
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DIFFUSION Diffusion is the main way molecules move in and out
of a cell. Process where molecules move from an area of higher
concentration, to an area of lower concentration. Concentration is
the amount of a substance in a given volume.
http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/lecgraphics/diffusion2.gif
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis is the food making process of
plants (and some other microorganisms). Takes place in the
chloroplasts. In this process, plants use energy from the sun to
combine carbon dioxide with water (reactants) to form sugar and
oxygen (products). The sugar, called glucose, is food for the
plant. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 sunlight
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Glucose
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The role of plant parts in photosynthesis Roots: Take up water
and nutrients from the soil. Stem: Transports water and nutrients
throughout the plant. Leaves: where photosynthesis occurs. CO 2
enter through stomata (special cells). stomata
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION Most activities in the cell require energy
Cellular Respiration is the process in which oxygen combines with
food molecules (such as glucose) in the cell to release energy.
Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste products. C 6 H 12 O
6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy Both plants and animals use
cellular respiration to produce energy.
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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration work in a cycle in the
natural environment to recycle matter. This is called the Carbon
Cycle.
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The Circulatory System is made up of your
blood, heart, and blood vessels.
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The Circulatory System Makes a Circuit lungs pulmonary vein
heart arteries capillaries cells capillaries veins heart pulmonary
artery lungs pulmonary vein heart videovideo1 videovideo2
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Blood Flow Through Arteries and Veins From the heart, blood is
pumped into arteries, which are blood vessels that carry
oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. lungs pulmonary vein heart
arteries capillaries cells Returning to the heart, carbon
dioxide-rich blood flows through veins. Then the heart pumps the
blood to the lungs, where CO 2 is dropped off and O 2 is picked up.
cells capillaries veins heart pulmonary artery lungs
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The Respiratory System takes in O 2 and gets
rid of CO 2. Air enters through your nostrils or mouth, moves down
the trachea, and then into the bronchi of your lungs. The bronchi
branches into many smaller tubes. At the end of the smallest tubes
are tiny air sacs called alveoli. Each is surrounded by
capillaries. O 2 diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries
(Circulatory System). At the same time, CO 2 diffuses from the
capillaries to the alveoli, then gets exhaled. Just below your
ribs, the diaphragm (a large muscle) moves up and down, causing you
to inhale or exhale. video
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The Digestive System breaks down food into
substances that cells can use. There are two types of digestion:
Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces. (teeth and
stomach) Chemical digestion uses special proteins called enzymes to
break down large food molecules into smaller molecules that can
enter cells. (stomach, pancreas, small intestine) The parts of the
Digestive System work together to perform 3 functions: 1. Digest
(break down) food 2. Absorb nutrients into blood 3. Waste
removal
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Esophagus a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the
stomach. Stomach where most mechanical digestion happens. Muscles
grind food into smaller parts. Also chemical digestion through
hydrochloric acid and enzymes. Liver - produces bile, a liquid that
breaks up fat molecules, then delivers it to the gall bladder. The
liver also helps to remove waste. Liver Gall Bladder delivers bile
to the small intestine to break up fats.
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Pancreas produces enzymes to break down proteins, carbohydrates
and lipids in the small intestines. Small Intestine most chemical
digestion happens here. Then, small nutrients like glucose are
absorbed into the blood. - Villi millions of tiny fingerlike
structures in the small intestines. Blood vessels in the villi
absorb the nutrients. Connects the Digestive System to the
Circulatory System.Villi Large Intestine Absorbs water from
materials that cannot be digested. The solid that remains is waste
(feces). video1 video 2 video1 video 2
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Villi
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The Respiratory, Digestive and Circulatory Systems all work
together to deliver oxygen and food molecules (glucose) to the
cells of your body. Cellular Respiration occurs and energy is
produced. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy These 3
systems also work together to remove waste products, such as carbon
dioxide or undigested food (feces). Connections between
Systems
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Genetic Material Chromosomes are found in the nuclei of an
organisms cells. They are tightly coiled strands of DNA. DNA is a
very long molecule that holds specific codes for specific traits.
These codes are called genes. Genes are segments of DNA made up of
base pairs (A,T, C, G) that are arranged in a very specific order.
Genetic abnormalities are caused by random changes in genes, called
mutations.
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Asexual Reproduction Simple organisms like bacteria, protists
and fungi reproduce asexually. In this process, a cell makes an
exact copy of its own DNA, doubles in size, and splits into two
identical cells. No mate is needed. This is basically the same
process that complex organisms use to build new cells for growth
and repair.
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Sexual Reproduction Two parents both contribute DNA to the
offspring. The result is genetically unique offspring. Plants and
animals reproduce this way.
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~Stewart 09 Punnett Square A chart that shows all the possible
combinations of alleles (genotypes) that can result from a genetic
cross.
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7 Levels of Classification The Kingdom is the broadest level,
and contains the largest number of organisms. Species is the most
specific group, consisting of a very specific type of
organism.
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Evolution = Change Over Time
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Describes the slow change in organisms over many generations.
Evolution happens by Natural Selection. Theory of Evolution
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Natural Selection Natural Selection process where individuals
that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to
survive and reproduce than other members of the same species: 1.
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2. Competition
for food, space and resources. 3. There are genetic differences
(variations) among the species. 4. Individuals with the best traits
(adaptations) are most likely to survive, reproduce and pass trait
to offspring.
Overproduction Organisms produce more offspring than can
survive
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Competition Members of the same species living in the same
population must compete for food, space and even mates.
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Variations All life forms vary genetically within a population.
Natural selection works upon this genetic variation. Sources of
variation: Mutations and Sexual Reproduction
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Selection The most well adapted (most fit) individuals are
mostly likely to survive, reproduce and pass traits to
offspring.
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Ecosystems An ecosystem is all the organisms that live in an
area together with non-living factors of the environment.
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic factors are the living parts
of an ecosystem. Abiotic factors are non-living parts of an
ecosystem such as water, sunlight, oxygen and temperature.
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Feeding Relationships Producers are organisms that make their
own food. Consumers get their food by eating other organisms.
herbivore omnivore carnivore Decomposers feed on the remains of
waste or dead organisms
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Food Webs A food web is a system of several overlapping food
chains, that shows a more complete picture of the flow of energy in
an ecosystem. Interactive food webs Food Webs &
Populations
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Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Cycle Carbon Dioxide - Oxygen Cycle
Photosynthesis: plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
Respiration: organisms (plants and animals) get energy by taking in
oxygen from the air and combining it with food. Carbon dioxide is
released back to the environment as a waste product. Decomposition:
fungi and bacteria get energy by breaking down the waste or remains
of other living things into smaller molecules. Carbon dioxide is
released back in the environment.